diff --git a/src/v3/mod.rs b/src/v3/mod.rs
index 26c880c..ec0b5a5 100644
--- a/src/v3/mod.rs
+++ b/src/v3/mod.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub struct Cacao<V, S, F, NB = Ipld> {
         skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none",
         default = "Option::default"
     )]
-    facts: Option<F>,
+    facts: Option<Flattener<F>>,
     #[serde(rename = "s", bound = "S: VarSigTrait")]
     signature: VarSig<S>,
 }
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ impl<V, S, F, NB> Cacao<V, S, F, NB> {
     }
 
     pub fn facts(&self) -> Option<&F> {
-        self.facts.as_ref()
+        self.facts.as_ref().map(|f| &f.f)
     }
 
     pub fn signature(&self) -> &VarSig<S> {
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ impl<V, S, F, NB> Cacao<V, S, F, NB> {
 
     pub async fn verify<VE>(&self, verifier: &VE) -> Result<(), VE::Error>
     where
-        VE: CacaoVerifier<V, S, F, NB>,
+        VE: CacaoVerifier<Self>,
         NB: Send + Sync,
     {
         verifier.verify(self).await
@@ -110,8 +110,14 @@ impl<V, S, F, NB> Cacao<V, S, F, NB> {
 
 #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", async_trait(?Send))]
 #[cfg_attr(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), async_trait)]
-pub trait CacaoVerifier<V, S, F, NB> {
+pub trait CacaoVerifier<C> {
     type Error: std::error::Error;
 
-    async fn verify(&self, cacao: &Cacao<V, S, F, NB>) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+    async fn verify(&self, cacao: &C) -> Result<(), Self::Error>;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize, Eq, Hash)]
+struct Flattener<T> {
+    #[serde(flatten)]
+    pub f: T,
 }
diff --git a/src/v3/payload.rs b/src/v3/payload.rs
index 249c9b0..edc2af7 100644
--- a/src/v3/payload.rs
+++ b/src/v3/payload.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use super::Cacao;
+use super::{Cacao, Flattener};
 use libipld::cid::Cid;
 use multidid::MultiDid;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ use ucan_capabilities_object::Capabilities;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Deserialize, Eq, Hash)]
 #[serde(deny_unknown_fields)]
-pub struct Payload<V, F, NB> {
+pub struct Payload<V, F, NB, I = MultiDid> {
     #[serde(rename = "iss")]
-    pub issuer: MultiDid,
+    pub issuer: I,
     #[serde(rename = "aud")]
     pub audience: MultiDid,
     #[serde(rename = "v")]
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@ pub struct Payload<V, F, NB> {
     pub facts: Option<F>,
 }
 
-impl<V, F, NB> Payload<V, F, NB> {
-    pub(crate) fn new(issuer: MultiDid, audience: MultiDid, version: V) -> Self {
+impl<V, F, NB, I> Payload<V, F, NB, I> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(issuer: I, audience: MultiDid, version: V) -> Self {
         Self {
             issuer,
             audience,
@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ impl<V, F, NB> Payload<V, F, NB> {
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Serialize, Eq, Hash)]
-pub(crate) struct BorrowedPayload<'a, V, F, NB> {
+pub(crate) struct BorrowedPayload<'a, V, F, NB, I = MultiDid> {
     #[serde(rename = "iss")]
-    issuer: &'a MultiDid,
+    issuer: &'a I,
     #[serde(rename = "aud")]
     audience: &'a MultiDid,
     #[serde(rename = "v")]
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ pub(crate) struct BorrowedPayload<'a, V, F, NB> {
         skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none",
         default = "Option::default"
     )]
-    facts: &'a Option<F>,
+    facts: Option<Flattener<&'a F>>,
 }
 
 impl<'a, V, S, F, NB> From<&'a Cacao<V, S, F, NB>> for BorrowedPayload<'a, V, F, NB> {
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ impl<'a, V, S, F, NB> From<&'a Cacao<V, S, F, NB>> for BorrowedPayload<'a, V, F,
             issued_at: &cacao.issued_at,
             not_before: &cacao.not_before,
             expiration: &cacao.expiration,
-            facts: &cacao.facts,
+            facts: cacao.facts.as_ref().map(|f| Flattener { f: &f.f }),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ impl<'a, V, F, NB> From<&'a Payload<V, F, NB>> for BorrowedPayload<'a, V, F, NB>
             issued_at: &payload.issued_at,
             not_before: &payload.not_before,
             expiration: &payload.expiration,
-            facts: &payload.facts,
+            facts: payload.facts.as_ref().map(|f| Flattener { f }),
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/v3/recap_cacao.rs b/src/v3/recap_cacao.rs
index 401a442..75441c6 100644
--- a/src/v3/recap_cacao.rs
+++ b/src/v3/recap_cacao.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use super::{payload::Payload, Cacao, CacaoVerifier};
+use super::{payload::Payload, Cacao, CacaoVerifier, Flattener};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use http::uri::Authority;
 use iri_string::types::UriString;
@@ -119,14 +119,16 @@ where
             issued_at: Some(issued_at),
             not_before,
             expiration,
-            facts: Some(RecapFacts {
-                iat_info,
-                nbf_info,
-                exp_info,
-                domain: siwe.domain,
-                request_id: siwe.request_id,
-                resources,
-                statement,
+            facts: Some(Flattener {
+                f: RecapFacts {
+                    iat_info,
+                    nbf_info,
+                    exp_info,
+                    domain: siwe.domain,
+                    request_id: siwe.request_id,
+                    resources,
+                    statement,
+                },
             }),
             signature: VarSig::new(Ethereum::new(sig)),
         })
@@ -146,7 +148,7 @@ where
             Method::Pkh(DidPkhTypes::Eip155(eip155)) => eip155.into_inner(),
             m => return Err(Error::IncorrectDidType(m)),
         };
-        let facts = cacao.facts.ok_or(Error::MissingFacts)?;
+        let facts = cacao.facts.ok_or(Error::MissingFacts)?.f;
         let mut cap = Capability::new().with_proofs(cacao.proof.unwrap_or_default().iter());
         for (resource, actions) in cacao.attenuations.into_inner() {
             cap.with_actions(resource, actions);
@@ -201,7 +203,7 @@ pub struct RecapVerify(());
 
 #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", async_trait(?Send))]
 #[cfg_attr(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), async_trait)]
-impl<NB> CacaoVerifier<SiweVersion, RecapSignature, RecapFacts, NB> for RecapVerify
+impl<NB> CacaoVerifier<RecapCacao<NB>> for RecapVerify
 where
     NB: Send + Sync + Serialize + Clone,
 {
@@ -232,7 +234,7 @@ impl<NB> Payload<SiweVersion, RecapFacts, NB> {
             issued_at: self.issued_at,
             not_before: self.not_before,
             expiration: self.expiration,
-            facts: self.facts,
+            facts: self.facts.map(|f| Flattener { f }),
             signature: VarSig::new(sig),
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/v3/ucan_cacao.rs b/src/v3/ucan_cacao.rs
index 4351d33..e8e8ba0 100644
--- a/src/v3/ucan_cacao.rs
+++ b/src/v3/ucan_cacao.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use super::{payload::Payload, Cacao, CacaoVerifier};
+use super::{payload::Payload, Cacao, CacaoVerifier, Flattener};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use multidid::MultiDid;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ use varsig::{
 };
 
 pub type UcanSignature = JoseSig<DAG_JSON_ENCODING>;
-pub type UcanFacts<F> = BTreeMap<String, F>;
-pub type UcanCacao<F = Value, NB = Value> = Cacao<SemanticVersion, UcanSignature, UcanFacts<F>, NB>;
+pub type UcanCacao<F = BTreeMap<String, Value>, NB = Value> =
+    Cacao<SemanticVersion, UcanSignature, F, NB>;
 
 #[derive(thiserror::Error, Debug)]
 pub enum Error {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ impl From<jwt::EncodeError> for Error {
 
 #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", async_trait(?Send))]
 #[cfg_attr(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), async_trait)]
-impl<NB, R, F> CacaoVerifier<SemanticVersion, UcanSignature, UcanFacts<F>, NB> for &R
+impl<NB, R, F> CacaoVerifier<UcanCacao<BTreeMap<String, F>, NB>> for &R
 where
     R: DIDResolver,
     F: Send + Sync + for<'a> Deserialize<'a> + Serialize + Clone,
@@ -45,14 +45,14 @@ where
 {
     type Error = Error;
 
-    async fn verify(&self, cacao: &UcanCacao<F, NB>) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    async fn verify(&self, cacao: &UcanCacao<BTreeMap<String, F>, NB>) -> Result<(), Error> {
         let ucan = Ucan::<F, NB, Signature>::from(cacao.clone()).encode()?;
         Ucan::<F, NB, Signature>::decode_and_verify_jwt(&ucan, *self, None).await?;
         Ok(())
     }
 }
 
-impl<F, NB> TryFrom<Ucan<F, NB, Signature>> for UcanCacao<F, NB> {
+impl<F, NB> TryFrom<Ucan<F, NB, Signature>> for UcanCacao<BTreeMap<String, F>, NB> {
     type Error = Error;
     fn try_from(ucan: Ucan<F, NB, Signature>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         let (payload, signature) = ucan.into_inner();
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ impl<F, NB> TryFrom<Ucan<F, NB, Signature>> for UcanCacao<F, NB> {
             issued_at: payload.issued_at,
             not_before: payload.not_before,
             expiration: payload.expiration,
-            facts: payload.facts,
+            facts: payload.facts.map(|f| Flattener { f }),
             signature: VarSig::new(match signature {
                 Signature::ES256(sig) => JoseSig::Es256(Es256::new(sig)),
                 Signature::ES512(sig) => JoseSig::Es512(Es512::new(sig)),
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ impl<F, NB> TryFrom<Ucan<F, NB, Signature>> for UcanCacao<F, NB> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F, NB> From<UcanCacao<F, NB>> for Ucan<F, NB, Signature> {
-    fn from(cacao: UcanCacao<F, NB>) -> Self {
+impl<F, NB> From<UcanCacao<BTreeMap<String, F>, NB>> for Ucan<F, NB, Signature> {
+    fn from(cacao: UcanCacao<BTreeMap<String, F>, NB>) -> Self {
         let signature = match cacao.signature.into_inner() {
             JoseSig::EdDSA(s) => Signature::EdDSA(s.into_inner()),
             JoseSig::Es256(s) => Signature::ES256(s.into_inner()),
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ impl<F, NB> From<UcanCacao<F, NB>> for Ucan<F, NB, Signature> {
         payload.issued_at = cacao.issued_at;
         payload.not_before = cacao.not_before;
         payload.expiration = cacao.expiration;
-        payload.facts = cacao.facts;
+        payload.facts = cacao.facts.map(|f| f.f);
         payload.sign(signature)
     }
 }
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ impl<F, NB> UcanCacao<F, NB> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<F, NB> Payload<SemanticVersion, UcanFacts<F>, NB> {
+impl<F, NB> Payload<SemanticVersion, F, NB> {
     pub fn sign(self, sig: UcanSignature) -> UcanCacao<F, NB> {
         Cacao {
             issuer: self.issuer,
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ impl<F, NB> Payload<SemanticVersion, UcanFacts<F>, NB> {
             issued_at: self.issued_at,
             not_before: self.not_before,
             expiration: self.expiration,
-            facts: self.facts,
+            facts: self.facts.map(|f| Flattener { f }),
             signature: VarSig::new(sig),
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/v3/webauthn.rs b/src/v3/webauthn.rs
index 14cf1cc..613b3fe 100644
--- a/src/v3/webauthn.rs
+++ b/src/v3/webauthn.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use super::{Cacao, CacaoVerifier};
+use super::{Cacao, CacaoVerifier, Flattener};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use libipld::cid::{
     multihash::{Code, Multihash, MultihashDigest},
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ pub enum Error {
 
 #[cfg_attr(target_arch = "wasm32", async_trait(?Send))]
 #[cfg_attr(not(target_arch = "wasm32"), async_trait)]
-impl<NB, R, F> CacaoVerifier<WebauthnVersion, WebauthnSignature, F, NB> for &R
+impl<NB, R, F> CacaoVerifier<WebauthnCacao<F, NB>> for &R
 where
     R: DIDResolver,
     F: Send + Sync + for<'a> Deserialize<'a> + Serialize,
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ impl<F, NB> Payload<F, NB> {
             issued_at: self.issued_at,
             not_before: self.not_before,
             expiration: self.expiration,
-            facts: self.facts,
+            facts: self.facts.map(|f| Flattener { f }),
             signature: VarSig::new(sig),
         }
     }
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ pub(crate) struct BorrowedPayload<'a, F, NB> {
         skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none",
         default = "Option::default"
     )]
-    facts: &'a Option<F>,
+    facts: Option<&'a F>,
 }
 
 impl<'a, F, NB> BorrowedPayload<'a, F, NB> {
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ impl<'a, F, NB> From<&'a WebauthnCacao<F, NB>> for BorrowedPayload<'a, F, NB> {
             issued_at: &cacao.issued_at,
             not_before: &cacao.not_before,
             expiration: &cacao.expiration,
-            facts: &cacao.facts,
+            facts: cacao.facts.as_ref().map(|f| &f.f),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ impl<'a, F, NB> From<&'a Payload<F, NB>> for BorrowedPayload<'a, F, NB> {
             issued_at: &payload.issued_at,
             not_before: &payload.not_before,
             expiration: &payload.expiration,
-            facts: &payload.facts,
+            facts: payload.facts.as_ref(),
         }
     }
 }