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<i>Open</i><b>BSD</b></a>
4.9
</h2>

<table>
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<a href="images/Hitchhiker.jpg">
<img width="227" height="343" src="images/Hitchhiker.jpg" alt="Hitchhiker"></a>
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Released May 1, 2011<br>
Copyright 1997-2011, Theo de Raadt.<br>
<cite class=isbn>ISBN 978-0-9784475-7-1</cite>
<br>
4.9 Song: <a href="lyrics.html#49">"The Answer"</a>
<br>
<br>
<ul>
<li>See the information on <a href="ftp.html">the FTP page</a> for
    a list of mirror machines.
<li>Go to the <code class=reldir>pub/OpenBSD/4.9/</code> directory on
    one of the mirror sites.
<li>Have a look at <a href="errata49.html">The 4.9 Errata page</a> for a list
    of bugs and workarounds.
<li>See a <a href="plus49.html">detailed log of changes</a> between the
    4.8 and 4.9 releases.
</ul>
<p>
All applicable copyrights and credits are in the src.tar.gz,
sys.tar.gz, xenocara.tar.gz, ports.tar.gz files, or in the
files fetched via <code>ports.tar.gz</code>.
</table>

<hr>

<section id=new>
<h3>What's New</h3>
<p>
This is a partial list of new features and systems included in OpenBSD 4.9.
For a comprehensive list, see the <a href="plus49.html">changelog</a> leading
to 4.9.
<p>

<ul>

<li>New/extended platforms:
    <ul>
    <li><a href="amd64.html">OpenBSD/amd64</a>
        and <a href="i386.html">OpenBSD/i386</a>:
        <ul>
        <li>Enabled <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mount_ntfs.8">NTFS</a> by default (read-only) on GENERIC kernels.
	<li>Enabled the <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vmt.4">vmt(4)</a> driver by default for VMWare tools support as a guest.
	<li>SMP kernels can now boot on machines with up to 64 cores.
	<li>Maximum allocation size for i386 bumped to 2G.
	<li>Handle &gt;16 disks when searching for kernel boot device.
	<li>Added support for AES-NI instructions found in recent Intel
            processors.
	<li>Further improvements in suspend and resume.
	<li>Processes are now switched to TSS per cpu on the
	    <a href="amd64.html">amd64</a> platform,
	    resulting in removal of the old limit of ~4000 processes.
        </ul>
    <li><a href="hppa.html">OpenBSD/hppa</a>:
        <ul>
        <li>Multiprocessor support.
        </ul>
    <li><a href="loongson.html">OpenBSD/loongson</a>
        and <a href="sgi.html">OpenBSD/sgi</a>:
        <ul>
        <li>All MIPS64 based platforms now use MI softfloat code, which
            implements all MIPS IV specified floating point operations.
        </ul>
    <li><a href="sparc64.html">OpenBSD/sparc64</a>:
        <ul>
        <li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sparc64/vdsp.4">vdsp(4)</a> driver now supports the vDisk 1.1
            protocol, allowing Solaris to run on top of an OpenBSD
            control domain.
        </ul>
    </ul>
<p>

<li>Improved hardware support, including:
    <ul>
    <li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vte.4">vte(4)</a>
    driver for RDC R6040 10/100 Ethernet devices.
    <li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rdcphy.4">rdcphy(4)</a>
    driver for RDC Semiconductor R6040 10/100 Ethernet PHY.
    <li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rsu.4">rsu(4)</a>
    driver for Realtek RTL8188SU/RTL8191SU/RTL8192SU USB IEEE 802.11b/g/n wireless devices.
    <li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/urtwn.4">urtwn(4)</a>
    driver for Realtek RTL8188CU/RTL8192CU USB IEEE 802.11b/g/n wireless devices.
    <li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/utwitch.4">utwitch(4)</a>
    driver for YUREX USB twitch/jiggle of knee sensor.
    <li>Support for AR9271, AR9280+AR7010 and AR9287+AR7010 USB IEEE 802.11a/g/n wireless
        adapters has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/athn.4">athn(4)</a>.
    <li>Support for 82583V
        has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/em.4">em(4)</a>.
    <li>Support for Yukon 88E8059
        has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/msk.4">msk(4)</a>.
    <li>Support for SiS191
        has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/se.4">se(4)</a>.
    <li>Support for SAS2004
        has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mpii.4">mpii(4)</a>.
    <li>Support for NVIDIA MCP89 SATA
        has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pciide.4">pciide(4)</a>.
    <li>Support for Mobility Radeon HD 4200
        has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/radeondrm.4">radeondrm(4)</a>.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pms.4">pms(4)</a> support has been significantly reworked and expanded.
    <li>MCLGETI support has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/xl.4">xl(4)</a>.
    <li>Support for low latency interrupt modulation has been added to
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ix.4">ix(4)</a>.
    <li>Port multiplier support has been added to
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ahci.4">ahci(4)</a> and
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sili.4">sili(4)</a>.
    <li>Support for Sun XVR-300 graphics has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sparc64/radeonfb.4">radeonfb(4)</a>.
    <li>Added workaround for BCM5906 A0/1/2 controller silicon bug in
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bge.4">bge(4)</a>.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ugen.4">ugen(4)</a>
    can now be attached along with other drivers to multifunction devices.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/umodem.4">umodem(4)</a>
    now supports more devices.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/umsm.4">umsm(4)</a>
    now supports more mobile broadband devices.
    <li>Support for more image processing controls was added to
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/uvideo.4">uvideo(4)</a>.
    </ul>
<p>

<li>Generic network stack improvements:
    <ul>
    <li>Reworking of the MCLGETI livelock algorithm to improve
    forwarding and host performance under high network load.
    <li>Added support for socket splicing; sockets can be temporarily connected so that the kernel moves data without userland intervention.  This will be used by <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/relayd.8">relayd(8)</a> in the next release.
    <li>Added AES-GCM support for IPsec.
    <li>Added automatic send and receive buffer scaling for TCP.
    <li>Added wpakey option to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ifconfig.8">ifconfig(8)</a> replacing wpa-psk(8).
    <li>TCP acknowledgments are no longer delayed on the loopback interface.
    <li>Network livelock counters are now exported via <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sysctl.3">sysctl(3)</a>.
    <li>A radix tree sorting bug was fixed, which results in significant
    improvements to IPsec performance under certain conditions.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tcpdump.8">tcpdump(8)</a> now decodes Multicast DNS (mDNS) traffic.
    <li>Wake on Lan support has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/arp.8">arp(8)</a>.
    <li>Enabled MPLS and <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mpe.4">mpe(4)</a> by default on GENERIC kernels.
    <li>Added a mpls option to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ifconfig.8">ifconfig(8)</a> to enable MPLS on a per interface basis replacing the global sysctl knob.
    </ul>
<p>

<li>OpenBGPD, OpenOSPFD and other routing daemon improvements:
    <ul>
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bgpd.8">bgpd(8)</a> handles various message encoding errors more gracefully now.
    <li>Notification messages are now logged in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bgpd.8">bgpd(8)</a>.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ospfd.8">ospfd(8)</a> will now correctly redistribute overlapping routes.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ospfctl.8">ospfctl(8)</a> now prints the LSDB checksum in the show summary output for quick verification that two LSDBs are in sync.
    <li>Fixed <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ldpd.8">ldpd(8)</a>'s message parser to work on all architectures and more LDP messages are now implemented.
    <li>Various improvements in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ospf6d.8">ospf6d(8)</a>.
    </ul>
<p>
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pf.4">pf(4)</a> improvements:
    <ul>
    <li>The logging subsystem has been largely rewritten, now logging the
        translated addresses again instead of the original ones.
    <li>match log rules cause a log on the fly, showing the packet exactly
        as <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pf.4">pf(4)</a> sees it at the moment of evaluating that rule. A packet can also
	be logged more than once now.
    <li>match log(matches) rules allow the further rule matching to be traced.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pflog.4">pflog(4)</a>
    now includes the original addresses and ports for packets that have been
    rewritten. This is also displayed by
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tcpdump.8">tcpdump(8)</a>.
    </ul>
<p>

<li>IPsec stack audit was performed, resulting in:
    <ul>
    <li>Several potential security problems have been identified and fixed.
    <li>ARC4 based PRNG code was audited and revamped.
    <li>New explicit_bzero kernel function was introduced to prevent a compiler
    from optimizing
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/bzero.3">bzero</a>
    calls away.
    </ul>
<p>

<li>SCSI improvements:
    <ul>
    <li>Improved safety when detaching SCSI devices by waiting for
        the completion of pending commands.
    <li>Improved hotplug support on <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mpi.4">mpi(4)</a> and
        <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mpii.4">mpii(4)</a>.
    <li>Continued iopoolification of SCSI drivers, notably on
        <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/umass.4">umass(4)</a> which improves the
        reliability and performance of multi-LUN devices.
    <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vscsi.4">vscsi(4)</a>, a driver for
        userland handling of SCSI device commands.
    <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/iscsid.8">iscsid(8)</a>, an iSCSI initiator.
    <li>Forcibly restrict devices incapable of tagged I/O to executing one command at a time.
    <li>Discover and honour read-only status of <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sd.4">sd(4)</a> devices.
    <li>Improve <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/st.4">st(4)</a> handling of I/O residual information.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sd.4">sd(4)</a> devices that can only execute one command at a time (e.g. USB) will now be allowed to spin up if necessary.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/cd.4">cd(4)</a> will now attach CDROM devices identified as non-removable.
    </ul>
<p>

<li>Assorted improvements:
    <ul>
    <li>Enabled wide character support in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ncurses.3">ncurses(3)</a>.
    <li>Added <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/nsd.8">nsd(8)</a>, an authoritative name server implementation.
    <li>Disklabel UID support improved and added to more utilities.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rarpd.8">rarpd(8)</a> now accepts a list of interfaces to listen on.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dhclient.8">dhclient(8)</a> now accepts 'egress' as an interface name, meaning whichever interface is marked as being in the 'egress' group.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dhcpd.8">dhcpd(8)</a> no longer listens on interfaces without a broadcast address (e.g. <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pflog.4">pflog(4)</a>).
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/who.1">who(1)</a> now displays as much of the hostname as fits on the line.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tcpdump.8">tcpdump(8)</a> now correctly handles 'net' primitives when processing <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pflog.4">pflog(4)</a> traffic.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/fdisk.8">fdisk(8)</a> now respects failure to read the MBR.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/fdisk.8">fdisk(8)</a> will no longer infinitely loop when encountering an improperly constructed EBR.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel.8">disklabel(8)</a> no longer reuses information from a failed partition addition on the next addition of the same partition.
    <li>Many unused and obsolete <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/disktab.5">disktab(5)</a> entries removed.
    <li>Enabled X11 autoconfiguration on <a href="sparc.html">sparc</a> and <a href="sparc64.html">sparc64</a>.
    <li>Implement attribute syntax from RFC4517 and support bsdauth in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ldapd.8">ldapd(8)</a>.
    <li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/video.1">video(1)</a> utility which can record or display images from <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/video.4">video(4)</a>.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/httpd.8">httpd(8)</a> mod_headers now handles apache2 style RequestHeader directives.
    <li>UNIX-domain datagram socket support has been added to <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/nc.1">nc(1)</a> (-uU option).
    <li>Added support for terabyte units in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/disklabel.8">disklabel(8)</a>.
    <li><a href="loongson.html">loongson</a> and
    <a href="sgi.html">sgi</a> platforms have been
    switched over to gcc4.
    <li><code>ddb cpu</code> support was added to the
    <a href="sgi.html">sgi</a> platform.
    <li>Fast path TLB miss handling was added to the
    <a href="landisk.html">landisk</a> platform,
    resulting in a 44-50% gain in performance.
    <li>PCIe extended configuration space can now be viewed using
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pcidump.8">pcidump(8)</a> (-xxx option).
    <li>The number of spurious IPIs has been decreased on the
    <a href="amd64.html">amd64</a> platform,
    resulting in improved performance.
    <li>Numerous improvements and bug fixes to
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tmux.1">tmux(1)</a>.
    <li>Considerable robustness and interoperability improvements in the IKEv2
    daemon
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/iked.8">iked(8)</a>.
    <li>Skipjack and libdes were retired from the system.
    CAST-128 implementation was also removed from libc.
    <li>Removed some races in the USB subsystem, substantially increasing
    reliability.
    <li>Added a few more
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/compat_linux.8">compat_linux(8)</a>
    system calls to make it possible for newer versions of applications,
    such as Skype, to execute.
    <li>OpenBSD-specific package documentation is now centralised in
    /usr/local/share/doc/pkg-readmes.
    </ul>
<p>

<li>Install/Upgrade process changes:
    <ul>
    <li>Fixed the hppa CD installation process.
    <li>Added some more free firmwares to the CD media that could fit them.
    <li>Make the macppc upgrade script update the boot blocks (oddly, this
        had been broken a very long time and no one noticed).
    <li>Teach the install script about the configuration of 802.11 interfaces.
        Visible networks can be listed, and even configured for WPA.
    <li>The install script now passes collected entropy better to the
        system which is booted next.
    <li>Upgrade now defaults to checking only the root filesystem.
    <li>Upgrade no longer checks filesystems with a fs_passno of 0.
    <li>Upgrade now asks if it should proceed even if one or more filesystem mounts fail.
    <li>Installer now configures <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ntpd.8">ntpd(8)</a> to use all provided time source IPs.
    </ul>
<p>

<li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rc.d.8">rc.d(8)</a>
    for starting, stopping and reconfiguring package daemons:
    <ul>
    <li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rc.subr.8">rc.subr(8)</a>
        framework allows for easy creation of rc scripts.
        This framework is still evolving.
    <li>Only a handful of packages have migrated for now.
    <li>rc.local can still be used instead of or in addition to
        <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/rc.d.8">rc.d(8)</a>.
    </ul>
<p>

<li>OpenSSH 5.8:
    <ul>
    <li>New features:
        <ul>
        <li>Implement Elliptic Curve Cryptography modes for key exchange (ECDH)
            and host/user keys (ECDSA) as specified by RFC5656. ECDH and ECDSA
            offer better performance than plain DH and DSA at the same
            equivalent symmetric key length, as well as much shorter keys.
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1">sftp(1)</a>
            and
            <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8">sftp-server(8)</a>:
            add a protocol extension to support a hard link operation. It is
            available through the "ln" command in the client. The old "ln"
            behaviour of creating a symlink is available using its "-s" option
            or through the preexisting "symlink" command.
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/scp.1">scp(1)</a>:
            Add a new -3 option to scp: Copies between two remote hosts are
            transferred through the local host. Without this option the data is
            copied directly between the two remote hosts.
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>:
            automatically order the hostkeys requested by the client based on
            which hostkeys are already recorded in known_hosts. This avoids
            hostkey warnings when connecting to servers with new ECDSA keys,
            since these are now preferred when learning hostkeys for the first
            time.
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>
            and
            <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a>:
            add a new IPQoS option to specify arbitrary TOS/DSCP/QoS values
            instead of hardcoding lowdelay/throughput. (bz#1733)
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1">sftp(1)</a>:
            the sftp client is now significantly faster at performing directory
            listings, using OpenBSD glob(3) extensions to preserve the results
            of stat(3) operations performed in the course of its execution
            rather than performing expensive round trips to fetch them again
            afterwards.
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>:
            "atomically" create the listening mux socket by binding it on a
            temporary name and then linking it into position after listen() has
            succeeded. This allows the mux clients to determine that the server
            socket is either ready or stale without races. Stale server sockets
            are now automatically removed. (also fixes bz#1711)
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>
            and
            <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a>:
            add a <em>KexAlgorithms</em> knob to the client and server
            configuration to allow selection of which key exchange methods are
            used by
            <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>
            and
            <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a>
            and their order of preference.
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1">sftp(1)</a>
            and
            <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/scp.1">scp(1)</a>:
            factor out bandwidth limiting code from
            <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/scp.1">scp(1)</a>
            into a generic bandwidth limiter that can be attached using the
            <em>atomicio</em> callback mechanism and use it to add a bandwidth
            limit option to
            <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1">sftp(1)</a>.
            (bz#1147)
        </ul>
    <li>The following significant bugs have been fixed in this release:
        <ul>
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>
            and
            <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh-agent.1">ssh-agent(1)</a>:
            honour <em>$TMPDIR</em> for client xauth and ssh-agent temporary
            directories. (bz#1809)
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>:
            avoid <em>NULL</em> deref on receiving a channel request on an
            unknown or invalid channel. (bz#1842)
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a>:
            remove a <em>debug()</em> that pollutes stderr on client connecting
            to a server in debug mode. (bz#1719)
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/scp.1">scp(1)</a>:
            pass through ssh command-line flags and options when doing
            remote-remote transfers, e.g. to enable agent forwarding which is
            particularly useful in this case. (bz#1837)
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sftp-server.8">sftp-server(8)</a>:
            <em>umask</em> should be parsed as octal.
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1">sftp(1)</a>:
            escape '[' in filename tab-completion.
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>:
            Typo in confirmation message. (bz#1827)
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a>:
            prevent <em>free()</em> of string in <em>.rodata</em> when
            overriding <em>AuthorizedKeys</em> in a <em>Match</em> block.
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a>:
            Use default shell <em>/bin/sh</em> if <em>$SHELL</em> is "".
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>:
            kill proxy command on <em>fatal()</em> (we already killed it on
            clean exit).
        <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>:
            install a <em>SIGCHLD</em> handler to reap expired child process.
            (bz#1812)
        <li>Support building against openssl-1.0.0a
        <li>Fix vulnerability in legacy certificate signing introduced in
            OpenSSH-5.6 and found by Mateusz Kocielski.
        </ul>
    </ul>
<p>

<li>Mandoc 1.10.9:
    <ul>
    <li>New integrated <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/tbl.7">tbl(7)</a> parser and renderer.
    <li>Support the <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/roff.7">roff(7)</a> .de, .rm, and .so requests.
    <li>Support all roff code used in the standard <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pod2man.1">pod2man(1)</a> preamble.
    <li>Fully support roff quoting in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/man.7">man(7)</a> documents.
    <li>Mandoc now copes with most formatting errors that used to be fatal.
    <li>Much simplified and improved reporting of errors and warnings.
    <li>Significantly improved -Thtml output quality.
    <li>The ports tree now allows ports to use either mandoc or groff
      to render manuals.
    </ul>
<p>

<li>Over 6,800 ports, major robustness and speed improvements in package tools.
<li>Many pre-built packages for each architecture:
    <ul style="column-count: 4">
    <li>i386:       6620
    <li>sparc64:    6225
    <li>alpha:      6000
    <li>sh:         3656
    <li>amd64:      6570
    <li>powerpc:    6272
    <li>sparc:      4184
    <li>arm:        5679
    <li>hppa:       5838
    <li>vax:        1068
    <li>mips64:     5492
    <li>mips64el:   5499
    </ul>
Some highlights:
    <ul>
    <li>Gnome 2.32.1.
    <li>KDE 3.5.10.
    <li>Xfce 4.8.0.
    <li>MySQL 5.1.54.
    <li>PostgreSQL 9.0.3.
    <li>Postfix 2.7.2.
    <li>OpenLDAP 2.3.43 and 2.4.23.
    <li>Mozilla Firefox 3.5.16 and 3.6.13.
    <li>Mozilla Thunderbird 3.1.7.
    <li>OpenOffice.org 3.3.0rc9.
    <li>LibreOffice 3.3.0.4.
    <li>Emacs 21.4 and 22.3.
    <li>Vim 7.3.3.
    <li>PHP 5.2.16.
    <li>Python 2.4.6, 2.5.4 and 2.6.6.
    <li>Ruby 1.8.7.330 and 1.9.2.136.
    <li>Mono 2.8.2.
    <li>Chromium 9.0.597.94.
    </ul>
<p>

<li>As usual, steady improvements in manual pages and other documentation.
<p>

<li>The system includes the following major components from outside suppliers:
    <ul>
    <li>Xenocara (based on X.Org 7.6 with xserver 1.9 + patches,
	freetype 2.4.4,
        fontconfig 2.8.0, Mesa 7.8.2, xterm 267 and more)
    <li>Gcc 2.95.3 (+ patches), 3.3.5 (+ patches) and 4.2.1 (+ patches)
    <li>Perl 5.12.2 (+ patches)
    <li>Our improved and secured version of Apache 1.3, with SSL/TLS
        and DSO support
    <li>OpenSSL 1.0.0a (+ patches)
    <li>Sendmail 8.14.3, with libmilter
    <li>Bind 9.4.2-P2 (+ patches)
    <li>Lynx 2.8.6rel.5 with HTTPS and IPv6 support (+ patches)
    <li>Sudo 1.7.2p8
    <li>Ncurses 5.7
    <li>Heimdal 0.7.2 (+ patches)
    <li>Arla 0.35.7
    <li>Binutils 2.15 (+ patches)
    <li>Gdb 6.3 (+ patches)
    </ul>
</ul>
</section>

<hr>

<section id=install>
<h3>How to install</h3>
<p>
Following this are the instructions which you would have on a piece of
paper if you had purchased a CDROM set instead of doing an alternate
form of install.  The instructions for doing an FTP (or other style
of) install are very similar; the CDROM instructions are left intact
so that you can see how much easier it would have been if you had
purchased a CDROM instead.
<p>

<hr>
Please refer to the following files on the three CDROMs or FTP mirror for
extensive details on how to install OpenBSD 4.9 on your machine:
<p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/i386/INSTALL.i386">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/i386/INSTALL.i386 (on CD1)</a>
<p>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/amd64/INSTALL.amd64">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/amd64/INSTALL.amd64 (on CD2)</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/macppc/INSTALL.macppc">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/macppc/INSTALL.macppc (on CD2)</a>
<p>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/sparc64/INSTALL.sparc64">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/sparc64/INSTALL.sparc64 (on CD3)</a>
<p>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/alpha/INSTALL.alpha">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/alpha/INSTALL.alpha</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/armish/INSTALL.armish">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/armish/INSTALL.armish</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/hp300/INSTALL.hp300">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/hp300/INSTALL.hp300</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/hppa/INSTALL.hppa">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/hppa/INSTALL.hppa</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/landisk/INSTALL.landisk">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/landisk/INSTALL.landisk</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/loongson/INSTALL.loongson">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/loongson/INSTALL.loongson</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/mvme68k/INSTALL.mvme68k">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/mvme68k/INSTALL.mvme68k</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/mvme88k/INSTALL.mvme88k">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/mvme88k/INSTALL.mvme88k</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/sgi/INSTALL.sgi">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/sgi/INSTALL.sgi</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/socppc/INSTALL.socppc">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/socppc/INSTALL.socppc</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/sparc/INSTALL.sparc">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/sparc/INSTALL.sparc</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/vax/INSTALL.vax">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/vax/INSTALL.vax</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.9/zaurus/INSTALL.zaurus">
	.../OpenBSD/4.9/zaurus/INSTALL.zaurus</a>
</ul>
</section>

<hr>

<section id=quickinstall>
<p>
Quick installer information for people familiar with OpenBSD, and the
use of the "disklabel -E" command.  If you are at all confused when
installing OpenBSD, read the relevant INSTALL.* file as listed above!

<h3>OpenBSD/i386:</h3>

<p>
Play with your BIOS options to enable booting from a CD. The OpenBSD/i386
release is on CD1. If your BIOS does not support booting from CD, you will need
to create a boot floppy to install from. To create a boot floppy write
<i>CD1:4.9/i386/floppy49.fs</i> to a floppy and boot via the floppy drive.

<p>
Use <i>CD1:4.9/i386/floppyB49.fs</i> instead for greater SCSI controller
support, or <i>CD1:4.9/i386/floppyC49.fs</i> for better laptop support.

<p>
If you can't boot from a CD or a floppy disk,
you can install across the network using PXE as described in
the included INSTALL.i386 document.

<p>
If you are planning on dual booting OpenBSD with another OS, you will need to
read INSTALL.i386.

<p>
To make a boot floppy under MS-DOS, use the &quot;rawrite&quot; utility located
at <i>CD1:4.9/tools/rawrite.exe</i>. To make the boot floppy under a Unix OS,
use the
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dd.1">dd(1)</a>
utility. The following is an example usage of
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dd.1">dd(1)</a>,
where the device could be &quot;floppy&quot;, &quot;rfd0c&quot;, or
&quot;rfd0a&quot;.

<blockquote><pre>
# <kbd>dd if=&lt;file&gt; of=/dev/&lt;device&gt; bs=32k</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>

<p>
Make sure you use properly formatted perfect floppies with NO BAD BLOCKS or
your install will most likely fail. For more information on creating a boot
floppy and installing OpenBSD/i386 please refer to
<a href="faq/faq4.html#MkFlop">this page</a>.

<h3>OpenBSD/amd64:</h3>

<p>
The 4.9 release of OpenBSD/amd64 is located on CD2.
Boot from the CD to begin the install - you may need to adjust
your BIOS options first.
If you can't boot from the CD, you can create a boot floppy to install from.
To do this, write <i>CD2:4.9/amd64/floppy49.fs</i> to a floppy, then
boot from the floppy drive.

<p>
If you can't boot from a CD or a floppy disk,
you can install across the network using PXE as described in the included
INSTALL.amd64 document.

<p>
If you are planning to dual boot OpenBSD with another OS, you will need to
read INSTALL.amd64.

<h3>OpenBSD/macppc:</h3>

<p>
Put CD2 in your CDROM drive and poweron your machine while holding down the
<i>C</i> key until the display turns on and shows <i>OpenBSD/macppc boot</i>.

<p>
Alternatively, at the Open Firmware prompt, enter <i>boot cd:,ofwboot
/4.9/macppc/bsd.rd</i>

<h3>OpenBSD/sparc64:</h3>

<p>
Put CD3 in your CDROM drive and type <i>boot cdrom</i>.

<p>
If this doesn't work, or if you don't have a CDROM drive, you can write
<i>CD3:4.9/sparc64/floppy49.fs</i> or <i>CD3:4.9/sparc64/floppyB49.fs</i>
(depending on your machine) to a floppy and boot it with <i>boot
floppy</i>. Refer to INSTALL.sparc64 for details.

<p>
Make sure you use a properly formatted floppy with NO BAD BLOCKS or your install
will most likely fail.

<p>
You can also write <i>CD3:4.9/sparc64/miniroot49.fs</i> to the swap partition on
the disk and boot with <i>boot disk:b</i>.

<p>
If nothing works, you can boot over the network as described in INSTALL.sparc64.

<h3>OpenBSD/alpha:</h3>

<p>
Write <i>4.9/alpha/floppy49.fs</i> or
<i>4.9/alpha/floppyB49.fs</i> (depending on your machine) to a diskette and
enter <i>boot dva0</i>. Refer to INSTALL.alpha for more details.

<p>
Make sure you use a properly formatted floppy with NO BAD BLOCKS or your install
will most likely fail.

<h3>OpenBSD/armish:</h3>

<p>
After connecting a serial port, Thecus can boot directly from the network
either tftp or http. Configure the network using fconfig, reset,
then load bsd.rd, see INSTALL.armish for specific details.
IOData HDL-G can only boot from an EXT-2 partition. Boot into linux
and copy 'boot' and bsd.rd into the first partition on wd0 (hda1)
then load and run bsd.rd, preserving the wd0i (hda1) ext2fs partition.
More details are available in INSTALL.armish.

<h3>OpenBSD/hp300:</h3>

<p>
Boot over the network by following the instructions in INSTALL.hp300.

<h3>OpenBSD/hppa:</h3>

<p>
Boot over the network by following the instructions in INSTALL.hppa or the
<a href="hppa.html#install">hppa platform page</a>.

<h3>OpenBSD/landisk:</h3>

<p>
Write <i>miniroot49.fs</i> to the start of the CF
or disk, and boot normally.

<h3>OpenBSD/loongson:</h3>

<p>
Write <i>miniroot49.fs</i> to a USB stick and boot bsd.rd from it
or boot bsd.rd via tftp.
Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.loongson for more details.

<h3>OpenBSD/mvme68k:</h3>

<p>
You can create a bootable installation tape or boot over the network.<br>
The network boot requires a MVME68K BUG version that supports the <i>NIOT</i>
and <i>NBO</i> debugger commands. Follow the instructions in INSTALL.mvme68k
for more details.

<h3>OpenBSD/mvme88k:</h3>

<p>
You can create a bootable installation tape or boot over the network.<br>
The network boot requires a MVME88K BUG version that supports the <i>NIOT</i>
and <i>NBO</i> debugger commands. Follow the instructions in INSTALL.mvme88k
for more details.

<h3>OpenBSD/sgi:</h3>

<p>
To install on an O2, burn cd49.iso on a CD-R, put it in the CD drive of your
machine and select <i>Install System Software</i> from the System Maintenance
menu.

<p>
On other systems, or if your machine doesn't have a CD drive, you can
setup a DHCP/tftp network server, and boot using "bootp()/bsd.rd.IP##" using
the kernel matching your system type.
Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.sgi for more details.

<h3>OpenBSD/socppc:</h3>

<p>
After connecting a serial port, boot over the network via DHCP/tftp.
Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.socppc for more details.

<h3>OpenBSD/sparc:</h3>

<p>
Boot from one of the provided install ISO images, using one of the two
commands listed below, depending on the version of your ROM.

<blockquote><pre>
ok <kbd>boot cdrom 4.9/sparc/bsd.rd</kbd>
or
> <kbd>b sd(0,6,0)4.9/sparc/bsd.rd</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>

<p>
If your SPARC system does not have a CD drive, you can alternatively boot from floppy.
To do so you need to write <i>floppy49.fs</i> to a floppy.
For more information see <a href="faq/faq4.html#MkFlop">this page</a>.
To boot from the floppy use one of the two commands listed below,
depending on the version of your ROM.

<blockquote><pre>
ok <kbd>boot floppy</kbd>
or
> <kbd>b fd()</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>

<p>
Make sure you use a properly formatted floppy with NO BAD BLOCKS or your install
will most likely fail.

<p>
If your SPARC system doesn't have a floppy drive nor a CD drive, you can either
setup a bootable tape, or install via network, as told in the
INSTALL.sparc file.

<h3>OpenBSD/vax:</h3>

<p>
Boot over the network via mopbooting as described in INSTALL.vax.

<h3>OpenBSD/zaurus:</h3>

<p>
Using the Linux built-in graphical ipkg installer, install the
openbsd49_arm.ipk package.  Reboot, then run it.  Read INSTALL.zaurus
for a few important details.
</section>

<hr>

<section id=sourcecode>
<h3>Notes about the source code</h3>
<p>
<code>src.tar.gz</code> contains a source archive starting at <code>/usr/src</code>.
This file contains everything you need except for the kernel sources, which are
in a separate archive.  To extract:
<blockquote><pre>
# <kbd>mkdir -p /usr/src</kbd>
# <kbd>cd /usr/src</kbd>
# <kbd>tar xvfz /tmp/src.tar.gz</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
<code>sys.tar.gz</code> contains a source archive starting at <code>/usr/src/sys</code>.
This file contains all the kernel sources you need to rebuild kernels.
To extract:
<blockquote><pre>
# <kbd>mkdir -p /usr/src/sys</kbd>
# <kbd>cd /usr/src</kbd>
# <kbd>tar xvfz /tmp/sys.tar.gz</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
Both of these trees are a regular CVS checkout.  Using these trees it
is possible to get a head-start on using the anoncvs servers as
described <a href="anoncvs.html">here</a>.
Using these files
results in a much faster initial CVS update than you could expect from
a fresh checkout of the full OpenBSD source tree.
</section>

<hr>

<section id=upgrade>
<h3>How to upgrade</h3>
<p>
If you already have an OpenBSD 4.8 system, and do not want to reinstall,
upgrade instructions and advice can be found in the
<a href="faq/upgrade49.html">Upgrade Guide</a>.
</section>

<hr>

<section id=ports>
<h3>Ports Tree</h3>
<p>
A ports tree archive is also provided.  To extract:
<blockquote><pre>
# <kbd>cd /usr</kbd>
# <kbd>tar xvfz /tmp/ports.tar.gz</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
The <i>ports/</i> subdirectory is a checkout of the OpenBSD ports tree.  Go
read the <a href="faq/ports/index.html">ports</a> page
if you know nothing about ports
at this point.  This text is not a manual of how to use ports.
Rather, it is a set of notes meant to kickstart the user on the
OpenBSD ports system.
<p>
The <i>ports/</i> directory represents a CVS (see the manpage for
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/cvs.1">cvs(1)</a> if
you aren't familiar with CVS) checkout of our ports.  As with our complete
source tree, our ports tree is available via anoncvs.  So, in
order to keep current with it, you must make the <i>ports/</i> tree
available on a read-write medium and update the tree with a command
like:
<blockquote><pre>
# <kbd>cd [portsdir]/; cvs -d anoncvs@server.openbsd.org:/cvs update -Pd -rOPENBSD_4_9</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
[Of course, you must replace the local directory and server name here
with the location of your ports collection and a nearby anoncvs
server.]
<p>
Note that most ports are available as packages on our mirrors. Updated
packages for the 4.9 release will be made available if problems arise.
<p>
If you're interested in seeing a port added, would like to help out, or just
would like to know more, the mailing list
<a href="mail.html">ports@openbsd.org</a> is a good place to know.
</section>