custom karmada component flags

[zhzhuang-zju]

What type of PR is this?
/kind api-change
/kind deprecation

What this PR does / why we need it

Karmada components offer a multitude of customizable features through flags, such as feature gates, allowing users to tailor their Karmada cluster according to their specific needs. Currently, the karmada-operator supports implementing these functionalities via fields like extraArgs, but:

• API spec.featuregates, spec.components.<component>.featureGates and spec.components.<component>.extraArgs all can be used to customize the component's featureGates. However, an excess of configurable options can confuse users and present challenges for future code maintenance.

• Component local etcd does not support the aforementioned capabilities.

• The previous implementation has some legacy items.

Based on these considerations, I referred to the kubeadm implementation and made modifications to it.

Which issue(s) this PR fixes:
Fixes #

Special notes for your reviewer:

Does this PR introduce a user-facing change?:

- The following fields in `Karmada` API are deprecated and will be removed from the following releases:
  * `KarmadaSpec.FeatureGates`
  * `KarmadaAPIServer.ExtraArgs`
  * `KarmadaAPIServer.FeatureGates`
  * `KarmadaAggregatedAPIServer.ExtraArgs`
  * `KarmadaAggregatedAPIServer.FeatureGates`
  * `KubeControllerManager.ExtraArgs`
  * `KubeControllerManager.FeatureGates`
  * `KarmadaControllerManager.ExtraArgs`
  * `KarmadaControllerManager.FeatureGates`
  * `KarmadaScheduler.ExtraArgs`
  * `KarmadaScheduler.FeatureGates`
  * `KarmadaDescheduler.ExtraArgs`
  * `KarmadaSearch.ExtraArgs`
  * `KarmadaMetricsAdapter.ExtraArgs`
  * `KarmadaWebhook.ExtraArgs`
- Introduced `ExtraFlags` to `Karmada` API to custom karmada component flags

[karmada-bot]

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[codecov-commenter]

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Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 60.71429% with 22 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 48.33%. Comparing base (9a30bc9) to head (a096b78).
Report is 2 commits behind head on master.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
operator/pkg/util/patcher/pather.go	35.29%	20 Missing and 2 partials ⚠️

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Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##           master    #6056      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   48.36%   48.33%   -0.03%     
==========================================
  Files         666      666              
  Lines       54842    54883      +41     
==========================================
+ Hits        26523    26530       +7     
- Misses      26598    26628      +30     
- Partials     1721     1725       +4     

Flag	Coverage Δ
unittests	48.33% <60.71%> (-0.03%)	⬇️

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[zhzhuang-zju]

cc @calvin0327