CUDA CI update

[j-stephan]

This is a successor PR to #1713.

This PR updates the CUDA portion of our CI.

• alpakaCommon.cmake:
  • Update clang version requirement to clang-9. This was forgotten in Drop legacy compilers and CUDA versions #1872.
  • Updated clang-as-CUDA-compiler version requirement in to clang-14. This is the first version to officially
    support CUDA 11.x. Updated all corresponding GitLab CI jobs accordingly.
  • Added a warning for clang-as-CUDA-compiler about the usage of CUDA 11.3. Fixes clang-cuda 14 + CUDA 11.3 fails matMulTest #1857.
• Standalone headers:
  • Added a error message when using clang-as-CUDA-compiler together with CUDA 11.3. Fixes clang-cuda 14 + CUDA 11.3 fails matMulTest #1857.
• General 11.x:
  • Upgraded from gcc-7 and gcc-8 to gcc-9 (<= 11.3) and above (> 11.3).
  • Reestablished gcc-10 jobs. Fixes compile time issues with nvcc and GCC 10.3 #1297.
  • Upgraded clang-as-host jobs from clang-8 to clang-9 (<= 11.2) and above (>= 11.6).
  • The CUDA 11.{3,4,5} packages for Ubuntu 20.04 were never updated to not pull in gcc-9.3 and there are no
    packages for Ubuntu 22.04. The clang-as-host-jobs will be permanently disabled. Closes Restore disabled nvcc + clang runners #1630.
• CUDA 11.1:
  • Removed clang-10-as-host job. CUDA officially only supports clang-9 in this version.
• CUDA 11.6:
  • Updated to 11.6.2.
  • Removed clang-13-as-host job. CUDA officially only supports clang-12 in this version.
• Added CUDA 11.7 and NVHPC 22.9 jobs. Fixes Support CUDA 11.7 #1724.
• Added CUDA 11.8 and NVHPC 22.11 jobs. Fixes Support CUDA 11.8 #1807.
• Added CUDA 12.0 jobs. Fixes Add CUDA 12.0 to CI #1864.
  • Upgraded Windows CUDA jobs to 12.0.
• Install gcc from ubuntu-toolchain-r/ppa instead of ubuntu-toolchain-r/test. The former features newer gcc versions.
• Removed redundant jobs (like gcc-9_release_compile_only vs. gcc-9_release).
• Updated to latest CMake point releases in all modified jobs.
• Added corresponding entries for all of the above to README.md.

[j-stephan]

Because of a NVIDIA driver update in the CI I had to disable all NVHPC versions before 22.11 (lower versions don't work with the current driver). This also means that we can't test OpenACC anymore because of #1891.

[j-stephan]

I have edited the branch protection rules. Any maintainer should be able to merge now after approving the PR.

[j-stephan]

@jkelling The NVHPC runners were disabled in this PR because of #1891. Do you think you could look at the issue?