footnote-chinese-style.tex

\documentclass{ctexart}
\usepackage{xpatch}
\usepackage{xunicode-addon}

% set char class and font for circled numbers
% ref: https://stone-zeng.github.io/2019-02-09-circled-numbers
\xeCJKDeclareCharClass{Default}{"24EA, "2460->"2473, "3251->"32BF}
\newfontfamily\EnclosedNumbers{Source Han Serif SC}

% patch \textcircled
\AtBeginUTFCommand[\textcircled]{\begingroup\EnclosedNumbers}
\AtEndUTFCommand[\textcircled]{\endgroup}

\makeatletter
% add wrapper \textcircled,
% adapted from latex.ltx, line 6380:
\renewcommand\thefootnote{\textcircled{\@arabic\c@footnote}}

% use separate footnote mark command
\xpatchcmd\@makefntext
  {\hb@xt@1.8em{\hss\@makefnmark}}
  {\hb@xt@1.8em{\hss\@makefnmarkNormal}\space}
  {}{\fail}

% use non-suprescript style with lower baseline
% adapted from latex.ltx, line 6383:
\def\@makefnmarkNormal{\lower .3ex \hbox{\normalfont\@thefnmark}}

% make footnote rule shorter
\xpatchcmd\footnoterule
  {.4\columnwidth}
  {1in}
  {}{\fail}
\makeatother

\begin{document}

一二三\footnote{text}

\addtocounter{footnote}{20}
四五六\footnote{text}

\addtocounter{footnote}{20}
七八九\footnote{text}

\end{document}