ARROW-8521: [Release] Update CHANGELOG.md to include patch releases

Generated by the following command from apache#7162

```bash
archery release --jira-cache /tmp/archery-cache changelog regenerate
```

Here is the new rendered [CHANGELOG.md](https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/aa77709098739fe866ff7fba887054e4d1001621/CHANGELOG.md)

We may want to run the new curation script as well to update the jira fix versions for the issues resolved right after the release cuts (then regenerate the changelog again).

We can also improve the script to organize the changelog around components in the future since that information is already available in apache#7162

Closes apache#7769 from kszucs/changelog

Authored-by: Krisztián Szűcs <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Wes McKinney <[email protected]>