feat: Add dt.replace

[mcrumiller]

Closes #8879.

Probably can use some improvements on the Rust side (seems to be some code duplication but I'm not sure how to best fix it), so any suggestions are welcome please! @MarcoGorelli I moved around a bit of code that overlapped with some of yours but I think the movements all make sense.

Examples

import polars as pl
from polars import col
from datetime import date, datetime

s = pl.Series([date(2024, 1, 1), date(2024, 1, 2), date(2024, 1, 3)])
s.dt.replace(month=2, day=15)
# shape: (3,)
# Series: '' [date]
# [
#         2024-02-15
#         2024-02-15
#         2024-02-15
# ]

df = pl.DataFrame({
    "a": [datetime(1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1)],
})
df.with_columns(
    col("a").dt.replace(year=2024).alias("year"),
    col("a").dt.replace(year=2015, day=23, second=45, microsecond=5000).alias("many"),
)
# shape: (1, 3)
# ┌────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────┐
# │ a                          ┆ year                       ┆ many                    │
# │ ---                        ┆ ---                        ┆ ---                     │
# │ datetime[μs]               ┆ datetime[μs]               ┆ datetime[μs]            │
# ╞════════════════════════════╪════════════════════════════╪═════════════════════════╡
# │ 0001-01-01 01:01:01.000001 ┆ 2024-01-01 01:01:01.000001 ┆ 2015-01-23 01:01:45.005 │
# └────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────┘

[mcrumiller]

I moved this code into datetime_series_from_parts in polars_time/src/series/mod.rs for re-use.

[mcrumiller]

@MarcoGorelli I could also perhaps use some help creating tests to cover the non_existent parameter and the ambiguous parameter, neither of which my tests cover.

[MarcoGorelli]

@MarcoGorelli I could also perhaps use some help creating tests to cover the non_existent parameter and the ambiguous parameter, neither of which my tests cover.

sure - would it work to start with

datetime(2020, 10, 25)

and then do .dt.replace(hour=1)?

[mcrumiller]

sure - would it work to start with

datetime(2020, 10, 25)

and then do .dt.replace(hour=1)?

Thanks--looks like I need to use Europe/London for this to work (found in another unit test).

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 75.00000% with 80 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 79.55%. Comparing base (8cb7839) to head (a1933a3).
Report is 2 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
crates/polars-time/src/replace.rs	62.18%	45 Missing ⚠️
crates/polars-time/src/series/mod.rs	66.17%	23 Missing ⚠️
...ates/polars-plan/src/dsl/function_expr/datetime.rs	84.21%	6 Missing ⚠️
.../polars-python/src/lazyframe/visitor/expr_nodes.rs	0.00%	5 Missing ⚠️
py-polars/polars/expr/datetime.py	83.33%	0 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #19708      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   79.55%   79.55%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files        1544     1545       +1     
  Lines      213240   213514     +274     
  Branches     2441     2442       +1     
==========================================
+ Hits       169643   169851     +208     
- Misses      43048    43113      +65     
- Partials      549      550       +1     

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