From 9ee0eeba6ed2df09066b6b926867279e4db7fac5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: michalovadek <46047818+michalovadek@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 15 Mar 2021 11:47:54 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] version 0.3.5 --- DESCRIPTION | 3 +- NEWS.md | 2 +- R/elx_make_query.R | 5 +- README.md | 17 +- doc/eurlexpkg.R | 28 +- doc/eurlexpkg.Rmd | 41 +- doc/eurlexpkg.html | 490 ++++++++++-------- docs/404.html | 2 +- docs/articles/eurlexpkg.html | 85 ++- .../figure-html/unnamed-chunk-9-1.png | Bin 9719 -> 56081 bytes .../figure-html/wordcloud-1.png | Bin 30282 -> 30617 bytes docs/articles/index.html | 2 +- docs/authors.html | 2 +- docs/index.html | 23 +- docs/news/index.html | 4 +- docs/pkgdown.yml | 2 +- docs/reference/elx_council_votes.html | 2 +- docs/reference/elx_curia_list.html | 14 +- docs/reference/elx_fetch_data.html | 2 +- docs/reference/elx_label_eurovoc.html | 2 +- docs/reference/elx_make_query.html | 34 +- docs/reference/elx_parse_xml.html | 2 +- docs/reference/elx_run_query.html | 6 +- docs/reference/index.html | 2 +- man/elx_make_query.Rd | 4 +- vignettes/eurlexpkg.Rmd | 32 +- 26 files changed, 492 insertions(+), 314 deletions(-) diff --git a/DESCRIPTION b/DESCRIPTION index 6cc2b3c..9e59232 100644 --- a/DESCRIPTION +++ b/DESCRIPTION @@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ Suggests: tidytext, wordcloud, purrr, - ggplot2, - glue + ggplot2 URL: https://michalovadek.github.io/eurlex/ VignetteBuilder: knitr diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md index 2c107f5..99b3bda 100644 --- a/NEWS.md +++ b/NEWS.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ - it is now possible to select all resource types available with `elx_make_query(resource_type = "any")`. Since there are nearly 1 million CELEX codes, use with discretion and expect long execution times - results can be restricted to a particular directory code with `elx_make_query(directory = "18")` (directory code "18" denotes Common Foreign and Security Policy) -- results can be restricted to a particular sector with `elx_make_query(sector = 2)` (sector code 3 denotes EU international agreements) +- results can be restricted to a particular sector with `elx_make_query(sector = 2)` (sector code 2 denotes EU international agreements) ## Minor changes diff --git a/R/elx_make_query.R b/R/elx_make_query.R index b72251b..756e983 100644 --- a/R/elx_make_query.R +++ b/R/elx_make_query.R @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -#' Create SPARQL quries +#' Create SPARQL queries #' #' Generates pre-defined or manual SPARQL queries to retrieve document ids from Cellar. #' List of available resource types: http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type . -#' Note that not all resource types are compatible with the pre-defined query. +#' Note that not all resource types are compatible with default parameter values. #' #' @importFrom magrittr %>% #' @@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ elx_make_query <- function(resource_type = c("directive","regulation","decision" include_directory = FALSE, include_sector = FALSE, order = FALSE, limit = NULL){ + if (missing(resource_type)) stop("'resource_type' must be defined") if (!resource_type %in% c("any","directive","regulation","decision","recommendation","intagr","caselaw","manual","proposal","national_impl")) stop("'resource_type' must be defined") if (resource_type == "manual" & nchar(manual_type) < 2){ diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index d384a33..51d079c 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -26,11 +26,11 @@ For the moment, it is recommended to retrieve metadata one variable at a time. F 2. `dates <- elx_make_query("directive", include_date_transpos = TRUE) %>% elx_run_query()` 3. `ids %>% dplyr::left_join(lbs) %>% dplyr::left_join(dates)` -rather than `elx_make_query("directive", include_lbs = TRUE, include_date_transpos = TRUE)`. This approach should make it easier to understand the returned data frame(s), especially when some variables contain missing or duplicated data. +rather than `elx_make_query("directive", include_lbs = TRUE, include_date_transpos = TRUE)`. This approach should make it easier to understand the returned data frame(s), especially when some variables contain missing or duplicated data. Always keep an eye on whether the `work` and `celex` columns identify rows uniquely or not. One of the main contributions of the SPARQL requests is that we obtain a comprehensive list of identifiers that we can subsequently use to obtain more data relating to the document in question. While the results of the SPARQL queries are useful also for webscraping (with the `rvest` package), the function `elx_fetch_data()` enables us to fire GET requests to retrieve data on documents with known identifiers (including Cellar URI). The function currently enables downloading the title and the full text of a document in all available languages. -See the [vignette](https://michalovadek.github.io/eurlex/articles/eurlexpkg.html) for a walkthrough on how to use the package. Check function documentation for most up-to-date overview of features. +See the [vignette](https://michalovadek.github.io/eurlex/articles/eurlexpkg.html) for a walkthrough on how to use the package. Check function documentation for most up-to-date overview of features. Example use cases are shown in this [paper](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2474736X.2020.1870150). ## Cite Michal Ovádek (2021) Facilitating access to data on European Union laws, Political Research Exchange, 3:1, DOI: [10.1080/2474736X.2020.1870150](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2474736X.2020.1870150) @@ -40,6 +40,19 @@ This package nor its author are in any way affiliated with the EU Publications O Please consider contributing to the maintanance and development of the package by reporting bugs or suggesting new features. +## Latest changes + +### eurlex 0.3.5 + +- it is now possible to select all resource types available with `elx_make_query(resource_type = "any")`. Since there are nearly 1 million CELEX codes, use with discretion and expect long execution times +- results can be restricted to a particular directory code with `elx_make_query(directory = "18")` (directory code "18" denotes Common Foreign and Security Policy) +- results can be restricted to a particular sector with `elx_make_query(sector = 2)` (sector code 2 denotes EU international agreements) + +- new feature: request date of court case submission `elx_make_query(include_date_lodged = TRUE)` +- new feature: request type of court procedure and outcome `elx_make_query(include_court_procedure = TRUE)` +- new feature: request directory code of legal act `elx_make_query(include_directory = TRUE)` +- `elx_curia_list()` has a new default parameter `parse = TRUE` which creates separate columns for `ecli`, `see_case`, `appeal` applying regular expressions on `case_info` + ## Useful resources Guide to CELEX numbers: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/tools/TableOfSectors/types_of_documents_in_eurlex.html diff --git a/doc/eurlexpkg.R b/doc/eurlexpkg.R index 488fba1..fb4df0b 100644 --- a/doc/eurlexpkg.R +++ b/doc/eurlexpkg.R @@ -17,27 +17,36 @@ results <- dirs %>% select(-force,-date) ## ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- query_dir %>% - glue::as_glue() # for nicer printing + cat() # for nicer printing elx_make_query(resource_type = "caselaw") %>% - glue::as_glue() + cat() elx_make_query(resource_type = "manual", manual_type = "SWD") %>% - glue::as_glue() + cat() ## ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- elx_make_query(resource_type = "directive", include_date = TRUE, include_force = TRUE) %>% - glue::as_glue() + cat() # minimal query: elx_make_query(resource_type = "directive") elx_make_query(resource_type = "recommendation", include_date = TRUE, include_lbs = TRUE) %>% - glue::as_glue() + cat() # minimal query: elx_make_query(resource_type = "recommendation") +## ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- +# request documents from directory 18 ("Common Foreign and Security Policy") +# and sector 3 ("Legal acts") + +elx_make_query(resource_type = "any", + directory = "18", + sector = 3) %>% + cat() + ## ----runquery, eval=FALSE----------------------------------------------------- # results <- elx_run_query(query = query_dir) # @@ -65,18 +74,14 @@ rec_eurovoc %>% ## ----eurovoctable------------------------------------------------------------- - eurovoc_lookup <- elx_label_eurovoc(uri_eurovoc = rec_eurovoc$eurovoc) print(eurovoc_lookup) - ## ----appendlabs--------------------------------------------------------------- - rec_eurovoc %>% left_join(eurovoc_lookup) - ## ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- eurovoc_lookup <- elx_label_eurovoc(uri_eurovoc = rec_eurovoc$eurovoc, alt_labels = TRUE, @@ -86,7 +91,6 @@ rec_eurovoc %>% left_join(eurovoc_lookup) %>% select(celex, eurovoc, labels) - ## ----getdatapur, message = FALSE, warning=FALSE, error=FALSE------------------ # the function is not vectorized by default elx_fetch_data(results$work[1],"title") @@ -117,7 +121,9 @@ dirs %>% ## ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- dirs %>% - ggplot(aes(x = as.Date(date), y = celex)) + + filter(!is.na(force)) %>% + mutate(date = as.Date(date)) %>% + ggplot(aes(x = date, y = celex)) + geom_point(aes(color = force), alpha = 0.1) + theme(axis.text.y = element_blank(), axis.line.y = element_blank(), diff --git a/doc/eurlexpkg.Rmd b/doc/eurlexpkg.Rmd index 7258dbd..05b1e3d 100644 --- a/doc/eurlexpkg.Rmd +++ b/doc/eurlexpkg.Rmd @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ title: "eurlex: Retrieve data on European Union law in R" output: rmarkdown::html_vignette description: > - Retrieve efficiently tidy data on European Union law in R with + Retrieve data on European Union law in R with pre-defined SPARQL and REST queries. vignette: > %\VignetteIndexEntry{eurlex: Retrieve data on European Union law in R} @@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ The `eurlex` R package attempts to significantly reduce the overhead associated The `eurlex` package currently envisions the typical use-case to consist of getting bulk information about EU legislation into R as fast as possible. The package contains three core functions to achieve that objective: `elx_make_query()` to create pre-defined or customized SPARQL queries; `elx_run_query()` to execute the pre-made or any other manually input query; and `elx_fetch_data()` to fire GET requests for certain metadata to the REST API. +The package also contains largely self-explanatory functions for retrieving data on EU court cases (`elx_curia_list()`) and Council votes (`elx_council_votes()`) from outside Eur-Lex. + ## `elx_make_query()`: Generate SPARQL queries The function `elx_make_query` takes as its first argument the type of resource to be retrieved from the semantic database that powers Eur-Lex (and other publications) called Cellar. @@ -55,13 +57,13 @@ The choice of resource type is then reflected in the SPARQL query generated by t ```{r} query_dir %>% - glue::as_glue() # for nicer printing + cat() # for nicer printing elx_make_query(resource_type = "caselaw") %>% - glue::as_glue() + cat() elx_make_query(resource_type = "manual", manual_type = "SWD") %>% - glue::as_glue() + cat() ``` @@ -69,21 +71,33 @@ There are various ways of querying the same information in the Cellar database d The other arguments in `elx_make_query()` relate to additional metadata to be returned. The results include by default the [CELEX number](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/tools/TableOfSectors/types_of_documents_in_eurlex.html) and exclude corrigenda (corrections of errors in legislation). Other data needs to be opted into. Make sure to select ones that are logically compatible (e.g. case law does not have a legal basis). More options should be added in the future. -Note that availability of data for each variable has an impact on the results. The data frame returned by the query will be shrunken to the size of the variable with most missing data. It is recommended to always compare results from a desired query to a minimal query requesting only celex ids. +Note that availability of data for each variable might have an impact on the results. The data frame returned by the query might be shrunken to the size of the variable with most missing data. It is recommended to always compare results from a desired query to a minimal query requesting only celex ids. ```{r} elx_make_query(resource_type = "directive", include_date = TRUE, include_force = TRUE) %>% - glue::as_glue() + cat() # minimal query: elx_make_query(resource_type = "directive") elx_make_query(resource_type = "recommendation", include_date = TRUE, include_lbs = TRUE) %>% - glue::as_glue() + cat() # minimal query: elx_make_query(resource_type = "recommendation") ``` +You can also decide to not specify any resource types, in which case all types of documents will be returned. As there are over a million documents with a CELEX identifier, this is likely not efficient for a majority of users. But since version 0.3.5 it is possible to request documents belonging to a particular ["sector"](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/content/tools/TableOfSectors/types_of_documents_in_eurlex.html) or [directory code](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/directories/legislation.html). + +```{r} +# request documents from directory 18 ("Common Foreign and Security Policy") +# and sector 3 ("Legal acts") + +elx_make_query(resource_type = "any", + directory = "18", + sector = 3) %>% + cat() +``` + Now that we have a query, we are ready to run it. ## `elx_run_query()`: Execute SPARQL queries @@ -135,20 +149,16 @@ rec_eurovoc %>% By default, the endpoint returns the EuroVoc concept codes rather than the labels (keywords). The function `elx_label_eurovoc()` needs to be called to obtain a look-up table with the labels. ```{r eurovoctable} - eurovoc_lookup <- elx_label_eurovoc(uri_eurovoc = rec_eurovoc$eurovoc) print(eurovoc_lookup) - ``` The results include labels only for unique identifiers, but with `dplyr::left_join()` it is straightforward to append the labels to the entire dataset. ```{r appendlabs} - rec_eurovoc %>% left_join(eurovoc_lookup) - ``` As elsewhere in the API, we can tap into the multilingual nature of EU documents also when it comes to the EuroVoc keywords. Moreover, most concepts in the thesaurus are associated with alternative labels; these can be returned as well (separated by a comma). @@ -161,7 +171,6 @@ eurovoc_lookup <- elx_label_eurovoc(uri_eurovoc = rec_eurovoc$eurovoc, rec_eurovoc %>% left_join(eurovoc_lookup) %>% select(celex, eurovoc, labels) - ``` ## `elx_fetch_data()`: Fire GET requests @@ -186,7 +195,7 @@ print(dir_titles) ``` -Note that text requests are by far the most time-intensive; requesting the full text for thousands of documents is liable to extend the run-time into hours. Currently, no method for downloading text in non-html/plain formats is implemented, which means pdf-only texts will be missing from the results.^[It is worth pointing out that the html and pdf contents of older case law differs. Whereas typically the html file is only going to contain a summary and grounds of a judgment, the pdf should also contain background to the dispute.] +Note that text requests are by far the most time-intensive; requesting the full text for thousands of documents is liable to extend the run-time into hours. Texts are retrieved from html by priority, but methods for pdfs and .docs are also implemented.^[It is worth pointing out that the html and pdf contents of older case law differs. Whereas typically the html file is only going to contain a summary and grounds of a judgment, the pdf should also contain background to the dispute.] The function even handles multi-document resources (by pasting them together). # Application @@ -213,7 +222,9 @@ Directives become naturally outdated with time. It might be all the more interes ```{r} dirs %>% - ggplot(aes(x = as.Date(date), y = celex)) + + filter(!is.na(force)) %>% + mutate(date = as.Date(date)) %>% + ggplot(aes(x = date, y = celex)) + geom_point(aes(color = force), alpha = 0.1) + theme(axis.text.y = element_blank(), axis.line.y = element_blank(), @@ -251,6 +262,6 @@ dirs_1970_title %>% I use term-frequency inverse-document frequency (tf-idf) to weight the importance of the words in the wordcloud. If we used pure frequencies, the wordcloud would largely consist of words conveying little meaning ("the", "and", ...). -This is an extremely basic application of the `eurlex` package. Much more sophisticated methods can be used to analyse both the content and metadata of European Union legislation. If the package is useful for your research, please consider citing it. +This is an extremely basic application of the `eurlex` package. Much more sophisticated methods can be used to analyse both the content and metadata of European Union legislation. If the package is useful for your research, please consider citing the [accompanying paper](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2474736X.2020.1870150).^[Michal Ovádek (2021) Facilitating access to data on European Union laws, Political Research Exchange, 3:1, DOI: [10.1080/2474736X.2020.1870150](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2474736X.2020.1870150)] diff --git a/doc/eurlexpkg.html b/doc/eurlexpkg.html index b4098ba..495b333 100644 --- a/doc/eurlexpkg.html +++ b/doc/eurlexpkg.html @@ -311,6 +311,7 @@
eurlex
packageThe eurlex
package currently envisions the typical use-case to consist of getting bulk information about EU legislation into R as fast as possible. The package contains three core functions to achieve that objective: elx_make_query()
to create pre-defined or customized SPARQL queries; elx_run_query()
to execute the pre-made or any other manually input query; and elx_fetch_data()
to fire GET requests for certain metadata to the REST API.
The package also contains largely self-explanatory functions for retrieving data on EU court cases (elx_curia_list()
) and Council votes (elx_council_votes()
) from outside Eur-Lex.
elx_make_query()
: Generate SPARQL queriesThe function elx_make_query
takes as its first argument the type of resource to be retrieved from the semantic database that powers Eur-Lex (and other publications) called Cellar.
elx_make_query()
: Generate SPARQL queriesCurrently, it is possible to choose from among a host of resource types, including directives, regulations and even case law (see function description for the full list). It is also possible to manually specify a resource type from the eligible list.1
The choice of resource type is then reflected in the SPARQL query generated by the function:
query_dir %>%
- glue::as_glue() # for nicer printing
+ cat() # for nicer printing
#> PREFIX cdm: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#>
-#> PREFIX skos:<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>
-#> PREFIX dc:<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
-#> PREFIX xsd:<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
-#> PREFIX rdf:<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
-#> PREFIX owl:<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
-#> select distinct ?work ?type ?celex where{ ?work cdm:work_has_resource-type ?type. FILTER(?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR_IMPL>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR_DEL>)
-#> FILTER not exists{?work cdm:work_has_resource-type <http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/CORRIGENDUM>} ?work cdm:resource_legal_id_celex ?celex. }
-
-elx_make_query(resource_type = "caselaw") %>%
- glue::as_glue()
-#> PREFIX cdm: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#>
-#> PREFIX skos:<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>
-#> PREFIX dc:<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
-#> PREFIX xsd:<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
-#> PREFIX rdf:<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
-#> PREFIX owl:<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
-#> select distinct ?work ?type ?celex where{ ?work cdm:work_has_resource-type ?type. FILTER(?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/JUDG>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/ORDER>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/OPIN_JUR>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/THIRDPARTY_PROCEED>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/GARNISHEE_ORDER>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/RULING>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/JUDG_EXTRACT>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/INFO_JUDICIAL>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/VIEW_AG>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/OPIN_AG>) ?work cdm:resource_legal_id_celex ?celex. }
-
-elx_make_query(resource_type = "manual", manual_type = "SWD") %>%
- glue::as_glue()
-#> PREFIX cdm: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#>
-#> PREFIX skos:<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>
-#> PREFIX dc:<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
-#> PREFIX xsd:<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
-#> PREFIX rdf:<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
-#> PREFIX owl:<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
-#> select distinct ?work ?type ?celex where{ ?work cdm:work_has_resource-type ?type.FILTER(?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/SWD>)
-#> FILTER not exists{?work cdm:work_has_resource-type <http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/CORRIGENDUM>} ?work cdm:resource_legal_id_celex ?celex. }
There are various ways of querying the same information in the Cellar database due to the existence of several overlapping classes and identifiers describing the same resources. The queries generated by the function should offer a reliable way of obtaining exhaustive results, as they have been validated by the helpdesk of the Publication Office. At the same time, it is always possible there will be issues either on the query or the database side; please report any you encounter through Github.
The other arguments in elx_make_query()
relate to additional metadata to be returned. The results include by default the CELEX number and exclude corrigenda (corrections of errors in legislation). Other data needs to be opted into. Make sure to select ones that are logically compatible (e.g. case law does not have a legal basis). More options should be added in the future.
Note that availability of data for each variable has an impact on the results. The data frame returned by the query will be shrunken to the size of the variable with most missing data. It is recommended to always compare results from a desired query to a minimal query requesting only celex ids.
+Note that availability of data for each variable might have an impact on the results. The data frame returned by the query might be shrunken to the size of the variable with most missing data. It is recommended to always compare results from a desired query to a minimal query requesting only celex ids.
elx_make_query(resource_type = "directive", include_date = TRUE, include_force = TRUE) %>%
- glue::as_glue()
+ cat()
#> PREFIX cdm: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#>
-#> PREFIX skos:<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>
-#> PREFIX dc:<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
-#> PREFIX xsd:<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
-#> PREFIX rdf:<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
-#> PREFIX owl:<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
-#> select distinct ?work ?type ?celex str(?date) ?force where{ ?work cdm:work_has_resource-type ?type. FILTER(?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR_IMPL>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR_DEL>)
-#> FILTER not exists{?work cdm:work_has_resource-type <http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/CORRIGENDUM>} ?work cdm:resource_legal_id_celex ?celex. ?work cdm:work_date_document ?date. ?work cdm:resource_legal_in-force ?force. }
-
-# minimal query: elx_make_query(resource_type = "directive")
-
-elx_make_query(resource_type = "recommendation", include_date = TRUE, include_lbs = TRUE) %>%
- glue::as_glue()
-#> PREFIX cdm: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#>
-#> PREFIX skos:<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>
-#> PREFIX dc:<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
-#> PREFIX xsd:<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
-#> PREFIX rdf:<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
-#> PREFIX owl:<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
-#> select distinct ?work ?type ?celex str(?date) ?lbs ?lbcelex where{ ?work cdm:work_has_resource-type ?type. FILTER(?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/RECO>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/RECO_DEC>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/RECO_DIR>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/RECO_OPIN>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/RECO_RES>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/RECO_REG>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/RECO_RECO>||
-#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/RECO_DRAFT>)
-#> FILTER not exists{?work cdm:work_has_resource-type <http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/CORRIGENDUM>} ?work cdm:resource_legal_id_celex ?celex. ?work cdm:work_date_document ?date. ?work cdm:resource_legal_based_on_resource_legal ?lbs.
-#> ?lbs cdm:resource_legal_id_celex ?lbcelex. }
-
-# minimal query: elx_make_query(resource_type = "recommendation")
You can also decide to not specify any resource types, in which case all types of documents will be returned. As there are over a million documents with a CELEX identifier, this is likely not efficient for a majority of users. But since version 0.3.5 it is possible to request documents belonging to a particular “sector” or directory code.
+# request documents from directory 18 ("Common Foreign and Security Policy")
+# and sector 3 ("Legal acts")
+
+elx_make_query(resource_type = "any",
+ directory = "18",
+ sector = 3) %>%
+ cat()
+#> PREFIX cdm: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#>
+#> PREFIX annot: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/annotation#>
+#> PREFIX skos:<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>
+#> PREFIX dc:<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/>
+#> PREFIX xsd:<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
+#> PREFIX rdf:<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
+#> PREFIX owl:<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
+#> select distinct ?work ?type ?celex where{
+#> VALUES (?value)
+#> { (<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_555/18>)
+#> (<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/dir-eu-legal-act/18>)
+#> }
+#> {?work cdm:resource_legal_is_about_concept_directory-code ?value.
+#> }
+#> UNION
+#> {?work cdm:resource_legal_is_about_concept_directory-code ?directory.
+#> ?value skos:narrower+ ?directory.
+#> }
+#>
+#> ?work cdm:resource_legal_id_sector ?sector.
+#> FILTER(str(?sector)='3')
+#>
+#> FILTER not exists{?work cdm:work_has_resource-type <http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/CORRIGENDUM>} OPTIONAL{?work cdm:resource_legal_id_celex ?celex.} }
Now that we have a query, we are ready to run it.
elx_run_query()
: Execute SPARQL querieselx_run_query()
sends SPARQL queries to a pre-specified endpoint. The function takes the query string as the main argument, which means you can manually pass it any working SPARQL query (relevant to official EU publications).
results <- elx_run_query(query = query_dir)
-
-# the functions are compatible with piping
-#
-# elx_make_query("directive") %>%
-# elx_run_query()
as_tibble(results)
-#> # A tibble: 4,192 x 3
-#> work type celex
-#> <chr> <chr> <chr>
-#> 1 http://publications.europa.eu/resourc~ http://publications.europa.eu/~ 31979L~
-#> 2 http://publications.europa.eu/resourc~ http://publications.europa.eu/~ 31989L~
-#> 3 http://publications.europa.eu/resourc~ http://publications.europa.eu/~ 31984L~
-#> 4 http://publications.europa.eu/resourc~ http://publications.europa.eu/~ 31966L~
-#> # ... with 4,188 more rows
results <- elx_run_query(query = query_dir)
+
+# the functions are compatible with piping
+#
+# elx_make_query("directive") %>%
+# elx_run_query()
as_tibble(results)
+#> # A tibble: 4,317 x 3
+#> work type celex
+#> <chr> <chr> <chr>
+#> 1 http://publications.europa.eu/resourc~ http://publications.europa.eu/~ 31979L~
+#> 2 http://publications.europa.eu/resourc~ http://publications.europa.eu/~ 31989L~
+#> 3 http://publications.europa.eu/resourc~ http://publications.europa.eu/~ 31984L~
+#> 4 http://publications.europa.eu/resourc~ http://publications.europa.eu/~ 31966L~
+#> # ... with 4,313 more rows
The function outputs a data.frame
where each column corresponds to one of the requested variables, while the rows accumulate observations of the resource type satisfying the query criteria. Obviously, the more data is to be returned, the longer the execution time, varying from a few seconds to several minutes, depending also on your connection.
The first column always contains the unique URI of a “work” (legislative act or court judgment) which identifies each resource in Cellar. Several human-readable identifiers are normally associated with each “work” but the most useful one is CELEX, retrieved by default.2
One column you should always pay attention to is type
(as in resource_type
). The URIs contained there reflect the FILTER argument in the SPARQL query, which is manually pre-specified. All resources are indexed as being of one type or another. For example, when retrieving directives, the results are going to return also delegated directives, which might not be desirable, depending on your needs. You can filter results by type
to make the necessary adjustments. The queries are expansive by default in the spirit of erring on the side of over-inclusiveness rather than vice versa.
head(results$type,5)
-#> [1] "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR"
-#> [2] "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR"
-#> [3] "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR"
-#> [4] "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR"
-#> [5] "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR"
-
-results %>%
- distinct(type)
-#> # A tibble: 3 x 1
-#> type
-#> <chr>
-#> 1 http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR
-#> 2 http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR_IMPL
-#> 3 http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR_DEL
head(results$type,5)
+#> [1] "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR"
+#> [2] "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR"
+#> [3] "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR"
+#> [4] "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR"
+#> [5] "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR"
+
+results %>%
+ distinct(type)
+#> # A tibble: 3 x 1
+#> type
+#> <chr>
+#> 1 http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR
+#> 2 http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR_IMPL
+#> 3 http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR_DEL
The data is returned in the long format, which means that rows are recycled up to the length of the variable with the most data points. For example, if 20 directives are returned, each with two legal bases, the resulting data.frame
will have 40 rows. Some variables, such as dates, contain unexpectedly several entries for some documents. You should always check the number of unique identifiers in the results instead of assuming that each row is a unique observation.
EuroVoc is a multilingual thesaurus, keywords from which are used to describe the content of European Union documents. Most resource types that can be retrieved with the pre-defined queries in this package can be accompanied by EuroVoc keywords and these can be retrieved as other variables.
-
-rec_eurovoc <- elx_make_query("recommendation", include_eurovoc = TRUE, limit = 10) %>%
- elx_run_query() # truncated results for sake of the example
-
-rec_eurovoc %>%
- select(celex, eurovoc)
-#> # A tibble: 10 x 2
-#> celex eurovoc
-#> <chr> <chr>
-#> 1 31962H0816 http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1004
-#> 2 32015H0818(10) http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1021
-#> 3 32016H0818(09) http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1021
-#> 4 32017H0809(10) http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1021
-#> # ... with 6 more rows
By default, the endpoint returns the EuroVoc concept codes rather than the labels (keywords). The function elx_label_eurovoc()
needs to be called to obtain a look-up table with the labels.
-eurovoc_lookup <- elx_label_eurovoc(uri_eurovoc = rec_eurovoc$eurovoc)
-
-print(eurovoc_lookup)
-#> # A tibble: 5 x 2
-#> eurovoc labels
-#> <chr> <chr>
-#> 1 http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1085 France
-#> 2 http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1074 vocational training
-#> 3 http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1076 form
-#> 4 http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1004 welfare
-#> # ... with 1 more row
By default, the endpoint returns the EuroVoc concept codes rather than the labels (keywords). The function elx_label_eurovoc()
needs to be called to obtain a look-up table with the labels.
eurovoc_lookup <- elx_label_eurovoc(uri_eurovoc = rec_eurovoc$eurovoc)
+
+print(eurovoc_lookup)
+#> # A tibble: 9 x 2
+#> eurovoc labels
+#> <chr> <chr>
+#> 1 http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1085 France
+#> 2 http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1442 food inspection
+#> 3 http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1076 form
+#> 4 http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1318 Germany
+#> # ... with 5 more rows
The results include labels only for unique identifiers, but with dplyr::left_join()
it is straightforward to append the labels to the entire dataset.
-rec_eurovoc %>%
- left_join(eurovoc_lookup)
-#> Joining, by = "eurovoc"
-#> # A tibble: 10 x 5
-#> work type celex eurovoc labels
-#> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
-#> 1 http://publications.euro~ http://publications.e~ 31962H0~ http://euro~ welfare
-#> 2 http://publications.euro~ http://publications.e~ 32015H0~ http://euro~ tax sy~
-#> 3 http://publications.euro~ http://publications.e~ 32016H0~ http://euro~ tax sy~
-#> 4 http://publications.euro~ http://publications.e~ 32017H0~ http://euro~ tax sy~
-#> # ... with 6 more rows
rec_eurovoc %>%
+ left_join(eurovoc_lookup)
+#> Joining, by = "eurovoc"
+#> # A tibble: 10 x 5
+#> work type celex eurovoc labels
+#> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
+#> 1 http://publications.euro~ http://publications.e~ 32012~ http://euro~ consumer~
+#> 2 http://publications.euro~ http://publications.e~ 31962~ http://euro~ welfare
+#> 3 http://publications.euro~ http://publications.e~ 31974~ http://euro~ France
+#> 4 http://publications.euro~ http://publications.e~ 31996~ http://euro~ form
+#> # ... with 6 more rows
As elsewhere in the API, we can tap into the multilingual nature of EU documents also when it comes to the EuroVoc keywords. Moreover, most concepts in the thesaurus are associated with alternative labels; these can be returned as well (separated by a comma).
-eurovoc_lookup <- elx_label_eurovoc(uri_eurovoc = rec_eurovoc$eurovoc,
- alt_labels = TRUE,
- language = "sk")
-
-rec_eurovoc %>%
- left_join(eurovoc_lookup) %>%
- select(celex, eurovoc, labels)
-#> Joining, by = "eurovoc"
-#> # A tibble: 10 x 3
-#> celex eurovoc labels
-#> <chr> <chr> <chr>
-#> 1 31962H0816 http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1004 blahobyt
-#> 2 32015H0818(10) http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1021 danová sústava,danový systém
-#> 3 32016H0818(09) http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1021 danová sústava,danový systém
-#> 4 32017H0809(10) http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1021 danová sústava,danový systém
-#> # ... with 6 more rows
eurovoc_lookup <- elx_label_eurovoc(uri_eurovoc = rec_eurovoc$eurovoc,
+ alt_labels = TRUE,
+ language = "sk")
+
+rec_eurovoc %>%
+ left_join(eurovoc_lookup) %>%
+ select(celex, eurovoc, labels)
+#> Joining, by = "eurovoc"
+#> # A tibble: 10 x 3
+#> celex eurovoc labels
+#> <chr> <chr> <chr>
+#> 1 32012H00~ http://eurovoc.europa.eu~ informácie pre spotrebitela,vzdelávanie s~
+#> 2 31962H08~ http://eurovoc.europa.eu~ blahobyt
+#> 3 31974H04~ http://eurovoc.europa.eu~ Francúzska republika,Francúzsko
+#> 4 31996H05~ http://eurovoc.europa.eu~ formulár
+#> # ... with 6 more rows
elx_fetch_data()
: Fire GET requestsA core contribution of the SPARQL requests is that we obtain a comprehensive list of identifiers that we can subsequently use to obtain more data relating to the document in question. While the results of the SPARQL queries are useful also for webscraping (with the rvest
package), the function elx_fetch_data()
enables us to fire GET requests to retrieve data on documents with known identifiers (including Cellar URI).
One of the most sought-after data in the Eur-Lex dataverse is the text. It is possible now to automate the pipeline for downloading html and plain texts from Eur-Lex. Similarly, you can retrieve the title of the document. For both you can specify also the desired language (English by default). Other metadata might be added in the future.
-# the function is not vectorized by default
-elx_fetch_data(results$work[1],"title")
-#> [1] "Council Directive 79/173/EEC of 6 February 1979 on the programme for the acceleration and guidance of collective irrigation works in Corsica"
-
-# we can use purrr::map() to play that role
-library(purrr)
-
-dir_titles <- results[1:10,] %>% # take the first 10 directives only to save time
- mutate(title = map_chr(work,elx_fetch_data, "title")) %>%
- as_tibble() %>%
- select(celex, title)
-
-print(dir_titles)
-#> # A tibble: 10 x 2
-#> celex title
-#> <chr> <chr>
-#> 1 31979L0173 Council Directive 79/173/EEC of 6 February 1979 on the programme f~
-#> 2 31989L0194 Council Directive 89/194/EEC of 13 March 1989 amending Directive 6~
-#> 3 31984L0378 Council Directive 84/378/EEC of 28 June 1984 amending the Annexes ~
-#> 4 31966L0683 Commission Directive 66/683/EEC of 7 November 1966 eliminating all~
-#> # ... with 6 more rows
Note that text requests are by far the most time-intensive; requesting the full text for thousands of documents is liable to extend the run-time into hours. Currently, no method for downloading text in non-html/plain formats is implemented, which means pdf-only texts will be missing from the results.3
+# the function is not vectorized by default
+elx_fetch_data(results$work[1],"title")
+#> [1] "Council Directive 79/173/EEC of 6 February 1979 on the programme for the acceleration and guidance of collective irrigation works in Corsica"
+
+# we can use purrr::map() to play that role
+library(purrr)
+
+dir_titles <- results[1:10,] %>% # take the first 10 directives only to save time
+ mutate(title = map_chr(work,elx_fetch_data, "title")) %>%
+ as_tibble() %>%
+ select(celex, title)
+
+print(dir_titles)
+#> # A tibble: 10 x 2
+#> celex title
+#> <chr> <chr>
+#> 1 31979L0173 Council Directive 79/173/EEC of 6 February 1979 on the programme f~
+#> 2 31989L0194 Council Directive 89/194/EEC of 13 March 1989 amending Directive 6~
+#> 3 31984L0378 Council Directive 84/378/EEC of 28 June 1984 amending the Annexes ~
+#> 4 31966L0683 Commission Directive 66/683/EEC of 7 November 1966 eliminating all~
+#> # ... with 6 more rows
Note that text requests are by far the most time-intensive; requesting the full text for thousands of documents is liable to extend the run-time into hours. Texts are retrieved from html by priority, but methods for pdfs and .docs are also implemented.3 The function even handles multi-document resources (by pasting them together).
In this section I showcase a simple application of eurlex
on making overviews of EU legislation. First, we collate data on directives.
dirs <- elx_make_query(resource_type = "directive", include_date = TRUE, include_force = TRUE) %>%
- elx_run_query() %>%
- rename(date = `callret-3`)
dirs <- elx_make_query(resource_type = "directive", include_date = TRUE, include_force = TRUE) %>%
+ elx_run_query() %>%
+ rename(date = `callret-3`)
Let’s calculate the proportion of directives currently in force in the entire set of directives ever adopted. This variable offers a particularly good demonstration of the usefulness of the package to retrieve EU law data, because it changes every day, as new acts enter into force and old ones drop out. Regularly scraping webpages for this purpose and scale is simply impractical and disproportional.
- - + +Directives become naturally outdated with time. It might be all the more interesting to see which older acts are thus still surviving.
-dirs %>%
- ggplot(aes(x = as.Date(date), y = celex)) +
- geom_point(aes(color = force), alpha = 0.1) +
- theme(axis.text.y = element_blank(),
- axis.line.y = element_blank(),
- axis.ticks.y = element_blank())
dirs %>%
+ filter(!is.na(force)) %>%
+ mutate(date = as.Date(date)) %>%
+ ggplot(aes(x = date, y = celex)) +
+ geom_point(aes(color = force), alpha = 0.1) +
+ theme(axis.text.y = element_blank(),
+ axis.line.y = element_blank(),
+ axis.ticks.y = element_blank())
We want to know a bit more about the directives from 1970s that are still in force today. Their titles could give us a clue.
-dirs_1970_title <- dirs %>%
- filter(between(as.Date(date), as.Date("1970-01-01"), as.Date("1980-01-01")),
- force == "true") %>%
- mutate(title = map_chr(work,elx_fetch_data,"title")) %>%
- as_tibble()
-
-print(dirs_1970_title)
-#> # A tibble: 78 x 6
-#> work type celex date force title
-#> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
-#> 1 http://publications~ http://publicatio~ 31975~ 1975~ true Council Directive ~
-#> 2 http://publications~ http://publicatio~ 31977~ 1977~ true First Commission D~
-#> 3 http://publications~ http://publicatio~ 31977~ 1977~ true Council Directive ~
-#> 4 http://publications~ http://publicatio~ 31973~ 1973~ true Council Directive ~
-#> # ... with 74 more rows
dirs_1970_title <- dirs %>%
+ filter(between(as.Date(date), as.Date("1970-01-01"), as.Date("1980-01-01")),
+ force == "true") %>%
+ mutate(title = map_chr(work,elx_fetch_data,"title")) %>%
+ as_tibble()
+
+print(dirs_1970_title)
+#> # A tibble: 70 x 6
+#> work type celex date force title
+#> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>
+#> 1 http://publications~ http://publicatio~ 31975~ 1975~ true Council Directive ~
+#> 2 http://publications~ http://publicatio~ 31977~ 1977~ true First Commission D~
+#> 3 http://publications~ http://publicatio~ 31977~ 1977~ true Council Directive ~
+#> 4 http://publications~ http://publicatio~ 31973~ 1973~ true Council Directive ~
+#> # ... with 66 more rows
I will use the tidytext
package to get a quick idea of what the legislation is about.
library(tidytext)
-library(wordcloud)
-
-dirs_1970_title %>%
- select(celex,title) %>%
- unnest_tokens(word, title) %>%
- count(celex, word, sort = TRUE) %>%
- filter(!grepl("\\d", word)) %>%
- bind_tf_idf(word, celex, n) %>%
- with(wordcloud(word, tf_idf, max.words = 40, scale = c(1.8,0.1)))
library(tidytext)
+library(wordcloud)
+
+dirs_1970_title %>%
+ select(celex,title) %>%
+ unnest_tokens(word, title) %>%
+ count(celex, word, sort = TRUE) %>%
+ filter(!grepl("\\d", word)) %>%
+ bind_tf_idf(word, celex, n) %>%
+ with(wordcloud(word, tf_idf, max.words = 40, scale = c(1.8,0.1)))
I use term-frequency inverse-document frequency (tf-idf) to weight the importance of the words in the wordcloud. If we used pure frequencies, the wordcloud would largely consist of words conveying little meaning (“the”, “and”, …).
-This is an extremely basic application of the eurlex
package. Much more sophisticated methods can be used to analyse both the content and metadata of European Union legislation. If the package is useful for your research, please consider citing it.
This is an extremely basic application of the eurlex
package. Much more sophisticated methods can be used to analyse both the content and metadata of European Union legislation. If the package is useful for your research, please consider citing the accompanying paper.4
Note, however, that not all resource types will work properly with the pre-specified query.↩
Occasionally, you may encounter legal acts without CELEX numbers, especially when digging through older legislation. It is good to report these to the Eur-Lex helpdesk.↩
It is worth pointing out that the html and pdf contents of older case law differs. Whereas typically the html file is only going to contain a summary and grounds of a judgment, the pdf should also contain background to the dispute.↩
Michal Ovádek (2021) Facilitating access to data on European Union laws, Political Research Exchange, 3:1, DOI: 10.1080/2474736X.2020.1870150↩
eurlex
packageThe eurlex
package currently envisions the typical use-case to consist of getting bulk information about EU legislation into R as fast as possible. The package contains three core functions to achieve that objective: elx_make_query()
to create pre-defined or customized SPARQL queries; elx_run_query()
to execute the pre-made or any other manually input query; and elx_fetch_data()
to fire GET requests for certain metadata to the REST API.
The package also contains largely self-explanatory functions for retrieving data on EU court cases (elx_curia_list()
) and Council votes (elx_council_votes()
) from outside Eur-Lex.
elx_make_query()
: Generate SPARQL queriesCurrently, it is possible to choose from among a host of resource types, including directives, regulations and even case law (see function description for the full list). It is also possible to manually specify a resource type from the eligible list.1
The choice of resource type is then reflected in the SPARQL query generated by the function:
query_dir %>% - glue::as_glue() # for nicer printing + cat() # for nicer printing #> PREFIX cdm: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#> #> PREFIX annot: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/annotation#> #> PREFIX skos:<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> @@ -130,7 +131,7 @@#> FILTER not exists{?work cdm:work_has_resource-type <http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/CORRIGENDUM>} OPTIONAL{?work cdm:resource_legal_id_celex ?celex.} } elx_make_query(resource_type = "caselaw") %>% - glue::as_glue() + cat() #> PREFIX cdm: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#> #> PREFIX annot: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/annotation#> #> PREFIX skos:<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> @@ -150,7 +151,7 @@
#> ?type=<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/OPIN_AG>) OPTIONAL{?work cdm:resource_legal_id_celex ?celex.} } elx_make_query(resource_type = "manual", manual_type = "SWD") %>% - glue::as_glue() + cat() #> PREFIX cdm: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#> #> PREFIX annot: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/annotation#> #> PREFIX skos:<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> @@ -162,9 +163,9 @@
#> FILTER not exists{?work cdm:work_has_resource-type <http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/CORRIGENDUM>} OPTIONAL{?work cdm:resource_legal_id_celex ?celex.} }
There are various ways of querying the same information in the Cellar database due to the existence of several overlapping classes and identifiers describing the same resources. The queries generated by the function should offer a reliable way of obtaining exhaustive results, as they have been validated by the helpdesk of the Publication Office. At the same time, it is always possible there will be issues either on the query or the database side; please report any you encounter through Github.
The other arguments in elx_make_query()
relate to additional metadata to be returned. The results include by default the CELEX number and exclude corrigenda (corrections of errors in legislation). Other data needs to be opted into. Make sure to select ones that are logically compatible (e.g. case law does not have a legal basis). More options should be added in the future.
Note that availability of data for each variable has an impact on the results. The data frame returned by the query will be shrunken to the size of the variable with most missing data. It is recommended to always compare results from a desired query to a minimal query requesting only celex ids.
+Note that availability of data for each variable might have an impact on the results. The data frame returned by the query might be shrunken to the size of the variable with most missing data. It is recommended to always compare results from a desired query to a minimal query requesting only celex ids.
elx_make_query(resource_type = "directive", include_date = TRUE, include_force = TRUE) %>% - glue::as_glue() + cat() #> PREFIX cdm: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#> #> PREFIX annot: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/annotation#> #> PREFIX skos:<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> @@ -180,7 +181,7 @@# minimal query: elx_make_query(resource_type = "directive") elx_make_query(resource_type = "recommendation", include_date = TRUE, include_lbs = TRUE) %>% - glue::as_glue() + cat() #> PREFIX cdm: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#> #> PREFIX annot: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/annotation#> #> PREFIX skos:<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> @@ -204,31 +205,62 @@
#> ?bn annot:comment_on_legal_basis ?lbsuffix}} } # minimal query: elx_make_query(resource_type = "recommendation")
You can also decide to not specify any resource types, in which case all types of documents will be returned. As there are over a million documents with a CELEX identifier, this is likely not efficient for a majority of users. But since version 0.3.5 it is possible to request documents belonging to a particular “sector” or directory code.
+# request documents from directory 18 ("Common Foreign and Security Policy") +# and sector 3 ("Legal acts") + +elx_make_query(resource_type = "any", + directory = "18", + sector = 3) %>% + cat() +#> PREFIX cdm: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/cdm#> +#> PREFIX annot: <http://publications.europa.eu/ontology/annotation#> +#> PREFIX skos:<http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> +#> PREFIX dc:<http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> +#> PREFIX xsd:<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> +#> PREFIX rdf:<http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> +#> PREFIX owl:<http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> +#> select distinct ?work ?type ?celex where{ +#> VALUES (?value) +#> { (<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_555/18>) +#> (<http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/dir-eu-legal-act/18>) +#> } +#> {?work cdm:resource_legal_is_about_concept_directory-code ?value. +#> } +#> UNION +#> {?work cdm:resource_legal_is_about_concept_directory-code ?directory. +#> ?value skos:narrower+ ?directory. +#> } +#> +#> ?work cdm:resource_legal_id_sector ?sector. +#> FILTER(str(?sector)='3') +#> +#> FILTER not exists{?work cdm:work_has_resource-type <http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/CORRIGENDUM>} OPTIONAL{?work cdm:resource_legal_id_celex ?celex.} }
Now that we have a query, we are ready to run it.
elx_run_query()
: Execute SPARQL querieselx_run_query()
sends SPARQL queries to a pre-specified endpoint. The function takes the query string as the main argument, which means you can manually pass it any working SPARQL query (relevant to official EU publications).
results <- elx_run_query(query = query_dir) +-results <- elx_run_query(query = query_dir) # the functions are compatible with piping # # elx_make_query("directive") %>% # elx_run_query()as_tibble(results) -#> # A tibble: 4,316 x 3 ++#> # ... with 4,313 more rowsas_tibble(results) +#> # A tibble: 4,317 x 3 #> work type celex #> <chr> <chr> <chr> #> 1 http://publications.europa.eu/resourc~ http://publications.europa.eu/~ 31979L~ #> 2 http://publications.europa.eu/resourc~ http://publications.europa.eu/~ 31989L~ #> 3 http://publications.europa.eu/resourc~ http://publications.europa.eu/~ 31984L~ #> 4 http://publications.europa.eu/resourc~ http://publications.europa.eu/~ 31966L~ -#> # ... with 4,312 more rowsThe function outputs a
data.frame
where each column corresponds to one of the requested variables, while the rows accumulate observations of the resource type satisfying the query criteria. Obviously, the more data is to be returned, the longer the execution time, varying from a few seconds to several minutes, depending also on your connection.The first column always contains the unique URI of a “work” (legislative act or court judgment) which identifies each resource in Cellar. Several human-readable identifiers are normally associated with each “work” but the most useful one is CELEX, retrieved by default.2
One column you should always pay attention to is
-type
(as inresource_type
). The URIs contained there reflect the FILTER argument in the SPARQL query, which is manually pre-specified. All resources are indexed as being of one type or another. For example, when retrieving directives, the results are going to return also delegated directives, which might not be desirable, depending on your needs. You can filter results bytype
to make the necessary adjustments. The queries are expansive by default in the spirit of erring on the side of over-inclusiveness rather than vice versa.head(results$type,5) +head(results$type,5) #> [1] "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR" #> [2] "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR" #> [3] "http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/resource-type/DIR" @@ -248,7 +280,7 @@
EuroVoc descriptors
EuroVoc is a multilingual thesaurus, keywords from which are used to describe the content of European Union documents. Most resource types that can be retrieved with the pre-defined queries in this package can be accompanied by EuroVoc keywords and these can be retrieved as other variables.
-+rec_eurovoc <- elx_make_query("recommendation", include_eurovoc = TRUE, limit = 10) %>% elx_run_query() # truncated results for sake of the example @@ -263,7 +295,7 @@#> 4 31996H0592 http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1076 #> # ... with 6 more rows
By default, the endpoint returns the EuroVoc concept codes rather than the labels (keywords). The function
-elx_label_eurovoc()
needs to be called to obtain a look-up table with the labels.eurovoc_lookup <- elx_label_eurovoc(uri_eurovoc = rec_eurovoc$eurovoc) +eurovoc_lookup <- elx_label_eurovoc(uri_eurovoc = rec_eurovoc$eurovoc) print(eurovoc_lookup) #> # A tibble: 9 x 2 @@ -275,7 +307,7 @@#> 4 http://eurovoc.europa.eu/1318 Germany #> # ... with 5 more rows
The results include labels only for unique identifiers, but with
-dplyr::left_join()
it is straightforward to append the labels to the entire dataset.rec_eurovoc %>% +rec_eurovoc %>% left_join(eurovoc_lookup) #> Joining, by = "eurovoc" #> # A tibble: 10 x 5 @@ -287,7 +319,7 @@#> 4 http://publications.euro~ http://publications.e~ 31996~ http://euro~ form #> # ... with 6 more rows
As elsewhere in the API, we can tap into the multilingual nature of EU documents also when it comes to the EuroVoc keywords. Moreover, most concepts in the thesaurus are associated with alternative labels; these can be returned as well (separated by a comma).
-eurovoc_lookup <- elx_label_eurovoc(uri_eurovoc = rec_eurovoc$eurovoc, +eurovoc_lookup <- elx_label_eurovoc(uri_eurovoc = rec_eurovoc$eurovoc, alt_labels = TRUE, language = "sk") @@ -310,7 +342,7 @@
elx_fetch_data()
: Fire GET requestsA core contribution of the SPARQL requests is that we obtain a comprehensive list of identifiers that we can subsequently use to obtain more data relating to the document in question. While the results of the SPARQL queries are useful also for webscraping (with the
rvest
package), the functionelx_fetch_data()
enables us to fire GET requests to retrieve data on documents with known identifiers (including Cellar URI).One of the most sought-after data in the Eur-Lex dataverse is the text. It is possible now to automate the pipeline for downloading html and plain texts from Eur-Lex. Similarly, you can retrieve the title of the document. For both you can specify also the desired language (English by default). Other metadata might be added in the future.
-# the function is not vectorized by default +# the function is not vectorized by default elx_fetch_data(results$work[1],"title") #> [1] "Council Directive 79/173/EEC of 6 February 1979 on the programme for the acceleration and guidance of collective irrigation works in Corsica" @@ -338,11 +370,11 @@
Application
In this section I showcase a simple application of
-eurlex
on making overviews of EU legislation. First, we collate data on directives.dirs <- elx_make_query(resource_type = "directive", include_date = TRUE, include_force = TRUE) %>% +dirs <- elx_make_query(resource_type = "directive", include_date = TRUE, include_force = TRUE) %>% elx_run_query() %>% rename(date = `callret-3`)Let’s calculate the proportion of directives currently in force in the entire set of directives ever adopted. This variable offers a particularly good demonstration of the usefulness of the package to retrieve EU law data, because it changes every day, as new acts enter into force and old ones drop out. Regularly scraping webpages for this purpose and scale is simply impractical and disproportional.
-library(ggplot2) +Directives become naturally outdated with time. It might be all the more interesting to see which older acts are thus still surviving.
-dirs %>% - ggplot(aes(x = as.Date(date), y = celex)) + +- +dirs %>% + filter(!is.na(force)) %>% + mutate(date = as.Date(date)) %>% + ggplot(aes(x = date, y = celex)) + geom_point(aes(color = force), alpha = 0.1) + theme(axis.text.y = element_blank(), axis.line.y = element_blank(), axis.ticks.y = element_blank())We want to know a bit more about the directives from 1970s that are still in force today. Their titles could give us a clue.
-diff --git a/docs/articles/eurlexpkg_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-9-1.png b/docs/articles/eurlexpkg_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-9-1.png index 8f93a1014e68a600b0a417adbd54a19cff0423d4..e7a0faf45fbe53d8ce055cb56bc98cab8c43d50a 100644 GIT binary patch literal 56081 zcma%jby$?!7xh?h6%>(_5FP1|4#}$yT{4mb(%s!*T)L#CB?hE(=u*0+hVB@8=#KAY z#^3k-`~7jB`#xUJJLl}P_S$Q&bKV>HUP1EV1BwSA5a^+_6a)$a-E#$j?&$q<8~Bq! zUC4dlU-xaLG#o%6YX6&mZiO%J8i7F1LDG;n%C1S9(=O2~YF?;QbbaH=QkTldksQIF zBTr;_-ro8KGH9|R#ldirs_1970_title <- dirs %>% +dirs_1970_title <- dirs %>% filter(between(as.Date(date), as.Date("1970-01-01"), as.Date("1980-01-01")), force == "true") %>% mutate(title = map_chr(work,elx_fetch_data,"title")) %>% @@ -374,7 +408,7 @@#> 4 http://publications~ http://publicatio~ 31973~ 1973~ true Council Directive ~ #> # ... with 66 more rows
I will use the
-tidytext
package to get a quick idea of what the legislation is about.library(tidytext) +library(tidytext) library(wordcloud) dirs_1970_title %>% @@ -386,7 +420,7 @@with(wordcloud(word, tf_idf, max.words = 40, scale = c(1.8,0.1)))
I use term-frequency inverse-document frequency (tf-idf) to weight the importance of the words in the wordcloud. If we used pure frequencies, the wordcloud would largely consist of words conveying little meaning (“the”, “and”, …).
-This is an extremely basic application of the
+eurlex
package. Much more sophisticated methods can be used to analyse both the content and metadata of European Union legislation. If the package is useful for your research, please consider citing it.This is an extremely basic application of the
eurlex
package. Much more sophisticated methods can be used to analyse both the content and metadata of European Union legislation. If the package is useful for your research, please consider citing the accompanying paper.4
@@ -394,6 +428,7 @@
Note, however, that not all resource types will work properly with the pre-specified query.↩
Occasionally, you may encounter legal acts without CELEX numbers, especially when digging through older legislation. It is good to report these to the Eur-Lex helpdesk.↩
+ It is worth pointing out that the html and pdf contents of older case law differs. Whereas typically the html file is only going to contain a summary and grounds of a judgment, the pdf should also contain background to the dispute.↩
Michal Ovádek (2021) Facilitating access to data on European Union laws, Political Research Exchange, 3:1, DOI: 10.1080/2474736X.2020.1870150↩
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