Add checkpointing functionality to workflows

[CldStlkr]

Add checkpointing functionality for workflow resume capability

Description

• Implemented restart functionality for workflows.
• While this adds significant functionality, much of the implementation follows consistent patterns across the three workflow types.
• This implementation does not implement the IO pattern that @NickGeneva mentioned in the issue thread, but this should be a good base to expand upon.

Core Changes:

1. New Checkpoint Module (earth2studio/utils/checkpoint.py)
   • save_checkpoint() - Saves simulation state, coordinates, RNG states
   • load_checkpoint() - Restores saved state with device handling
   • validate_checkpoint_compatibility() - Validates that checkpoint works with current model
   • should_checkpoint() - Decision logic for when to save
2. Enhanced Workflows (earth2studio/run.py)
   • Added 3 optional parameters to all workflow functions:
     • checkpoint_path - Where to save/load checkpoints
     • checkpoint_interval - Save every N steps
     • resume_from_step Resume from specified step
   • Dual execution paths:
     • Normal: Uses existing iterators (exact same behavior)
     • Resume: Manual time-stepping to account for mid-simulation restart
3. Comprehensive Testing (test/utils/test_checkpoint.py)
   • 25 tests covering save/load, validation, error handling
   • 90% code coverage on checkpoint utilities, can increase if needed
   • Tested CPU/CUDA compatibility edge cases

Notes

• Zero breaking changes, works identically since checkpoint params are optional
• Maintains reproducibility through RNG state preservation
• Used PyTorch's save/load for file-based checkpointing
• Prevents incompatible resumes via Coordinate System validation
• Parameters are independent, and can be used flexibly (save-only, resume-only, or both)

This PR closes #446

Checklist

• [ x] I am familiar with the Contributing Guidelines.
• [ x] New or existing tests cover these changes.
• [ x] The documentation is up to date with these changes. (Added docstring comments)
• The CHANGELOG.md is up to date with these changes. (Will add in a new commit once changes have been reviewed)
• [ x] An issue is linked to this pull request.

Dependencies

None - Uses existing PyTorch save/load functionality