common programming operations

- defining custom comparison logic
- heap manipulation

content/Programming/Common Programming Operations.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ tags:
   - cpp
   - python
 Creation Date: 2024-12-14, 20:31
-Last Date: 2024-12-14T21:12:34+08:00
+Last Date: 2024-12-16T22:14:18+08:00
 References: 
 draft: 
 description: 
@@ -39,3 +39,85 @@ sort(sorted.begin(), sorted.end());
 
 - **C++ `std::sort()`** works directly on a `std::string` without needing to convert it to a character array, because a `std::string` in C++ is essentially a sequence of characters (similar to a char array)
 - Just like in Java, `std::sort()` returns `void`
+
+## Defining Custom Comparison Logic
+---
+```java title="Java"
+class Node implements Comparable<Node> {
+    public int freq;
+   
+    @Override
+    public int compareTo(Node other) {
+        return Integer.compare(other.freq, this.freq);
+    }
+}
+```
+
+- The comparator logic above implements a **descending order**. To achieve ascending order, swap `other.freq` and `this.freq`
+- For more details, refer to [[Java Comparison]]
+
+```python title="Python"
+class Node:
+    def __init__(self, val, freq):
+        self.freq = freq
+
+    def __lt__(self, other):
+        return other.freq < self.freq 
+```
+
+- The comparator logic above implements a **descending order**. To achieve ascending order, swap `other.freq` and `self.freq`
+
+```cpp title="C++"
+class Node {
+public:
+    int freq;
+
+	Node(int freq) {
+		this->freq = freq;
+	}
+
+	bool operator<(const Node& other) {
+		return other.freq > this->freq;
+	}
+}
+```
+
+- The comparator logic above implements a **descending order**. To achieve ascending order, swap `other.freq` and `self->freq`
+## Heap Manipulation
+---
+```java title="Java"
+// Create a min-heap
+PriorityQueue<Integer> minHeap = new PriorityQueue<>();
+
+// Add a new element to the heap
+minHeap.add(5);
+
+// Remove and return the smallest element from the heap
+minHeap.poll();
+```
+
+```python title="Python"
+# # Create a list to serve as a container for the min-heap
+minHeap = []
+# Convert the list with elements into a min-heap
+heapq.heapify(minHeap)
+
+# Add a new element to the heap
+heapq.heappush(minHeap, 5)
+
+# Remove and return the smallest element from the heap
+heapq.heappop(minHeap)
+```
+
+```cpp title="C++"
+// Create a min-heap
+priority_queue<int> minHeap;
+
+// Add Add a new element to the heap
+minHeap.push(5);
+
+// Remove the smallest element from the heap
+minHeap.pop();
+// Return the smallest element from the heap
+minHeap.top().val;
+```