bootstrap: expose process._rawDebug as a global function

[jsumners]

The process._rawDebug function is very helpful when triaging bugs that cross asynchronous boundaries. It is also quite cumbersome to write out process._rawDebug everywhere such a line is needed. So this change exposes it as a global function to facilitate an improved
developer experience.

If we think that a naming collision is possible, maybe it could be named nodeDebug or similar.

[nodejs-github-bot]

Review requested:

• @nodejs/startup

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 93.75000% with 1 line in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 88.49%. Comparing base (746b17e) to head (d02f7a9).
Report is 13 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
lib/internal/bootstrap/node.js	93.75%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #55907      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   88.41%   88.49%   +0.07%     
==========================================
  Files         654      653       -1     
  Lines      188036   187744     -292     
  Branches    36187    36184       -3     
==========================================
- Hits       166260   166139     -121     
+ Misses      14989    14824     -165     
+ Partials     6787     6781       -6     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
lib/internal/bootstrap/node.js	99.37% <93.75%> (-0.20%)	⬇️

... and 24 files with indirect coverage changes

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