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<p>The following table summarises the main vowel to character assigments, in both vowelled and unvowelled forms.</p>
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<p>This table summarises basic vowel to character assignments, in both vowelled and unvowelled forms.</p>
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<pclass="instructions"><strong>Each table cell shows word-initial, word-medial, and word-final forms from right to left. The glyphs shown are illustrative; alternative shapes may occur (see <aclass="secref">joining_forms</a>).</strong></p>
<p><spanclass="hx">0649</span> represents <spanclass="ipa">aː</span> at the end of many words when it is written with <spanclass="uname">YEH</span> instead of an <spanclass="uname">ALEF</span>. In this case, <spanclass="uname">YEH</span> has no dots below, and this code point produces the requisite shape. It is the only letter used for vowels alone.</p>
<p>It also produces <spanclass="ipa">aː</span> in informal speech for some words that end with nunation (though formally the ending is pronounced <spanclass="ipa">-an</span>).</p>
<p>In Arabic, the consonants listed just above may indicate the location of a long vowel, eg. <spanclass="eg" lang="ar" dir="rtl">قلوب</span><spanclass="eg" lang="ar" dir="rtl">تاريخ</span> They are always visible, whether or not the text shows vowel diacritics.</p>
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<p><spanclass="ch">ا</span> in word final position commonly either represents a short <spanclass="ipa">a</span>, eg.</p>
<p>In Arabic, the consonants listed just above may indicate the location of a long vowel, eg. <spanclass="eg" lang="ar" dir="rtl">قلوب</span><spanclass="eg" lang="ar" dir="rtl">تاريخ</span> They are always visible, whether or not the text shows vowel diacritics.</p>
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<p><spanclass="ch">ا</span> in word final position commonly either represents a short <spanclass="ipa">a</span>, eg.</p>
<p><spanclass="hx">0649</span> represents <spanclass="ipa">aː</span> at the end of many words when it is written with <spanclass="uname">YEH</span> instead of an <spanclass="uname">ALEF</span>. In this case, <spanclass="uname">YEH</span> has no dots below, and this code point produces the requisite shape. It is the only letter used for vowels alone.</p>
<p>It also produces <spanclass="ipa">aː</span> in informal speech for some words that end with nunation (though formally the ending is pronounced <spanclass="ipa">-an</span>).</p>
<p>Although the phonemic distinctions for Arabic involve only 3 vowel sounds, the phonetic realisation often varies with context. For example, <aclass="secref">vowel_mappings</a> includes <spanclass="ipa">e</span> and <spanclass="ipa">o</span> sounds, which can be found in a few foriegn loan words.</p>
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</section>
@@ -1495,20 +1506,23 @@ <h2>Consonants</h2>
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<h4>Consonant summary</h4>
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<p>The following table summarises the main consonant to character assigments.</p>
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<p>This table summarises basic consonant to character assignments.</p>
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<!--p class="instructions"><strong>The left column is lowercase, and the right uppercase.</strong></p-->
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<tableclass="soundSummary">
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<tr>
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<th>Stops</th>
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<td><figureclass="summaryBox auto noexpansion" data-cols="ipa,trans,transc">پ␣ب␣ت␣د␣ط␣ض␣ك␣ق␣ڧ␣ ␣ء␣آ␣أ␣إ␣ؤ␣ئ</figure></td>
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<throwspan="2">Stops</th>
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<td><figureclass="summaryBox auto noexpansion" data-cols="ipa,trans,transc">پ␣ب␣ت␣د␣ط␣ض␣ك␣ق␣ڧ</figure></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<td><figureclass="summaryBox auto noexpansion" data-cols="ipa,trans,transc">ء␣آ␣أ␣إ␣ؤ␣ئ</figure></td>
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</tr>
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<tr>
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<th>Affricates</th>
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<td><figureclass="summaryBox auto noexpansion" data-cols="ipa,trans,transc">چ␣ج</figure></td>
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<td><figureclass="summaryBox auto noexpansion" data-ipa="t͡ʃ,d͡ʒ" data-cols="trans,transc">چ␣ج</figure></td>
<p>The following consonant letters are those generally recognised as constituting the list representing what is called the 'alphabet' for the Standard Arabic language.</p>
<p>The recognised alphabet also includes <spanclass="hx">0627</span>, although that is generally used in the context of vowels (see <aclass="secref">alef</a>). <spanclass="hx">0648</span> and <spanclass="hx">064A</span> can also represent long vowel locations or combinations of consonant plus vowel (see <aclass="secref">matres</a>).</p>
<p>Formally speaking, <spanclass="hx">0627</span> has no sound of its own. It is really a vowel lengthener and carrier. Its main uses in arabic orthography are:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>
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<p>as a carrier letter for a word-initial vowel, eg.</p>
<p>as a lengthening sign for the a-vowel, eg. <spanclass="eg alt" lang="ar" dir="rtl">بارد</span></p>
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</li>
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<li>
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<p>as a carrier letter for the hamza (see <spanclass="hx">0623</span>, <spanclass="hx">0625</span>, <spanclass="hx">0622</span>, and <spanclass="hx">0671</span>).</p>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<p>That said, its presence usually indicates the location of a vowel.</p>
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<p>It also has one or two minor functions such as in conjunction with <spanclass="name">tawiin</span> (nunation) (see <spanclass="hx">064B</span>).</p>
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<p>Certain parts of the arabic verb end in a long u-vowel that is conventionally written with a following alef that has no effect on pronunciation, eg. <spanclass="charExample" translate="no"><spanclass="ex" dir="rtl" lang="ar">كتبوا</span><spanclass="trans">ktbwɑ</span><spanclass="ipa">kætæbuː</span></span>The <spanclass="name">alef</span> is omitted if a suffix is added, eg. <spanclass="charExample" translate="no"><spanclass="ex" lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتبوها</span><spanclass="trans">ktbwhɑ</span><spanclass="ipa">kætæbuː-haa</span></span></p>
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<p>Certain parts of the arabic verb end in a long u-vowel that is conventionally written with a following alef that has no effect on pronunciation, eg.</p>
<p>The following characters are not part of the standard Arabic language set but are occasionally used to represent foreign sounds.</p>
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<p>The following characters are not part of the standard Arabic language set but are occasionally used to represent foreign sounds. Two of these are letters borrowed from Persian/Urdu.</p>
<figureclass="characterBox auto invisible" data-cols="trans,transc">ْ</figure>
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<p>When text is vowelled, <spanclass="hx circle">0652</span> can be used over a consonant to indicate that it is not followed by a vowel sound. Like other vowel diacritics, this is typically not used in modern text, unless it is necessary to clarify pronunciation.</p>
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<p>When text is vowelled, <spanclass="hx circle">0652</span> can be used over a consonant to indicate that it is not followed by a vowel sound. Like other vowel diacritics, this is typically not used in modern text, unless it is necessary to clarify pronunciation, eg.</p>
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