From c4b0a9f4a6692d879da00bb7e080c340fa1d67bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: ratnania <ratnaniahmed@gmail.com>
Date: Sun, 3 Mar 2024 13:37:30 +0100
Subject: [PATCH] start geometry

---
 _toc.yml                             |   4 ++
 chapter1/analytical-mapping.md       |  75 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 chapter1/discrete-mapping.md         |   4 ++
 chapter1/geometry.md                 |  18 +++++++
 chapter1/images/geometry/element.png | Bin 0 -> 19298 bytes
 references.bib                       |   4 --
 6 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 chapter1/analytical-mapping.md
 create mode 100644 chapter1/discrete-mapping.md
 create mode 100644 chapter1/geometry.md
 create mode 100644 chapter1/images/geometry/element.png

diff --git a/_toc.yml b/_toc.yml
index d916c80..8159f13 100644
--- a/_toc.yml
+++ b/_toc.yml
@@ -34,6 +34,10 @@ parts:
           - file: chapter1/rules
       - file: chapter1/poisson 
       - file: chapter1/boundary-conditions
+      - file: chapter1/geometry
+        sections:
+          - file: chapter1/analytical-mapping
+          - file: chapter1/discrete-mapping
   - caption: Linear Problems 
     chapters:
       - file: chapter2/poisson
diff --git a/chapter1/analytical-mapping.md b/chapter1/analytical-mapping.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8edc9ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/chapter1/analytical-mapping.md
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# Analytical Mapping 
+*Author: Ahmed Ratnani*
+
+Analytical Mappings are provided as symbolic expressions, which allow us to compute automatically their jacobian matrices and all related geometrical information.
+
+## Available mappings
+
+| SymPDE objects | Physical Dimension | Logical Dimension | Description |
+| -------------- | -----------------  | ----------------  | ----------- |
+| `IdentityMapping` | 1D, 2D, 3D | 1D, 2D, 3D | Identity Mapping object <br> $\begin{cases} x&=x_1, \\ y&=x_2, \\ z &= x_3 \end{cases} $ |
+| `AffineMapping`   | 1D, 2D, 3D | 1D, 2D, 3D | Affine Mapping object <br>  $\begin{cases} x &= c_1 + a_{11} x_1 + a_{12} x_2 + a_{13} x_3, \\ y &= c_2 + a_{21} x_1 + a_{22} x_2 + a_{23} x_3, \\ z &= c_3 + a_{31} x_1 + a_{32} x_2 + a_{33} x_3 \end{cases}$|
+| `PolarMapping` | 2D | 2D | Polar Mapping object (Annulus) <br> $ \begin{cases} x &= c_1 + (r_{min} (1-x_1)+r_{max} x_1) \cos(x_2), \\ y &= c_2 + (r_{min} (1-x_1)+r_{max} x_1) \sin(x_2) \end{cases} $ |
+| `TargetMapping` | 2D | 2D | Target Mapping object <br>  $\begin{cases} x &= c_1 + (1-k) x_1 \cos(x_2) - D x_1^2, \\ y &= c_2 + (1+k) x_1 \sin(x_2) \end{cases}$|
+| `CzarnyMapping` | 2D | 2D | Czarny Mapping object <br>  $\begin{cases} x &= \frac{1}{\epsilon}(1 - \sqrt{ 1 + \epsilon (\epsilon + 2 x_1 \cos(x_2)) }),  \\  y &= c_2 + \frac{b}{\sqrt{1-\epsilon^2/4}} \frac{ x_1  \sin(x_2)}{2 - \sqrt{ 1 + \epsilon (\epsilon + 2 x_1 \cos(x_2)) }} \end{cases}$|
+| `CollelaMapping2D` | 2D | 2D | Collela Mapping object <br>  $\begin{cases} x &= 2 (x_1 + \epsilon \sin(2 \pi k_1 x_1) \sin(2 \pi k_2 x_2)) - 1,  \\  y &= 2 (x_2 + \epsilon \sin(2 \pi k_1 x_1) \sin(2 \pi k_2 x_2)) - 1 \end{cases}$|
+| `TorusMapping` | 3D | 3D | Parametrization of a torus (or a portion of it) <br>  $\begin{cases} x &= (R_0 + x_1 \cos(x_2)) \cos(x_3),  \\  y &= (R_0 + x_1 \cos(x_2)) \sin(x_3),  \\  z &= x_1   \sin(x_2) \end{cases}$|
+| `TorusSurfaceMapping` | 3D | 2D  | surface obtained by "slicing" the torus above at r = a <br>  $\begin{cases} x &= (R_0 + a \cos(x_1)) \cos(x_2),   \\  y &= (R_0 + a \cos(x_1)) \sin(x_2),   \\  z &=       a \sin(x_1) \end{cases}$|
+| `TwistedTargetSurfaceMapping` | 3D | 2D  | surface obtained by "twisting" the `TargetMapping` out of the (x, y) plane <br>  $\begin{cases} x &= c_1 + (1-k)  x_1  \cos(x_2) - D  x_1^2   \\  y &= c_2 + (1+k)  x_1  \sin(x_2)   \\  z &= c_3 + x_1^2 \sin(2 x_2) \end{cases}$|
+| `TwistedTargetMapping` | 3D | 3D | volume obtained by "extruding" the `TwistedTargetSurfaceMapping` along z <br>  $\begin{cases} x &= c_1 + (1-k) x_1 \cos(x_2) - D x_1^2,   \\  y &= c_2 + (1+k) x_1 \sin(x_2),   \\  z &= c_3 + x_3  x_1^2 \sin(2 x_2) \end{cases}$|
+| `SphericalMapping` | 3D | 3D | Parametrization of a sphere (or a portion of it) <br>  $\begin{cases} x &= x_1  \sin(x_2) \cos(x_3),   \\  y &= x_1  \sin(x_2) \sin(x_3),   \\  z &= x_1  \cos(x_2) \end{cases}$|
+
+## Examples
+
+
+```python
+from sympde.topology      import Square
+from sympde.topology      import PolarMapping
+
+ldomain = Square('A',bounds1=(0., 1.), bounds2=(0, np.pi))
+mapping = PolarMapping('M1',2, c1= 0., c2= 0., rmin = 0., rmax=1.)
+
+domain = mapping(ldomain)
+
+x,y = domain.coordinates
+```
+
+
+```python
+mapping_1 = IdentityMapping('M1', 2)
+mapping_2 = PolarMapping   ('M2', 2, c1 = 0., c2 = 0.5, rmin = 0., rmax=1.)
+mapping_3 = AffineMapping  ('M3', 2, c1 = 0., c2 = np.pi, a11 = -1, a22 = -1, a21 = 0, a12 = 0)
+
+A = Square('A',bounds1=(0.5, 1.), bounds2=(-1., 0.5))
+B = Square('B',bounds1=(0.5, 1.), bounds2=(0, np.pi))
+C = Square('C',bounds1=(0.5, 1.), bounds2=(np.pi-0.5, np.pi + 1))
+
+D1     = mapping_1(A)
+D2     = mapping_2(B)
+D3     = mapping_3(C)
+
+connectivity = [((0,1,1),(1,1,-1)), ((1,1,1),(2,1,-1))]
+patches = [D1, D2, D3]
+domain = Domain.join(patches, connectivity, 'domain')
+```
+
+```python
+A = Square('A',bounds1=(0.2, 0.6), bounds2=(0, np.pi))
+B = Square('B',bounds1=(0.2, 0.6), bounds2=(np.pi, 2*np.pi))
+C = Square('C',bounds1=(0.6, 1.), bounds2=(0, np.pi))
+D = Square('D',bounds1=(0.6, 1.), bounds2=(np.pi, 2*np.pi))
+
+mapping_1 = PolarMapping('M1',2, c1= 0., c2= 0., rmin = 0., rmax=1.)
+mapping_2 = PolarMapping('M2',2, c1= 0., c2= 0., rmin = 0., rmax=1.)
+mapping_3 = PolarMapping('M3',2, c1= 0., c2= 0., rmin = 0., rmax=1.)
+mapping_4 = PolarMapping('M4',2, c1= 0., c2= 0., rmin = 0., rmax=1.)
+
+D1     = mapping_1(A)
+D2     = mapping_2(B)
+D3     = mapping_3(C)
+D4     = mapping_4(D)
+
+connectivity = [((0,1,1),(1,1,-1)), ((2,1,1),(3,1,-1)), ((0,0,1),(2,0,-1)),((1,0,1),(3,0,-1))]
+patches = [D1, D2, D3, D4]
+domain = Domain.join(patches, connectivity, 'domain')
+```
diff --git a/chapter1/discrete-mapping.md b/chapter1/discrete-mapping.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..824fb1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/chapter1/discrete-mapping.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Discrete Mapping 
+*Author: Ahmed Ratnani*
+
+
diff --git a/chapter1/geometry.md b/chapter1/geometry.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0dc6e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/chapter1/geometry.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Geometry
+*Author: Ahmed Ratnani*
+
+The IGA concept relies on the fact that the geometry (domain) is divided into subdomains, and each of these subdomains is the image of a **Line**, **Square** or a **Cube** by a geometric transformation (also called a **mapping**), that we shall call a **patch** or **logical domain**.
+
+The following example shows a domain (half of annulus) that is the image of a logical domain using the mapping **F**. Each element (or cell) $Q$ of the logical domain is then mapped into an element $K$ of our domain, *i.e.* $K = \mathbf{F}(Q)$.
+
+![png](images/geometry/element.png)
+
+Coordinates in the logical domain are defined by the variables $\left( x_1, x_2, x_3 \right)$ while the physical coordinates are denoted by $\left( x,y,z \right)$.
+
+## How to define a geometry?
+
+Depending on your problem, you can be in one of the following situations;
+- your geometry is trivial, *i.e.* it is a **Line**, **Square** or a **Cube**. In this case, just use the **SymPDE** adhoc constructors, for which you'll define the bounds.
+- your geometry can be defined using an **Analytical Mapping**. See the next section.
+- your geometry can be defined using a **Discrete Mapping**. See the next sections.
+
diff --git a/chapter1/images/geometry/element.png b/chapter1/images/geometry/element.png
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HcmV?d00001

diff --git a/references.bib b/references.bib
index 5c94278..e383e38 100644
--- a/references.bib
+++ b/references.bib
@@ -272,10 +272,6 @@ @article{simeon_2011
 doi = "10.1016/j.cma.2011.09.004",
 url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045782511002933",
 author = "A.-V. Vuong and C. Giannelli and B. Juttler and B. Simeon",
-keywords = "Adaptivity",
-keywords = "Isogeometric analysis",
-keywords = "Hierarchical B-splines",
-keywords = "Local refinement"
 }
 
 @article{Costantini_Manni_Pelosi_Sampoli_2010,