A minimal Django app that implements Device models that can send messages through APNS, FCM/GCM, WNS and WebPush.
- The app implements four models:
GCMDevice,APNSDevice,WNSDeviceandWebPushDevice. Those models share the same attributes: name(optional): A name for the device.active(default True): A boolean that determines whether the device will be sent notifications.user(optional): A foreign key to auth.User, if you wish to link the device to a specific user.device_id(optional): A UUID for the device obtained from Android/iOS/Windows APIs, if you wish to uniquely identify it.registration_id(required): The FCM/GCM registration id or the APNS token for the device.
The app also implements an admin panel, through which you can test single and bulk notifications. Select one or more FCM/GCM, APNS, WNS or WebPush devices and in the action dropdown, select "Send test message" or "Send test message in bulk", accordingly. Note that sending a non-bulk test message to more than one device will just iterate over the devices and send multiple single messages. UPDATE_ON_DUPLICATE_REG_ID: Transform create of an existing Device (based on registration id) into a update. See below Update of device with duplicate registration ID for more details.
- Python 3.6+
- Django 2.2+
- For the API module, Django REST Framework 3.7+ is required.
- For WebPush (WP), pywebpush 1.3.0+ is required (optional). py-vapid 1.3.0+ is required for generating the WebPush private key; however this step does not need to occur on the application server.
- For Apple Push (APNS), apns2 0.3+ is required (optional).
You can install the library directly from pypi using pip:
$ pip install django-push-notifications[WP,APNS]Edit your settings.py file:
INSTALLED_APPS = (
...
"push_notifications"
)
PUSH_NOTIFICATIONS_SETTINGS = {
"FCM_API_KEY": "[your api key]",
"GCM_API_KEY": "[your api key]",
"APNS_CERTIFICATE": "/path/to/your/certificate.pem",
"APNS_TOPIC": "com.example.push_test",
"WNS_PACKAGE_SECURITY_ID": "[your package security id, e.g: 'ms-app://e-3-4-6234...']",
"WNS_SECRET_KEY": "[your app secret key, e.g.: 'KDiejnLKDUWodsjmewuSZkk']",
"WP_PRIVATE_KEY": "/path/to/your/private.pem",
"WP_CLAIMS": {'sub': "mailto: [email protected]"}
}Note
If you need to support multiple mobile applications from a single Django application, see Multiple Application Support for details.
Note
If you are planning on running your project with APNS_USE_SANDBOX=True, then make sure you have set the
development certificate as your APNS_CERTIFICATE. Otherwise the app will not be able to connect to the correct host. See settings for details.
For more information about how to generate certificates, see docs/APNS.
You can learn more about APNS certificates here.
Native Django migrations are in use. manage.py migrate will install and migrate all models.
All settings are contained in a PUSH_NOTIFICATIONS_SETTINGS dict.
In order to use FCM/GCM, you are required to include FCM_API_KEY or GCM_API_KEY.
For APNS, you are required to include APNS_CERTIFICATE.
For WNS, you need both the WNS_PACKAGE_SECURITY_KEY and the WNS_SECRET_KEY.
General settings
USER_MODEL: Your user model of choice. Eg.myapp.User. Defaults tosettings.AUTH_USER_MODEL.UPDATE_ON_DUPLICATE_REG_ID: Transform create of an existing Device (based on registration id) into a update. See below Update of device with duplicate registration ID for more details.UNIQUE_REG_ID: Forces theregistration_idfield on all device models to be unique.
APNS settings
APNS_CERTIFICATE: Absolute path to your APNS certificate file. Certificates with passphrases are not supported. If iOS application was build with "Release" flag, you need to use production certificate, otherwise debug. Read more about Generation of an APNS PEM file.APNS_AUTH_KEY_PATH: Absolute path to your APNS signing key file for Token-Based Authentication . Use this instead ofAPNS_CERTIFICATEif you are using.p8signing key certificate.APNS_AUTH_KEY_ID: The 10-character Key ID you obtained from your Apple developer accountAPNS_TEAM_ID: 10-character Team ID you use for developing your company’s apps for iOS.APNS_TOPIC: The topic of the remote notification, which is typically the bundle ID for your app. If you omit this header and your APNs certificate does not specify multiple topics, the APNs server uses the certificate’s Subject as the default topic.APNS_USE_ALTERNATIVE_PORT: Use port 2197 for APNS, instead of default port 443.APNS_USE_SANDBOX: Use 'api.development.push.apple.com', instead of default host 'api.push.apple.com'. Default value depends onDEBUGsetting of your environment: ifDEBUGis True and you use production certificate, you should explicitly setAPNS_USE_SANDBOXto False.
FCM/GCM settings
FCM_API_KEY: Your API key for Firebase Cloud Messaging.FCM_POST_URL: The full url that FCM notifications will be POSTed to. Defaults to https://fcm.googleapis.com/fcm/send.FCM_MAX_RECIPIENTS: The maximum amount of recipients that can be contained per bulk message. If theregistration_idslist is larger than that number, multiple bulk messages will be sent. Defaults to 1000 (the maximum amount supported by FCM).FCM_ERROR_TIMEOUT: The timeout on FCM POSTs.GCM_API_KEY,GCM_POST_URL,GCM_MAX_RECIPIENTS,GCM_ERROR_TIMEOUT: Same parameters for GCM
WNS settings
WNS_PACKAGE_SECURITY_KEY: TODOWNS_SECRET_KEY: TODO
WP settings
- Install:
pip install pywebpush
pip install py-vapid (Only for generating key)Getting keys:
- Create file (claim.json) like this:
{
"sub": "mailto: [email protected]",
"aud": "https://android.googleapis.com"
}
- Generate public and private keys:vapid --sign claim.json
No private_key.pem file found.
Do you want me to create one for you? (Y/n)Y
Do you want me to create one for you? (Y/n)Y
Generating private_key.pem
Generating public_key.pem
Include the following headers in your request:
Crypto-Key: p256ecdsa=BEFuGfKKEFp-kEBMxAIw7ng8HeH_QwnH5_h55ijKD4FRvgdJU1GVlDo8K5U5ak4cMZdQTUJlkA34llWF0xHya70
Authorization: WebPush eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJFUzI1NiJ9.eyJhdWQiOiJodHRwczovL2FuZHJvaWQuZ29vZ2xlYXBpcy5jb20iLCJleHAiOiIxNTA4NDkwODM2Iiwic3ViIjoibWFpbHRvOiBkZXZlbG9wbWVudEBleGFtcGxlLmNvbSJ9.r5CYMs86X3JZ4AEs76pXY5PxsnEhIFJ-0ckbibmFHZuyzfIpf1ZGIJbSI7knA4ufu7Hm8RFfEg5wWN1Yf-dR2A
- Generate client public key (applicationServerKey)vapid --applicationServerKey
Application Server Key = BEFuGfKKEFp-kEBMxAIw7ng8HeH_QwnH5_h55ijKD4FRvgdJU1GVlDo8K5U5ak4cMZdQTUJlkA34llWF0xHya70- Configure settings:
WP_PRIVATE_KEY: Absolute path to your private certificate file: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "private_key.pem")WP_CLAIMS: Dictionary with the same sub info like claims file: {'sub': "mailto: [email protected]"}WP_ERROR_TIMEOUT: The timeout on WebPush POSTs. (Optional)WP_POST_URL: A dictionary (key per browser supported) with the full url that webpush notifications will be POSTed to. (Optional)- Configure client (javascript):
// Utils functions:
function urlBase64ToUint8Array (base64String) {
var padding = '='.repeat((4 - base64String.length % 4) % 4)
var base64 = (base64String + padding)
.replace(/\-/g, '+')
.replace(/_/g, '/')
var rawData = window.atob(base64)
var outputArray = new Uint8Array(rawData.length)
for (var i = 0; i < rawData.length; ++i) {
outputArray[i] = rawData.charCodeAt(i)
}
return outputArray;
}
function loadVersionBrowser () {
if ("userAgentData" in navigator) {
// navigator.userAgentData is not available in
// Firefox and Safari
const uaData = navigator.userAgentData;
// Outputs of navigator.userAgentData.brands[n].brand are e.g.
// Chrome: 'Google Chrome'
// Edge: 'Microsoft Edge'
// Opera: 'Opera'
let browsername;
let browserversion;
let chromeVersion = null;
for (var i = 0; i < uaData.brands.length; i++) {
let brand = uaData.brands[i].brand;
browserversion = uaData.brands[i].version;
if (brand.match(/opera|chrome|edge|safari|firefox|msie|trident/i) !== null) {
// If we have a chrome match, save the match, but try to find another match
// E.g. Edge can also produce a false Chrome match.
if (brand.match(/chrome/i) !== null) {
chromeVersion = browserversion;
}
// If this is not a chrome match return immediately
else {
browsername = brand.substr(brand.indexOf(' ')+1);
return {
name: browsername,
version: browserversion
}
}
}
}
// No non-Chrome match was found. If we have a chrome match, return it.
if (chromeVersion !== null) {
return {
name: "chrome",
version: chromeVersion
}
}
}
// If no userAgentData is not present, or if no match via userAgentData was found,
// try to extract the browser name and version from userAgent
const userAgent = navigator.userAgent;
var ua = userAgent, tem, M = ua.match(/(opera|chrome|safari|firefox|msie|trident(?=\/))\/?\s*(\d+)/i) || [];
if (/trident/i.test(M[1])) {
tem = /\brv[ :]+(\d+)/g.exec(ua) || [];
return {name: 'IE', version: (tem[1] || '')};
}
if (M[1] === 'Chrome') {
tem = ua.match(/\bOPR\/(\d+)/);
if (tem != null) {
return {name: 'Opera', version: tem[1]};
}
}
M = M[2] ? [M[1], M[2]] : [navigator.appName, navigator.appVersion, '-?'];
if ((tem = ua.match(/version\/(\d+)/i)) != null) {
M.splice(1, 1, tem[1]);
}
return {
name: M[0],
version: M[1]
};
};
var applicationServerKey = "BEFuGfKKEFp-kEBMxAIw7ng8HeH_QwnH5_h55ijKD4FRvgdJU1GVlDo8K5U5ak4cMZdQTUJlkA34llWF0xHya70";
....
// In your ready listener
if ('serviceWorker' in navigator) {
// The service worker has to store in the root of the app
// http://stackoverflow.com/questions/29874068/navigator-serviceworker-is-never-ready
var browser = loadVersionBrowser(navigator.userAgent);
navigator.serviceWorker.register('navigatorPush.service.js?version=1.0.0').then(function (reg) {
reg.pushManager.subscribe({
userVisibleOnly: true,
applicationServerKey: urlBase64ToUint8Array(applicationServerKey)
}).then(function (sub) {
var endpointParts = sub.endpoint.split('/');
var registration_id = endpointParts[endpointParts.length - 1];
var data = {
'browser': browser.name.toUpperCase(),
'p256dh': btoa(String.fromCharCode.apply(null, new Uint8Array(sub.getKey('p256dh')))),
'auth': btoa(String.fromCharCode.apply(null, new Uint8Array(sub.getKey('auth')))),
'name': 'XXXXX',
'registration_id': registration_id
};
requestPOSTToServer(data);
})
}).catch(function (err) {
console.log(':^(', err);
});
// Example navigatorPush.service.js file
var getTitle = function (title) {
if (title === "") {
title = "TITLE DEFAULT";
}
return title;
};
var getNotificationOptions = function (message, message_tag) {
var options = {
body: message,
icon: '/img/icon_120.png',
tag: message_tag,
vibrate: [200, 100, 200, 100, 200, 100, 200]
};
return options;
};
self.addEventListener('install', function (event) {
self.skipWaiting();
});
self.addEventListener('push', function(event) {
try {
// Push is a JSON
var response_json = event.data.json();
var title = response_json.title;
var message = response_json.message;
var message_tag = response_json.tag;
} catch (err) {
// Push is a simple text
var title = "";
var message = event.data.text();
var message_tag = "";
}
self.registration.showNotification(getTitle(title), getNotificationOptions(message, message_tag));
// Optional: Comunicating with our js application. Send a signal
self.clients.matchAll({includeUncontrolled: true, type: 'window'}).then(function (clients) {
clients.forEach(function (client) {
client.postMessage({
"data": message_tag,
"data_title": title,
"data_body": message});
});
});
});
// Optional: Added to that the browser opens when you click on the notification push web.
self.addEventListener('notificationclick', function(event) {
// Android doesn't close the notification when you click it
// See http://crbug.com/463146
event.notification.close();
// Check if there's already a tab open with this URL.
// If yes: focus on the tab.
// If no: open a tab with the URL.
event.waitUntil(clients.matchAll({type: 'window', includeUncontrolled: true}).then(function(windowClients) {
for (var i = 0; i < windowClients.length; i++) {
var client = windowClients[i];
if ('focus' in client) {
return client.focus();
}
}
})
);
});The above code makes a call to requestPOSTToServer(), which is not implemented. This is where you should make a call to your Django app to register the Web Push device. Your implementation will vary depending on the design of your web app, here's an example using a Django view and an Ajax call:
Example Django view to handle registration:
from django.http import JsonResponse
from push_notifications.models import WebPushDevice
def register_wp_notifications(request):
WebPushDevice.objects.create(
registration_id=request.GET.get('registration_id'),
p256dh=request.GET.get('p256dh'),
auth=request.GET.get('auth'),
browser=request.GET.get('browser'),
user=request.user,
)
data = {
'result': True
}
return JsonResponse(data)Example JavaScript to send registration (requires jQuery):
function requestPOSTToServer ( data ) {
$.ajax({
url: '/PATH/DEFINED/IN/URLS.PY/',
data: {
'browser': data.browser,
'p256dh': data.p256dh,
'auth': data.auth,
'registration_id': data.registration_id
},
dataType: 'json',
success: function (data) {
}
});
}FCM/GCM and APNS services have slightly different semantics. The app tries to offer a common interface for both when using the models.
from push_notifications.models import APNSDevice, GCMDevice
device = GCMDevice.objects.get(registration_id=gcm_reg_id)
# The first argument will be sent as "message" to the intent extras Bundle
# Retrieve it with intent.getExtras().getString("message")
device.send_message("You've got mail")
# If you want to customize, send an extra dict and a None message.
# the extras dict will be mapped into the intent extras Bundle.
# For dicts where all values are keys this will be sent as url parameters,
# but for more complex nested collections the extras dict will be sent via
# the bulk message api.
device.send_message(None, extra={"foo": "bar"})
device = APNSDevice.objects.get(registration_id=apns_token)
device.send_message("You've got mail") # Alert message may only be sent as text.
device.send_message(None, badge=5) # No alerts but with badge.
device.send_message(None, content_available=1, extra={"foo": "bar"}) # Silent message with custom data.
# alert with title and body.
device.send_message(message={"title" : "Game Request", "body" : "Bob wants to play poker"}, extra={"foo": "bar"})
device.send_message("Hello again", thread_id="123", extra={"foo": "bar"}) # set thread-id to allow iOS to merge notificationsNote
APNS does not support sending payloads that exceed 2048 bytes (increased from 256 in 2014).
The message is only one part of the payload, if
once constructed the payload exceeds the maximum size, an APNSDataOverflow exception will be raised before anything is sent.
Reference: Apple Payload Documentation
Web Push accepts only one variable (message), which is passed directly to pywebpush. This message can be a simple string, which will be used as your notification's body, or it can be contain any data supported by pywebpush<https://github.com/web-push-libs/pywebpush>.
Simple example:
from push_notifications.models import WebPushDevice
device = WebPushDevice.objects.get(registration_id=wp_reg_id)
device.send_message("You've got mail")Note
To customize the notification title using this method, edit the "TITLE DEFAULT" string in your navigatorPush.service.js file.
JSON example:
import json
from push_notifications.models import WebPushDevice
device = WebPushDevice.objects.get(registration_id=wp_reg_id)
title = "Message Received"
message = "You've got mail"
data = json.dumps({"title": title, "message": message})
device.send_message(data)from push_notifications.models import APNSDevice, GCMDevice
devices = GCMDevice.objects.filter(user__first_name="James")
devices.send_message("Happy name day!")Sending messages in bulk makes use of the bulk mechanics offered by GCM and APNS. It is almost always preferable to send bulk notifications instead of single ones.
It's also possible to pass badge parameter as a function which accepts token parameter in order to set different badge value per user. Assuming User model has a method get_badge returning badge count for a user:
devices.send_message(
"Happy name day!",
badge=lambda token: APNSDevice.objects.get(registration_id=token).user.get_badge()
)django-push-notifications supports both Google Cloud Messaging and Firebase Cloud Messaging (which is now the officially supported messaging platform from Google). When registering a device, you must pass the cloud_message_type parameter to set the cloud type that matches the device needs.
This is currently defaulting to 'GCM', but may change to 'FCM' at some point. You are encouraged to use the officially supported library.
When using FCM, django-push-notifications will automatically use the notification and data messages format to be conveniently handled by Firebase devices. You may want to check the payload to see if it matches your needs, and review your notification statuses in FCM Diagnostic console.
# Create a FCM device
fcm_device = GCMDevice.objects.create(registration_id="token", cloud_message_type="FCM", user=the_user)
# Send a notification message
fcm_device.send_message("This is a message")
# Send a notification message with additionnal payload
fcm_device.send_message("This is a enriched message", extra={"title": "Notification title", "icon": "icon_ressource"})
# Send a notification message with additionnal payload (alternative syntax)
fcm_device.send_message("This is a enriched message", title="Notification title", badge=6)
# Send a notification message with extra data
fcm_device.send_message("This is a message with data", extra={"other": "content", "misc": "data"})
# Send a notification message with options
fcm_device.send_message("This is a message", time_to_live=3600)
# Send a data message only
fcm_device.send_message(None, extra={"other": "content", "misc": "data"})You can disable this default behaviour by setting use_fcm_notifications to False.
fcm_device = GCMDevice.objects.create(registration_id="token", cloud_message_type="FCM", user=the_user)
# Send a data message with classic format
fcm_device.send_message("This is a message", use_fcm_notifications=False)FCM/GCM topic messaging allows your app server to send a message to multiple devices that have opted in to a particular topic. Based on the publish/subscribe model, topic messaging supports unlimited subscriptions per app. Developers can choose any topic name that matches the regular expression, "/topics/[a-zA-Z0-9-_.~%]+". Note: gcm_send_bulk_message must be used when sending messages to topic subscribers, and setting the first param to any value other than None will result in a 400 Http error.
from push_notifications.gcm import send_message
# First param is "None" because no Registration_id is needed, the message will be sent to all devices subscribed to the topic.
send_message(None, {"body": "Hello members of my_topic!"}, cloud_type="FCM", to="/topics/my_topic")Reference: FCM Documentation
NotificationError(Exception): Base exception for all notification-related errors.gcm.GCMError(NotificationError): An error was returned by GCM. This is never raised when using bulk notifications.apns.APNSError(NotificationError): Something went wrong upon sending APNS notifications.apns.APNSDataOverflow(APNSError): The APNS payload exceeds its maximum size and cannot be sent.
ViewSets are available for both APNS and GCM devices in two permission flavors:
APNSDeviceViewSetandGCMDeviceViewSet- Permissions as specified in settings (
AllowAnyby default, which is not recommended) - A device may be registered without associating it with a user
- Permissions as specified in settings (
APNSDeviceAuthorizedViewSetandGCMDeviceAuthorizedViewSet- Permissions are
IsAuthenticatedand custom permissionIsOwner, which will only allow therequest.userto get and update devices that belong to that user - Requires a user to be authenticated, so all devices will be associated with a user
- Permissions are
When creating an APNSDevice, the registration_id is validated to be a 64-character or 200-character hexadecimal string. Since 2016, device tokens are to be increased from 32 bytes to 100 bytes.
Routes can be added one of two ways:
- Routers (include all views)
from push_notifications.api.rest_framework import APNSDeviceAuthorizedViewSet, GCMDeviceAuthorizedViewSet
from rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter
router = DefaultRouter()
router.register(r'device/apns', APNSDeviceAuthorizedViewSet)
router.register(r'device/gcm', GCMDeviceAuthorizedViewSet)
urlpatterns = patterns('',
# URLs will show up at <api_root>/device/apns
url(r'^', include(router.urls)),
# ...
)
- Using as_view (specify which views to include)
from push_notifications.api.rest_framework import APNSDeviceAuthorizedViewSet
urlpatterns = patterns('',
# Only allow creation of devices by authenticated users
url(r'^device/apns/?$', APNSDeviceAuthorizedViewSet.as_view({'post': 'create'}), name='create_apns_device'),
# ...
)
The DRF viewset enforce the uniqueness of the registration ID. In same use case it may cause issue: If an already registered mobile change its user and it will fail to register because the registration ID already exist.
When option UPDATE_ON_DUPLICATE_REG_ID is set to True, then any creation of
device with an already existing registration ID will be transformed into an update.
The UPDATE_ON_DUPLICATE_REG_ID only works with DRF.
| [1] | Any devices which are not selected, but are not receiving notifications will not be deactivated on a subsequent call to "prune devices" unless another attempt to send a message to the device fails after the call to the feedback service. |