[core] Handle 429 and 500 errors from worlds in runtime by VaguelySerious · Pull Request #966 · vercel/workflow

VaguelySerious · 2026-02-06T21:45:34Z

Uses retry-after header for 429 when provided.
500s are limited to 3x retry, doing exponential backoff.

Review with white space off for sanity.

Claude's suggestion for e2e tests, which I think we might do separately. I think we should make some sort of testbench for world errors and how the runtime reacts.

  3. E2E with a fault-injection endpoint (moderate effort, very targeted)

  Add a test-only endpoint to the workbench app (or a middleware) that can be told to return 429/500 for the next N requests. Something like:

  POST /e2e/inject-fault { status: 429, retryAfter: 3, count: 2 }

  Then the e2e test would:
  1. Inject a fault (e.g. "next 2 requests to workflow handler return 429 with Retry-After: 3")
  2. Start a workflow
  3. Assert it completes successfully despite the transient errors
  4. Optionally check logs/traces for the retry events

  This is the most surgical approach but requires adding test-only infrastructure. The world-local queue already makes HTTP requests to the app endpoints, so you could intercept at that
  layer.

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>

changeset-bot · 2026-02-06T21:45:39Z

🦋 Changeset detected

Latest commit: 9f9c30a

The changes in this PR will be included in the next version bump.

This PR includes changesets to release 19 packages

Name	Type
@workflow/errors	Patch
@workflow/world	Patch
@workflow/world-vercel	Patch
@workflow/core	Patch
@workflow/builders	Patch
@workflow/cli	Patch
workflow	Patch
@workflow/world-local	Patch
@workflow/world-postgres	Patch
@workflow/web-shared	Patch
@workflow/world-testing	Patch
@workflow/next	Patch
@workflow/nitro	Patch
@workflow/astro	Patch
@workflow/nest	Patch
@workflow/rollup	Patch
@workflow/sveltekit	Patch
@workflow/vite	Patch
@workflow/nuxt	Patch

Not sure what this means? Click here to learn what changesets are.

Click here if you're a maintainer who wants to add another changeset to this PR

vercel · 2026-02-06T21:45:40Z

The latest updates on your projects. Learn more about Vercel for GitHub.

Project	Deployment	Actions	Updated (UTC)
example-nextjs-workflow-turbopack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 7, 2026 1:23am
example-nextjs-workflow-webpack	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 7, 2026 1:23am
example-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 7, 2026 1:23am
workbench-astro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 7, 2026 1:23am
workbench-express-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 7, 2026 1:23am
workbench-fastify-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 7, 2026 1:23am
workbench-hono-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 7, 2026 1:23am
workbench-nitro-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 7, 2026 1:23am
workbench-nuxt-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 7, 2026 1:23am
workbench-sveltekit-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 7, 2026 1:23am
workbench-vite-workflow	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 7, 2026 1:23am
workflow-docs	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 7, 2026 1:23am
workflow-nest	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 7, 2026 1:23am
workflow-swc-playground	Ready	Preview, Comment, Open in v0	Feb 7, 2026 1:23am

github-actions · 2026-02-06T21:45:45Z

🧪 E2E Test Results

❌ Some tests failed

Summary

	Passed	Failed	Skipped	Total
✅ ▲ Vercel Production	479	0	38	517
✅ 💻 Local Development	408	0	62	470
✅ 📦 Local Production	408	0	62	470
✅ 🐘 Local Postgres	408	0	62	470
✅ 🪟 Windows	44	0	3	47
❌ 🌍 Community Worlds	31	157	12	200
✅ 📋 Other	120	0	21	141
Total	1898	157	260	2315

❌ Failed Tests

🌍 Community Worlds (157 failed)

mongodb (39 failed):

addTenWorkflow
addTenWorkflow
should work with react rendering in step
promiseAllWorkflow
promiseRaceWorkflow
promiseAnyWorkflow
hookWorkflow
webhookWorkflow
sleepingWorkflow
nullByteWorkflow
workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
fetchWorkflow
promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

redis (39 failed):

addTenWorkflow
addTenWorkflow
should work with react rendering in step
promiseAllWorkflow
promiseRaceWorkflow
promiseAnyWorkflow
hookWorkflow
webhookWorkflow
sleepingWorkflow
nullByteWorkflow
workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
fetchWorkflow
promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

starter (40 failed):

addTenWorkflow
addTenWorkflow
should work with react rendering in step
promiseAllWorkflow
promiseRaceWorkflow
promiseAnyWorkflow
hookWorkflow
webhookWorkflow
sleepingWorkflow
nullByteWorkflow
workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
fetchWorkflow
promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
health check (CLI) - workflow health command reports healthy endpoints
pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

turso (39 failed):

addTenWorkflow
addTenWorkflow
should work with react rendering in step
promiseAllWorkflow
promiseRaceWorkflow
promiseAnyWorkflow
hookWorkflow
webhookWorkflow
sleepingWorkflow
nullByteWorkflow
workflowAndStepMetadataWorkflow
fetchWorkflow
promiseRaceStressTestWorkflow
error handling error propagation workflow errors nested function calls preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation workflow errors cross-file imports preserve message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors basic step error preserves message and stack trace
error handling error propagation step errors cross-file step error preserves message and function names in stack
error handling retry behavior regular Error retries until success
error handling retry behavior FatalError fails immediately without retries
error handling retry behavior RetryableError respects custom retryAfter delay
error handling retry behavior maxRetries=0 disables retries
error handling catchability FatalError can be caught and detected with FatalError.is()
hookCleanupTestWorkflow - hook token reuse after workflow completion
concurrent hook token conflict - two workflows cannot use the same hook token simultaneously
stepFunctionPassingWorkflow - step function references can be passed as arguments (without closure vars)
stepFunctionWithClosureWorkflow - step function with closure variables passed as argument
closureVariableWorkflow - nested step functions with closure variables
spawnWorkflowFromStepWorkflow - spawning a child workflow using start() inside a step
pathsAliasWorkflow - TypeScript path aliases resolve correctly
Calculator.calculate - static workflow method using static step methods from another class
AllInOneService.processNumber - static workflow method using sibling static step methods
ChainableService.processWithThis - static step methods using this to reference the class
thisSerializationWorkflow - step function invoked with .call() and .apply()
customSerializationWorkflow - custom class serialization with WORKFLOW_SERIALIZE/WORKFLOW_DESERIALIZE
instanceMethodStepWorkflow - instance methods with "use step" directive
crossContextSerdeWorkflow - classes defined in step code are deserializable in workflow context
pages router addTenWorkflow via pages router
pages router promiseAllWorkflow via pages router
pages router sleepingWorkflow via pages router

Details by Category

✅ ▲ Vercel Production

App	Passed	Skipped
✅ astro	43	4
✅ example	43	4
✅ express	43	4
✅ fastify	43	4
✅ hono	43	4
✅ nextjs-turbopack	46	1
✅ nextjs-webpack	46	1
✅ nitro	43	4
✅ nuxt	43	4
✅ sveltekit	43	4
✅ vite	43	4

✅ 💻 Local Development

App	Passed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	40	7
✅ express-stable	40	7
✅ fastify-stable	40	7
✅ hono-stable	40	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	44	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	44	3
✅ nitro-stable	40	7
✅ nuxt-stable	40	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	40	7
✅ vite-stable	40	7

✅ 📦 Local Production

App	Passed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	40	7
✅ express-stable	40	7
✅ fastify-stable	40	7
✅ hono-stable	40	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	44	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	44	3
✅ nitro-stable	40	7
✅ nuxt-stable	40	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	40	7
✅ vite-stable	40	7

✅ 🐘 Local Postgres

App	Passed	Skipped
✅ astro-stable	40	7
✅ express-stable	40	7
✅ fastify-stable	40	7
✅ hono-stable	40	7
✅ nextjs-turbopack-stable	44	3
✅ nextjs-webpack-stable	44	3
✅ nitro-stable	40	7
✅ nuxt-stable	40	7
✅ sveltekit-stable	40	7
✅ vite-stable	40	7

✅ 🪟 Windows

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ nextjs-turbopack	44	0	3

❌ 🌍 Community Worlds

App	Passed	Failed	Skipped
✅ mongodb-dev	3	0	0
❌ mongodb	5	39	3
✅ redis-dev	3	0	0
❌ redis	5	39	3
✅ starter-dev	3	0	0
❌ starter	4	40	3
✅ turso-dev	3	0	0
❌ turso	5	39	3

✅ 📋 Other

App	Passed	Skipped
✅ e2e-local-dev-nest-stable	40	7
✅ e2e-local-postgres-nest-stable	40	7
✅ e2e-local-prod-nest-stable	40	7

📋 View full workflow run

github-actions · 2026-02-06T21:45:48Z

📊 Benchmark Results

📈 Comparing against baseline from main branch. Green 🟢 = faster, Red 🔺 = slower.

workflow with no steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	0.032s (-25.5% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.032s (-26.0% 🟢)	1.007s (~)	0.975s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.040s (+3.4%)	1.007s (-0.9%)	0.967s	10	1.24x
🐘 Postgres	Express	0.282s (+52.6% 🔺)	1.012s (-0.6%)	0.730s	10	8.79x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	0.352s (+62.7% 🔺)	1.016s (~)	0.664s	10	10.96x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	0.726s (-2.5%)	2.207s (+36.9% 🔺)	1.480s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	0.787s (-4.8%)	2.134s (+20.7% 🔺)	1.347s	10	1.08x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	0.796s (+21.4% 🔺)	2.167s (+34.8% 🔺)	1.371s	10	1.10x

🔍 Observability: Express | Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro

workflow with 1 step

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	1.102s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.903s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.104s (-1.1%)	2.005s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	1.105s (-1.0%)	2.006s (~)	0.901s	10	1.00x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	2.156s (-2.8%)	2.613s (-13.3% 🟢)	0.457s	10	1.96x
🐘 Postgres	Express	2.382s (-0.8%)	3.015s (~)	0.632s	10	2.16x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.606s (+3.9%)	3.473s (~)	0.866s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.655s (+4.3%)	3.807s (+2.1%)	1.152s	10	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.671s (+6.1% 🔺)	3.716s (-0.6%)	1.045s	10	1.02x

🔍 Observability: Next.js (Turbopack) | Nitro | Express

workflow with 10 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	10.726s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.294s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	10.815s (~)	11.021s (~)	0.206s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Express	10.821s (~)	11.022s (~)	0.201s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	15.281s (-1.3%)	16.045s (~)	0.764s	2	1.42x
🐘 Postgres	Express	20.242s (-0.7%)	21.059s (~)	0.817s	2	1.89x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	19.517s (-2.4%)	20.803s (~)	1.286s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	20.043s (~)	21.172s (+1.5%)	1.129s	2	1.03x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	20.108s (-1.7%)	21.779s (+2.2%)	1.670s	2	1.03x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 25 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	27.207s (~)	28.040s (~)	0.832s	3	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	27.436s (~)	28.045s (~)	0.609s	3	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	27.456s (~)	28.043s (~)	0.586s	3	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	37.861s (-1.6%)	38.082s (-2.5%)	0.220s	2	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Express	50.282s (~)	50.623s (-0.9%)	0.341s	2	1.85x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	49.304s (-2.1%)	50.647s (-0.9%)	1.342s	2	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	49.934s (~)	51.072s (+0.5%)	1.138s	2	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	52.063s (+3.1%)	53.424s (+4.0%)	1.361s	2	1.06x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

workflow with 50 sequential steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	56.660s (~)	57.100s (~)	0.440s	2	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	57.041s (~)	57.098s (-1.6%)	0.057s	2	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	57.152s (~)	58.097s (~)	0.945s	2	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	75.280s (-1.4%)	76.169s (-1.2%)	0.889s	2	1.33x
🐘 Postgres	Express	75.374s (-25.1% 🟢)	76.175s (-24.7% 🟢)	0.800s	2	1.33x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	107.496s (~)	108.602s (~)	1.106s	1	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	108.062s (+1.8%)	109.060s (+2.3%)	0.998s	1	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	108.842s (+2.5%)	110.762s (-1.5%)	1.920s	1	1.01x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.403s (~)	2.005s (~)	0.602s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.404s (+1.3%)	2.005s (~)	0.601s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.436s (+2.4%)	2.005s (~)	0.569s	15	1.02x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.637s (-27.8% 🟢)	2.078s (-31.0% 🟢)	0.441s	15	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.818s (-19.4% 🟢)	2.145s (-22.0% 🟢)	0.327s	15	1.30x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.850s (+9.1% 🔺)	3.734s (+1.8%)	0.884s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.884s (+4.9%)	3.848s (+2.6%)	0.965s	8	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.070s (+7.1% 🔺)	4.061s (+6.9% 🔺)	0.991s	8	1.08x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.all with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	2.541s (+2.9%)	3.006s (~)	0.465s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	2.571s (-1.1%)	3.007s (~)	0.436s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.575s (-0.7%)	3.007s (~)	0.432s	10	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Express	8.444s (-7.2% 🟢)	9.274s (-3.1%)	0.830s	4	3.32x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.868s (-19.8% 🟢)	9.289s (-20.5% 🟢)	0.421s	4	3.49x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.316s (+4.7%)	4.560s (+14.7% 🔺)	1.244s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.383s (-12.3% 🟢)	4.461s (-4.2%)	1.077s	7	1.02x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.755s (+6.5% 🔺)	5.319s (+23.4% 🔺)	1.564s	6	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.all with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	7.166s (-1.6%)	8.017s (-3.2%)	0.851s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.395s (+2.9%)	8.020s (-1.6%)	0.625s	4	1.03x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7.977s (+11.8% 🔺)	8.515s (+9.4% 🔺)	0.538s	4	1.11x
🐘 Postgres	Express	51.652s (+5.7% 🔺)	52.106s (+5.8% 🔺)	0.454s	1	7.21x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	52.284s (~)	53.123s (~)	0.839s	1	7.30x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.800s (-74.2% 🟢)	5.240s (-66.8% 🟢)	1.439s	6	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.832s (-64.6% 🟢)	5.261s (-54.5% 🟢)	1.429s	6	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Express	4.282s (-62.2% 🟢)	5.870s (-52.5% 🟢)	1.588s	6	1.13x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 10 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	1.409s (-1.7%)	2.004s (~)	0.595s	15	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	1.428s (+0.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.577s	15	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	1.461s (+4.8%)	2.005s (~)	0.543s	15	1.04x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.887s (-8.1% 🟢)	2.078s (-10.4% 🟢)	0.192s	15	1.34x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.953s (-12.5% 🟢)	2.154s (-16.9% 🟢)	0.200s	14	1.39x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	2.669s (+5.3% 🔺)	3.604s (+1.3%)	0.935s	9	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	2.705s (-13.6% 🟢)	3.485s (-17.6% 🟢)	0.780s	9	1.01x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.909s (+14.0% 🔺)	3.931s (+8.1% 🔺)	1.022s	8	1.09x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Express | Next.js (Turbopack)

Promise.race with 25 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Express	2.638s (-2.5%)	3.006s (-0.7%)	0.369s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	2.658s (-1.0%)	3.006s (~)	0.348s	10	1.01x
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.796s (+6.2% 🔺)	3.006s (-5.4% 🟢)	0.210s	10	1.06x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	8.707s (-26.2% 🟢)	9.277s (-22.8% 🟢)	0.570s	4	3.30x
🐘 Postgres	Express	10.635s (-3.5%)	11.030s (-2.9%)	0.395s	3	4.03x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.108s (-7.5% 🟢)	4.224s (-3.1%)	1.116s	8	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.224s (+1.7%)	4.316s (+8.8% 🔺)	1.091s	7	1.04x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.582s (+28.9% 🔺)	4.535s (+21.9% 🔺)	0.953s	7	1.15x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Promise.race with 50 concurrent steps

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	7.701s (+2.2%)	8.269s (-3.5%)	0.568s	4	1.00x
💻 Local	Express	7.771s (-4.9%)	8.016s (-11.8% 🟢)	0.245s	4	1.01x
💻 Local	Nitro	7.774s (-1.8%)	8.017s (-10.1% 🟢)	0.243s	4	1.01x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	50.814s (-2.4%)	51.151s (-3.7%)	0.337s	1	6.60x
🐘 Postgres	Express	54.249s (+6.9% 🔺)	55.114s (+7.8% 🔺)	0.865s	1	7.04x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Nitro	3.417s (-44.8% 🟢)	4.864s (-28.7% 🟢)	1.447s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	3.430s (-58.4% 🟢)	4.736s (-47.2% 🟢)	1.307s	7	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Express	3.553s (-54.6% 🟢)	5.112s (-40.2% 🟢)	1.560s	7	1.04x

🔍 Observability: Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack) | Express

Stream Benchmarks (includes TTFB metrics)

workflow with stream

💻 Local Development

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
💻 Local	🥇 Next.js (Turbopack)	0.147s (+3.5%)	1.001s (~)	0.010s (-29.3% 🟢)	1.015s (-1.0%)	0.868s	10	1.00x
💻 Local	Nitro	0.172s (-4.3%)	1.002s (+1.0%)	0.010s (-23.1% 🟢)	1.015s (~)	0.843s	10	1.17x
💻 Local	Express	0.173s (-4.3%)	1.002s (+1.0%)	0.010s (-27.7% 🟢)	1.015s (-0.5%)	0.842s	10	1.17x
🐘 Postgres	Express	1.229s (-47.6% 🟢)	1.885s (-30.0% 🟢)	0.001s (+550.0% 🔺)	2.014s (-33.2% 🟢)	0.785s	10	8.34x
🐘 Postgres	Nitro	1.404s (+11.2% 🔺)	1.740s (-2.2%)	0.001s (+Infinity% 🔺)	2.012s (~)	0.608s	10	9.53x
🐘 Postgres	Next.js (Turbopack)	⚠️ missing	-	-	-	-	-

▲ Production (Vercel)

World	Framework	Workflow Time	TTFB	Slurp	Wall Time	Overhead	Samples	vs Fastest
▲ Vercel	🥇 Express	2.526s (-59.5% 🟢)	3.039s (-48.6% 🟢)	0.553s (+248.7% 🔺)	4.253s (-42.1% 🟢)	1.728s	10	1.00x
▲ Vercel	Nitro	2.696s (-53.2% 🟢)	3.074s (-49.7% 🟢)	0.183s (-23.4% 🟢)	3.912s (-45.2% 🟢)	1.216s	10	1.07x
▲ Vercel	Next.js (Turbopack)	2.805s (-47.3% 🟢)	3.132s (-28.5% 🟢)	0.185s (~)	4.126s (-34.2% 🟢)	1.321s	10	1.11x

🔍 Observability: Express | Nitro | Next.js (Turbopack)

Summary

Fastest Framework by World

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

World	🥇 Fastest Framework	Wins
💻 Local	Next.js (Turbopack)	7/12
🐘 Postgres	Express	6/12
▲ Vercel	Nitro	7/12

Fastest World by Framework

Winner determined by most benchmark wins

Framework	🥇 Fastest World	Wins
Express	💻 Local	10/12
Next.js (Turbopack)	💻 Local	10/12
Nitro	💻 Local	10/12

Column Definitions

Workflow Time: Runtime reported by workflow (completedAt - createdAt) - primary metric
TTFB: Time to First Byte - time from workflow start until first stream byte received (stream benchmarks only)
Slurp: Time from first byte to complete stream consumption (stream benchmarks only)
Wall Time: Total testbench time (trigger workflow + poll for result)
Overhead: Testbench overhead (Wall Time - Workflow Time)
Samples: Number of benchmark iterations run
vs Fastest: How much slower compared to the fastest configuration for this benchmark

Worlds:

💻 Local: In-memory filesystem world (local development)
🐘 Postgres: PostgreSQL database world (local development)
▲ Vercel: Vercel production/preview deployment
🌐 Starter: Community world (local development)
🌐 Turso: Community world (local development)
🌐 MongoDB: Community world (local development)
🌐 Redis: Community world (local development)
🌐 Jazz: Community world (local development)

📋 View full workflow run

- Propagate Retry-After header as WorkflowAPIError.retryAfter on 429 responses - Add withThrottleRetry wrapper for both workflow and step handlers - Re-enqueue workflows on 5xx errors with exponential backoff (5s, 30s, 120min) - Track serverErrorRetryCount in queue payload for retry budgeting - Expose delaySeconds on QueueOptions interface Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>

karthikscale3 · 2026-02-07T19:27:55Z

packages/core/src/runtime/helpers.ts

+        );
+        // Short wait: sleep in-process, then retry once
+        await new Promise((resolve) =>
+          setTimeout(resolve, retryAfterSeconds * 1000)


Should we account for function execution time limits specifically in the case of Vercel world? If the serverless fuction is already close to the end of it's limit and the workflow server throws a 429, adding a 10 sec sleep could potentially exceed the function execution limit and the function could get SIGKILLd midway.

The workflow layer should never take much more than a few seconds, so I think it's highly unlikely that we'd run into timeouts, so I'm not too worried about this, but technically a concern

karthikscale3 · 2026-02-07T19:28:35Z

Rest of the code looks good except the one concern I have around function execution limits in the case of vercel world.

changes

8764b75

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>

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VaguelySerious requested review from TooTallNate, karthikscale3 and pranaygp February 7, 2026 01:20

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VaguelySerious added 2 commits February 6, 2026 17:20

Merge branch 'main' into peter/429-core

c60aa2a

Fix

9f9c30a

Signed-off-by: Peter Wielander <mittgfu@gmail.com>

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karthikscale3 reviewed Feb 7, 2026

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🧪 E2E Test Results

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📊 Benchmark Results

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

💻 Local Development

▲ Production (Vercel)

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