Metalnetes

Tools for managing multiple Kubernetes 1.14 clusters on KVM (3 CentOS 7 VMs) running on a bare metal Fedora 29 server (also tested on Ubuntu 18.04 until 1.13). Use this repo if you want to create, destroy and manage native Kubernetes clusters. It is a full installer for taking a brand new server up to speed using just bash and environment variables.

Getting Started

This repo automates:

• installing many rpms, systems and tools to prepare a bare metal server (on Fedora 29) to host multiple Kubernetes clusters
• deploying Kubernetes clusters on 3 CentOS 7 VMs
• each VM has 100 GB, 4 cpu cores, 16 GB ram, and auto-configured for static IP assignment from env vars
• hosting VMs using KVM which requires access to the server's hypervisor (running this in a vm will not work)
• deploying a Rook Ceph storage cluster for Kubernetes persistent volumes
• installs a local dns server (named) with working example for mapping VM static ips to urls that a browser can use with any Kubernetes nginx ingress endpoint
• ssh access for manually fixing a VM after deployment
• optional - deploy the Stock Analysis Engine which includes helm charts for running: Minio (on-premise s3), Redis cluster, Jupyter, Grafana + Prometheus for monitoring (required for ceph cluster monitoring)

Fedora Bare Metal Install Guide

Server Resource Requirements

Minimum hardware specs to run 1 cluster:

• 50 GB RAM
• 12 cpu cores
• 500 GB hdd space for each cluster (400 GB if you do not want to use base images and slow down each cluster deployment)

Clone

git clone https://github.com/jay-johnson/metalnetes.git
cd metalnetes

Edit Cluster Configuration

Please edit the default Cluster Config k8.env as needed

Launch Checklist

Uninstalling and reinstalling clusters is not a slow process, and it helps to take a moment to review the VM's networking, Kubernetes cluster deployment, and KVM configuration before starting or testing a new idea for your next cluster deployment:

1. Set a name for the cluster
2. KVM
   1. K8_VMS - short VM names for showing in virsh list and must be unique
   2. K8_DOMAIN - search domain for cluster example.com and must work with the dns server records and VM ip addresses
   3. K8_INITIAL_MASTER - initial fqdn to set m10.example.com
   4. K8_SECONDARY_MASTERS - additional fqdns to set m11.example.com m12.example.com and space separated
3. Networking
   1. Confirm VM IP Addresses
   2. Confirm VM MAC Addresses
   3. Confirm DNS
4. Confirm User For Private Docker Registry
5. Confirm User For SSH Access to VMs
6. Confirm CPU Per VM (4 cores)
7. Confirm Memory Per VM (16 GB ram)
8. Confirm Storage Per VM (100 GB harddrives and qemu raw image format)
9. Confirm Cluster Storage (rook-ceph by default)
10. Confirm Ingress (nginx by default)
11. Confirm Bridge (br0 by default)
12. Confirm Base VM IP and Mac Address
13. Confirm Base VM Allow Query DNS CIDR

Start Install

Change to root and start the Fedora bare metal server installer:

sudo su
./fedora/server-install.sh

Install Bridge

This will install a bridge network device called br0 from a network device eno1. This br0 bridge is used by KVM as a shared networking device for all VMs in all Kubernetes clusters.

./fedora/install-bridge.sh

I am not sure this is required, but I reboot the server at this point. This ensures the OS reboots correctly before creating any VMs, and I can confirm the br0 bridge shows up after a clean restart using ifconfig -a | grep br0 or nmcli dev | grep br0.

Start the Kubernetes Cluster

Boot your cluster as your user (which should have KVM access). The boot.sh uses a base VM to bootstrap and speed up future deployments. Once the base VM is built, it will copy and launch 3 VMs (from the base) and install the latest Kubernetes build in all VMs. Once installed and running the 2nd and 3rd nodes join the 1st node to initialize the cluster. After initializing the cluster, helm and tiller will install and a rook-ceph storage layer will be deployed for persisting your data in volumes:

Note

Initial benchmarks take around 30 minutes to build all VMs and bring a new cluster online. Cleaning and restarting the cluster does not take nearly as long as creating VMs for a new cluster. Also the first time running ./boot.sh will take the longest because it builds a shared base VM image to decrease future cluster deploy time.

# go to the base of the repo
source k8.env
./boot.sh

For help with issues please refer to the FAQ

View Kubernetes Nodes

Once it finishes you can view your new cluster nodes with:

./tools/show-nodes.sh

Changing Between Kubernetes Clusters

If you create a new k8.env file for each cluster, like dev_k8.env and prod_k8.env then you can then quickly toggle between clusters using:

1. Load dev Cluster Config file

   source dev_k8.env
   

2. Use the metal bash function to sync the KUBECONFIG through the dev cluster and local host

   metal
   

3. Load prod Cluster Config file

   source prod_k8.env
   

4. Use the metal bash function to sync the KUBECONFIG through the prod cluster and local host

   metal
   

Customizing the Kubernetes Cluster

If you are looking to swap out parts of the deployment, please ensure the hosting server has a replacement in place for these bare minimum components:

• a dns server that can host the example.com zone
• access to a docker-ce daemon (latest stable)
• a private docker registry
• KVM (requires hypervisor access)
• a network device that supports static bridging for KVM (please review the centos/install-network-device.sh for examples)
• default static network ip assignment from a router or switch that can map a VM's MAC address to a static ip address that the dns server can map to for helping browsers access nginx ingress endpoints
• access to arp-scan tool for detecting when each VM is ready for ssh scripting using dns name resolution

Before starting a second cluster there are some deployment sections to change from the default k8.env Cluster Config file.

Please review these sections to prevent debugging collision-related issues:

VM and Kubernetes Node Configuration

• VM names, Cluster Nodes, Node Labels, Cluster Tools section

Considerations and Deployment Constraints

• K8_ENV must be a unique name for the cluster (dev vs prod for example)
• VM names need to be unique (and on the dns server with fqdn: VM_NAME.example.com as the default naming convention
• IPs must be unique (or the dns server will have problems)
• MAC addressess must be unique

Helm and Tiller Configuration

• Helm and Tiller

Cluster Storage Configuation

Considerations and Deployment Constraints

• Operator redundancy
• Storage (rook-ceph by default)
• Additional Block Devices per VM

Private Docker Registry

Please export the address to your private docker registy before deploying with format:

export DOCKER_REGISTRY_FQDN=REGISTRY_HOST:PORT

• Registry

Managing a Running Kubernetes Cluster

Run these steps to manage a running kubernetes cluster.

Load the CLUSTER_CONFIG environment

# from within the repo's root dir:
export CLUSTER_CONFIG=$(pwd)/k8.env

Fully Clean and Reinitialize the Kubernetes Cluster

./clean.sh

Start Kubernetes Cluster with a Private Docker Registry + Rook Ceph

./start.sh

Check Kubernetes Nodes

./tools/show-labels.sh

Cluster Join Tool

If you want to reboot VMs and have the nodes re-join and rebuild the Kubernetes cluster use:

./join.sh

Deployment Tools

Nginx Ingress

Deploy the nginx ingress

./deploy-nginx.sh

Rook-Ceph

Deploy rook-ceph using the Advanced Configuration

./deploy-rook-ceph.sh

Confirm Rook-Ceph Operator Started

./rook-ceph/describe-operator.sh

Private Docker Registry

Deploy a private docker registry for use with the cluster with:

./deploy-registry.sh

Deploy Helm

Deploy helm

./deploy-helm.sh

Deploy Tiller

Deploy tiller:

./deploy-tiller.sh

(Optional Validation) - Deploy Stock Analysis Engine

This repository was created after trying to decouple the AI Kubernetes cluster for analyzing network traffic and the Stock Analysis Engine (ae) that uses many deep neural networks to predict future stock prices during live-trading hours from using the same Kubernetes cluster. Additionally with the speed ae is moving, I am looking to keep trying new high availablity solutions and configurations to ensure the intraday data collection never dies (hopefully out of the box too!).

Deploy AE

• Configure AE

./deploy-ae.sh

Redeploying Using Helm

1. Find the Helm Chart to Remove (this example uses ae-grafana):

   helm ls ae-grafana
   

2. Delete and Purge the Helm Chart Deployment:

   helm delete --purge ae-grafana
   

3. Deploy AE Helm Charts:

   ./ae/start.sh
   

Monitoring the Kubernetes Cluster

Note

Grafana will only deploy if monitoring is enabled when running ./deploy-ae.sh or if you run ./ae/monitor-start.sh.

Log in to Grafana from a browser:

• Username: trex
• Password: 123321

https://grafana.example.com

Grafana comes ready-to-go with these starting dashboards:

View Kubernetes Pods in Grafana

View Rook Ceph Cluster in Grafana

View Redis Cluster in Grafana

Uninstall AE

./ae/_uninstall.sh

Please wait for the Persistent Volume Claims to be deleted

kubetl get pvc -n ae

Warning

The Redis pvc redis-data-ae-redis-master-0 must be manually deleted to prevent issues with redeployments after an uninstall

kubectl -n ae delete pvc redis-data-ae-redis-master-0

Delete Cluster VMs

./kvm/_uninstall.sh

License

Apache 2.0 - Please refer to the LICENSE for more details.

FAQ

What IP did my VMs get?

Find VMs by MAC address using the K8_VM_BRIDGE bridge device using:

./kvm/find-vms-on-bridge.sh

Find your MAC addresses with a tool that uses arp-scan to list all ip addresses on the configured bridge device (K8_VM_BRIDGE):

./kvm/list-bridge-ips.sh

Why Are Not All Rook Ceph Operators Starting?

Restart the cluster if you see an error like this when looking at the rook-ceph-operator:

# find pods: kubectl get pods -n rook-ceph-system | grep operator
kubectl -n rook-ceph-system describe po rook-ceph-operator-6765b594d7-j56mw

Warning  FailedCreatePodSandBox  7m56s                   kubelet, m12.example.com  Failed create pod sandbox: rpc error: code = Unknown desc = failed to set up sandbox container "9ab1c663fc53f75fa4f0f79effbb244efa9842dd8257eb1c7dafe0c9bad1ee6c" network for pod "rook-ceph-operator-6765b594d7-j56mw": NetworkPlugin cni failed to set up pod "rook-ceph-operator-6765b594d7-j56mw_rook-ceph-system" network: failed to set bridge addr: "cni0" already has an IP address different from 10.244.2.1/24

./clean.sh
./deploy-rook-ceph.sh

Helm fails with connection refused

If you see this:

metalnetes$ helm ls
Error: Get http://localhost:8080/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/pods?labelSelector=app%3Dhelm%2Cname%3Dtiller: dial tcp 127.0.0.1:8080: connect: connection refused

Source the k8.env Cluster Config file:

metalnetes$ source k8.env
metalnetes$ helm ls
NAME                REVISION        UPDATED                         STATUS          CHART                   APP VERSION     NAMESPACE
ae                  1               Thu Mar 21 05:49:38 2019        DEPLOYED        ae-0.0.1                0.0.1           ae
ae-grafana          1               Thu Mar 21 05:57:17 2019        DEPLOYED        grafana-2.2.0           6.0.0           ae
ae-jupyter          1               Thu Mar 21 05:49:43 2019        DEPLOYED        ae-jupyter-0.0.1        0.0.1           ae
ae-minio            1               Thu Mar 21 05:49:40 2019        DEPLOYED        minio-2.4.7             2019-02-12      ae
ae-prometheus       1               Thu Mar 21 05:57:16 2019        DEPLOYED        prometheus-8.9.0        2.8.0           ae
ae-redis            1               Thu Mar 21 05:49:42 2019        DEPLOYED        redis-6.4.2             4.0.14          ae

Comparing Repo Example Files vs Yours

When starting a server from scratch, I like to compare notes from previous builds. I have uploaded the Fedora 29 server's files to help debug common initial installer-type issues. Let me know if you think another one should be added to help others. Please take a moment to compare your server's configured files after the install finishes by looking at the fedora/etc directory with structure and notes:

tree fedora/etc/
fedora/etc/
├── dnsmasq.conf # dnsmasq that was conflicting with named later (http://www.thekelleys.org.uk/dnsmasq/doc.html) - dnsqmasq was disabled and stopped on the server using systemctl
├── docker
│   └── daemon.json # examples for setting up your private docker registry
├── named.conf
├── NetworkManager
│   └── NetworkManager.conf # this is enabled and running using systemctl
├── resolv.conf # locked down with: sudo chattr +i /etc/resolv.conf
├── resolv.dnsmasq
├── ssh
│   └── sshd_config # initial ssh config for logging in remotely as fast as possible - please lock this down after install finishes
├── sysconfig
│   └── network-scripts
│       ├── ifcfg-br0 # bridge network device - required for persisting through a reboot
│       └── ifcfg-eno1 # server network device - required for persisting through a reboot
└── var
    └── named
        └── example.com.zone # dns zone

How do I know when my VMs have an IP address?

I use this bash alias in my ~/.bashrc to monitor VMs on the br0 device:

showips() {
    watch -n1 'sudo arp-scan -q -l --interface br0 | sort'
}

Then source ~/.bashrc and then run: showips to watch everything on the br0 bridge networking device with each IP's MAC address. (Exit with ctrl + c)

Manually Fix Fedora /etc/resolv.conf

NetworkManager and dnsmasq had lots of conflicts initially. I used this method to lock down /etc/resolv.conf to ensure the dns routing was stable after reboots.

sudo su
nmcli connection modify eth0 ipv4.dns "192.168.0.100 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4"
vi /etc/resolv.conf
chattr +i /etc/resolv.conf
systemctl restart NetworkManager

What do I do when Rook-Ceph Uninstall Hangs?

The rook-ceph operator runs outside of Kubernetes on the nodes. Because this runs outside Kubernetes it can get into bad states requiring vm deletes and recreation for issues around server reboots. Please a open a PR if you know how to fix this uninstall issues.

Here's Rook-Ceph Troubleshooting Guide as well

When I hit issues like below where there are pids that never die and are outside Kubernetes, I just destroy and recreate the VMs with: ./kvm/_uninstall.sh; sleep 10; ./boot.sh

root@m11:~# ps auwwx | grep ceph | grep -v grep
root     14571  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   22:59   0:00 [ceph-watch-noti]
root     17532  0.0  0.0 123532   844 ?        D    22:59   0:00 /usr/bin/mount -t xfs -o rw,defaults /dev/rbd1 /var/lib/kubelet/plugins/ceph.rook.io/rook-ceph-system/mounts/pvc-9aaa30e5-535e-11e9-9fb8-0010019c9110
root     19537  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   22:58   0:00 [ceph-msgr]
root@m11:~# kill -9 17532
root@m11:~# kill -9 14571
root@m11:~# kill -9 19537
root@m11:~# kill -9 $(ps auwwx | grep ceph | grep -v grep | awk '{print $2}')
root@m11:~# ps auwwx | grep ceph | grep -v grep
root     14571  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   22:59   0:00 [ceph-watch-noti]
root     17532  0.0  0.0 123532   844 ?        D    22:59   0:00 /usr/bin/mount -t xfs -o rw,defaults /dev/rbd1 /var/lib/kubelet/plugins/ceph.rook.io/rook-ceph-system/mounts/pvc-9aaa30e5-535e-11e9-9fb8-0010019c9110
root     19537  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   22:58   0:00 [ceph-msgr]
root@m11:~#

Kubeadm Reset or Deleting /var/lib/kubelet Hangs Forever

Please review the official guide for help: https://kubernetes.io/docs/setup/independent/troubleshooting-kubeadm/#kubeadm-blocks-when-removing-managed-containers

Here is a stack trace seen running dmesg:

[  841.081661] INFO: task alertmanager:27274 blocked for more than 120 seconds.
[  841.086662] "echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/hung_task_timeout_secs" disables this message.
[  841.090801] alertmanager    D ffff9cd1d3e38640     0 27274  27158 0x00000084
[  841.094932] Call Trace:
[  841.096929]  [<ffffffffae82a621>] ? __switch_to+0x151/0x580
[  841.100066]  [<ffffffffaef68c49>] schedule+0x29/0x70
[  841.102759]  [<ffffffffaef66721>] schedule_timeout+0x221/0x2d0
[  841.105984]  [<ffffffffaeb47414>] ? blk_finish_plug+0x14/0x40
[  841.109079]  [<ffffffffaef68ffd>] wait_for_completion+0xfd/0x140
[  841.112144]  [<ffffffffae8d67f0>] ? wake_up_state+0x20/0x20
[  841.115060]  [<ffffffffc03235a3>] ? _xfs_buf_read+0x23/0x40 [xfs]
[  841.118251]  [<ffffffffc03234a9>] xfs_buf_submit_wait+0xf9/0x1d0 [xfs]
[  841.121630]  [<ffffffffc03540d1>] ? xfs_trans_read_buf_map+0x211/0x400 [xfs]
[  841.125157]  [<ffffffffc03235a3>] _xfs_buf_read+0x23/0x40 [xfs]
[  841.128128]  [<ffffffffc03236b9>] xfs_buf_read_map+0xf9/0x160 [xfs]
[  841.131806]  [<ffffffffc03540d1>] xfs_trans_read_buf_map+0x211/0x400 [xfs]
[  841.135206]  [<ffffffffc0312edd>] xfs_read_agi+0x9d/0x130 [xfs]
[  841.138502]  [<ffffffffc0312fa4>] xfs_ialloc_read_agi+0x34/0xd0 [xfs]
[  841.141801]  [<ffffffffc0313671>] xfs_ialloc_pagi_init+0x31/0x70 [xfs]
[  841.145038]  [<ffffffffc031383f>] xfs_ialloc_ag_select+0x18f/0x220 [xfs]
[  841.148463]  [<ffffffffc031395f>] xfs_dialloc+0x8f/0x280 [xfs]
[  841.151466]  [<ffffffffc0334131>] xfs_ialloc+0x71/0x520 [xfs]
[  841.154291]  [<ffffffffc03438e4>] ? xlog_grant_head_check+0x54/0x100 [xfs]
[  841.157607]  [<ffffffffc03366f3>] xfs_dir_ialloc+0x73/0x1f0 [xfs]
[  841.160588]  [<ffffffffaef67f32>] ? down_write+0x12/0x3d
[  841.163299]  [<ffffffffc0336d08>] xfs_create+0x498/0x750 [xfs]
[  841.166212]  [<ffffffffc0333cf0>] xfs_generic_create+0xd0/0x2b0 [xfs]
[  841.169452]  [<ffffffffc0333f04>] xfs_vn_mknod+0x14/0x20 [xfs]
[  841.172378]  [<ffffffffc0333f43>] xfs_vn_create+0x13/0x20 [xfs]
[  841.175338]  [<ffffffffaea4e9b3>] vfs_create+0xd3/0x140
[  841.178045]  [<ffffffffaea50a8d>] do_last+0x10cd/0x12a0
[  841.180818]  [<ffffffffaeb0278c>] ? selinux_file_alloc_security+0x3c/0x60
[  841.184077]  [<ffffffffaea52a67>] path_openat+0xd7/0x640
[  841.186864]  [<ffffffffaea5446d>] do_filp_open+0x4d/0xb0
[  841.189668]  [<ffffffffaea61af7>] ? __alloc_fd+0x47/0x170
[  841.192394]  [<ffffffffaea40597>] do_sys_open+0x137/0x240
[  841.195172]  [<ffffffffaef75d15>] ? system_call_after_swapgs+0xa2/0x146
[  841.198288]  [<ffffffffaea406d4>] SyS_openat+0x14/0x20
[  841.201016]  [<ffffffffaef75ddb>] system_call_fastpath+0x22/0x27
[  841.203957]  [<ffffffffaef75d21>] ? system_call_after_swapgs+0xae/0x146

Additionally there are times where the user is prevented from manually deleting the /var/lib/kubelet/ directory (likely due to some mounted volume) and this hangs the ssh session where even ctrl + c fails to stop it:

root@m10:~# rm -rf /var/lib/kubelet/*
^C^C^C