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AMQP笔记
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<h3 id="AMQP-交换机类型"><a href="#AMQP-交换机类型" class="headerlink" title="AMQP 交换机类型"></a>AMQP 交换机类型</h3><h4 id="direct"><a href="#direct" class="headerlink" title="direct"></a>direct</h4><p>直接匹配消息中的 <code>routing key</code> ，当有一个队列绑定到该交换机时这个路由标准也会被使用。</p>
<h4 id="topic"><a href="#topic" class="headerlink" title="topic"></a>topic</h4><p>模糊匹配 <code>exchange/queue</code> 绑定过程中指定的 <code>routing key</code> 和 <code>routing pattern</code>，<code>routing key</code> 应该是由 <code>.</code> 符号分隔的0或多个词汇，并且还支持使用特殊通配符 <code>*</code> 配匹单个词汇，使用 <code>#</code> 可以匹配0或多个词汇。</p>
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Redis笔记
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<p>文档 <a href="http://redisdoc.com/">Redis 命令参考</a> 非常详细，学习的内容主要源自于文档。</p>
<h1 id="基础总结篇"><a href="#基础总结篇" class="headerlink" title="基础总结篇"></a>基础总结篇</h1><h2 id="数据结构的操作和特点"><a href="#数据结构的操作和特点" class="headerlink" title="数据结构的操作和特点"></a>数据结构的操作和特点</h2><h3 id="Key"><a href="#Key" class="headerlink" title="Key"></a>Key</h3><p>Redis 里所有单个命令都属于原子操作。</p>
<ul>
<li>查询:<ul>
<li><code>KEYS partten</code>, 可使用通配符<code>?, *, []</code>，时间复杂度 O(n)。 在 key 很多的情况下，每次查询都会很慢，踩过这个坑，慎用。 </li>
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</li>
<li>序列化和反序列化<ul>
<li><code>DUMP key</code>，得到序列化的值，和RDB格式一致</li>
<li><code>RESTORE key ttl dumped-value [replace]</code>，反序列化。<code>dumped-value</code> 是序列化的值，<code>ttl</code> 设置成 0 表示不超时，<code>replace</code> 在 3.0 之后的版本出现，表示替换已存在的 key</li>
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<li>迁移<ul>
<li><code>MIGRATE host port key destination-db timeout [COPY] [REPLACE]</code>，跨实例的迁移数据，主要用于主从备份</li>
<li><code>MOVE key db</code>，在当前实例迁移数据
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《Python源码剖析》读书笔记-基础类型
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<h2 id="Int"><a href="#Int" class="headerlink" title="Int"></a>Int</h2><h3 id="小整数池"><a href="#小整数池" class="headerlink" title="小整数池"></a>小整数池</h3><figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="preprocessor">#<span class="keyword">ifndef</span> NSMALLPOSINTS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="preprocessor">#<span class="keyword">define</span> NSMALLPOSINTS <span class="number">257</span> </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="preprocessor">#<span class="keyword">endif</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="preprocessor">#<span class="keyword">ifndef</span> NSMALLNEGINTS</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="preprocessor">#<span class="keyword">define</span> NSMALLNEGINTS <span class="number">5</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 小整数池 [-5, 257) </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="preprocessor">#<span class="keyword">endif</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="preprocessor">#<span class="keyword">if</span> NSMALLNEGINTS + NSMALLPOSINTS > <span class="number">0</span></span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">static</span> PyIntObject *small_ints[NSMALLNEGINTS + NSMALLPOSINTS];</span><br><span class="line"><span class="preprocessor">#<span class="keyword">endif</span></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在 Python解释器运行之初就创建了小整数池，范围在[-5, 257)。<br>
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Python的一些个人总结
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<p>无规律的个人总结，想到什么就写什么。官方FAQ: <a href="https://docs.python.org/2/faq/programming.html">Python Programming FAQ</a></p>
<h2 id="基础类型"><a href="#基础类型" class="headerlink" title="基础类型"></a>基础类型</h2><h3 id="int"><a href="#int" class="headerlink" title="int"></a>int</h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">In [<span class="number">1</span>]: a = <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line">In [<span class="number">2</span>]: a.</span><br><span class="line">int.bit_length int.denominator int.imag int.real</span><br><span class="line">int.conjugate int.from_bytes int.numerator int.to_bytes</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>部分方法属性：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left">属性</th>
<th>值</th>
<th>解释</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">bit_length</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>二进制位长</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">denominator</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>分母</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">imag</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>虚数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">real</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>实数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">conjugate</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>共轭复数</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">numerator</td>
<td>10</td>
<td>分子</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>整数池缓存：[-5, 256]对应的整数对象被缓存在一个对象中，避免频繁申请创建对象带来的开销。</p>
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<h3 id="对象模型概述"><a href="#对象模型概述" class="headerlink" title="对象模型概述"></a>对象模型概述</h3><p>Python 中的对象(new class 诞生以后):</p>
<ul>
<li><code>class</code>对象: Python 中自定义类型</li>
<li><code>instance</code>对象: 由<code>class</code>对象创建的实例</li>
</ul>
<p>Python 中内置类型对象<code>int</code>, <code>str</code>本质都是<code>class</code>，在 Python2.2 之前它们是单独一套<code>type</code>类型，2.2之后类型机制重构后全部变成了<code>class</code>对象。</p>
<p>对象之间对应着两种关系:</p>
<ul>
<li>is-kind-of 关系：基类与子类的关系，子类<code>is kind of</code>基类</li>
<li>is-instance-of 关系：类与实例的关系，实例<code>is instance of</code>类</li>
</ul>
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<h2 id="编译期"><a href="#编译期" class="headerlink" title="编译期"></a>编译期</h2><p>Python 解释器在工作时，首先会将代码编译成字节码、字符串和常量组成的静态信息，静态信息在运行时被存储在 PyCodeObject 对象中，运行结束后会将这个对象写入到 pyc 文件中。模块被 import 说明模块需要被复用，这是触发 pyc 文件生成的条件。</p>
<h3 id="PyCodeObject"><a href="#PyCodeObject" class="headerlink" title="PyCodeObject"></a>PyCodeObject</h3><p>一个 Code Block 对应一个 PyCodeObject 对象，模块、类和函数都能产生 Code Block。</p>
<figure class="highlight c"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[code.h]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">typedef</span> <span class="keyword">struct</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> PyObject_HEAD</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> co_argcount; <span class="comment">/* #参数个数，除了 *arg 和 **kwarg */</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> co_kwonlyargcount; <span class="comment">/* keyword only arguments */</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> co_nlocals; <span class="comment">/* 局部变量 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> co_stacksize; <span class="comment">/* 用来计算栈空间的*/</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> co_flags; <span class="comment">/* CO_...开头的常量flag */</span></span><br><span class="line"> PyObject *co_code; <span class="comment">/* 指令码 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> PyObject *co_consts; <span class="comment">/* 用于存储常量 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> PyObject *co_names; <span class="comment">/* 使用了的变量名列表，赋值(变量绑定)不算使用 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> PyObject *co_varnames; <span class="comment">/* 存放 局部变量符号的 tuple */</span></span><br><span class="line"> PyObject *co_freevars; <span class="comment">/* 存放自由变量名的tuple */</span></span><br><span class="line"> PyObject *co_cellvars; <span class="comment">/* 存放cell变量名的tuple */</span></span><br><span class="line"> PyObject *co_filename; <span class="comment">/* 文件地址 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> PyObject *co_name; <span class="comment">/* Code Block name, 函数就是函数名，模块就是模块名*/</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">int</span> co_firstlineno; <span class="comment">/* 代码初始行 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> PyObject *co_lnotab; <span class="comment">/* 指令对应的行号，存储的是与上一行的增量 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">void</span> *co_zombieframe; <span class="comment">/* 帧 */</span></span><br><span class="line"> PyObject *co_weakreflist; <span class="comment">/* 引用计数列表 */</span> </span><br><span class="line">} PyCodeObject;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><code>PyMarshal_WriteObjectToFile</code>完成写入 PyCodeObject 到 pyc 文件的动作，函数内部实际调用<code>w_object</code>将 Python 代码中出现的对象和对应的<code>TYPE_*</code>标识一一存入对象，比如<code>int</code>对象对应标识<code>TYPE_INT</code>。</p>
<p>作用域及相关信息（free variables、cell variables）也是在编译时期就确定好了，并存于 PyCodeObject 当中。</p>
<p>PyCodeObject 实际上是对应了 Python 中的对象 <code><type 'code'></code></p>
<figure class="highlight stylus"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">In [<span class="number">1</span>]:def <span class="function"><span class="title">foo</span><span class="params">(x, y)</span></span>:</span><br><span class="line"> ...: print x, y</span><br><span class="line"> ...: def <span class="function"><span class="title">bar</span><span class="params">(i, j)</span></span>:</span><br><span class="line"> ...: x, y = <span class="number">1</span>, <span class="number">2</span></span><br><span class="line"> ...: return foo</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">In [<span class="number">2</span>]: foo<span class="class">.func_code</span>.</span><br><span class="line">foo<span class="class">.func_code</span><span class="class">.co_argcount</span> foo<span class="class">.func_code</span><span class="class">.co_firstlineno</span> foo<span class="class">.func_code</span><span class="class">.co_names</span></span><br><span class="line">foo<span class="class">.func_code</span><span class="class">.co_cellvars</span> foo<span class="class">.func_code</span><span class="class">.co_flags</span> foo<span class="class">.func_code</span><span class="class">.co_nlocals</span></span><br><span class="line">foo<span class="class">.func_code</span><span class="class">.co_code</span> foo<span class="class">.func_code</span><span class="class">.co_freevars</span> foo<span class="class">.func_code</span><span class="class">.co_stacksize</span></span><br><span class="line">foo<span class="class">.func_code</span><span class="class">.co_consts</span> foo<span class="class">.func_code</span><span class="class">.co_lnotab</span> foo<span class="class">.func_code</span><span class="class">.co_varnames</span></span><br><span class="line">foo<span class="class">.func_code</span><span class="class">.co_filename</span> foo<span class="class">.func_code</span><span class="class">.co_name</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">In [<span class="number">15</span>]: print <span class="function"><span class="title">type</span><span class="params">(foo.func_code)</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><type <span class="string">'code'</span>></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="运行期"><a href="#运行期" class="headerlink" title="运行期"></a>运行期</h2><h3 id="执行环境"><a href="#执行环境" class="headerlink" title="执行环境"></a>执行环境</h3><p>Python在运行时，它的虚拟机实际上面对的并不是一个PyCodeObject对象，而是与之对应的帧栈对象 PyFrameObject。</p>
<figure class="highlight gherkin"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[frameobject.h]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">typedef struct _frame {</span><br><span class="line"> PyObject_VAR_HEAD</span><br><span class="line"> struct _frame <span class="keyword">*</span>f_back; /<span class="keyword">*</span> previous frame, or NULL <span class="keyword">*</span>/</span><br><span class="line"> PyCodeObject <span class="keyword">*</span>f_code; /<span class="keyword">*</span> code segment <span class="keyword">*</span>/</span><br><span class="line"> PyObject <span class="keyword">*</span>f_builtins; /<span class="keyword">*</span> builtin symbol table (PyDictObject) <span class="keyword">*</span>/</span><br><span class="line"> PyObject <span class="keyword">*</span>f_globals; /<span class="keyword">*</span> global symbol table (PyDictObject) <span class="keyword">*</span>/</span><br><span class="line"> PyObject <span class="keyword">*</span>f_locals; /<span class="keyword">*</span> local symbol table (any mapping) <span class="keyword">*</span>/</span><br><span class="line"> PyObject <span class="keyword">*</span><span class="keyword">*</span>f_valuestack; /<span class="keyword">*</span> points after the last local <span class="keyword">*</span>/</span><br><span class="line"> PyObject <span class="keyword">*</span><span class="keyword">*</span>f_stacktop;</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line">} PyFrameObject;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="PyFrameObject"><a href="#PyFrameObject" class="headerlink" title="PyFrameObject"></a>PyFrameObject</h3><figure class="highlight gherkin"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[frameobject.h]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">typedef struct _frame {</span><br><span class="line"> PyObject_VAR_HEAD</span><br><span class="line"> struct _frame <span class="keyword">*</span>f_back; /<span class="keyword">*</span>执行环境链上的前一个frame, or NULL <span class="keyword">*</span>/</span><br><span class="line"> PyCodeObject <span class="keyword">*</span>f_code; /<span class="keyword">*</span> PyCodeObject对象 <span class="keyword">*</span>/</span><br><span class="line"> PyObject <span class="keyword">*</span>f_builtins; /<span class="keyword">*</span> 内置符号表（PyDictObject） <span class="keyword">*</span>/</span><br><span class="line"> PyObject <span class="keyword">*</span>f_globals; /<span class="keyword">*</span> 全局符号表(PyDictObject) <span class="keyword">*</span>/</span><br><span class="line"> PyObject <span class="keyword">*</span>f_locals; /<span class="keyword">*</span> 局部符号表 (any mapping) <span class="keyword">*</span>/</span><br><span class="line"> PyObject <span class="keyword">*</span><span class="keyword">*</span>f_valuestack; /<span class="keyword">*</span> 运行时栈的栈底位置 <span class="keyword">*</span>/</span><br><span class="line"> PyObject <span class="keyword">*</span><span class="keyword">*</span>f_stacktop; /<span class="keyword">*</span> 运行时栈的栈顶位置 <span class="keyword">*</span>/</span><br><span class="line"> ...</span><br><span class="line"> //动态内存，维护（局部变量+cell对象集合+free对象集合+运行时栈）所需要的空间</span><br><span class="line"> PyObject <span class="keyword">*</span>f_localsplus[1];</span><br><span class="line">} PyFrameObject;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>PyFrameObject 除了 PyCodeObject 信息外还包含执行环境信息。执行环境包含运行时栈(程序执行所需要的内存空间)，以及名字空间(builtints locals, globals (k, v)对应变量名和变量值的PyDictObject对象指针)。</p>
<p>Python 会根据调用对象不同，产生很多帧栈对象，这些帧栈联系在一起形成调用栈(与X86的运行时栈对应)。</p>
<p>创建 PyFrameObject 过程</p>
<figure class="highlight armasm"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">[py.c]</span><br><span class="line"><span class="label">PyFrameObject</span> *</span><br><span class="line"><span class="label">PyFrame_New</span>(PyThreadState *<span class="keyword">tstate, </span>PyCodeObject *<span class="preprocessor">code</span>, PyObject *globals,</span><br><span class="line"> PyObject *locals) </span><br><span class="line">{</span><br><span class="line"><span class="label">...</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="preprocessor">else</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> Py_ssize_t extras, ncells, nfrees<span class="comment">;</span></span><br><span class="line"> ncells = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(<span class="preprocessor">code</span>->co_cellvars)<span class="comment">;</span></span><br><span class="line"> nfrees = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(<span class="preprocessor">code</span>->co_freevars)<span class="comment">;</span></span><br><span class="line"> extras = <span class="preprocessor">code</span>->co_stacksize + <span class="preprocessor">code</span>->co_nlocals + ncells +</span><br><span class="line"> nfrees<span class="comment">; // 动态内存区由 co_stacksize, co_nlocals, ncells, nfrees 构成</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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Go语言学习笔记
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<h2 id="1-类型"><a href="#1-类型" class="headerlink" title="1.类型"></a>1.类型</h2><h3 id="值类型"><a href="#值类型" class="headerlink" title="值类型"></a>值类型</h3><ul>
<li>基本值类型</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>类型</th>
<th style="text-align:center">长度</th>
<th>默认值</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>bool</td>
<td style="text-align:center">1</td>
<td>false</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>byte</td>
<td style="text-align:center">1</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>rune</td>
<td style="text-align:center">4</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>int, uint</td>
<td style="text-align:center">4 or 8</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>int8, uint8</td>
<td style="text-align:center">1</td>
<td>0 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>int16,uint16</td>
<td style="text-align:center">2</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>int32,uint32</td>
<td style="text-align:center">4</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>int64,uint64</td>
<td style="text-align:center">8</td>
<td>0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>float32</td>
<td style="text-align:center">4</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>float64</td>
<td style="text-align:center">8</td>
<td>0.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>complex64</td>
<td style="text-align:center">8</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>complex128</td>
<td style="text-align:center">16</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>uintptr</td>
<td style="text-align:center">4 or 8</td>
<td>-</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string</td>
<td style="text-align:center">-</td>
<td>“”</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
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