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Byte saving techniques
This is a collection of JavaScript wizardry that can shave bytes off of your code. It's mainly intended as a reference for those creating entries for 140byt.es. Feel free to add your own or send any feedback to @140bytes.
Outside of the 140bytes challenge or other code golf challenges, please be considerate and don’t pre-minify code you wish to share with others. We have minifiers for that.
Since arguments will need to be as short as possible, and will likely be reused within their lifetime, it's best to treat them as positionals instead of trying to give them meaning through their name. While using one-letter names marginally aids readability for a single function, keeping a consistent approach helps readability across all functions.
function(t,d,v,i,f){...} // before
function(a,b,c,d,e){...} // afterUse in to check whether a given argument was passed
arguments.length>1||(cb=alert) // before
1 in arguments||(cb=alert) // afterIf only truthy arguments are of interest, you can even boil that down to
arguments[0]&&(cb=alert) // works only if arguments[0] coerces to trueSave delimiters by processing stuff within (unused) arguments
a+=b<<1;x(a,1); // before
x(a+=b<<1,1); // afterThere are some functions which take no argument, and obviously you can reuse the parentheses when calling them. See @snowlord's RPN function.
((a=b.pop(),b.pop())+c+a); // before
(b.pop(a=b.pop())+c+a); // afterIf you're not sure if a function really takes no arguments, see if its .length is 0.
Use strings instead of functions in setInterval and setTimeout.
setInterval(function(){console.log("z")},100) // before
setInterval('console.log("z")',100) // aftersetInterval and setTimeout default to the browser's fastest possible time interval (usually 1ms in most modern browsers) if the second argument is left out.
setInterval('console.log("z")',1) // before
setInterval('console.log("z")') // afterSave bytes on the var declaration by putting placeholder arguments in the function declaration.
function(a){var b=1;...} // before
function(a,b){b=1;...} // afterPlease be careful as sometimes var declaration is shorter. Take the right decision in each case.
function(a,b,c,d){b=1;c=2;d=3;...} // before
function(a){var b=1,c=2,d=3;...} // afterCareful reuse of a variable that is no longer needed can save bytes.
setTimeout(function(){for(var i=10;i--;)... }, a) // before
setTimeout(function(){for(a=10;a--;)... }, a) // afterSince assignment returns the assigned value, perform assignment and evaluation at the same time to save bytes. A good example of this is @jed's JSONP function, where the string script is assigned in the createElement method.
a=this.localStorage;if(a){...} // before
if(a=this.localStorage){...} // afterAn array can be used as a temporary placeholder to avoid declaring another variable.
var a=1,b=2,c;c=a;a=b;b=c // before
var a=1,b=2;a=[b,b=a][0] // after
var a=1,b=2;a=b^a^(b=a) // after - not as useful, but can come in handyAlternatively, for numbers you can save another two bytes:
var a=1,b=2;a=[b,b=a][0] // before
var a=1,b=2;a+=b-(b=a) // afterJavaScript coercion is a blessing and a curse, but sometimes it can be very useful. @jed's pubsub function decrements a negative variable, and then concatenates the results with a string, resulting in a string like someString-123, which is exploited later by using the hyphen as a split token to return the original string.
Required data will often be represented as Array or Object. In many cases, these byte-hungry formats can be replaced by strings. The Date.parse polyfill shows a great example of a conversion table that'd usually be an Object.
If you can perform all the logic you need within the conditional part of a loop, you don't need the loop body. For an example, see @jed's timeAgo function.
for and while require the same number of bytes, but for gives you more control and assignment opportunity.
while(i--){...} // before
for(;i--;){...} // after
i=10;while(i--){...} // before
for(i=10;i--;){...} // afterFYI, the second argument to a for-loop can be omitted, too - it will only stop the loop if it returns anything false-y at all.
When iterating over an array of objects that you know are truthy, short circuit on object presence to save bytes.
for(a=[1,2,3,4,5],l=a.length,i=0;i<l;i++){b=a[i];...}
for(a=[1,2,3,4,5],i=0;b=a[i++];){...}a=[];i=0;for(b in window)a[i++]=b // before
a=[];i=0;for(a[i++]in window) // after
a=Object.keys(window) // ES6 (not same as key in window, only returns own)Coercion Hint: you can coerce the counter from an array: i=a=[];for(a[i++]in window);
If an array can be iterated reversely, it may save some bytes:
for(a=0;a<x.length;a++)... // before
for(a=x.length;a--;)... // afterfor(i=3;i--;foo(),bar()); // before
for(i=3;i--;)foo(),bar(); // before
for(i=3;i--;bar())foo(); // afterIf for..in encounters anything but an object (or string in any browser but ye olde IE), e.g. false or 0, it will silently continue without iteration.
if(c)for(a in b)x(b[a]); // before
for(a in c&&b)x(b[a]); // afterThis Mozilla page is an excellent resource to get started.
hasAnF="This sentence has an f.".indexOf("f")>=0 // before
hasAnF=~"This sentence has an f.".indexOf("f") // afterwith(document){open();write("hello");close()}
with(document)open(),write("hello"),close()""._, 1.._ and 0[0] also work, but are slower. void 0 is faster than undefined but longer than the alternatives.
Whitespace isn't always needed after an operator and may sometimes be omitted:
typeof [] // before
typeof[] // afterBoth of these operator combos will floor numbers (note that since ~ has lower precedence than |, they are not identical).
rand10=Math.floor(Math.random()*10) // before
rand10=0|Math.random()*10 // afterIf you are flooring a quotient where the divisor is a multiple of 2, a bit-shift-right will perform both operations in one statement:
Math.floor(a/2) // before
a>>1 // after
Math.floor(a / 4) // before
a>>2 // afterMath.round(a) // before
a+.5|0 // afterAlso, for negative number just change +.5|0 to -.5|0
Math.round(-a) // before
-a-.5|0 // afterThis is equivalent to A*Math.pow(10,B).
million=1000000 // before
million=1e6 // afterThis is equivalent to A*Math.pow(2,B). See @jed's rgb2hex for an example.
color=0x100000 // before
color=1<<20 // afterIt’s shorter. Besides, division by zero gets you free internet points.
[Infinity,-Infinity] // before
[1/0,-1/0] // afterDivision of 1 by any finite number results nonzero "truthy" value.
if(isFinite(a)) // before
if(1/a) // afterWhen comparing numbers, it's often shorter to munge the value to 0 first.
a==1||console.log("not one") // before
~-a&&console.log("not one") // afterUsed together with the unary -, this is a great way to increment numerical variables not yet initialized. This is used on @jed's JSONP implementation.
i=i||0;i++ // before
i=-~i // afterIt can also be used to decrement a variable by flipping around the negation and complement:
i=i||0;i-- // before
i=~-i // afterif(a!=123) // before
if(a^123) // afterparseInt(n, 36) is not only a very small character to number conversion, it also has the added value of being case-insensitive, which may save a .toLowerCase(), like in subzey's parseRoman function.
As seen in aemkei's Tetris game.
i=0|Math.random()*100 // before
i=new Date%100 // afterNote: Do not use in fast loops, because the milliseconds might not change!
Prefer slice(start,stop) over substr(start,length) over substring(start,stop). Omit the second parameter to fetch everything to the end of the string. Do not use negative positions. It may be shorter (e.g. s.substr(-n) fetches the last n characters) but does not work in Internet Explorer (including version 9).
Use s.split('') to create a character array from a string. Unfortunately you can not use s[i] to access the characters in the string. This does not work in Internet Explorer (including version 9).
Save two bytes by using a number as a delimiter in a string to be split, as seen in @jed's timeAgo function.
"alpha,bravo,charlie".split(",") // before
"alpha0bravo0charlie".split(0) // afterStrings have a built-in .link method that creates an HTML link. This is used in @jed's linkify function.
html="<a href='"+url+"'>"+text+"</a>" // before
html=text.link(url) // afterStrings also have several other methods related to HTML, as documented here.
First, because this RegExp implicit is 1 byte shorter, but you get the added value of coercion of undefined to /undefined/ instead of '' being matched at position zero. This is used in @atk's [base64decoder] (https://gist.github.com/1020396) function.
Warning: This will fail when you search with an invalid regular expression. For example, '.' as /./ matches any character, '+' as /+/ gives an error so you'd want to ensure you know what the value is.
Since the .replace method can take a function as its second argument, it can handle a lot of iteration bookkeeping for you. You can see this exploited in @jed's templates and UUID functions.
for(a="",i=32;i--;)a+=0 // before
a=Array(33).join(0) // after
a="0".repeat(32) // ES6if(a)if(b)return c // before
return a&&b&&c // after
if(!a)a=Infinity // before
a=a||Infinity // afterInstead of using typeof x=='string', you can use ''+x===x.
Instead of using typeof x=='number', you can use +x===x. +x will coerce x to a number or NaN, so if it is anything else but a number, this will turn false. Warning: If someone goes really crazy on the prototypes, this will probably fail.
Instead of using typeof x=='function', you can use /^f/.test(typeof x) as in @tkissing's template engine.
Another way to test types is to check if type-specific methods are available. (Seen on @adius DOMinate)
Test the variable x with the shortest type specific method:
| Type | Test |
|---|---|
| String | x.big |
| Number | x.toFixed |
| Array | x.pop (x.map works on fewer browsers) |
| Function | x.call |
| textNode | x.data |
This technique is even faster than string comparison!
Warning: This will lead to wrong results if properties or methods with those names were added.
Array elision can be used in some cases to save bytes. See @jed's router API for a real-world example.
[undefined,undefined,2] // before
[,,2] // after
// Note: Be mindful of elided elements at the end of the element list
[2,undefined,undefined] // before length is 3
[2,,] // after length is 2You may notice that the undefined turns empty. In fact, when we coerce an array into a string, the undefined turns to empty string. See one exploitation from @aemkei's Digital Segment Display
b="";b+=x // before
b=[b]+x // after
// Bonus: b=x+[b] uses same bytes as b=[b]+x, while b="";b=x+b uses one more byte over b="";b+=x.
Another exploitation is also useful:
((b=[1,2][a])?b:'') // before
[[1,2][a]] // after
You can use ''+array instead of array.join(',') since the default separator of arrays is ",".
Warning: this will only work if the contents of the Array are true-ish (except false) and consist of Strings (will not be quoted!), Numbers or Booleans, Objects and Arrays within arrays may lead to unwanted results:
''+[1,true,false,{x:1},0,'',2,['test',2]]
// "1,true,false,[object Object],0,,2,test,2"''+1e3+3e7 // before
[1e3]+3e7 // after
See @jed's UUID function.
"rgb("+(x+8)+","+(y-20)+","+z+")"; // before
"rgb("+[x+8,y-20,z]+")"; // afterOr if the first or last values are static:
"rgb(255,"+(y-20)+",0)"; // before
"rgb(255,"+[y-20,"0)"]; // afterWhen you need to return an Object, re-use an already declared Array to store properties. An Array is of type 'object', after all. Make sure the field names don't collide with any of Array's intrinsic properties.
You can write if(array[1]) instead of if(array.length > 1).
Warning: This doesn't work when the item array[1] is falsy! So only use it when you can be sure that it's not. You can use if(1 in array) in that case.
\d is short for [0-9] and \w is short for [A-Za-z0-9_]. \s matches whitespace. Upper case shortcuts are inverted, e.g. \D matches non-digits. You can use these shortcuts inside character classes, e.g. [\dA-F] matches hex characters.
\b does not match a character but a word boundary where a word and a non-word character met (or vice versa). \B matches everywhere except at word boundaries. Some other shortcuts do not work, e.g. \Q...\E. For a full list check the ECMA column in the Regular Expression Flavor Comparison.
/a|b/ is the same as /(a|b)/.
Sometimes it's shorter to use <.*?> (ungreedy matching) instead of <[^>]*> to match (for example) an HTML tag. But this may also change the runtime and behavior of the regular expression in rare cases.
In the replacement string, $& refers to the entire match and $` and $' refer to everything before and after the match, so /(x)/,'$1' can be replaced with /x/,'$&'.
While /\d{2}/ looks smarter, /\d\d/ is shorter.
In many cases almost no escaping (with \) is needed even if you are using characters that have a meaning in regular expressions. For example, [[\]-] is a character class with the three characters [, ] (this needs to be escaped) and - (no need to escape this if it's the last character in the class).
Prefer /\d/g over new RegExp('\\d','g') if possible. If you need to build a regular expression at runtime, consider using eval().
// we escape the first curly bracket so if `p` is a number it won't be
// interpreted as an invalid repetition operator.
r=new RegExp("\\\\{"+p+"}","g") // before
r=eval("/\\\\{"+p+"}/g") // afterIf a callback is used to achieve a certain effect on the output, one can use replace to build the expression that achieves the same effect and evaluate it (the more complicated the matches are, the less this will help):
x.replace(/./,function(c){m=m+c.charCodeAt(0)&255}) // before
eval(x.replace(/./,'m=m+"$&".charCodeAt(0)&255;')) // aftertrue and false can be created by combining the ! operator with numbers.
[true,false] // before
[!0,!1] // afterBoolean coercion can be useful, too. If coerced to Number (e.g. by prefixing a +), true will coerce to 1, false to 0. So a program that will test one condition to output 2 and another one to output 1 and 0 if none is met, can be reduced:
x>7?2:x>4?1:0 // before
+(x>7)+(x>4) // afterAssign prototype functions to short variables. This may also be faster in more complex cases.
a=Math.random(),b=Math.random() // before
r=Math.random;a=r(),b=r() // afterRecursion is often more terse than looping, because it offloads bookkeeping to the stack. This is used in @jed's walk function.
If state needs to be saved between function calls, name the function and use it as a container. This is used for a counter in @jed's JSONP function.
function(i){return function(){console.log("called "+(++i)+" times")}}(0) // before
(function a(){console.log("called "+(a.i=-~a.i)+" times")}) // after
0,function a(){console.log("called "+(a.i=-~a.i)+" times")} // another alternativenew Object is equivalent to new Object()
now = +new Date() // before
now = +new Date // afterSome constructors don't actually require the new keyword.
r=new RegExp(".",g) // before
r=RegExp(".",g) // after
l=new Function("x","console.log(x)") // before
l=Function("x","console.log(x)") // afterWhen returning anything but an expression starting with an alphanumeric character, there’s no need to use a space after return:
return ['foo',42,'bar']; // before
return['foo',42,'bar']; // after
return {x:42,y:417}; // before
return{x:42,y:417}; // after
return .01; // before
return.01; // afterIf you need to execute a function instantly, use the most appropriate closure.
;(function(){...})() // before
new function(){...} // after, if you plan on returning an object and can use `this`
!function(){...}() // after, if you don't need to return anythingThis is most useful with multiple function calls. However, both parameters must be strings, which may be a good or bad thing, so use this wisely.
function a(a){return a}
function b(b){return b}
function c(c){return c} //before
var f=Function,
a=f('a','return a'),
b=f('b','return b'),
c=f('c','return c') //afterInstead of writing your own logic, you can use browser anchor elements to parse URLs as in @jed's parseURL, and text nodes to escape HTML as in @eligrey's escapeHTML.
Since window is the global object in a browser, you can directly reference any property of it. This is well known for things like document and location, but it's also useful for other properties like innerWidth, as shown in @bmiedlar's screensaver.
Saves 27 bytes.
document.getElementById('a').innerHTML = "foo"; // before
a.innerHTML = "foo"; // afterOnly use ; where necessary. Encapsulate in other statements if possible, e.g.
x=this;a=[].slice.call(arguments,1); // before
a=[x=this].slice.call(arguments,1); // after- Ben Alman's explanation of his JS1K entry
- Marijn Haverbeke's explanation of his JS1K entry
- Martin Kleppe's presentation about his 140byt.es and JS1K entries
- Suggested Closure Compiler optimizations
- Angus Croll's blog
- Aivo Paas's jscrush
- Cody Brocious's post on superpacking JS demos