Are we offering any async runtime in the background thread? If not, are we revising the exporting APIs to be sync?

The dedicated background exporting thread number could be unbound

It won't, since today we model the exporting as a task sent to runtime, the runtime will manage how many thread to use & when to schedule which task. Opentelemetry go uses similar setup. They don't need users to passing in async runtime because Golang have one official async runtime/task scheduler/goroutine scheulder/coroutine scheduler

Handle telemetry export in the application's async runtime and interfere with the business logic processing

Could you elaborate on this? Generally with async runtime, both tasks from business logic and telemetry exporting are managed by task schedule in async runtime. With background thread, the tasks from business logic and telemetry exporting thread are managed by OS thread scheduler.

Force adding the dependence on async runtime which may not be available for some environment like IoT or others

This is a valid point for adding a new batch processor for those environments. Not sure if it worth abadoning the support to allow users to bring their own runtime

Have done a POC for adding a custom thread runtime implementation for the Runtime and RuntimeChannel abstractions. This uses futures_executor for executing the future, and std::mpsc for channel (which can be abstracted further). Have also added a logs examples with batch processor using this custom runtime if someone wants to try.

https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-rust/compare/main...lalitb:thread-runtime?expand=1

This creates a thread-pool and the motive is to multiplex different async tasks (for batch and periodic) across these threads. As of now, it uses a single available dedicated thread for each export (this needs to be fixed). Also, delay and interval schedulers execute on dedicated thread, which would be fixed. And the mpsc channel is used in unbound mode for now. This is just a draft, and I can make it more complete if this is something we want to look forward to,