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<h2 id=OpenBSD>
<a href="index.html">
<i>Open</i><b>BSD</b></a>
4.5
</h2>

<table>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="images/Pufftron.jpg">
<img width="227" height="343" src="images/Pufftron.jpg" alt="Pufftron"></a>
<td>
Released May 1, 2009<br>
Copyright 1997-2009, Theo de Raadt.<br>
<cite class=isbn>ISBN 978-0-9784475-3-3</cite>
<br>
4.5 Song: <a href="lyrics.html#45">"Games"</a>
<br>
<br>
<ul>
<li>See the information on <a href="ftp.html">the FTP page</a> for
    a list of mirror machines.
<li>Go to the <code class=reldir>pub/OpenBSD/4.5/</code> directory on
    one of the mirror sites.
<li>Have a look at <a href="errata45.html">The 4.5 Errata page</a> for a list
    of bugs and workarounds.
<li>See a <a href="plus45.html">detailed log of changes</a> between the
    4.4 and 4.5 releases.
</ul>
<p>
All applicable copyrights and credits are in the src.tar.gz,
sys.tar.gz, xenocara.tar.gz, ports.tar.gz files, or in the
files fetched via <code>ports.tar.gz</code>.
</table>

<hr>

<section id=new>
<h3>What's New</h3>
<p>
This is a partial list of new features and systems included in OpenBSD 4.5.
For a comprehensive list, see the <a href="plus45.html">changelog</a> leading
to 4.5.
<p>

<ul>

<li>New/extended platforms:
<ul>
<li>Initial ports to the xscale based gumstix platform and the ARM based OpenMoko
<li><a href="sparc64.html">OpenBSD/sparc64</a><br>
    <ul>
    <li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sparc64/vdsk.4">vdsk(4)</a>
    and <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sparc64/vnet.4">vnet(4)</a>
    drivers provide support for virtual I/O between logical domains on
    Sun's CoolThreads servers, including UltraSPARC T2+ machines.
    <li>Workstations and laptops with UltraSPARC IIe CPUs can now scale
    down the CPU frequency to save power.
    </ul>
</ul>
<p>

<li>Improved hardware support, including:
<ul>
<li>Several new/improved drivers for sensors, including:
 <ul>
 <li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/cac.4">cac(4)</a>
	driver now has bio and sensor support.
 <li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mpi.4">mpi(4)</a>
	driver now has bio and sensor support.
 <li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/gpiodcf.4">gpiodcf(4)</a>
	driver for DCF77/HBG timedelta sensors through GPIO pins.
 <li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/schsio.4">schsio(4)</a>
	driver for SMSC SCH311x LPC Super I/O devices.
 <li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/it.4">it(4)</a>
	driver now supports IT8720F chips.
 <li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/it.4">it(4)</a>
	driver now supports FAN4 and FAN5 sensors for IT8716F/IT8718F/IT8720F/IT8726F chips.
 <li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/owtemp.4">owtemp(4)</a>
	driver now supports Maxim/Dallas DS18B20 and DS1822 temperature sensors.
 <li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/km.4">km(4)</a>
	driver now supports AMD Family 11h processors (Turion X2 Ultra et al).
 <li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/lm.4">lm(4)</a>
	driver now supports W83627DHG attachment on the I&sup2;C bus.
 <li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/lmenv.4">lmenv(4)</a>
	driver now has better support for the fan sensors on lm81, adm9240 and ds1780 chips.
 <li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sdtemp.4">sdtemp(4)</a>
	driver now supports ST STTS424 chips.
 </ul>
<li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/em.4">em(4)</a>
    driver now supports ICH9 IGP M and IGP M AMT chips, and link status
    detection has improved.
<li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sdmmc.4">sdmmc(4)</a>
    driver now supports SDHC cards.
<li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/msk.4">msk(4)</a>
    driver now supports Yukon-2 FE+ (88E8040, 88E8042) based devices.
<li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/iwn.4">iwn(4)</a>
    driver now supports Intel WiFi Link 5100/5300 devices.
<li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/wpi.4">wpi(4)</a> and <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/wpi.4">iwn(4)</a>
    drivers now support hardware CCMP cryptography.
<li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ath.4">ath(4)</a>
    driver now has WPA-PSK support.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/age.4">age(4)</a>,
    a driver for Attansic L1 gigabit Ethernet devices was added.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ale.4">ale(4)</a>,
    a driver for Atheros AR81xx (aka Attansic L1E) Ethernet devices was added.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mos.4">mos(4)</a>,
    a driver for Moschip MCS7730/7830 10/100 USB Ethernet devices was added.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/jme.4">jme(4)</a>,
    a driver for JMicron JMC250/JMC260 10/100 and Gigabit Ethernet devices was added.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/run.4">run(4)</a>,
    a driver for Ralink USB IEEE 802.11a/b/g/Draft-N devices was added.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/auacer.4">auacer(4)</a>,
    a driver for Acer Labs M5455 audio devices was added.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sparc64/ifb.4">ifb(4)</a>,
    a driver for Sun Expert3D, Expert3D-Lite, XVR-500, XVR-600 and
    XVR-1200 framebuffers (accelerated).
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sparc64/wildcatfb.4">wildcatfb(4)</a>,
    an X driver for Sun Expert3D, Expert3D-Lite, XVR-500, XVR-600 and
    XVR-1200 framebuffers (unaccelerated).
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sparc64/sunffb.4">sunffb(4)</a>,
    an accelerated X driver for Sun Creator, Creator 3D and Elite 3D
    framebuffers.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sparc64/vdsk.4">vdsk(4)</a>,
    a driver for virtual disks of sun4v logical domains.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sparc64/vnet.4">vnet(4)</a>,
    a driver for virtual network adapters of sun4v logical domains.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sparc64/vrng.4">vrng(4)</a>,
    a driver for the random number generator on Sun UltraSPARC T2/T2+ CPUs.
<li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sparc64/vcons.4">vcons(4)</a>
    driver is now interrupt driven.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ips.4">ips(4)</a>,
    a driver for IBM SATA/SCSI ServeRAID controllers was added.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/udfu.4">udfu(4)</a>,
    a driver for device firmware upgrade (DFU) was added.
<li>Many improvements were made to the
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/acpi.4">acpi(4)</a>
    subsystem.
<li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/umsm.4">umsm(4)</a>
    driver supports several new EVDO/UMTS devices.
<li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mfi.4">mfi(4)</a>
    driver now supports the next generation of MegaRAID SAS controllers.
<li>New <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mvme88k/vsbic.4">vsbic(4)</a>
    driver for the MVME327A SCSI and floppy controller on mvme68k and
    mvme88k machines.
<li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/re.4">re(4)</a>
    driver now supports 8168D/8111D-based devices, and multicast reception on
    8110SB/SC-based devices.
<li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ehci.4">ehci(4)</a>
    driver now supports isochronous transfers.
<li>S/PDIF output support has been added to the
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ac97.4">ac97(4)</a>,
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/auich.4">auich(4)</a>,
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/auvia.4">auvia(4)</a> and
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/azalia.4">azalia(4)</a> drivers.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/azalia.4">azalia(4)</a>
    mixer has been clarified and simplified, support for 20-bit and 24-bit encodings has been added.
<li>The <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sgi/gbe.4">gbe(4)</a>
    frame buffer driver now supports acceleration.
</ul>
<p>

<li>New tools:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ypldap.8">ypldap(8)</a>,
    an YP server using LDAP as a backend.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/xcompmgr.1">xcompmgr(1)</a>
    was added to xenocara.
</ul>
<p>

<li>New functionality:
<ul>
<li>The libc
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/resolver.3">resolver(3)</a>
    may now be forced to perform lookups by TCP only using a new
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/resolv.conf.5">resolv.conf(5)</a>
    option. The nameserver declaration in
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/resolv.conf.5">resolv.conf(5)</a>
    has also been extended to allow specification of non-default nameserver ports.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/apropos.1">apropos(1)</a>
    has two new options (-S and -s) to allow searching by machine architecture
    and manual section.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/aucat.1">aucat(1)</a>
    now has audio server capability.
    Audio devices can be shared between multiple applications.
    Applications can run natively on fixed sample rate devices
    or on devices with unusual encodings.
    Multi-channel audio devices can be split into smaller independent
    subdevices.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/aucat.1">aucat(1)</a>
    now has a deviceless mode, in which it can be used as a
    general purpose audio file format conversion utility (to mix,
    demultiplex, resample or reencode files).
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ifconfig.8">ifconfig(8)</a>
    can now list channels supported by an IEEE 802.11 device.
<li>New views were added to
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/systat.8">systat(8)</a>:
    malloc, bucket and pool. Improvements were made to existing views.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/vnconfig.8">vnconfig(8)</a> can now create devices with arbitrary geometry with the new -t option.
<li>FFS filesystems are now supported on most devices, e.g. CD's, that have
sector sizes other than 512 bytes.
<li>Disklabels are now correctly placed and found on most devices, e.g. CD's,
that have sector sizes other than 512 bytes.
</ul>
<p>

<li>Assorted improvements and code cleanup:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/malloc.3">malloc(3)</a>
    has gained new attack mitigation measures; critical bookkeeping
    structures are protected at runtime using
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mprotect.2">mprotect(2)</a>
    and allocated at random addresses where possible.
<li>A new version of the gdtoa code has been integrated, bringing
    better C99 support to
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/printf.3">printf(3)</a>
    and friends.
<li>Vastly improved C99 support in libm, including complex math support.
<li>The
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sppp.4">sppp(4)</a>
    layer and thus kernel
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/pppoe.4">pppoe(4)</a>
    now support usernames and passwords of up to 255 characters.
<li>Recognize and spoof disklabel entries for more FAT and FAT32 variants.
<li>Automatically recognize tapes with 64K records.
<li>Improve option handling in <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dhcpd.8">dhcpd(8)</a>.
<li>When booting from a cd the root file system is now assumed to be on the cd, rather than always asking for the location.
<li>Disklabels constructed from native disklabels are now subject to the same
consistency checks as all other disklabels.
<li>No longer display geometry information for
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sd.4">sd(4)</a>
disk drives, since it was mostly fictitious these days.
<li>Fix handling of tftp ERROR frames so OpenBSD pxeboot can be loaded from
picky tftp servers.
<li>Many
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/scsi.4">scsi(4)</a>
drivers now retry operations that can't be immediately started rather than
giving up.
<li>MBR and DPME disklabels are no longer written out with invalid checksum
information in some circumstances.
</ul>
<p>

<li>Install/Upgrade process changes:
<ul>
<li>crunchgen(1) and crunchide(1) have been merged into
    <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/crunchgen.8">crunchgen(8)</a>, which
    is now built and installed by default.
<li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/mksuncd.1">mksuncd(1)</a> now lives in base and is installed by default.
<li>CD-ROM installs are now supported on SGI.
<li>Accept initial root passwords containing backslash characters.
<li>Install now allows multiple interfaces to be configured with
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dhcp.8">dhcp(8)</a>.
<li>Upgrades now use the minimal <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/protocols.5">protocols(5)</a>
and <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/services.5">services(5)</a>
files provided on the install media.
<li>The install media no longer contain a
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/disktab.5">disktab(5)</a> file.
<li>Serial console speed is correctly determined on macppc.
</ul>
<p>

<li>OpenSSH 5.2:
<ul>
<li>New features:
  <ul>
    <li>Added an option to
        <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>
        to force logging to <em>syslog</em> rather than <em>stderr</em>.
    <li>The
        <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config.5">sshd_config(5)</a>
        <em>ForceCommand</em> directive now accepts commandline arguments for
        the <em>internal-sftp</em> server.
    <li>The
        <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>
        ~C escape commandline now support runtime creation of dynamic port
        forwards.
    <li>Support the
        <em>SOCKS4A</em> protocol in
        <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>
        dynamic forwards.
    <li>Support remote port forwarding with a listen port of '0'.
    <li><a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a>
        now supports setting <em>PermitEmptyPasswords</em> and
        <em>AllowAgentForwarding</em> in <em>Match</em> blocks.
  </ul>
<li>The following significant bugs have been fixed in this release:
  <ul>
    <li>Repair a
        <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>
        crash introduced in openssh-5.1 when the client is sent a zero-length
        banner.
    <li>The <em>eow@openssh.com</em> and <em>no-more-sessions@openssh.com</em>
        protocol extensions are now only sent to peers that identify themselves
        as OpenSSH.
    <li>Avoid printing "Non-public channel" warnings in
        <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sshd.8">sshd(8)</a>,
        since
        <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>
        has sent incorrect channel numbers since ~2004; make
        <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>
        send the correct channel number for <em>SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_SUCCESS</em>
        and <em>SSH2_MSG_CHANNEL_FAILURE</em>.
    <li>Avoid double-free in
        <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>
        ~C escape -L handler.
    <li>Correct fail-on-error behaviour in
        <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/sftp.1">sftp(1)</a>
        batchmode for remote <em>stat</em> operations.
    <li>Avoid hang in
        <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1">ssh(1)</a>
        when attempting to connect to a server that has <em>MaxSessions</em>
        set to zero.
  </ul>
</ul>
<p>

<li>Over 5500 ports, minor robustness improvements in package tools.
<li>Many pre-built packages for each architecture:
    <ul style="column-count: 4">
    <li>i386:       5379
    <li>sparc64:    5174
    <li>alpha:      5132
    <li>sh:         1543
    <li>amd64:      5312
    <li>powerpc:    5162
    <li>sparc:      2651
    <li>arm:        4120
    <li>hppa:       4689
    <li>vax:        1718
    <li>mips64:     3278
    </ul>
Some highlights:
<ul>
<li>Gnome 2.24.3.
<li>GNUstep 1.18.0.
<li>KDE 3.5.10.
<li>Mozilla Firefox 3.0.6.
<li>Mozilla Thunderbird 2.0.0.19.
<li>MySQL 5.0.77.
<li>OpenOffice.org 2.4.2 and 3.0.1.
<li>PostgreSQL 8.3.6.
<li>Xfce 4.4.3.
<li>OpenArena 0.8.1 (only for amd64, i386 and macppc)
</ul>
<p>

<li>As usual, steady improvements in manual pages and other documentation.
<p>

<li>The system includes the following major components from outside suppliers:
<ul>
<li>Xenocara (based on X.Org 7.4 + patches, freetype 2.3.7, fontconfig 2.4.2, Mesa 7.2, xterm 239 and more)
<li>Gcc 2.95.3
(+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/gcc-local.1">patches</a>)
and 3.3.5
(+ <a href="https://man.openbsd.org/gcc-local.1">patches</a>)
<li>Perl 5.10.0 (+ patches)
<li>Our improved and secured version of Apache 1.3, with SSL/TLS and DSO support
<li>OpenSSL 0.9.8j (+ patches)
<li>Groff 1.15
<li>Sendmail 8.14.3, with libmilter
<li>Bind 9.4.2-P2 (+ patches)
<li>Lynx 2.8.5rel.4 with HTTPS and IPv6 support (+ patches)
<li>Sudo 1.7
<li>Ncurses 5.2
<li>Latest KAME IPv6
<li>Heimdal 0.7.2 (+ patches)
<li>Arla 0.35.7
<li>Binutils 2.15 (+ patches)
<li>Gdb 6.3 (+ patches)
</ul>

</ul>
</section>

<hr>

<section id=install>
<h3>How to install</h3>
<p>
Following this are the instructions which you would have on a piece of
paper if you had purchased a CDROM set instead of doing an alternate
form of install.  The instructions for doing an FTP (or other style
of) install are very similar; the CDROM instructions are left intact
so that you can see how much easier it would have been if you had
purchased a CDROM instead.
<p>

<hr>
Please refer to the following files on the three CDROMs or FTP mirror for
extensive details on how to install OpenBSD 4.5 on your machine:
<p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/i386/INSTALL.i386">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/i386/INSTALL.i386 (on CD1)</a>
<p>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/amd64/INSTALL.amd64">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/amd64/INSTALL.amd64 (on CD2)</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/macppc/INSTALL.macppc">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/macppc/INSTALL.macppc (on CD2)</a>
<p>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/sparc64/INSTALL.sparc64">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/sparc64/INSTALL.sparc64 (on CD3)</a>
<p>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/alpha/INSTALL.alpha">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/alpha/INSTALL.alpha</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/armish/INSTALL.armish">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/armish/INSTALL.armish</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/hp300/INSTALL.hp300">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/hp300/INSTALL.hp300</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/hppa/INSTALL.hppa">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/hppa/INSTALL.hppa</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/landisk/INSTALL.landisk">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/landisk/INSTALL.landisk</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/mac68k/INSTALL.mac68k">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/mac68k/INSTALL.mac68k</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/mvme68k/INSTALL.mvme68k">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/mvme68k/INSTALL.mvme68k</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/mvme88k/INSTALL.mvme88k">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/mvme88k/INSTALL.mvme88k</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/sgi/INSTALL.sgi">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/sgi/INSTALL.sgi</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/socppc/INSTALL.socppc">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/socppc/INSTALL.socppc</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/sparc/INSTALL.sparc">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/sparc/INSTALL.sparc</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/vax/INSTALL.vax">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/vax/INSTALL.vax</a>
<li><a href="https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.5/zaurus/INSTALL.zaurus">
	.../OpenBSD/4.5/zaurus/INSTALL.zaurus</a>
</ul>
</section>

<hr>

<section id=quickinstall>

<p>
Quick installer information for people familiar with OpenBSD, and the
use of the "disklabel -E" command.  If you are at all confused when
installing OpenBSD, read the relevant INSTALL.* file as listed above!

<h3>OpenBSD/i386:</h3>

<p>
Play with your BIOS options to enable booting from a CD. The OpenBSD/i386
release is on CD1. If your BIOS does not support booting from CD, you will need
to create a boot floppy to install from. To create a boot floppy write
<i>CD1:4.5/i386/floppy45.fs</i> to a floppy and boot via the floppy drive.

<p>
Use <i>CD1:4.5/i386/floppyB45.fs</i> instead for greater SCSI controller
support, or <i>CD1:4.5/i386/floppyC45.fs</i> for better laptop support.

<p>
If you can't boot from a CD or a floppy disk,
you can install across the network using PXE as described in
the included INSTALL.i386 document.

<p>
If you are planning on dual booting OpenBSD with another OS, you will need to
read INSTALL.i386.

<p>
To make a boot floppy under MS-DOS, use the &quot;rawrite&quot; utility located
at <i>CD1:4.5/tools/rawrite.exe</i>. To make the boot floppy under a Unix OS,
use the
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dd.1">dd(1)</a>
utility. The following is an example usage of
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/dd.1">dd(1)</a>,
where the device could be &quot;floppy&quot;, &quot;rfd0c&quot;, or
&quot;rfd0a&quot;.

<blockquote><pre>
# <kbd>dd if=&lt;file&gt; of=/dev/&lt;device&gt; bs=32k</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>

<p>
Make sure you use properly formatted perfect floppies with NO BAD BLOCKS or
your install will most likely fail. For more information on creating a boot
floppy and installing OpenBSD/i386 please refer to
<a href="faq/faq4.html#MkFlop">this page</a>.

<h3>OpenBSD/amd64:</h3>

<p>
The 4.5 release of OpenBSD/amd64 is located on CD2.
Boot from the CD to begin the install - you may need to adjust
your BIOS options first.
If you can't boot from the CD, you can create a boot floppy to install from.
To do this, write <i>CD2:4.5/amd64/floppy45.fs</i> to a floppy, then
boot from the floppy drive.

<p>
If you can't boot from a CD or a floppy disk,
you can install across the network using PXE as described in the included
INSTALL.amd64 document.

<p>
If you are planning to dual boot OpenBSD with another OS, you will need to
read INSTALL.amd64.

<h3>OpenBSD/macppc:</h3>

<p>
Put CD2 in your CDROM drive and poweron your machine while holding down the
<i>C</i> key until the display turns on and shows <i>OpenBSD/macppc boot</i>.

<p>
Alternatively, at the Open Firmware prompt, enter <i>boot cd:,ofwboot
/4.5/macppc/bsd.rd</i>

<h3>OpenBSD/sparc64:</h3>

<p>
Put CD3 in your CDROM drive and type <i>boot cdrom</i>.

<p>
If this doesn't work, or if you don't have a CDROM drive, you can write
<i>CD3:4.5/sparc64/floppy45.fs</i> or <i>CD3:4.5/sparc64/floppyB45.fs</i>
(depending on your machine) to a floppy and boot it with <i>boot
floppy</i>. Refer to INSTALL.sparc64 for details.

<p>
Make sure you use a properly formatted floppy with NO BAD BLOCKS or your install
will most likely fail.

<p>
You can also write <i>CD3:4.5/sparc64/miniroot45.fs</i> to the swap partition on
the disk and boot with <i>boot disk:b</i>.

<p>
If nothing works, you can boot over the network as described in INSTALL.sparc64.

<h3>OpenBSD/alpha:</h3>

<p>
Write <i>4.5/alpha/floppy45.fs</i> or
<i>4.5/alpha/floppyB45.fs</i> (depending on your machine) to a diskette and
enter <i>boot dva0</i>. Refer to INSTALL.alpha for more details.

<p>
Make sure you use a properly formatted floppy with NO BAD BLOCKS or your install
will most likely fail.

<h3>OpenBSD/armish:</h3>

<p>
After connecting a serial port, Thecus can boot directly from the network
either tftp or http. Configure the network using fconfig, reset,
then load bsd.rd, see INSTALL.armish for specific details.
IOData HDL-G can only boot from an EXT-2 partition. Boot into linux
and copy 'boot' and bsd.rd into the first partition on wd0 (hda1)
then load and run bsd.rd, preserving the wd0i (hda1) ext2fs partition.
More details are available in INSTALL.armish.

<h3>OpenBSD/hp300:</h3>

<p>
Boot over the network by following the instructions in INSTALL.hp300.

<h3>OpenBSD/hppa:</h3>

<p>
Boot over the network by following the instructions in INSTALL.hppa or the
<a href="hppa.html#install">hppa platform page</a>.

<h3>OpenBSD/landisk:</h3>

<p>
Write <i>miniroot45.fs</i> to the start of the CF
or disk, and boot normally.

<h3>OpenBSD/mac68k:</h3>

<p>
Boot MacOS as normal and extract the Macside "BSD/Mac68k Booter" utility from
<i>4.5/mac68k/utils</i> onto your hard disk.  Configure the "BSD/Mac68k
Booter" with the location of your bsd.rd kernel and boot into the installer.
Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.mac68k for more details.

<h3>OpenBSD/mvme68k:</h3>

<p>
You can create a bootable installation tape or boot over the network.<br>
The network boot requires a MVME68K BUG version that supports the <i>NIOT</i>
and <i>NBO</i> debugger commands. Follow the instructions in INSTALL.mvme68k
for more details.

<h3>OpenBSD/mvme88k:</h3>

<p>
You can create a bootable installation tape or boot over the network.<br>
The network boot requires a MVME88K BUG version that supports the <i>NIOT</i>
and <i>NBO</i> debugger commands. Follow the instructions in INSTALL.mvme88k
for more details.

<h3>OpenBSD/sparc:</h3>

<p>
Boot from one of the provided install ISO images, using one of the two
commands listed below, depending on the version of your ROM.

<blockquote><pre>
ok <kbd>boot cdrom 4.5/sparc/bsd.rd</kbd>
or
> <kbd>b sd(0,6,0)4.5/sparc/bsd.rd</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>

<p>
If your SPARC system does not have a CD drive, you can alternatively boot from floppy.
To do so you need to write <i>floppy45.fs</i> to a floppy.
For more information see <a href="faq/faq4.html#MkFlop">this page</a>.
To boot from the floppy use one of the two commands listed below,
depending on the version of your ROM.

<blockquote><pre>
ok <kbd>boot floppy</kbd>
or
> <kbd>b fd()</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>

<p>
Make sure you use a properly formatted floppy with NO BAD BLOCKS or your install
will most likely fail.

<p>
If your SPARC system doesn't have a floppy drive nor a CD drive, you can either
setup a bootable tape, or install via network, as told in the
INSTALL.sparc file.

<h3>OpenBSD/sgi:</h3>

<p>
Burn cd45.iso on a CD-R, put it in the CD drive of your machine and
select <i>Install System Software</i> from the System Maintenance menu.

<p>
If your machine doesn't have a CD drive, you can
setup a DHCP/tftp network server, and boot using "bootp()/bsd.rd".
Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.sgi for more details.

<h3>OpenBSD/socppc:</h3>

<p>
After connecting a serial port, boot over the network via DHCP/tftp.
Refer to the instructions in INSTALL.socppc for more details.

<h3>OpenBSD/vax:</h3>

<p>
Boot over the network via mopbooting as described in INSTALL.vax.

<h3>OpenBSD/zaurus:</h3>

<p>
Using the Linux built-in graphical ipkg installer, install the
openbsd45_arm.ipk package.  Reboot, then run it.  Read INSTALL.zaurus
for a few important details.
</section>

<hr>

<section id=sourcecode>
<h3>Notes about the source code</h3>
<p>
<code>src.tar.gz</code> contains a source archive starting at <code>/usr/src</code>.
This file contains everything you need except for the kernel sources, which are
in a separate archive.  To extract:
<blockquote><pre>
# <kbd>mkdir -p /usr/src</kbd>
# <kbd>cd /usr/src</kbd>
# <kbd>tar xvfz /tmp/src.tar.gz</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
<code>sys.tar.gz</code> contains a source archive starting at <code>/usr/src/sys</code>.
This file contains all the kernel sources you need to rebuild kernels.
To extract:
<blockquote><pre>
# <kbd>mkdir -p /usr/src/sys</kbd>
# <kbd>cd /usr/src</kbd>
# <kbd>tar xvfz /tmp/sys.tar.gz</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
Both of these trees are a regular CVS checkout.  Using these trees it
is possible to get a head-start on using the anoncvs servers as
described <a href="anoncvs.html">here</a>.
Using these files
results in a much faster initial CVS update than you could expect from
a fresh checkout of the full OpenBSD source tree.
</section>

<hr>

<section id=upgrade>
<h3>How to upgrade</h3>
<p>
If you already have an OpenBSD 4.4 system, and do not want to reinstall,
upgrade instructions and advice can be found in the
<a href="faq/upgrade45.html">Upgrade Guide</a>.
</section>

<hr>

<section id=ports>
<h3>Ports Tree</h3>
<p>
A ports tree archive is also provided.  To extract:
<blockquote><pre>
# <kbd>cd /usr</kbd>
# <kbd>tar xvfz /tmp/ports.tar.gz</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
The <i>ports/</i> subdirectory is a checkout of the OpenBSD ports tree.  Go
read the <a href="faq/faq15.html">ports</a> page
if you know nothing about ports
at this point.  This text is not a manual of how to use ports.
Rather, it is a set of notes meant to kickstart the user on the
OpenBSD ports system.
<p>
The <i>ports/</i> directory represents a CVS (see the manpage for
<a href="https://man.openbsd.org/cvs.1">cvs(1)</a> if
you aren't familiar with CVS) checkout of our ports.  As with our complete
source tree, our ports tree is available via anoncvs.  So, in
order to keep current with it, you must make the <i>ports/</i> tree
available on a read-write medium and update the tree with a command
like:
<blockquote><pre>
# <kbd>cd [portsdir]/; cvs -d anoncvs@server.openbsd.org:/cvs update -Pd -rOPENBSD_4_5</kbd>
</pre></blockquote>
<p>
[Of course, you must replace the local directory and server name here
with the location of your ports collection and a nearby anoncvs
server.]
<p>
Note that most ports are available as packages on our mirrors. Updated
packages for the 4.5 release will be made available if problems arise.
<p>
If you're interested in seeing a port added, would like to help out, or just
would like to know more, the mailing list
<a href="mail.html">ports@openbsd.org</a> is a good place to know.
</section>