Tmds.Ssh

The Tmds.Ssh library provides a managed .NET SSH client implementation.

It has an async API and leverages the modern .NET primitives, like Span, to minimize allocations.

The library supports OpenSSH file formats for private keys, known hosts and config.

The library is available for modern .NET (Core) versions.

The supported algorithms enable securely connecting to a broad set of SSH servers. See Algorithms.

The library supports logging through Microsoft.Extensions.Logging. See Logging.

Getting Started

Create a new Console application:

dotnet new console -o example
cd example
dotnet add package Tmds.Ssh
dotnet add package Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Console

Update Program.cs:

using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using Tmds.Ssh;

using ILoggerFactory loggerFactory = LoggerFactory.Create(builder => builder.AddConsole());
using var sshClient = new SshClient("localhost", SshConfigSettings.DefaultConfig, loggerFactory);
using var process = await sshClient.ExecuteAsync("echo 'hello world!'");
(bool isError, string? line) = await process.ReadLineAsync();
Console.WriteLine(line);

Now run the application:

$ dotnet run
hello world!

Examples

The following are some example projects that show how Tmds.Ssh can be used:

scp - SCP client to copy/fetch files
ssh - SSH client
azure_key - SSH client with private keys stored in Azure Key Vault.

API

namespace Tmds.Ssh;

class SshClient : IDisposable
{
  // Connect to the destination. No additional config.
  SshClient(string destination, ILoggerFactory? loggerFactory = null);
  // Use OpenSSH config files and options to configure the client.
  SshClient(string destination, SshConfigSettings configSettings, ILoggerFactory? loggerFactory = null);
  // Use the .NET SshClientSettings API to configure the client.
  SshClient(SshClientSettings settings, ILoggerFactory? loggerFactory = null);

  // Calling ConnectAsync is optional when SshClientSettings.AutoConnect is set (default).
  Task ConnectAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken);

  Task<RemoteProcess> ExecuteAsync(string command, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
  Task<RemoteProcess> ExecuteAsync(string command, ExecuteOptions? options = null, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  Task<RemoteProcess> ExecuteSubsystemAsync(string subsystem, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
  Task<RemoteProcess> ExecuteSubsystemAsync(string subsystem, ExecuteOptions? options = null, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  Task<SshDataStream> OpenTcpConnectionAsync(string host, int port, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  Task<SshDataStream> OpenUnixConnectionAsync(string path, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  Task<SftpClient> OpenSftpClientAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken);
  Task<SftpClient> OpenSftpClientAsync(SftpClientOptions? options = null, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
}
class ExecuteOptions
{
  Encoding StandardInputEncoding { get; set; }
  Encoding StandardErrorEncoding { get; set; }
  Encoding StandardOutputEncoding { get; set; }
}
class RemoteProcess : IDisposable
{
  // Read from the remote process.
  ValueTask<(bool isError, string? line)> ReadLineAsync(bool readStdout = true, bool readStderr = true, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask<(string? stdout, string? stderr)> ReadToEndAsStringAsync(bool readStdout = true, bool readStderr = true, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  IAsyncEnumerable<(bool isError, string line)> ReadAllLinesAsync(bool readStdout = true, bool readStderr = true, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask ReadToEndAsync(Stream? stdoutStream, Stream? stderrStream, CancellationToken? cancellationToken);
  ValueTask<(bool isError, int bytesRead)> ReadAsync(Memory<byte>? stdoutBuffer, Memory<byte>? stderrBuffer, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask ReadToEndAsync(Func<Memory<byte>, object, CancellationToken, ValueTask> handleStdout, object? stdoutContext, Func<Memory<byte>, object, CancellationToken, ValueTask> handleStderr, object? stderrContext, CancellationToken? cancellationToken);

  // Write to the remote process.
  ValueTask WriteAsync(ReadOnlyMemory<byte> buffer, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask WriteAsync(ReadOnlyMemory<char> buffer, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask WriteAsync(string value, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask WriteLineAsync(ReadOnlyMemory<char> buffer, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask WriteLineAsync(string? value, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  Stream StandardInputStream { get; }
  StreamWriter StandardInputWriter { get; }

  // Wait for the remote process to exit.
  ValueTask WaitForExitAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken);

  // CancellationToken that cancels when remote process terminates.
  CancellationToken ExecutionAborted { get; }

  // Exit code.
  int ExitCode { get; }
  // Exit signal (if terminated by a signal).
  string? ExitSignal { get; }
}
class SshDataStream : Stream
{
  CancellationToken StreamAborted { get; }
}
class SftpClient : IDisposable
{
  // Note: umask is applied on the server.
  const UnixFilePermissions DefaultCreateDirectoryPermissions; // = '-rw-rw-rw-'.
  const UnixFilePermissions DefaultCreateFilePermissions;      // = '-rwxrwxrwx'.

  // The SftpClient owns the connection.
  SftpClient(string destination, ILoggerFactory? loggerFactory = null, SftpClientOptions? options = null);
  SftpClient(string destination, SshConfigSettings configSettings, ILoggerFactory? loggerFactory = null, SftpClientOptions? options = null);
  SftpClient(SshClientSettings settings, ILoggerFactory? loggerFactory = null, SftpClientOptions? options = null);

  // The SshClient owns the connection.
  SftpClient(SshClient client, SftpClientOptions? options = null);

  // Only usable when the SftpClient was constructed directly using the constructor that accepts a destination/SshClientSettings.
  Task ConnectAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  ValueTask<SftpFile> OpenOrCreateFileAsync(string path, FileAccess access, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask<SftpFile> OpenOrCreateFileAsync(string path, FileAccess access, FileOpenOptions? options, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask<SftpFile> CreateNewFileAsync(string path, FileAccess access, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask<SftpFile> CreateNewFileAsync(string path, FileAccess access, FileOpenOptions? options, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  // Returns null if the file does not exist.
  ValueTask<SftpFile?> OpenFileAsync(string path, FileAccess access, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  // Returns null if the file does not exist.
  ValueTask<SftpFile?> OpenFileAsync(string path, FileAccess access, FileOpenOptions? options, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  // Does not throw if the path did not exist.
  ValueTask DeleteFileAsync(string path, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  // Does not throw if the path is an existing directory, or a link to one.
  ValueTask CreateDirectoryAsync(string path, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
  ValueTask CreateDirectoryAsync(string path, bool createParents = false, UnixFilePermissions createPermissions = DefaultCreateDirectoryPermissions, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  // Throws if the path exists.
  ValueTask CreateNewDirectoryAsync(string path, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
  ValueTask CreateNewDirectoryAsync(string path, bool createParents = false, UnixFilePermissions permissions = DefaultCreateDirectoryPermissions, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  // Does not throw if the path did not exist.
  ValueTask DeleteDirectoryAsync(string path, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  ValueTask RenameAsync(string oldpath, string newpath, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  ValueTask CopyFileAsync(string sourcePath, string destinationPath, bool overwrite = false, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  ValueTask<FileEntryAttributes?> GetAttributesAsync(string path, bool followLinks = true, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask SetAttributesAsync(
    string path,
    UnixFilePermissions? permissions = default,
    (DateTimeOffset LastAccess, DateTimeOffset LastWrite)? times = default,
    long? length = default,
    (int Uid, int Gid)? ids = default,
    Dictionary<string, string>? extendedAttributes = default,
    CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  IAsyncEnumerable<(string Path, FileEntryAttributes Attributes)> GetDirectoryEntriesAsync(string path, EnumerationOptions? options = null);
  IAsyncEnumerable<T> GetDirectoryEntriesAsync<T>(string path, SftpFileEntryTransform<T> transform, EnumerationOptions? options = null);

  ValueTask UploadFileAsync(string localFilePath, string remoteFilePath, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
  ValueTask UploadFileAsync(string localFilePath, string remoteFilePath, bool overwrite = false, UnixFilePermissions? createPermissions, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask UploadDirectoryEntriesAsync(string localDirPath, string remoteDirPath, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask UploadDirectoryEntriesAsync(string localDirPath, string remoteDirPath, UploadEntriesOptions? options, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  ValueTask DownloadFileAsync(string remoteFilePath, string localFilePath, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
  ValueTask DownloadFileAsync(string remoteFilePath, string localFilePath, bool overwrite = false, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask DownloadDirectoryEntriesAsync(string remoteDirPath, string localDirPath, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask DownloadDirectoryEntriesAsync(string remoteDirPath, string localDirPath, DownloadEntriesOptions? options, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  ValueTask<string> GetLinkTargetAsync(string linkPath, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask CreateSymbolicLinkAsync(string linkPath, string targetPath, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  ValueTask<string> GetFullPathAsync(string path, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
}
class SftpFile : Stream
{
  ValueTask<FileEntryAttributes> GetAttributesAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask SetAttributesAsync(
    UnixFilePermissions? permissions = default,
    (DateTimeOffset LastAccess, DateTimeOffset LastWrite)? times = default,
    long? length = default,
    (int Uid, int Gid)? ids = default,
    Dictionary<string, string>? extendedAttributes = default,
    CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  // Read/write at an offset. This does NOT update the offset tracked by the instance.
  ValueTask WriteAtAsync(ReadOnlyMemory<byte> buffer, long offset, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask<int> ReadAtAsync(Memory<byte> buffer, long offset, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  ValueTask<long> GetLengthAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
  ValueTask SetLengthAsync(long length, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);

  ValueTask CloseAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default);
}
class SshClientSettings
{
  static IReadOnlyList<Credential> DefaultCredentials { get; } = [ PrivateKeyCredential("~/.ssh/id_rsa"), KerberosCredential() ]
  static IReadOnlyList<string> DefaultUserKnownHostsFilePaths { get; } = [ '~/.ssh/known_hosts' ]
  static IReadOnlyList<string> DefaultGlobalKnownHostsFilePaths { get; } = [ '/etc/ssh/known_hosts' ]

  SshClientSettings();
  SshClientSettings(string destination);

  TimeSpan ConnectTimeout { get; set; } // = 15s

  string UserName { get; set; } = Environment.UserName;
  string HostName { get; set; } = "";
  int Port { get; set; } = 22;

  List<Credential> Credentials { get; set; } = DefaultCredentials;

  bool AutoConnect { get; set; } = true;
  bool AutoReconnect { get; set; } = false;

  bool TcpKeepAlive { get; set; } = true;

  List<string> GlobalKnownHostsFilePaths { get; set; } = DefaultGlobalKnownHostsFilePaths;
  List<string> UserKnownHostsFilePaths { get; set; } = DefaultUserKnownHostsFilePaths;
  HostAuthentication? HostAuthentication { get; set; } // not called when known to be trusted/revoked.
  bool UpdateKnownHostsFileAfterAuthentication { get; set; } = false;
  bool HashKnownHosts { get; set; } = false;

  int MinimumRSAKeySize { get; set; } = 2048;

  Dictionary<string, string> EnvironmentVariables { get; set; } = [];
}
class SshConfigSettings
{
  static SshConfigSettings DefaultConfig { get; }  // use DefaultConfigFilePaths.
  static SshConfigSettings NoConfig { get; } // use [ ]
  static IReadOnlyList<string> DefaultConfigFilePaths { get; } // [ '~/.ssh/config', '/etc/ssh/ssh_config' ]

  List<string> ConfigFilePaths { get; set; } = DefaultConfigFilePaths;
  Dictionary<SshConfigOption, SshConfigOptionValue> Options { get; set; }

  TimeSpan ConnectTimeout { get; set; } // = 15s, overridden by config timeout (if set)

  bool AutoConnect { get; set; } = true;
  bool AutoReconnect { get; set; }

  HostAuthentication? HostAuthentication { get; set; } // Called for Unknown when StrictHostKeyChecking is 'ask' (default)
}
public enum SshConfigOption
{
    Hostname,
    User,
    Port,
    ConnectTimeout,
    GlobalKnownHostsFile,
    UserKnownHostsFile,
    HashKnownHosts,
    StrictHostKeyChecking,
    PreferredAuthentications,
    PubkeyAuthentication,
    IdentityFile,
    GSSAPIAuthentication,
    GSSAPIDelegateCredentials,
    GSSAPIServerIdentity,
    RequiredRSASize,
    SendEnv,
    Ciphers,
    HostKeyAlgorithms,
    KexAlgorithms,
    MACs,
    PubkeyAcceptedAlgorithms,
    TCPKeepAlive
}
struct SshConfigOptionValue
{
    SshConfigOptionValue(string value);
    SshConfigOptionValue(IEnumerable<string> values);
    static implicit operator SshConfigOptionValue(string value);

    bool IsEmpty { get; }
    bool IsSingleValue { get; }
    string? FirstValue { get; }
    IEnumerable<string> Values { get; }
}
class SftpClientOptions
{ }
class SftpException : IOException
{
  SftpError Error { get; }
}
enum SftpError
{
  None,
  Eof,
  NoSuchFile,
  PermissionDenied,
  Failure,
  BadMessage,
  Unsupported
}
[Flags]
enum OpenMode
{
  Default = 0,
  Append,
  Truncate
}
class FileEntryAttributes
{
  long Length { get; set; }
  int Uid { get; set; }
  int Gid { get; set; }
  UnixFileType FileType { get; set; }
  UnixFilePermissions Permissions { get; set; }
  DateTimeOffset LastAccessTime { get; set; }
  DateTimeOffset LastWriteTime { get; set; }
  Dictionary<string, string>? ExtendedAttributes { get; set; }
}
class FileOpenOptions
{
  OpenMode OpenMode { get; set; } = OpenMode.Default;

  UnixFilePermissions CreatePermissions { get; set; }; = SftpClient.DefaultCreateFilePermissions;

  // Length is cached. Enables using 'Stream.Length'/'Stream.Seek'.
  bool CacheLength { get; set; } = false;
  // Sets FileStream.CanSeek.
  bool Seekable { get; set; } = false;
}
class EnumerationOptions
{
  bool RecurseSubdirectories { get; set; } = false;
  bool FollowFileLinks { get; set; } = true;
  bool FollowDirectoryLinks { get; set; } = true;
  UnixFileTypeFilter FileTypeFilter { get; set; } = RegularFile | Directory | SymbolicLink | CharacterDevice | BlockDevice | Socket | Fifo;
  SftpFileEntryPredicate? ShouldRecurse { get; set; }
  SftpFileEntryPredicate? ShouldInclude { get; set; }
}
class DownloadEntriesOptions
{
  delegate ReadOnlySpan<char> ReplaceCharacters(ReadOnlySpan<char> invalidPath, ReadOnlySpan<char> invalidChars, Span<char> buffer);

  bool Overwrite { get; set; } = false;
  bool RecurseSubdirectories { get; set; } = true;
  bool FollowFileLinks { get; set; } = true;
  bool FollowDirectoryLinks { get; set; } = true;
  UnixFileTypeFilter FileTypeFilter { get; set; } = RegularFile | Directory | SymbolicLink;
  SftpFileEntryPredicate? ShouldRecurse { get; set; }
  SftpFileEntryPredicate? ShouldInclude { get; set; }
  ReplaceCharacters ReplaceInvalidCharacters { get; set; } = ReplaceInvalidCharactersWithUnderscore;
}
class UploadEntriesOptions
{
  bool Overwrite { get; set; } = false;
  bool RecurseSubdirectories { get; set; } = true;
  bool FollowFileLinks { get; set; } = true;
  bool FollowDirectoryLinks { get; set; } = true;
  LocalFileEntryPredicate? ShouldRecurse { get; set; }
}
delegate T SftpFileEntryTransform<T>(ref SftpFileEntry entry);
delegate bool SftpFileEntryPredicate(ref SftpFileEntry entry);
ref struct SftpFileEntry
{
  long Length { get; }
  int Uid { get; }
  int Gid { get; }
  UnixFileType FileType { get; }
  UnixFilePermissions Permissions { get; }
  DateTimeOffset LastAccessTime { get; }
  DateTimeOffset LastWriteTime { get; }
  ReadOnlySpan<char> Path { get; }
  ReadOnlySpan<char> FileName { get; }

  FileEntryAttributes ToAttributes();
  string ToPath();
}
delegate bool LocalFileEntryPredicate(ref LocalFileEntry entry);
ref struct LocalFileEntry
{
    string ToFullPath();
}
enum UnixFileType
{
  RegularFile,
  Directory,
  SymbolicLink,
  CharacterDevice,
  BlockDevice,
  Socket,
  Fifo,
}
[Flags]
enum UnixFileTypeFilter
{
  RegularFile,
  Directory,
  SymbolicLink,
  CharacterDevice,
  BlockDevice,
  Socket,
  Fifo,
}
[Flags]
enum UnixFilePermissions // values match System.IO.UnixFileMode.
{
  None,
  OtherExecute,
  OtherWrite,
  OtherRead,
  GroupExecute,
  GroupWrite,
  GroupRead,
  UserExecute,
  UserWrite,
  UserRead,
  StickyBit,
  SetGroup,
  SetUser,
}
static class UnixFilePermissionsExtensions
{
  static UnixFilePermissions ToUnixFilePermissions(this System.IO.UnixFileMode mode);
  static System.IO.UnixFileMode ToUnixFileMode(this UnixFilePermissions permissions);
}
class HostKey
{
  string SHA256FingerPrint { get; }
}
enum KnownHostResult
{
  Trusted,
  Revoked,
  Changed,
  Unknown,
}
delegate ValueTask<bool> HostAuthentication(KnownHostResult knownHostResult, SshConnectionInfo connectionInfo, CancellationToken cancellationToken);
class SshConnectionInfo
{
  HostKey ServerKey { get; }
  string Host { get; }
  int Port { get; }
}
// Base class for all credentials.
abstract class Credential
{ }
class PrivateKeyCredential : Credential
{
  PrivateKeyCredential(string path, string? password = null, string? identifier ??= path);
  PrivateKeyCredential(string path, Func<string?> passwordPrompt, string? identifier ??= path);

  PrivateKeyCredential(char[] rawKey, string? password = null, string identifier = "[raw key]");
  PrivateKeyCredential(char[] rawKey, Func<string?> passwordPrompt, string identifier = "[raw key]");

  // Enable derived classes to use private keys from other sources.
  protected PrivateKeyCredential(Func<CancellationToken, ValueTask<Key>> loadKey, string identifier);
  protected struct Key
  {
    Key(RSA rsa);
    Key(ECDsa ecdsa);
    Key(ReadOnlyMemory<char> rawKey, Func<string?>? passwordPrompt = null);
  }
}
class PasswordCredential : Credential
{
  PasswordCredential(string password);
  PasswordCredential(Func<string?> prompt);
}
class KerberosCredential : Credential
{
  KerberosCredential(NetworkCredential? credential = null, bool delegateCredential = false, string? targetName = null);
}
// Base class.
class SshException : Exception
{ }
// Channel operation failed, channel is closed.
class SshChannelException : SshException
{ }
// Channel already closed. InnerException contains reason.
class SshChannelClosedException : SshChannelException
{ }
// SshClient encountered an error, connection is closed.
class SshConnectionException : SshException
{ }
// Connection already closed. InnerException contains reason when closed due to failure.
class SshConnectionClosedException : SshConnectionException
{ }

Algorithms

This section lists the currently supported algorithms. If you would like support for other algorithms, you can request it with an issue in the repository. If the requested algorithm is considered insecure by current practice, it is unlikely to be added.

Supported private key formats:

RSA in RSA PRIVATE KEY
RSA, ECDSA, ED25519 in OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY (openssh-key-v1)

Supported private key encryption cyphers:

OpenSSH Keys OPENSSH PRIVATE KEY (openssh-key-v1)
- aes[128|192|256]-[cbc|ctr]
- aes[128|256][email protected]
- [email protected]

Supported client key algorithms:

ssh-ed25519
ecdsa-sha2-nistp521
ecdsa-sha2-nistp384
ecdsa-sha2-nistp256
rsa-sha2-512
rsa-sha2-256

Supported server key algorithms:

ssh-ed25519
ecdsa-sha2-nistp521
ecdsa-sha2-nistp384
ecdsa-sha2-nistp256
rsa-sha2-512
rsa-sha2-256

Supported key exchange methods:

ecdh-sha2-nistp256
ecdh-sha2-nistp384
ecdh-sha2-nistp521

Supported encryption algorithms:

Supported message authentication code algorithms:

none

Supported compression algorithms:

none

Authentications:

publickey (PrivateKeyCredential)
password (PasswordCredential)
gssapi-with-mic (KerberosCredential)

Logging

The library supports logging through Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.

In production, the log level should be set to Information or higher.

Under these levels, the logged messages may include:

usernames
hostnames
key types
authentication methods
public keys
file paths (including those of private keys)

The Debug and Trace loglevels should not be used in production. Under the Trace level all packets are logged. This will expose sensitive data related to the SSH connection and the application itself.

CI Feed

You can obtain packages from the CI NuGet feed: https://www.myget.org/F/tmds/api/v3/index.json.

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
Latest commit History 154 Commits
.github/workflows		.github/workflows
examples		examples
src		src
test/Tmds.Ssh.Tests		test/Tmds.Ssh.Tests
.gitattributes		.gitattributes
.gitignore		.gitignore
Directory.Build.props		Directory.Build.props
Directory.Packages.props		Directory.Packages.props
LICENSE		LICENSE
README.md		README.md
Tmds.Ssh.sln		Tmds.Ssh.sln

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