diff --git a/scopegraphs/src/containers/path.rs b/scopegraphs/src/containers/path.rs
index 1129f7d..d52a418 100644
--- a/scopegraphs/src/containers/path.rs
+++ b/scopegraphs/src/containers/path.rs
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ use std::fmt::Debug;
 use super::EnvContainer;
 
 /// Interface for path containers that support the operations required for query resolution.
-pub trait PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL: 'sg, DATA: 'sg, DWFO>: Debug + 'rslv 
+pub trait PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL: 'sg, DATA: 'sg>: Debug + 'rslv 
 {
     /// Type returned by resolving a path to its sub-environment.
-    type EnvContainer: EnvContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>;
+    type EnvContainer;
 
     /// Computes sub-environments for each path in the container.
     fn map_into_env<F: 'rslv + FnMut(Path<LABEL>) -> Self::EnvContainer>(
@@ -19,12 +19,30 @@ pub trait PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL: 'sg, DATA: 'sg, DWFO>: Debug + 'rslv
     ) -> Self::EnvContainer;
 }
 
-impl<'rslv, 'sg, LABEL: Debug + 'sg, DATA: 'sg, DWFO> PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO> for Vec<Path<LABEL>>
+pub trait PathContainerWf<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL: 'sg, DATA: 'sg, DWFO>: PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, EnvContainer = Self::EnvContainerWf> {
+    
+    type EnvContainerWf: EnvContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>;
+
+}
+
+
+impl<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO, T> PathContainerWf<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO> for T 
+    where
+        LABEL: Debug + 'sg,
+        DATA: 'sg,
+        T: PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA>,
+        Self::EnvContainer: EnvContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>
+{
+    type EnvContainerWf = Self::EnvContainer;
+}
+
+
+
+impl<'rslv, 'sg, LABEL: Debug + 'sg, DATA: 'sg> PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA> for Vec<Path<LABEL>>
 where
     Self: 'rslv,
     LABEL: Clone + Hash + Eq,
     DATA: Hash + Eq,
-    Env<'sg, LABEL, DATA>: EnvContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>
 {
     type EnvContainer = Env<'sg, LABEL, DATA>;
 
@@ -35,14 +53,13 @@ where
 
 // TODO: can this be generalized to arbitrary results of PathContainers?
 // (challenge is converting between the different `::EnvContainer`s.)
-impl<'rslv, 'sg, LABEL: Debug + 'sg, DATA: 'sg, E: Debug + 'rslv, DWFO> PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>
+impl<'rslv, 'sg, LABEL: Debug + 'sg, DATA: 'sg, E: Debug + 'rslv> PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA>
     for Result<Vec<Path<LABEL>>, E>
 where
     Self: 'rslv,
     LABEL: Clone + Hash,
     DATA: Hash,
     for<'a> ResolvedPath<'a, LABEL, DATA>: Hash + Eq,
-    Result<Env<'sg, LABEL, DATA>, E>: EnvContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>
 {
     type EnvContainer = Result<Env<'sg, LABEL, DATA>, E>;
 
@@ -55,13 +72,12 @@ where
         })
     }
 }
-impl<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL: 'sg, DATA: 'sg, DWFO> PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>
+impl<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL: 'sg, DATA: 'sg> PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA>
     for FutureWrapper<'rslv, Vec<Path<LABEL>>>
 where
     Self: 'rslv,
     LABEL: Clone + Hash,
     DATA: Hash,
-    FutureWrapper<'rslv, Env<'sg, LABEL, DATA>>: EnvContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>,
     for<'a> ResolvedPath<'a, LABEL, DATA>: Hash + Eq,
 {
     type EnvContainer = FutureWrapper<'rslv, Env<'sg, LABEL, DATA>>;
diff --git a/scopegraphs/src/containers/scope.rs b/scopegraphs/src/containers/scope.rs
index 67a4884..4a0382a 100644
--- a/scopegraphs/src/containers/scope.rs
+++ b/scopegraphs/src/containers/scope.rs
@@ -5,23 +5,106 @@ use crate::future_wrapper::FutureWrapper;
 use crate::resolve::Path;
 use crate::Scope;
 
-use super::PathContainer;
+use super::{PathContainer, PathContainerWf};
 
 /// Interface for scope containers that support the operations required for query resolution.
-pub trait ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL: Debug + 'sg, DATA: 'sg, DWFO>: Debug {
+pub trait ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL: Debug + 'sg, DATA: 'sg>: Debug {
     /// The type containing paths obtained after stepping to this scope.
-    type PathContainer<DWFO_INNER> : PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>;
+    type PathContainer;
 
     /// Lift the [`Path::step`] operation into this container.
     ///
     /// Should retain the contract that for all scopes `s` in `self`, `prefix.step(lbl, s)` is
     /// included in the resulting path container (except cyclic paths).
-    fn lift_step<DWFO_INNER>(self, lbl: LABEL, prefix: Path<LABEL>) -> Self::PathContainer<DWFO_INNER>;
+    fn lift_step(self, lbl: LABEL, prefix: Path<LABEL>) -> Self::PathContainer;
 }
 
-impl<'sg: 'rslv, 'rslv, LABEL: Debug + Copy + Eq + Hash + 'sg, DATA: Eq + Hash + 'sg, DWFO> ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO> for Vec<Scope> 
+/// Trait that is auto-implemented for any [ScopeContainer] implementation that yields a valid [PathContainer].
+/// 
+/// This trait is implemented for:
+/// - `Vec<Scope>`,
+/// - [Result] of scope containers, and
+/// - [FutureWrapper] of scope containers.
+/// ```
+/// # use scopegraphs::containers::ScopeContainerWf;
+/// # use scopegraphs::future_wrapper::FutureWrapper;
+/// # use scopegraphs::Scope;
+/// # use std::fmt::Debug;
+/// # use std::hash::Hash;
+/// 
+/// # trait LBound<'sg>: Copy + Hash + Eq + Debug + 'sg {}
+/// # trait DBound<'sg>: Hash + Eq + 'sg {}
+/// 
+/// fn test<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL: LBound<'sg>, DATA: DBound<'sg>, DWFO>(
+///     cont: impl ScopeContainerWf<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>
+/// ) { }
+/// 
+/// # fn scope_vec<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL: LBound<'sg>, DATA: DBound<'sg>>() {
+///     let vec: Vec<Scope> = todo!();
+///     test::<'_, '_, LABEL, DATA, bool>(vec);
+/// # }
+/// 
+/// # fn result<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL: LBound<'sg>, DATA: DBound<'sg>, E: Debug + Clone>() {
+///     let result: Result<Vec<Scope>, E> = todo!();
+///     test::<'_, '_, LABEL, DATA, bool>(result);
+///     test::<'_, '_, LABEL, DATA, Result<bool, E>>(result);
+/// # }
+/// 
+/// # fn future<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL: LBound<'sg>, DATA: DBound<'sg>>() {
+///     let future: FutureWrapper<Vec<Scope>> = todo!();
+///     test::<'_, '_, LABEL, DATA, bool>(future);
+///     test::<'_, '_, LABEL, DATA, FutureWrapper<'_, bool>>(result);
+/// # }
+/// ```
+/// 
+/// ```no_run
+/// # use scopegraphs::containers::ScopeContainerWf;
+/// # use scopegraphs::Scope;
+/// # use std::fmt::Debug;
+/// # use std::hash::Hash;
+/// 
+/// 
+/// fn test<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL: Hash + Eq + Debug + 'sg, DATA: Hash + Eq + 'sg, DWFO>(cont: impl ScopeContainerWf<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>) {
+/// 
+/// }
+/// ```
+/// 
+/// ```no_run
+/// # use scopegraphs::containers::ScopeContainerWf;
+/// # use scopegraphs::Scope;
+/// # use std::fmt::Debug;
+/// # use std::hash::Hash;
+/// 
+/// test::<'_, '_, (), (), bool>(Result::<_, ()>::Ok(Vec::<Scope>::new()));
+/// test::<'_, '_, (), (), Result<bool, ()>>(Result::<_, ()>::Ok(Vec::<Scope>::new()));
+/// 
+/// fn test<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL: Hash + Eq + Debug + 'sg, DATA: Hash + Eq + 'sg, DWFO>(cont: impl ScopeContainerWf<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>) {
+/// 
+/// }
+/// ```
+/// 
+pub trait ScopeContainerWf<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>: ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, PathContainer = Self::PathContainerWf> 
     where
-        Vec<Path<LABEL>>: PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>
+        LABEL: Debug + 'sg,
+        DATA: 'sg
+{
+    type PathContainerWf: PathContainerWf<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>;
+}
+
+impl<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO, T> ScopeContainerWf<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO> for T 
+    where
+        LABEL: Debug + 'sg,
+        DATA: 'sg,
+        T: ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA>,
+        Self::PathContainer: PathContainerWf<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>
+{
+    type PathContainerWf = Self::PathContainer;
+}
+
+
+impl<'sg: 'rslv, 'rslv, LABEL: Debug + Copy + Eq + Hash + 'sg, DATA: Eq + Hash + 'sg> ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA> for Vec<Scope> 
+    where
+        Vec<Path<LABEL>>: PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA>
 {
     type PathContainer = Vec<Path<LABEL>>;
 
@@ -32,9 +115,9 @@ impl<'sg: 'rslv, 'rslv, LABEL: Debug + Copy + Eq + Hash + 'sg, DATA: Eq + Hash +
     }
 }
 
-impl<'sg: 'rslv, 'rslv, LABEL: Debug + Copy + Eq + Hash + 'sg, DATA: Eq + Hash + 'sg, DWFO, SC: ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>, E: Debug> ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO> for Result<SC, E>
+impl<'sg: 'rslv, 'rslv, LABEL: Debug + Copy + Eq + Hash + 'sg, DATA: Eq + Hash + 'sg, SC: ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA>, E: Debug> ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA> for Result<SC, E>
     where
-        Result<SC::PathContainer, E>: PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>
+        Result<SC::PathContainer, E>: PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA>
 {
     type PathContainer = Result<SC::PathContainer, E>;
 
@@ -43,19 +126,17 @@ impl<'sg: 'rslv, 'rslv, LABEL: Debug + Copy + Eq + Hash + 'sg, DATA: Eq + Hash +
     }
 }
 
-impl<'sg: 'rslv, 'rslv, LABEL: Debug + Copy + Eq + Hash + 'sg, DATA: Eq + Hash + 'sg, DWFO, SC: ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO> + Clone> ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>
+impl<'sg: 'rslv, 'rslv, LABEL: Debug + Copy + Eq + Hash + 'sg, DATA: Eq + Hash + 'sg, SC: ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA> + Clone> ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA>
     for FutureWrapper<'rslv, SC>
 where
     LABEL: Copy,
     Self: 'rslv,
     LABEL: 'rslv,
+    SC::PathContainer: Clone
 {
-    type PathContainer<DWFO_INNER> = FutureWrapper<'rslv, SC::PathContainer<DWFO_INNER>>
-        where
-        SC::PathContainer<DWFO_INNER>: PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO_INNER> + Clone
-        ;
+    type PathContainer = FutureWrapper<'rslv, SC::PathContainer>;
 
-    fn lift_step<DWFO_INNER>(self, lbl: LABEL, prefix: Path<LABEL>) -> Self::PathContainer<DWFO_INNER> {
+    fn lift_step(self, lbl: LABEL, prefix: Path<LABEL>) -> Self::PathContainer {
         FutureWrapper::new(async move { self.0.await.lift_step(lbl, prefix.clone()) })
     }
 }
diff --git a/scopegraphs/src/lib.rs b/scopegraphs/src/lib.rs
index 06da5c7..63dd120 100644
--- a/scopegraphs/src/lib.rs
+++ b/scopegraphs/src/lib.rs
@@ -30,7 +30,10 @@ pub use scopegraphs_regular_expressions::*;
 
 pub mod completeness;
 pub mod containers;
-mod future_wrapper;
+// #[cfg(test)]
+pub mod future_wrapper;
+// #[cfg(not(test))]
+// mod future_wrapper;
 
 pub mod resolve;
 
diff --git a/scopegraphs/src/resolve/lookup.rs b/scopegraphs/src/resolve/lookup.rs
index e14cb25..2b7aea0 100644
--- a/scopegraphs/src/resolve/lookup.rs
+++ b/scopegraphs/src/resolve/lookup.rs
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use std::rc::Rc;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::completeness::Completeness;
-use crate::containers::{EnvContainer, PathContainer, ScopeContainer};
+use crate::containers::{EnvContainer, PathContainer, PathContainerWf, ScopeContainer, ScopeContainerWf};
 use crate::resolve::{
     DataEquivalence, DataWellformedness, EdgeOrData, Env, LabelOrder, Path, Query, Resolve,
     ResolvedPath,
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ where
     LABEL: Label + Copy + Debug + Hash,
     DATA: Debug,
     CMPL: Completeness<LABEL, DATA>,
-    CMPL::GetEdgesResult<'rslv> : ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWF::Output>,
+    CMPL::GetEdgesResult<'rslv> : ScopeContainerWf<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWF::Output>,
     PWF: for<'a> RegexMatcher<&'a LABEL> + 'rslv,
     DWF: DataWellformedness<'sg, DATA> + 'rslv,
 
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ struct ResolutionContext<'storage, 'sg: 'rslv, 'rslv, LABEL: Label, DATA, CMPL,
 
 type EnvC<'sg, 'rslv, CMPL, LABEL, DATA, DWFO> = <<<CMPL as Completeness<LABEL, DATA>>::GetEdgesResult<
     'rslv,
-> as ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>>::PathContainer as PathContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>>::EnvContainer;
+> as ScopeContainerWf<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>>::PathContainerWf as PathContainerWf<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWFO>>::EnvContainerWf;
 
 type EnvCache<LABEL, ENVC> = RefCell<HashMap<EdgeOrData<LABEL>, Rc<ENVC>>>;
 
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ where
     DATA: Debug,
     ResolvedPath<'sg, LABEL, DATA>: Hash + Eq,
     CMPL: Completeness<LABEL, DATA>,
-    CMPL::GetEdgesResult<'rslv> : ScopeContainer<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWF::Output>,
+    CMPL::GetEdgesResult<'rslv> : ScopeContainerWf<'sg, 'rslv, LABEL, DATA, DWF::Output>,
     DEq: DataEquivalence<DATA>,
     DWF: DataWellformedness<'sg, DATA>,
     LO: LabelOrder<LABEL>,
@@ -484,10 +484,6 @@ mod tests {
         });
     }
 
-    fn explicate_dwf_impl<'sg, DATA: 'sg>(dwf: impl for<'b> Fn(&'b DATA) -> FutureWrapper<'b, bool> ) -> impl DataWellformedness<'sg, DATA> {
-        dwf
-    }
-
     #[test]
     fn test_match_data() {
         let storage = Storage::new();