New technique: Usage of ssm:SendCommand on multiple instances (#482)

* New attack technique: Usage of ssm:SendCommand on multiple instances (closes #480)

* terraform fmt

* Avoid using log.Print(fmt.Sprintf(...))

docs/attack-techniques/AWS/aws.execution.ssm-send-command.md

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+---
+title: Usage of ssm:SendCommand on multiple instances
+---
+
+# Usage of ssm:SendCommand on multiple instances
+
+ <span class="smallcaps w3-badge w3-orange w3-round w3-text-sand" title="This attack technique might be slow to warm up or detonate">slow</span> 
+ <span class="smallcaps w3-badge w3-blue w3-round w3-text-white" title="This attack technique can be detonated multiple times">idempotent</span> 
+
+Platform: AWS
+
+## MITRE ATT&CK Tactics
+
+
+- Execution
+
+## Description
+
+
+Simulates an attacker utilizing AWS Systems Manager (SSM) to execute commands through SendCommand on multiple EC2 instances.
+
+<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Warm-up</span>:
+
+- Create multiple EC2 instances and a VPC (takes a few minutes).
+
+<span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Detonation</span>: 
+
+- Runs <code>ssm:SendCommand</code> on several EC2 instances, to execute the command <code>echo "id=$(id), hostname=$(hostname)"</code> on each of them.
+
+References:
+
+- https://hackingthe.cloud/aws/post_exploitation/run_shell_commands_on_ec2/#send-command
+- https://www.chrisfarris.com/post/aws-ir/
+- https://www.invictus-ir.com/news/aws-cloudtrail-cheat-sheet
+- https://securitycafe.ro/2023/01/17/aws-post-explitation-with-ssm-sendcommand/
+
+
+## Instructions
+
+```bash title="Detonate with Stratus Red Team"
+stratus detonate aws.execution.ssm-send-command
+```
+## Detection
+
+
+Identify, through CloudTrail's <code>SendCommand</code> event, especially when <code>requestParameters.instanceIds</code> contains several instances. Sample event:
+
+```json
+{
+  "eventSource": "ssm.amazonaws.com",
+  "eventName": "SendCommand",
+  "requestParameters": {
+    "instanceIds": [
+      "i-0f364762ca43f9661",
+      "i-0a86d1f61db2b9b5d",
+      "i-08a69bfbe21c67e70"
+    ],
+    "documentName": "AWS-RunShellScript",
+    "parameters": "HIDDEN_DUE_TO_SECURITY_REASONS",
+    "interactive": false
+  }
+}
+```
+
+While this technique uses a single call to <code>ssm:SendCommand</code> on several instances, an attacker may use one call per instance to execute commands on. In that case, the <code>SendCommand</code> event will be emitted for each call.
+
+

docs/attack-techniques/AWS/index.md

@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ Note that some Stratus attack techniques may correspond to more than a single AT
 
 - [Execute Commands on EC2 Instance via User Data](./aws.execution.ec2-user-data.md)
 
+- [Usage of ssm:SendCommand on multiple instances](./aws.execution.ssm-send-command.md)
+
 - [Usage of ssm:StartSession on multiple instances](./aws.execution.ssm-start-session.md)
 
 

docs/attack-techniques/list.md

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ This page contains the list of all Stratus Attack Techniques.
 | [Download EC2 Instance User Data](./AWS/aws.discovery.ec2-download-user-data.md) | [AWS](./AWS/index.md) | Discovery |
 | [Launch Unusual EC2 instances](./AWS/aws.execution.ec2-launch-unusual-instances.md) | [AWS](./AWS/index.md) | Execution |
 | [Execute Commands on EC2 Instance via User Data](./AWS/aws.execution.ec2-user-data.md) | [AWS](./AWS/index.md) | Execution, Privilege Escalation |
+| [Usage of ssm:SendCommand on multiple instances](./AWS/aws.execution.ssm-send-command.md) | [AWS](./AWS/index.md) | Execution |
 | [Usage of ssm:StartSession on multiple instances](./AWS/aws.execution.ssm-start-session.md) | [AWS](./AWS/index.md) | Execution |
 | [Open Ingress Port 22 on a Security Group](./AWS/aws.exfiltration.ec2-security-group-open-port-22-ingress.md) | [AWS](./AWS/index.md) | Exfiltration |
 | [Exfiltrate an AMI by Sharing It](./AWS/aws.exfiltration.ec2-share-ami.md) | [AWS](./AWS/index.md) | Exfiltration |

docs/index.yaml

@@ -116,6 +116,13 @@ AWS:
             - Privilege Escalation
           platform: AWS
           isIdempotent: true
+        - id: aws.execution.ssm-send-command
+          name: Usage of ssm:SendCommand on multiple instances
+          isSlow: true
+          mitreAttackTactics:
+            - Execution
+          platform: AWS
+          isIdempotent: true
         - id: aws.execution.ssm-start-session
           name: Usage of ssm:StartSession on multiple instances
           isSlow: true

v2/internal/attacktechniques/aws/execution/ssm-send-command/main.go

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+package aws
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	_ "embed"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/aws"
+	"github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssm"
+	"github.com/datadog/stratus-red-team/v2/internal/utils"
+	"github.com/datadog/stratus-red-team/v2/pkg/stratus"
+	"github.com/datadog/stratus-red-team/v2/pkg/stratus/mitreattack"
+	"log"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+//go:embed main.tf
+var tf []byte
+
+const commandToExecute = `echo "id=$(id), hostname=$(hostname)"`
+
+func init() {
+	const codeBlock = "```"
+	stratus.GetRegistry().RegisterAttackTechnique(&stratus.AttackTechnique{
+		ID:           "aws.execution.ssm-send-command",
+		FriendlyName: "Usage of ssm:SendCommand on multiple instances",
+		IsSlow:       true,
+		Description: `
+Simulates an attacker utilizing AWS Systems Manager (SSM) to execute commands through SendCommand on multiple EC2 instances.
+
+Warm-up:
+
+- Create multiple EC2 instances and a VPC (takes a few minutes).
+
+Detonation: 
+
+- Runs <code>ssm:SendCommand</code> on several EC2 instances, to execute the command <code>` + commandToExecute + `</code> on each of them.
+
+References:
+
+- https://hackingthe.cloud/aws/post_exploitation/run_shell_commands_on_ec2/#send-command
+- https://www.chrisfarris.com/post/aws-ir/
+- https://www.invictus-ir.com/news/aws-cloudtrail-cheat-sheet
+- https://securitycafe.ro/2023/01/17/aws-post-explitation-with-ssm-sendcommand/
+`,
+		Detection: `
+Identify, through CloudTrail's <code>SendCommand</code> event, especially when <code>requestParameters.instanceIds</code> contains several instances. Sample event:
+
+` + codeBlock + `json
+{
+  "eventSource": "ssm.amazonaws.com",
+  "eventName": "SendCommand",
+  "requestParameters": {
+    "instanceIds": [
+      "i-0f364762ca43f9661",
+      "i-0a86d1f61db2b9b5d",
+      "i-08a69bfbe21c67e70"
+    ],
+    "documentName": "AWS-RunShellScript",
+    "parameters": "HIDDEN_DUE_TO_SECURITY_REASONS",
+    "interactive": false
+  }
+}
+` + codeBlock + `
+
+While this technique uses a single call to <code>ssm:SendCommand</code> on several instances, an attacker may use one call per instance to execute commands on. In that case, the <code>SendCommand</code> event will be emitted for each call.
+`,
+		Platform:                   stratus.AWS,
+		PrerequisitesTerraformCode: tf,
+		IsIdempotent:               true,
+		MitreAttackTactics:         []mitreattack.Tactic{mitreattack.Execution},
+		Detonate:                   detonate,
+	})
+}
+
+func detonate(params map[string]string, providers stratus.CloudProviders) error {
+	ssmClient := ssm.NewFromConfig(providers.AWS().GetConnection())
+	instanceIDs := getInstanceIds(params)
+
+	if err := utils.WaitForInstancesToRegisterInSSM(ssmClient, instanceIDs); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to wait for instances to register in SSM: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	log.Println("Instances are ready and registered in SSM!")
+	log.Println("Executing command '" + commandToExecute + "' through ssm:SendCommand on all instances...")
+
+	result, err := ssmClient.SendCommand(context.Background(), &ssm.SendCommandInput{
+		InstanceIds:  instanceIDs,
+		DocumentName: aws.String("AWS-RunShellScript"),
+		Parameters: map[string][]string{
+			"commands": {commandToExecute},
+		},
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to send command to instances: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	commandId := result.Command.CommandId
+	log.Println("Command sent successfully. Command ID: " + *commandId)
+	log.Println("Waiting for command outputs")
+
+	for _, instanceID := range instanceIDs {
+		result, err := ssm.NewCommandExecutedWaiter(ssmClient).WaitForOutput(context.Background(), &ssm.GetCommandInvocationInput{
+			InstanceId: &instanceID,
+			CommandId:  commandId,
+		}, 2*time.Minute)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to execute command on instance %s: %v", instanceID, err)
+		}
+		log.Printf("Successfully executed on instance %s. Output: %s", instanceID, *result.StandardOutputContent)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func getInstanceIds(params map[string]string) []string {
+	instanceIds := strings.Split(params["instance_ids"], ",")
+	// iterate over instanceIds and remove \n, \r, spaces and " from each instanceId
+	for i, instanceId := range instanceIds {
+		instanceIds[i] = strings.Trim(instanceId, " \"\n\r")
+	}
+	return instanceIds
+}

v2/internal/attacktechniques/aws/execution/ssm-send-command/main.tf

@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+terraform {
+  required_providers {
+    aws = {
+      source  = "hashicorp/aws"
+      version = "~> 4.0"
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+provider "aws" {
+  skip_region_validation      = true
+  skip_credentials_validation = true
+  default_tags {
+    tags = {
+      StratusRedTeam = true
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+locals {
+  resource_prefix = "stratus-red-team-ssm-send-command-execution"
+}
+
+variable "instance_count" {
+  description = "Number of instances to create"
+  default     = 3
+}
+
+data "aws_availability_zones" "available" {
+  state = "available"
+}
+
+module "vpc" {
+  source  = "terraform-aws-modules/vpc/aws"
+  version = "~> 3.0"
+
+  name = "${local.resource_prefix}-vpc"
+  cidr = "10.0.0.0/16"
+
+  azs             = [data.aws_availability_zones.available.names[0]]
+  private_subnets = ["10.0.1.0/24"]
+  public_subnets  = ["10.0.128.0/24"]
+
+  map_public_ip_on_launch = false
+  enable_nat_gateway      = true
+
+  tags = {
+    StratusRedTeam = true
+  }
+}
+
+data "aws_ami" "amazon-2" {
+  most_recent = true
+
+  filter {
+    name   = "name"
+    values = ["amzn2-ami-hvm-*-x86_64-ebs"]
+  }
+  owners = ["amazon"]
+}
+
+resource "aws_network_interface" "iface" {
+  count     = var.instance_count
+  subnet_id = module.vpc.private_subnets[0]
+
+  private_ips = [format("10.0.1.%d", count.index + 10)]
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_role" "instance-role" {
+  name = "${local.resource_prefix}-role"
+  path = "/"
+
+  assume_role_policy = <<EOF
+{
+    "Version": "2012-10-17",
+    "Statement": [
+        {
+            "Action": "sts:AssumeRole",
+            "Principal": {
+               "Service": "ec2.amazonaws.com"
+            },
+            "Effect": "Allow",
+            "Sid": ""
+        }
+    ]
+}
+EOF
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_role_policy_attachment" "rolepolicy" {
+  role       = aws_iam_role.instance-role.name
+  policy_arn = "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/AmazonSSMManagedInstanceCore"
+}
+
+resource "aws_iam_instance_profile" "instance" {
+  name = "${local.resource_prefix}-instance"
+  role = aws_iam_role.instance-role.name
+}
+
+resource "aws_instance" "instance" {
+  count                = var.instance_count
+  ami                  = data.aws_ami.amazon-2.id
+  instance_type        = "t3.micro"
+  iam_instance_profile = aws_iam_instance_profile.instance.name
+
+  network_interface {
+    device_index         = 0
+    network_interface_id = aws_network_interface.iface[count.index].id
+  }
+
+  tags = {
+    Name = "${local.resource_prefix}-instance-${count.index}"
+  }
+}
+
+output "instance_ids" {
+  value = aws_instance.instance[*].id
+}
+
+output "display" {
+  value = format("Instances ready: \n%s", join("\n", [
+    for i in aws_instance.instance :
+    format("  %s in %s", i.id, data.aws_availability_zones.available.names[0])
+  ]))
+}
+
+output "instance_role_name" {
+  value = aws_iam_role.instance-role.name
+}

v2/internal/attacktechniques/main.go

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	_ "github.com/datadog/stratus-red-team/v2/internal/attacktechniques/aws/discovery/ec2-get-user-data"
 	_ "github.com/datadog/stratus-red-team/v2/internal/attacktechniques/aws/execution/ec2-launch-unusual-instances"
 	_ "github.com/datadog/stratus-red-team/v2/internal/attacktechniques/aws/execution/ec2-user-data"
+	_ "github.com/datadog/stratus-red-team/v2/internal/attacktechniques/aws/execution/ssm-send-command"
 	_ "github.com/datadog/stratus-red-team/v2/internal/attacktechniques/aws/execution/ssm-start-session"
 	_ "github.com/datadog/stratus-red-team/v2/internal/attacktechniques/aws/exfiltration/ec2-security-group-open-port-22-ingress"
 	_ "github.com/datadog/stratus-red-team/v2/internal/attacktechniques/aws/exfiltration/ec2-share-ami"