fix(node-protocol): respect alias and tsconfig paths when stripping node: prefix

[lazuee]

Description

When nodeProtocol: "strip" is configured, the NodeProtocolPlugin runs with order: 'pre' and immediately marks stripped node: imports as external: true. This short-circuits the entire resolution chain, so alias and tsconfig paths configurations that map the stripped module name (e.g., crypto) to a polyfill are never consulted.

The fix changes the strip handler to call this.resolve() with the stripped ID before marking it as external. If another resolver (alias, tsconfig paths) resolves it to a non-external module, that resolution is used instead.

Linked Issues

Fixes #772

Additional context

The test covers both resolution methods in a single case:

• alias: node:path → stripped to path → resolved via alias to a polyfill
• tsconfig paths: node:crypto → stripped to crypto → resolved via paths to a polyfill

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