misconceptions.jsonl

{"id": 1, "canonical_sentence": " The WHO specifically debunked several claims as false, including the claim that a person can tell if they have the virus or not simply by holding their breath; the claim that drinking large amounts of water will protect against the virus; and the claim that gargling salt water prevents infection.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 4, "category": ["Combative Efforts"], "sources": ["https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/16/us/coronavirus-myths-debunking-holding-breath-10-seconds-trnd/index.html"], "pos_variations": ["A person can tell if they have coronavirus or not simply by holding their breath."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 2, "canonical_sentence": " The WHO specifically debunked several claims as false, including the claim that a person can tell if they have the virus or not simply by holding their breath; the claim that drinking large amounts of water will protect against the virus; and the claim that gargling salt water prevents infection.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 4, "category": ["Combative Efforts"], "sources": ["https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/16/us/coronavirus-myths-debunking-holding-breath-10-seconds-trnd/index.html"], "pos_variations": ["Drinking large amounts of water will protect against coronavirus."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 3, "canonical_sentence": " In February 2020, The Financial Times quoted virus expert and global co-lead coronavirus investigator Trevor Bedford: \"There is no evidence whatsoever of genetic engineering that we can find\", and \"The evidence we have is that the mutations [in the virus] are completely consistent with natural evolution\".", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Conspiracy Theories"], "sources": ["https://www.ft.com/content/a6392ee6-4ec6-11ea-95a0-43d18ec715f5"], "pos_variations": ["Coronavirus is genetically engineered."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 4, "canonical_sentence": " According to the Kyiv Post, two common conspiracy theories online in Ukraine are that American author Dean Koontz predicted the pandemic in his 1981 novel The Eyes of Darkness, and that the coronavirus was a bioweapon leaked from a secret lab in Wuhan.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Conspiracy Theories"], "sources": ["https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/coronavirus-misinformation-goes-viral-in-ukraine.html"], "pos_variations": ["Dean Koontz predicted the pandemic in his 1981 novel The Eyes of Darkness."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 5, "canonical_sentence": " In February 2020, it has been alleged that the first person infected may have been a researcher at the institute named Huang Yanling.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 4, "category": ["Accidental leakage"], "sources": ["https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3050872/chinese-research-lab-denies-rumours-links-first-coronavirus"], "pos_variations": ["The first person infected is a researcher named Huang Yanling."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 6, "canonical_sentence": " In early February, a decade-old map illustrating a hypothetical viral outbreak published by the World Population Project (part of the University of Southampton) was misappropriated by a number of Australian media news outlets (and British tabloids The Sun, Daily Mail and Metro) which claimed the map represented the 2020 coronavirus outbreak.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 4, "category": ["Statistics"], "sources": ["https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51504512"], "pos_variations": ["A decade-old map published by the World Population Project represents the 2020 coronavirus outbreak."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 7, "canonical_sentence": " Widely circulated posts on social media have falsely claimed that, among other things:   All of the above claims have been disproven; for example, ginger has not been proven to cure any viral illness, and vitamin C has also not been proven to be effective against the coronavirus.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 4, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://factcheck.afp.com/doctors-refute-misleading-online-claim-consuming-boiled-ginger-can-cure-novel-coronavirus-infections", "https://factcheck.afp.com/false-claims-drinking-water-lemon-can-prevent-covid-19-circulate-online"], "pos_variations": ["Boiled ginger can cure coronavirus."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 8, "canonical_sentence": " Widely circulated posts on social media have falsely claimed that, among other things:   All of the above claims have been disproven; for example, ginger has not been proven to cure any viral illness, and vitamin C has also not been proven to be effective against the coronavirus.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 4, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://factcheck.afp.com/doctors-refute-misleading-online-claim-consuming-boiled-ginger-can-cure-novel-coronavirus-infections", "https://factcheck.afp.com/false-claims-drinking-water-lemon-can-prevent-covid-19-circulate-online"], "pos_variations": ["Vitamin C can prevent coronavirus circulation."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 9, "canonical_sentence": "While a student was successfully treated, other media sources have noted that no evidence implies Africans are more resistant to the virus and labeled such claims as false information.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 5, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://factcheck.afp.com/black-people-arent-more-resistant-novel-coronavirus"], "pos_variations": ["Africans are more resistant to coronavirus."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 10, "canonical_sentence": " In March 2020, Thomas Cowan, a holistic medical practitioner who trained as a physician and operates on probation with Medical Board of California, alleged that coronavirus is caused by 5G, based on the claims that African countries were not affected significantly by the pandemic and Africa was not a 5G region.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 5, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.newsweek.com/youtube-video-suggests-5g-internet-causes-coronavirus-people-are-falling-it-1493321", "https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/fact-check-viral-video-coronavirus-1.5506595"], "pos_variations": ["Coronavirus is caused by 5G."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 11, "canonical_sentence": "Cowan also falsely alleged that the viruses were wastes from cells that are poisoned by electromagnetic fields and historical viral pandemics coincided with the major developments in radio technology.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 5, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/fact-check-viral-video-coronavirus-1.5506595"], "pos_variations": ["Viruses are wastes from cells that are poisoned by electromagnetic fields."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 12, "canonical_sentence": " Iran has reported methanol consumption incidents under the false belief that it would cure or protect against coronavirus;bootleg alcohols that contain methanol, which is an industrial alcohol, were often consumed since alcohol is banned in Iran.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 5, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-coronavirus-methanol-drink-cure-deaths-fake-a9429956.html", "https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/03/hundreds-die-iran-drinking-bootleg-alcohol-methanol-coronavirus-cure-social-media.html"], "pos_variations": ["Methanol consumption cures or protects against coronavirus."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 13, "canonical_sentence": " Iranian social media had circulated a story on British tabloids that a British man and others had been cured of coronavirus with whiskey and honey, which combined with the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers as disinfectants, led to the false belief that drinking high-proof alcohol can kill the virus.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-coronavirus-methanol-drink-cure-deaths-fake-a9429956.html", "More misleading than refuting. Only a very short sentence that says doctors never recommended it.", "https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2020/03/hundreds-die-iran-drinking-bootleg-alcohol-methanol-coronavirus-cure-social-media.html", "https://web.archive.org/web/20200328174609/https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2020/03/27/world/middleeast/ap-ml-virus-outbreak-iran-a-deadly-drink.html"], "pos_variations": ["Whiskey and honey cure coronavirus."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 14, "canonical_sentence": "While the effectiveness of sanitiser depends on the specific ingredients, most hand sanitiser sold commercially does destroy the coronavirus.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 5, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.pedestrian.tv/health/does-hand-sanitiser-sanitizer-kill-coronavirus-antiviral-antibacterial-viral-tweet/"], "pos_variations": ["Hand sanitiser sold commercially does not destroy the coronavirus."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 15, "canonical_sentence": " In March 2020, the Miami New Times reported that managers at Norwegian Cruise Line had prepared a set of responses intended to convince wary customers to book cruises, including \"blatantly false\" claims that the coronavirus \"can only survive in cold temperatures, so the Caribbean is a fantastic choice for your next cruise\", that \"[s]cientists and medical professionals have confirmed that the warm weather of the spring will be the end of the [c]oronavirus\", and that the virus \"cannot live in the amazingly warm and tropical temperatures that your cruise will be sailing to.\"", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 4, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/coronavirus-norwegian-cruise-line-leaked-emails-show-booking-strategy-11590056"], "pos_variations": ["Coronavirus can only survive in cold temperatures."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 16, "canonical_sentence": "That was disproved, as \"there is no evidence that acetic acid is effective against the virus\" and, even if there was, \"its concentration in common household vinegar is low\".", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://saude.abril.com.br/blog/e-verdade-ou-fake-news/alcool-em-gel-nao-evita-infeccao-por-novo-coronavirus-e-fake/"], "pos_variations": ["Acetic acid is effective against coronavirus."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 17, "canonical_sentence": "Other so called cures in messages spreading in Brazil were avocado and mint tea, hot whiskey and honey, essential oils, vitamins C and D, fennel tea (supposedly similar to the medicine Tamiflu, according to a false e-mail attributed to a hospital director) and cocaine.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.otempo.com.br/cidades/e-fake-news-lolo-nao-cura-coronavirus-e-representa-risco-a-saude-1.2307041", "https://noticias.uol.com.br/confere/ultimas-noticias/2020/03/04/lolo-cocaina-cha-nada-disso-mata-coronavirus-e-dicas-de-cura-sao-falsas.htm"], "pos_variations": ["Avocado and mint tea cures coronavirus."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 18, "canonical_sentence": "Other so called cures in messages spreading in Brazil were avocado and mint tea, hot whiskey and honey, essential oils, vitamins C and D, fennel tea (supposedly similar to the medicine Tamiflu, according to a false e-mail attributed to a hospital director) and cocaine.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.otempo.com.br/cidades/e-fake-news-lolo-nao-cura-coronavirus-e-representa-risco-a-saude-1.2307041", "https://noticias.uol.com.br/confere/ultimas-noticias/2020/03/04/lolo-cocaina-cha-nada-disso-mata-coronavirus-e-dicas-de-cura-sao-falsas.htm"], "pos_variations": ["Essential oils cure coronavirus."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 19, "canonical_sentence": "Other so called cures in messages spreading in Brazil were avocado and mint tea, hot whiskey and honey, essential oils, vitamins C and D, fennel tea (supposedly similar to the medicine Tamiflu, according to a false e-mail attributed to a hospital director) and cocaine.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.otempo.com.br/cidades/e-fake-news-lolo-nao-cura-coronavirus-e-representa-risco-a-saude-1.2307041", "https://noticias.uol.com.br/confere/ultimas-noticias/2020/03/04/lolo-cocaina-cha-nada-disso-mata-coronavirus-e-dicas-de-cura-sao-falsas.htm"], "pos_variations": ["Vitamin C cures coronavirus."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 20, "canonical_sentence": "Other so called cures in messages spreading in Brazil were avocado and mint tea, hot whiskey and honey, essential oils, vitamins C and D, fennel tea (supposedly similar to the medicine Tamiflu, according to a false e-mail attributed to a hospital director) and cocaine.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.otempo.com.br/cidades/e-fake-news-lolo-nao-cura-coronavirus-e-representa-risco-a-saude-1.2307041", "https://noticias.uol.com.br/confere/ultimas-noticias/2020/03/04/lolo-cocaina-cha-nada-disso-mata-coronavirus-e-dicas-de-cura-sao-falsas.htm"], "pos_variations": ["Vitamin D cures coronavirus."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 21, "canonical_sentence": "Other so called cures in messages spreading in Brazil were avocado and mint tea, hot whiskey and honey, essential oils, vitamins C and D, fennel tea (supposedly similar to the medicine Tamiflu, according to a false e-mail attributed to a hospital director) and cocaine.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.otempo.com.br/cidades/e-fake-news-lolo-nao-cura-coronavirus-e-representa-risco-a-saude-1.2307041", "https://noticias.uol.com.br/confere/ultimas-noticias/2020/03/04/lolo-cocaina-cha-nada-disso-mata-coronavirus-e-dicas-de-cura-sao-falsas.htm"], "pos_variations": ["Fennel tea cures coronavirus."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 22, "canonical_sentence": "Other so called cures in messages spreading in Brazil were avocado and mint tea, hot whiskey and honey, essential oils, vitamins C and D, fennel tea (supposedly similar to the medicine Tamiflu, according to a false e-mail attributed to a hospital director) and cocaine.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.otempo.com.br/cidades/e-fake-news-lolo-nao-cura-coronavirus-e-representa-risco-a-saude-1.2307041", "https://noticias.uol.com.br/confere/ultimas-noticias/2020/03/04/lolo-cocaina-cha-nada-disso-mata-coronavirus-e-dicas-de-cura-sao-falsas.htm"], "pos_variations": ["Cocaine cures coronavirus"], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 23, "canonical_sentence": "No evidence supports that SARS-CoV 2 can survive for prolonged periods of time (like what might happen during shipping) on surfaces, and Costco has not issued such a recall.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://factcheck.afp.com/costco-not-recalling-bath-tissue-due-novel-coronavirus-contamination", "https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/faq.html", "https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/coronavirus-can-stay-infectious-for-days-on-surfaces/2020/03/12/9b54a99e-6472-11ea-845d-e35b0234b136_story.html"], "pos_variations": ["SARS-CoV-2 can survive for weeks on surfaces."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 24, "canonical_sentence": "The report has led to a purchase craze of shuanghuanglian.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/05/world/asia/coronavirus-traditional-chinese-medicine.html"], "pos_variations": ["Coronavirus is cured by shuanghuanglian."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 25, "canonical_sentence": " The Holy Synod stated that the Holy Communion \"cannot be the cause of the spread of illness\", with Metropolitan Seraphim saying that the wine was without blemish because it represented the blood and body of Christ, and that \"whoever attends Holy Communion is approaching God, who has the power to heal\".", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-greece-church-idUSKBN20W2N1"], "pos_variations": ["Holy communion cannot be the cause of the spread of coronavirus"], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 26, "canonical_sentence": " It was also reported that a right-wing populist party leader of the party Greek Solution, Kyriakos Velopoulos, sells a hand cream via his TV shop, which supposedly would completely kill COVID-19, although the alleged miracle drug is not approved by medical authorities.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Corona-Panik-nur-fuer-Unglaeubige-4678649.html"], "pos_variations": ["Kyriakos Velopoulos sells a hand cream which completely kills covid-19."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 27, "canonical_sentence": "Political activist Swami Chakrapani and Member of the Legislative Assembly Suman Haripriya claimed that drinking cow urine and applying cow dung on the body can cure COVID-19.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/coronavirus-in-india-can-cow-dung-and-urine-help-cure-the-novel-coronavirus/articleshow/73952691.cms", "https://www.firstpost.com/india/novel-coronavirus-can-be-cured-with-gaumutra-gobar-claims-assam-bjp-mla-suman-haripriya-8111021.html"], "pos_variations": ["Drinking cow urine and applying cow dung on the body can cure covid-19."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 28, "canonical_sentence": " Parliamentarian Ramesh Bidhuri of the Bharatiya Janata Party claimed that experts say using Namaste as a greeting prevents transmission of COVID-19, but using Arabic greetings like Adab and As-salamu alaykum does not prevent it as they direct air into the mouth.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://scroll.in/video/955329/coronavirus-saying-aadab-sends-infected-air-into-the-mouth-claims-bjp-leader-ramesh-bidhuri", "https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/experts-have-said-namaskar-not-adaab-or-assalamu-alaikum-will-help-prevent-coronavirus-says-bjp-mp-ramesh-bidhuri-811390.html"], "pos_variations": ["Using namaste as a greeting prevents transmission of covid-19."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 29, "canonical_sentence": "The notion that the vibrations generated by clapping together during Janata curfew will kill the virus was debunked by the media.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mohanlal-many-others-share-fake-info-clapping-may-kill-virus-pib-debunks-120844"], "pos_variations": ["Clapping will kill coronavirus."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 30, "canonical_sentence": "Amitabh Bachchan was heavily criticised for one of his tweets, which claimed vibrations from clapping, blowing conch shells as part of Sunday's Janata Curfew would have reduced or destroyed coronavirus potency as it was \u2018Amavasya\u2019, the darkest day of the month.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://trib.al/Bcqp2dp"], "pos_variations": ["Blowing conch shells destroys coronavirus potency."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 31, "canonical_sentence": "Misinformation has spread that the lifetime of SARS-CoV-2 is only 12 hours and staying home for 14 hours during Janata curfew would break the chain of transmission.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/social-media-users-give-misleading-twist-pm-modi-janta-curfew-1658195-2020-03-21"], "pos_variations": ["The lifetime of SARS-CoV-2 is only 12 hours."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 32, "canonical_sentence": "Another message claimed that observing Janata curfew will result in the reduction of COVID-19 cases by 40%.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/social-media-users-give-misleading-twist-pm-modi-janta-curfew-1658195-2020-03-21"], "pos_variations": ["Observing janata curfew will result in the reduction of covid-19 cases by 40%."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 33, "canonical_sentence": " In India, fake news circulated that the World Health Organization warned against eating cabbage to prevent coronavirus infection.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://web.archive.org/web/20200402070033/https://factcheck.afp.com/who-did-not-warn-against-eating-cabbage-during-covid-19-pandemic"], "pos_variations": ["Eating cabbage prevents coronavirus infection."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 34, "canonical_sentence": " An \"anti-coronavirus\" mattress was advertised as being anti-fungal, anti-allergic, dustproof and waterproof and that it could fight the coronavirus.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51910099"], "pos_variations": ["There is an \"anti-coronavirus\" mattress that could fight the coronavirus."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 35, "canonical_sentence": "There are claims that wearing shoes at one's home is the reason behind the spread of the coronavirus in Italy.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://factcheck.afp.com/health-experts-refute-misleading-claim-wearing-shoes-indoors-main-reason-hike-covid-19-infections"], "pos_variations": ["Wearing shoes at one's home is the reason behind the spread of the coronavirus in italy."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 36, "canonical_sentence": " There were also claims that chloroquine was used to cure over 12,000 COVID-19 patients.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://factcheck.afp.com/anti-malaria-drug-has-proven-effective-treating-coronavirus-has-not-cured-12552-patients"], "pos_variations": ["Chloroquine can cure coronavirus"], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 37, "canonical_sentence": "Meanwhile 67% polled believed that jamaat (congregation prayer) cannot become a source of infection and 48% people believed that shaking hands cannot infect anyone since it is Sunnah.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/643643-88pc-pakistanis-aware-of-covid-19-implications-poll", "https://www.samaa.tv/news/2020/04/myths-pakistanis-believe-wuzu-protects-you-from-covid/"], "pos_variations": ["Jamaat cannot become a source of infection."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 38, "canonical_sentence": "Meanwhile 67% polled believed that jamaat (congregation prayer) cannot become a source of infection and 48% people believed that shaking hands cannot infect anyone since it is Sunnah.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/643643-88pc-pakistanis-aware-of-covid-19-implications-poll", "https://www.samaa.tv/news/2020/04/myths-pakistanis-believe-wuzu-protects-you-from-covid/"], "pos_variations": ["Shaking hands cannot spread coronavirus."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 39, "canonical_sentence": " On March 17, around 79 church devotees were infected with the virus at the River of Grace Community Church after followers had salt-water sprayed into their mouths under the belief that this would protect them from the virus.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3075421/coronavirus-salt-water-spray-infects-46-church-goers", "https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2020/03/16/South-Korea-church-used-saltwater-spray-amid-coronavirus-outbreak/9881584365228/"], "pos_variations": ["Salt water protects from coronavirus."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 40, "canonical_sentence": " A claim that  cannabis  could protect against the coronavirus appeared on Youtube, along with a petition to legalize cannabis in Sri Lanka.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://factcheck.afp.com/sri-lankan-health-experts-stress-there-no-evidence-cannabis-boosts-immunity-against-novel"], "pos_variations": ["Cannabis protects against COVID-19."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 41, "canonical_sentence": "A fake Fox News article also claimed that  CBD oil  was a potential cure.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2020/03/19/coronavirus-scam-alert-beware-fake-fox-news-text-messages-promising-a-cbd-oil-cure/"], "pos_variations": ["CBD oil is a cure for COVID-19."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 42, "canonical_sentence": "Claims that Vitamin D pills could help prevent the coronavirus circulated on social media in Thailand.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://factcheck.afp.com/health-experts-say-there-no-evidence-vitamin-d-effective-preventing-novel-coronavirus-infection"], "pos_variations": ["Vitamin D pills prevent COVID-19."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 43, "canonical_sentence": "The Food and Drug Administration has warned multiple times that drinking MMS is \"dangerous\" as it may cause \"severe vomiting\" and \"acute liver failure\".", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.thedailybeast.com/qanon-conspiracy-theorists-magic-cure-for-coronavirus-is-drinking-lethal-bleach"], "pos_variations": ["Miracle Mineral Suppliment (MMS) will prevent and cure COVID-19."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 44, "canonical_sentence": " In February 2020, televangelist Jim Bakker promoted a colloidal silver solution sold on his website, as a remedy for coronavirus COVID-19; naturopath Sherrill Sellman, a guest on his show, falsely stated that it \"hasn't been tested on this strain of the coronavirus, but it's been tested on other strains of the coronavirus and has been able to eliminate it within 12 hours.\"", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.newsweek.com/televangelist-show-guest-promotes-silver-solution-cure-coronavirus-1487069"], "pos_variations": ["Jim Bakker's colloidal silver solution is a remedy for COVID-19."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 45, "canonical_sentence": " The New York Attorney General's office also issued a cease-and-desist order to radio host Alex Jones, who was selling silver-infused toothpaste that he falsely claimed can kill the virus and had been verified by federal officials, causing a Jones spokesman to deny the products had been sold for the purpose of treating any disease.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/13/21177998/new-york-attorney-general-alex-jones-infowars-coronavirus-cures-prevention", "https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/13/nyregion/alex-jones-coronavirus-cure.html"], "pos_variations": ["Alex Jones' silver-infused toothpaste kills COVID-19"], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 46, "canonical_sentence": "The viewers had to touch the television screen to receive the spiritual healing.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["https://www.newsweek.com/conservative-pastor-claims-he-healed-viewers-coronavirus-through-their-tv-screens-1492044", "https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/03/13/kenneth-copeland-anti-lgbt-televangelist-coronavirus-covid19-heal-virus-pandemic/"], "pos_variations": ["Kenneth Copeland on Victory Channel can cure COVID-19 through the TV."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 47, "canonical_sentence": "The US Federal Bureau of Investigation arrested actor Keith Lawrence Middlebrook for selling a fake COVID-19 cure.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Medical Misinformation"], "sources": ["http://www.msn.com/en-us/entertainment/celebrity/actor-keith-middlebrook-arrested-by-fbi-for-allegedly-peddling-bogus-coronavirus-cure/ar-BB11LQpX?ocid=ientp"], "pos_variations": ["Actor Keith Lawrence Middlebrook has a cure for COVID-19."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 48, "canonical_sentence": "Epstein of the Hoover Institution, who in a series of articles consistently played down the scale of the epidemics, ridiculed the \"panic\" being spread by \"progressives\", made a number of incorrect statements about the SARS-CoV-2 virus, misapplied and misconstrued Darwinian evolutionary theory in regards to the pandemics, and predicted \"about 500 deaths at the end\" of the epidemics.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Government"], "sources": ["https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the-contrarian-coronavirus-theory-that-informed-the-trump-administration"], "pos_variations": ["There will be 500 deaths at the end of the pandemic."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 49, "canonical_sentence": "We're very close to a vaccine.\"", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Government"], "sources": ["https://www.huffpost.com/entry/larry-kudlow-coronavirus-misinformation_n_5e556f11c5b64c1d5620ddb1", "https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanhatesthis/trump-supporters-coronavirus-deep-state-qanon", "https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/25/21153035/coronavirus-response-trump-vaccine-covid19-cdc-who-health-crisis", "https://www.vox.com/2020/2/26/21154253/trump-ebola-tweets-coronavirus"], "pos_variations": ["We're very close to a vaccine."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 50, "canonical_sentence": " In an interview with Sean Hannity on March 4, Trump also claimed that the death rate published by the WHO was false, that the correct fatality rate was less than 1 percent, and said, \"Well, I think the 3.4 percent is really a false number\", that the potential impact of the outbreak was exaggerated by Democrats plotting against him, and that it was safe for infected individuals to go to work.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Government"], "sources": ["https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/03/05/coronavirus-trump-disputes-world-health-organization-death-rate/4961519002/", "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwqV0VHR4-E", "https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/just-my-hunch-trump-contradicts-health-experts-coronavirus-n1151006", "https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/03/05/trumps-latest-coronavirus-lies-have-galling-subtext/", "https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/05/trump-coronavirus-who-global-death-rate-false-number"], "pos_variations": ["It is safe for individuals infected with COVID-19 to go to work."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 51, "canonical_sentence": "Their statements range from false to unproven, and in some cases, underestimate the challenges that public health officials must contend with in responding to the virus.\"", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Government"], "sources": ["https://www.statnews.com/2020/02/26/trump-mixed-messages-on-coronavirus/"], "pos_variations": ["COVID-19 is only as deadly as the seasonal flu."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 52, "canonical_sentence": "While Trump claimed that \"we're going to be able to make that drug available almost immediately\", the leader of the FDA stated that the drug would still need to be tested in a \"large, pragmatic clinical trial\" on subjects infected with COVID-19.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Government"], "sources": ["https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/19/politics/fact-check-chloroquine-trump-fda/index.html"], "pos_variations": ["Chloroquine is a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treatment for COVID-19."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 53, "canonical_sentence": "This was based on a misunderstanding of how the Wuhan Civil Affairs data is reported, with quarterly figures representing the cumulative total of the year-to-date, rather than the quarter in question.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Government"], "sources": ["https://www.metabunk.org/threads/wuhan-funeral-urns-as-an-indicator-of-death-rate.11175/#post-237642"], "pos_variations": ["There were more than 50000 cremations in Wuhan for 4th Quarter, 2019 ."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 54, "canonical_sentence": " Claims that The Simpsons had predicted the coronavirus pandemic in 1993, accompanied by a doctored screenshot from the show (where the text \"Corona Virus\" was layered over the original text \"Apocalypse Meow\", without blocking it from view), were later found out to be false, with the claim being widely spread on social media.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Miscellaneous"], "sources": ["https://factcheck.afp.com/image-simpsons-was-digitally-altered-make-it-look-it-predicted-novel-coronavirus", "https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-ent-simpsons-predicts-coronavirus-20200229-q6ekedk665bzvlrgdcvdgm6eqy-story.html"], "pos_variations": ["The Simpsons predicted COVID-19 pandemic."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 55, "canonical_sentence": " There is no direct link between the virus and the beer brand, but rather, both names draw upon the Latin corona, meaning 'crown'.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Miscellaneous"], "sources": ["https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cornavirus-corona-beer-they-have-nothing-to-do-with-each-other/", "https://www.barrons.com/articles/americans-say-they-wont-drink-corona-because-of-coronavirus-but-sales-are-up-5-51583610529"], "pos_variations": ["Drinking Corona-brand beer causes COVID-19."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 56, "canonical_sentence": " A viral post that originated on Weibo and spread on Twitter claimed that a pack of elephants descended on a village under quarantine in China's Yunnan, got drunk on corn wine, and passed out in a tea garden.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Miscellaneous"], "sources": ["https://www.ktvb.com/article/news/verify/verify-did-elephants-get-drunk-on-corn-wine-while-humans-were-social-distancing/277-0c48ef63-33ec-478f-be6a-4ebdeb4b0299"], "pos_variations": ["A pack of elephants descended on a village under quarantine in China's Yunnan, got drunk on corn wine, and passed out in a tea garden.\n."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 57, "canonical_sentence": "The image of the swans was revealed to have been taken in Burano, where swans are common, while footage of the dolphins was filmed at a port in Sardinia hundreds of miles away.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Miscellaneous"], "sources": ["https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2020/03/coronavirus-pandemic-fake-animal-viral-social-media-posts/"], "pos_variations": ["Swans and dolphins swimming in Venice canals following COVID-19 lockdown."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 58, "canonical_sentence": " The Venice mayor's office clarified that the reported water clarity in the canals was due to the lack of sediment being kicked up by boat traffic, not due to a lack of water pollution that was initially reported.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Miscellaneous"], "sources": ["https://thehill.com/changing-america/sustainability/environment/488286-italys-coronavirus-lockdown-shows-what-nature"], "pos_variations": ["Water polution decreased in Venice canals following COVID-19 lockdown."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 59, "canonical_sentence": "Experts later identified the civet in the video as actually being the much more common small Indian civet.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Miscellaneous"], "sources": ["https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/spotted-malabar-civet-coronavirus/"], "pos_variations": ["A Malabar civet was spotted walking the streets of Meppayur, India following COVID-19 lockdown"], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 60, "canonical_sentence": " Another viral Indian video clip showed a pod of humpback whales allegedly returning to the Arabian Sea offshore from Mumbai following the shutdown of shipping routes; however, this video was found to have actually been taken in 2019 in the Java Sea.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Miscellaneous"], "sources": ["https://www.hindustantimes.com/it-s-viral/fact-check-does-viral-video-show-whales-swimming-at-bombay-high-here-s-the-truth/story-zEOP8acFmCXrK39s4VGJaK.html"], "pos_variations": ["A pod of humpback whales returned to the Arabian Sea offshore from Mumbai, India following the COVID-19 lockdown."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 61, "canonical_sentence": "A social media joke suggesting that lions had been freed to keep people off the streets in Moscow was passed around as if it were true.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Miscellaneous"], "sources": ["https://www.bbc.com/news/av/stories-52118949/coronavirus-how-can-you-stop-the-spread-of-misinformation"], "pos_variations": ["Lions were freed to keep people off the streets in Moscow."], "neg_variations": []}
{"id": 62, "canonical_sentence": "Facebook and YouTube removed items pushing this story, and fact checking organisations established that the picture is of Margate Lighthouse and the \"virus\" is the staircase at the Tate Britain.", "origin": "Wikipedia", "reliability_score": 3, "category": ["Miscellaneous"], "sources": ["https://fullfact.org/online/5g-coronavirus-20-note/", "https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/polymer-20-pound-note", "https://turnercontemporary.org/support-us/what-can-i-do-with-my-old-20-note/"], "pos_variations": ["Bank of England \u00a320 banknotes contain a picture of a 5G mast and the SARS-CoV-2 virus."], "neg_variations": []}