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<pclass="addToVowels">Shan is tonal, but indication of <aclass="seclink" href="#tones">tones</a> in the orthography is very simple, unlike Thai. Explicit tone marks occur after each syllable, except when the first tone is applied.</p>
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<p>Shan has <aclass="seclink" href="#numbers">native digits</a>, but may also uses Myanmar or ASCII digits.</p>
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<sectionid="notable">
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<h3>Notable features</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>has an always visible vowel killer mark, but unlike Burmese, no virama or consonant stacks</li>
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<li>no independent vowels</li>
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<li>different symbols used for vowels in open and closed syllables</li>
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<li>tones are written using a combination of vowel and tone mark</li>
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<li>combining marks for medial consonants and breathy consonants</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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</section>
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@@ -915,13 +931,19 @@ <h4>Nasalisation</h4>
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<h3>Vowel summary table</h3>
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<pclass="instructions">Dashes are used to indicate whether the character represents a vowel sound in a closed or an open syllable.</p>
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<p>This table summarises basic vowel to character assignments.</p>
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<p>The following table summarises the main vowel to character assigments.</p>
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<pclass="instructions highlight">ⓘ represents the inherent vowel. Open syllable vowels appear on the left, and closed syllable vowels to the right.</p>
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<pclass="instructions highlight">ⓘ represents the inherent vowel. Dashes are used to indicate whether the character represents a vowel sound in a closed or an open syllable.</p>
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<tableclass="soundSummary">
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th> </th>
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<th>open syllables</th>
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<th>closed syllables</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<throwspan="4">Plain vowels</th>
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<td><figureclass="summaryBox auto noexpansion" data-ignore="-" data-cols="trans,transc" data-ipa="-iː,,-ɯː,,-uː">ီ␣␣ိုဝ်␣␣ူ</figure></td>
@@ -970,6 +992,7 @@ <h3>Vowel summary table</h3>
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<th>Standalone carrier</th>
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<tdcolspan="2"><figureclass="summaryBox auto noexpansion" data-cols="ipa,trans,transc">ဢ</figure></td>
<p><spanclass="ipa">a</span> following a consonant is not written, but is seen as an inherent part of the consonant letter, so <spanclass="ipa">ka</span> is written by simply using the consonant letter. The first 2 syllables of the following word are inherent vowels.</p>
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<p>The inherent vowel for Shan is pronounced <spanclass="ipa">a</span>, so <spanclass="ipa">ka</span> is written by simply using the consonant letter, eg.</p>
<p>The inherent vowel occurs in both open and closed syllables, and is always short. The second syllable of the following example is closed with the inherent vowel.</p>
<figureclass="characterBox auto invisible" data-cols="">်</figure>
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<p>Shan uses <spanclass="hx">103A</span> to kill the inherent vowel after a final consonant, eg. <spanclass="ch">ၵ်</span> explicitly represents just the sound <spanclass="ipa">k</span>. It is always visible, and it never causes stacking.</p>
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<p>Most closed syllables end with this character, eg.</p>
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<p><spanclass="eg" lang="shn">ႁိၼ်</span></p>
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<p>Codas written using combining marks don't have the <spanclass="name">asat</span>. And, unlike Burmese, there is no virama and no consonant stacks.</p>
<p>Four vowel signs are <em>spacing</em> marks, meaning that they consume horizontal space when added to a base consonant.</p>
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<p>All vowel signs are typed and stored <em>after</em> the base consonant, whether or not they precede it when displayed. The glyph rendering system takes care of the glyph positioning at display time. Some input systems may allow the user to type the pre-base vowel before the base consonant, but it is still stored after.</p>
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<p>An orthography that uses vowel signs is different from one that uses simple diacritics or letters for vowels, in that the vowel signs are generally attached to an <aclass="termref" href="../glossary/index.html#orthographicsyllable"><em>orthographic syllable</em></a>, rather than just applied to the letter of the immediately preceding consonant. This means that pre-base vowel signs and the left glyph of circumgraphs appear before a whole consonant cluster if it is rendered as a conjunct (see <aclass="secref">prebase</a>).</p>
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<pclass="info">All vowel signs are typed and stored <em>after</em> the base consonant, whether or not they precede it when displayed. The glyph rendering system takes care of the glyph positioning at display time. Some input systems may allow the user to type the pre-base vowel before the base consonant, but it is still stored after.</p>
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<p>The set of characters used to write plain vowels, diphthongs, and composite vowel signs is as follows:</p>
<p>This section lists vowel sounds represented by combinations of the above characters. There are no <aclass="termref" href="../glossary/index.html#circumgraph">circumgraphs</a> in the Shan orthography, but several composite vowel signs surround the base on more than one side.</p>
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<p>This section lists vowel sounds represented by combinations of the above characters. There are no <aclass="termref" href="../glossary/index.html#circumgraph">circumgraphs</a> in the Shan orthography, but several composite vowel signs surround the base on more than one side. For instance, the vowel <spanclass="ipa">ɤj</span> is written using 4 code points (shown between angle brackets) in the following example:</p>
<figureclass="characterBox auto small" data-cols="ipa,trans,transc">ေ␣ႄ</figure>
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<p>Two vowel signs appear before the base consonant letter or cluster, eg. <spanclass="eg" lang="shn">မေး</span></p>
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<p>These are combining marks that are always stored after the base consonant. The glyph rendering system places the glyph before the base consonant.</p>
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<p>A consonant cluster is treated as a unit when it comes to vowel signs, for example in the following word the pre-base vowel sign is displayed to the left of the <spanclass="ipa">kj</span> cluster, although it appears after the cluster in memory
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<spanclass="eg" lang="shn">ၵျေႃင်း</span>
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</p>
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<pclass="info">This is a combining marks that is always stored <em>after</em> the base consonant or conjunct, ie. the code points follow the order in which the items are pronounced. The rendering process places the glyph before the base consonant without changing the order of the code points. The following shows the sequence of code points that make up the word just above.</p>
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<tableclass="sequenceTable">
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<trdata-notes="m,eː,tone-55"
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data-type="ipa,ipa,ipa"
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data-prefix=",,"><td>မ␣ေ␣း</td></tr>
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</table>
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<p>A consonant cluster is treated as a unit when it comes to vowel signs, for example in the following word the pre-base vowel sign is displayed to the left of the <spanclass="ipa">kj</span> cluster, although it appears after the cluster in memory.</p>
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<p><spanclass="eg" lang="shn">ၵျေႃင်း</span></p>
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<tableclass="sequenceTable breakdown">
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<trdata-notes="k,j,ɔː,ŋ,tone-55"
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data-type="ipa,ipa,ipa,ipa,ipa,"
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data-prefix=",,,,,,,"><td>ၵ␣ျ␣ေႃ␣င်း</td></tr>
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</table>
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<pclass="info">Some input methods may allow the user to type this vowel before the consonant, whereas others will expect it to be typed after, per the stored order.</p>
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</section>
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</section>
@@ -1368,7 +1428,7 @@ <h3>Standalone vowels</h3>
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<spanclass="eg" lang="shn">ဢူၺ်းၵေႃႉ</span>
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<spanclass="eg" lang="shn">သူင်ႇဢွၵ်ႇ</span>
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</p>
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<p>On it's own, that character represents the standalone version of the inherent vowel, <spanclass="ipa">?a</span>.</p>
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<p>On it's own, <spanclass="uname">SHAN A</span> represents the standalone version of the inherent vowel, <spanclass="ipa">?a</span>.</p>
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<p><spanclass="eg" lang="shn">ဢပုမ်ႇ</span>
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</p>
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<sectionid="consonantSummary">
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<h3>Consonant summary table</h3>
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<p>The following table summarises the main consonant to character assigments.</p>
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<p>This table summarises basic consonant to character assignments.</p>
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<!--p class="instructions highlight">Diacritics are added to the vowels to indicate nasalisation, which is not shown here.</p-->
<pclass="info">Unicode has the following, dedicated combining characters for the second letter in a syllable-onset cluster. The virama should not be used with ordinary letters to produce these. Both of the first two letters appear to be used mostly for loan words.</p>
<pclass="info">Unicode has 3 dedicated combining characters for medial consonants in a syllable-onset cluster. The virama should not be used with ordinary letters to produce these. Both of the first two characters appear to be used mostly for loan words.</p>
<p>Note that <spanclass="ch">ြ</span> is pronounced <spanclass="ipa">r</span>, unlike Burmese, which pronounces it <spanclass="ipa">j</span>. Note also how the width of the glyph for this character is adjusted to fit the surrounding context.</p>
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</section>
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<sectionid="clusters">
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<h3>Consonant clusters</h3>
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<p>Consonant clusters in modern Shan are not stacked, as they would be in Burmese. Closed syllables in a multi-syllable word are typically followed by the asat and (apart from the first tone) a tone mark, eg.
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<spanclass="eg" lang="shn">ၽၵ်းၵၢတ်ႇမွၵ်ႇ</span>
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</p>
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<p>Consonant clusters in modern Shan are not stacked, as they would be in Burmese. Closed syllables in a multi-syllable word are typically followed by the asat and (apart from the first tone) a tone mark, eg.</p>
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