diff --git a/404.html b/404.html index f003dc5..0dd7619 100644 --- a/404.html +++ b/404.html @@ -61,6 +61,115 @@ font-family: serif; font-weight: bold; } + + .toggle-top-margin{ + margin-top: 4px; + } + + .glass-morphism{ + backdrop-filter: blur(4px) saturate(200%); + -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(16px) saturate(200%); + background-color: rgba(225, 225, 225, 0.65); + border-radius: 5px; + border: 1px solid rgba(209, 213, 219, 0.1); + } + + .nav-item { + text-wrap: nowrap; + } + + .nav-item:hover { + color: #235626; + } + + .nav-title:hover { + margin-bottom: -1px; + border-bottom: 1px solid white; + } + + .custom-width { + width: 170px; + } + + .text-size-med{ + font-size: 18px; + } + .text-size-large{ + font-size: 20px; + } + + .toggle-top-margin{ + margin-top: 4px; + } + + body { + color: black; + background-color: white; + } + +/* Homepage custom styling */ +.search-container { + display: flex; + justify-content: space-between; +} + +@media (max-width: 764px){ + .search-container{ + flex-direction: column; + justify-content: center; + text-align: center; + } +} + +@media (max-width: 598px){ + .bar-input-group{ + display: block; + text-align: center; + } +} + +@media (min-width: 1600px){ + .col3-cornsilk{ + background-color: cornsilk; + } + .col3-seashell{ + background-color: seashell; + } + .col3-azure{ + background-color: azure; + } + .col3-mistyrose{ + background-color: mistyrose; + } + .col3-antiquewhite{ + background-color: antiquewhite; + } + .col3-cumstomgreen{ + background-color: #EAFAF1; + } +} + + @media (max-width: 1599px){ + .cornsilk{ + background-color: cornsilk; + } + .seashell{ + background-color: seashell; + } + .azure{ + background-color: azure; + } + .mistyrose{ + background-color: mistyrose; + } + .antiquewhite{ + background-color: antiquewhite; + } + .customgreen { + background-color: #EAFAF1; + } + } + @@ -157,102 +266,175 @@
-Types of data housed at LIS include genome assemblies, gene models and sequences, genetic maps, expression data, QTL and GWAS studies, and variant data. The data will be evaluated by LIS curators and incorporated into standardized formats at the Datastore (also represented on the COLLECTIONS page). See examples there, and Datastore specifications here -- but dealing with the curation complexities is our job. We'll be happy to work with you. +Types of data housed at LIS include genome assemblies, gene models and sequences, genetic maps, expression data, QTL and GWAS studies, and variant data. The data will be evaluated by LIS curators and incorporated into standardized formats at the Datastore (also represented on the DOWNLOAD page). See examples there, and Datastore specifications here -- but dealing with the curation complexities is our job. We'll be happy to work with you.
- All of the files housed by the Legume Information System are available at the LIS Datastore. -
- -- The LIS Datastore is organized by Genus and species, with individual data collections under species directories for: genomes, annotations, expression, - GWAS, QTL studies, genetic markers, synteny, diversity, and others. - Each collection contains a README file which describes that collection. -
- -- Types of data housed at LIS include genome assemblies, gene models and sequences, genetic maps, expression data, QTL and GWAS studies, and variant data. The data will be evaluated by LIS curators and incorporated into standardized formats at the Datastore (also represented on the COLLECTIONS page). See examples there, and Datastore specifications here -- but dealing with the curation complexities is our job. We'll be happy to work with you. + Types of data housed at LIS include genome assemblies, gene models and sequences, genetic maps, expression data, QTL and GWAS studies, and variant data. The data will be evaluated by LIS curators and incorporated into standardized formats at the Datastore (also represented on the DOWNLOAD page). See examples there, and Datastore specifications here -- but dealing with the curation complexities is our job. We'll be happy to work with you.
All of the files housed by the Legume Information System are available at the LIS Datastore.
- The LIS Datastore is organized by Genus and species, with individual data collections under species directories for: genomes, annotations, expression, + The LIS Datastore is organized by Genus and species, with individual datasets under species directories for: genomes, annotations, expression, GWAS, QTL studies, genetic markers, synteny, diversity, and others. - Each collection contains a README file which describes that collection. + Each dataset contains a README file which describes that dataset.
+Aeschynomene is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, and was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Dalbergia clade of the Dalbergieae. They are known commonly as jointvetches. These legumes are most common in warm regions and many species are aquatic. The genus as currently circumscribed is paraphyletic and it has been suggested that the subgenus Ochopodium be elevated to a new genus within the Dalbergieae, though other changes will also be required to render the genus monophyletic.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 48134
+ + +The legume genus Aeschynomene L. includes approximately 150 tropical and subtropical species, part of them having a semi-aquatic lifestyle. Some hydrophytic Aeschynomene species display unusual symbiotic features such as stem nodulation and the presence of a Nod factor-independent infection process with some Bradyrhizobium strains. To decipher the mechanisms of this original symbiotic process, Aeschynomene evenia has emerged as a new model legume because of its advantageous genetic and developmental characteristics for molecular genetics. A. evenia (2n=20, 400 Mb/1C) is an autogamous diploid species that is annual or short-lived perennial, consisting of various genotypes.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 561484
+ + + + + +Apios is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. Its member species are found in North America and Asia between latitudes of 50° and 20°. The term Apios comes from the Greek word for pear and may refer the pear shape of some tubers. Several members of this genus are known to have edible, tuberous roots.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 132430
+ + + +Potato bean (Apios americana) produces starchy, high-protein tubers that were used by indigenous Native Americans. Apios americana is found throughout eastern and central North America, from Louisiana in the south to Quebec in the north. A breeding program was begun in the 1980s by Dr. Bill Blackmon and Berthal Reynolds with the goal of creating a more marketable domesticated tuber.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 185702
+ + + + + +The genus Arachis contains approximately 69 species, distributed in South America east of the Andes, in the regions or Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. Krapovickas, A. & W.C. Gregory. 2006. Taxonomy of the genus Arachis (Leguminosae). Translated by D.E. Williams & C.E. Simpson.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3817
+ + +Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) was domesticated at the foot of the South American Andes within modern-day Argentina, Bolivia, or Paraguay. Cultivated peanuts are allotetraploids, with sub-genomes probably contributed by the hybridization of the diploid species Arachis duranensis and Arachis ipaensis.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3818
+ + +Arachis duranensis, a wild herb native to Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay, is thought to be one of the diploid ancestors of cultivated peanut. Its genome has been sequenced as part of the Peanut Genomics Initiative, to help in the accurate assembly of the more important cultivated peanut, A. hypogaea. Cultivated peanut derived all of its genetic material from two wild ancestors, A. duranensis and A. ipaensis whose genomes merged several thousand years ago, in a rare genetic event. The wild species, therefore, have half as much genetic material as cultivated peanut. These two simpler genomes have first been sequenced toward achieving its ultimate goal: the complete genomic sequence for cultivated peanut. The cultivated peanut is an allotetraploid (2n=4x=40) that carries both the A and B genomes and A. duranensis (2n=2x=20) has likely contributed the A genome, the smaller set of chromosomes in the karyotype. These two ancestral diploids separated from each other about 3 million years ago. The genome merger, allopolyploidy event, ocurred relatively very recently, five to ten thousand years ago, followed by domestication in South America from where it appeared in most part of the world by 1600. Arachis duranensis is described further in Bertioli et al., 2016 (doi:10.1038/ng.3517)
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 130453
+ + + + + +Arachis ipaensis A. ipaensis, native to Bolivia, is thought to be one of the diploid ancestors of cultivated peanut. The genome of A. ipaensis has just been sequenced as part of the Peanut Genomics Initiative, to help in the accurate assembly of the tetraploid domestic peanut, A. hypogaea. Cultivated peanut derived all of its genetic material from two wild ancestors, A. duranensis and A. ipaensis whose genomes merged several thousand years ago, in a rare genetic event. The wild species, therefore, have half as much genetic material as cultivated peanut. These two simpler genomes have first been sequenced toward achieving its ultimate goal: the complete genomic sequence for cultivated peanut. Arachis ipaensis is described further in Bertioli et al., 2016 (doi:10.1038/ng.3517)
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 130454
+ + +Arachis cardenasii Krapov. & W.C. Greg. is a wild peanut relative native to Bolivia. It has been used by peanut breeders and geneticists in interspecific hybrids with cultivated peanut (A. hypogaea) as a source of pest and disease resistance. A. cardenasii is a diploid species in the 'A-genome' group of Arachis, similar to A. duranensis, which contributed one of the two subgenomes to tetraploid cultivated peanut.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 51121
+ + +Arachis stenosperma Krapov. & W.C. Greg. is a wild peanut relative native to central Brazil, in the past it was cultivated by native peoples of South America, and was carried to the Atlantic coast, where populations persist to the present day. It is a source of strong pest and disease resistance and has been used by peanut breeders and geneticists in interspecific hybrids. A. stenosperma is diploid species in the A-genome group of Arachis, which has similarity to the A genome of tetraploid cultivated peanut (A. hypogaea).
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 217475
+ + +The genus Cajanus is a member of the plant family Fabaceae. There are 37 species, mainly distributed across Africa, Asia and Australasia. Species include the pigeon pea (C. cajan), which is a significant food crop.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3820
+ + +Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) is a member of the millettioid (warm-season legume) clade within the sub-family Papilionoideae. Pigeonpea is the main protein source for more than a billion people in the developing world. It is grown mainly in the semi-arid tropical regions (Asia, Africa and Central/South America).
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3821
+ + +Cercis is a genus of about 10 species in the subfamily Cercidoideae of the pea family Fabaceae, native to warm temperate regions. It contains small deciduous trees or large shrubs commonly known as redbuds. They are characterised by simple, rounded to heart-shaped leaves and pinkish-red flowers borne in the early spring on bare leafless shoots, on both branches and trunk ('cauliflory'). Cercis is derived from the Greek word κερκις (kerkis) meaning 'weaver's shuttle'.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 49800
+ + + +Cercis canadensis, the eastern redbud, is a large deciduous shrub or small tree, native to eastern North America from southern Michigan south to central Mexico, east to New Jersey. Species thrive as far west as California and as far north as southern Ontario, roughly corresponding to USDA hardiness zone 6b. It is the state tree of Oklahoma.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 49801
+ + + + + +Cercis chinensis is a flowering tree endemic to China, with medicinal and horticultural uses.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 161750
+ + + + + +Chamaecrista is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Members of the genus are commonly known as sensitive pea. Several species are capable of rapid plant movement. Unlike the related genera Cassia and Senna, members of Chamaecrista form root nodules.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 53853
+ + + +Chamaecrista fasciculata, the partridge pea, is a species of legume native to most of the eastern United States. It is an annual which grows to approximately 0.5 meters tall. It has bright yellow flowers from early summer until first frost, with flowers through the entire flowering season if rainfall is sufficient.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 53854
+ + + + + +Cicer is a genus of the legume family, Fabaceae, and the only genus found in tribe Cicereae. It is included within the IRLC, and its native distribution is across the Middle East and Asia. Its best-known and only domesticated member is Cicer arietinum, the chickpea.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3826
+ + +Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is a legume species in the group of 'cool-season' legumes, along with lentil, pea, faba bean and clovers. Chickpea is one of the earliest cultivated legumes: 7,500-year-old remains have been found in the Middle East. Other common names for the species include garbanzo bean, ceci bean, sanagalu, chana and Bengal gram. There to are two main types of cultivated chickpeas based on seed morphology, desi and kabuli. The desi type of chickpea consists of seeds with a yellow interior but have a thick, wrinkled and dark seed coat, the seeds are approximately 6 to 7 mm in size. The majority of desi chickpeas are split in half to make Chana Dahl. Whereas, the kabuli type of chickpea are lighter in color, have a smooth seed coat and about 8 to 9 mm in size. The kabuli type of chickpeas are the most common type found in America.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3827
+ + + + + +Cicer echinospermum is a wild relative of cultivated C. arietinum (chickpea) and native to Southeastern Turkey. C. echinospermum genotypes are partially compatible with cultivated C. ariteinum and its immediate wild progenitor Cicer reticulatum.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 90897
+ + + + + +Cicer reticulatum is a wild relative of cultivated C. arietinum (chickpea) and native to Southeastern Turkey. C. reticulatum is the immediate progenitor of cultivated chickpea, C. arietinum.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 90898
+ + + + + +Faidherbia is a genus of leguminous plants containing one species, Faidherbia albida, which was formerly widely included in the genus Acacia as Acacia albida. The species is native to Africa and the Middle East and has also been introduced to Pakistan and India. Common names include apple-ring acacia (their circular, indehiscent seed pods resemble apple rings), and winter thorn. The South African name is ana tree.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 138054
+ + + +Faidherbia albida, or apple-ring acacia, is a thorny tree growing up 6–30 m (20–98 ft) tall and 2 m (6.6 ft) in trunk diameter. Its deep-penetrating tap root makes it highly resistant to drought. The bark is grey, and fissured when old. There are 11,000 seeds/kg.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 138055
+ + + + + +The best-known species in Glycine is the cultivated soybean, G. max, which was domesticated in Central and East Asia. The majority of the species in the genus are found only in Australia, while a few species extend from Australia to East Asia.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3847
+ + +Soybean (Glycine max), the predominant oil-seed legume worldwide, was likely domesticated in East Asia, ~6000-9000 years ago (Sedivy et al., 2017; https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14418). It has many culinary and industrial uses. Some of the culinary uses include: for direct consumption of the green seed (i.e. edamame) and leaves (cooked, much like spinach); for tofu, soymilk, textured vegetable protein, soy sauce, tempeh, natto, and vegetable oil. Industrial uses include: oils, soap, cosmetics, and biodiesel. Soybean is also used as a high-protein forage, and can be prepared for fish- and animal-feed.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3847
+ + +Glycine soja is the closest wild relative of soybean, Glycine max. Populations of G. soja exist in the wild in China, Japan, Korea, and Russia. Analysis of genetic differences between the two species suggests that the two separated approximately 200 thousand years ago. The species remain interfertile, and G. soja accessions are used in breeding projects in order to introgress traits such as tolerance to particular diseases or environmental stresses.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3848
+ + +G. cyrotoloba (Tind) is a perennial plant with twining and stiff stems. G. cyrotoloba pods are curved and somewhat mottled in appearance containing 3-9 seeds that and are dark brown to black in color (Tindale, MD et al., 1984). G. cyrotoloba is a diploid (2n=40) member of the C-genome of Glycine. It is found along the coast of Queensland and Northern New South Wales (Ratnaparkhe et al 2011 ; Gonzalez-Orozco et al., 2012).
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 45689
+ + +Glycine dolichocarpa (Tateishi & Ohashi) is a twining plant with long straight dark brown pods with 5-7 seeds. Seeds are square and dark brown in color. G. dolichocarpa is an allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 80) formed by hybridizatoin between G. syndetika and G. tomentella D3 (both 2n = 40). (This species was formerly part of the Glycine tomentella species complex and was referred to as G. tomentella T2.) It has a limited Australian range in Queensland, but like several other Glycine allopolyploids, has colonized islands of the Pacific Ocean (in this case Taiwan) where no perennial diploid Glycine species have been found ( Ratnaparkhe et al 2011; Harbert et al 2014).
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 82538
+ + +Glycine falcata (Benth.) is unique among perennial Glycine species in that it does not form a vine but rather short, erect stems from a fibrous woody root system instead of the more common taproot. Seeds are round and smooth similar to the annual species. G. falcata is a diploid (2n = 40) and is the sole member of the F-genome. It is sister to the remainder of subgenus Glycine, and is distinctive ecologically, characteristically growing in the black soil region of Queensland and possessing both chasmogamous and below- ground cleistogamous flowers, the latter producing geocarpic fruits (Ratnaparkhe et al 2011; Gonzalez-Orozco et al., 2012).
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 45690
+ + +Glycine stenophita (B.E. Pfeil & Tind.) is a scrambling or climbing perennial that is glabrous or with sparse white hairs covering the stems. Pods are 4 to 6 seeded and seeds are generally barrel shaped with some variation in shape from elliptical to square. G. stenophita is a diploid (2n = 40) member of the B-genome group. It occurs in the Australian states of Queensland and New South Wales (Ratnaparkhe et al 2011; Gonzalez-Orozco et al., 2012).
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 96944
+ + +Glycine syndetika (B.E. Pfeil & Craven) is a twining perennial plant with three leathery, often persistent leaflets. Flowers are somewhat clustered towards to the top of the inflorescences and pods contain 4-9 relatively large square seeds (Pfeil. BE et al., 2006). G. syndetika is diploid (2n = 40) member of the A-genome clade. (This species was formerly part of the Glycine tomentella species complex and was referred to as G. tomentella D4. ) It is has a restricted range in the Eastern Queensland region of Australia (Ratnaparkhe et al 2011; Gonzalez-Orozco et al., 2012).
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 713886
+ + +A complex of diploid and tetraploid taxa are lumped under the name "G. tomentella" but are each reproductively isolated species, e.g. G. tomentella D3 belongs to the D-genome, whereas D1 G. tomentella belongs to the E-genome.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 2908013
+ + ++ See resources such as genome browsers, synteny viewers, InterMine instances, germplasm genomics, etc. organized by genus below. +
+ +Clover or trefoil are common names for plants of the genus Trifolium (Latin, tres 'three' + folium 'leaf'), consisting of about 300 species of flowering plants in the legume or pea family Fabaceae originating in Europe. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with highest diversity in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, but many species also occur in South America and Africa, including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics. They are small annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial herbaceous plants, typically growing up to 30 cm tall. The leaves are trifoliate (rarely quatrefoiled; see four-leaf clover), monofoil, bifoil, cinquefoil, hexafoil, septfoil, etcetera, with stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk, and heads or dense spikes of small red, purple, white, or yellow flowers; the small, few-seeded pods are enclosed in the calyx.[3] Other closely related genera often called clovers include Melilotus (sweet clover) and Medicago (alfalfa or Calvary clover).
-NCBI taxonomy ID: 3898
- - - -Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is a perennial legume species native to Northwest Africa, Europe and Western Asia. Today, red clover is found in many regions around the world including the Americas and Australia. Unlike other legume species, red clover is an outcrossing species due to a strong gametophytic incompatibility system. Red clover is a widely grown fodder legume crop and is valued for its role in increasing soil fertility by nitrogen fixation.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 57577
- - -Trifolium subterraneum, the subterranean clover, is a species of clover native to Europe, Southwest Asia, Northwest Africa and Macaronesia. The plant's name comes from its underground seed development (geocarpy), a characteristic not possessed by other clovers. It can thrive in poor-quality soil where other clovers cannot survive, and is grown commercially for animal fodder. There are three distinct subspecies used in agriculture, each with its own ideal climate and soil type, allowing for wide distribution of the plant over varied environments.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 3900
- - -Lotus, a latinization of Greek lōtos (λωτός), is a genus of flowering plants that includes most bird's-foot trefoils (also known as bacon-and-eggs) and deervetches and contains many dozens of species distributed worldwide. Depending on the taxonomic authority, roughly between 70 and 150 are accepted. Lotus is a genus of legumes and its members are adapted to a wide range of habitats, from coastal environments to high altitudes.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3867
+ + +Lotus japonicus, a forage crop (much like clover), is widely used as a model in legume biology. It is physically small in stature, with a small genome, and a short generation time, and it is relatively easily transformable (for gene functional studies). Genome version available on LIS is version Lj2.5 and Lj3.0, publication associated with this genome version is available here: Sato et al., 2008 (doi:10.1093/dnares/dsn008).
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 34305
+ + +Lupinus, commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur in North Africa and the Mediterranean. They are widely cultivated, both as a food source and as ornamental plants, although in the Nordic countries and New Zealand's South Island, introduced lupins are viewed as a severe environmental threat.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3869
+ + +White lupin (Lupinus albus) has been used as a model to study the development of dense root hairs, for phosphorous uptake, in phosphorous-deficient soils. See O'Rourke et al., 2013 (DOI:10.1104/pp.112.209254).
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3870
+ + + + + +Narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) is an important legume crop, for its high-protein seeds and ability to tolerate sandy, relatively acidic soil, in Australia and parts of Europe. The genome has been sequenced: Hane et al., 2016 (DOI:10.1111/pbi.12615).
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3871
+ + + + + +Medicago is a genus of flowering plants, commonly known as medick or burclover, in the legume family (Fabaceae). It contains at least 87 species and is distributed mainly around the Mediterranean basin. The best-known member of the genus is alfalfa (M. sativa), an important forage crop, and the genus name is based on the Latin name for that plant, medica, from Greek: μηδική (πόα) Median (grass). Most members of the genus are low, creeping herbs, resembling clover, but with burs (hence the common name). However, alfalfa grows to a height of 1 meter, and tree medick (M. arborea) is a shrub. Members of the genus are known to produce bioactive compounds such as medicarpin (a flavonoid) and medicagenic acid (a triterpenoid saponin). Chromosome numbers in Medicago range from 2n = 14 to 48. The species Medicago truncatula is a model legume due to its relatively small stature, small genome (450–500 Mbp), short generation time (about 3 months), and ability to reproduce both by outcrossing and selfing.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3877
+ + +Alfalfa, also called lucerne and called Medicago sativa in binomial nomenclature, is a perennial flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae. It is cultivated as an important forage crop in many countries around the world. It is used for grazing, hay, and silage, as well as a green manure and cover crop. The name alfalfa is used in North America. The name lucerne is the more commonly used name in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3879
+ + + + + +Medicago truncatula, a close relative of alfalfa (M. sativa), is widely used as a model in legume biology. It is physically small in stature, with a small genome, and has a short generation-to-generation time. Sevweral high-quality genome assemblies have been generated, including Tang et al., 2014 (DOI:10.1186/1471-2164-15-312) and Pecrix et al., 2018 (DOI:10.1038/s41477-018-0286-7).
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3880
+ + +A wild perennial forage species widely distributed in semi-arid grasslands and adapted tolerate environmental stresses including drought, low temperatures, and infertile soils
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 70973
+ + +Highly nutritious forage legume with global distribution, widely consumed by livestock and also used as a vegetable in China.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 47084
+ + +Phaseolus (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically important legume genera. Five of the species have been domesticated since pre-Columbian times for their beans: P. acutifolius (tepary bean), P. coccineus (runner bean), P. dumosus (year bean), P. lunatus (lima bean), and P. vulgaris (common bean). Most prominent among these is the common bean, P. vulgaris, which today is cultivated worldwide in tropical, semitropical, and temperate climates.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3883
+ + +The lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), initially from South and Central America, is an herbaceous plant that is a part of the legume family (Fabaceae). It is commonly known as the lima bean, butter bean, sieva bean, double bean or Madagascar bean, is a legume grown for its edible seeds or beans. The two gene pools, meso and south American, of cultivated lima beans is believed to point to independent domestication events. The Mesoamerican lima bean is distributed in neotropical lowlands while the other is found in the western Andes.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3884
+ + + + + +Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was likely domesticated independently both in Central America and in the Andes, from distinct wild gene pools that exist in the two regions. Beans were also carried into North America and were grown by Native Americans there for many centuries. They were carried to Europe by early explorers of the New World, and have undergone about 500 years of additional domestication and selection in Europe. The species has great agricultural variety, and is of critical importance as a high-protein food across the world.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3885
+ + + + + +The tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius), native to the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico, has been cultivated by indigenous groups in that region since pre-Columbian times. It is generally more drought-tolerant than common bean
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 33129
+ + + + + +Phaseolus coccineus originated in Central American mountain regions and was probably cultivated around 2000 BCE. Used as both a food crop (seeds and pods) and as an ornamental with typically red flowers. As opposed to the congeneric P. vulgaris, P. coccineus is a perennial vine with tuberous roots.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3886
+ + + + + +Pisum is a genus of the family Fabaceae, native to southwest Asia and northeast Africa. It contains one to five species, depending on taxonomic interpretation; the International Legume Database (ILDIS) accepts three species: Pisum abyssinicum, Pisum fulvum, and Pisum sativum. Pisum sativum (the field or garden pea) is a major human food crop.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3887
+ + +Pea is an important grain legume, serving multiple roles: as a dry pulse, a green vegetable (with varieties grown for seeds and for pods), as a green manure and cover crop, and as a forage. Pea was domesticated ~10,000 years ago by Neolithic farmers of the Fertile Crescent, along with cereals and other grain legumes (Kreplak et al., 2019; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0480-1).
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3888
+ + + + + +Clover or trefoil are common names for plants of the genus Trifolium (Latin, tres 'three' + folium 'leaf'), consisting of about 300 species of flowering plants in the legume or pea family Fabaceae originating in Europe. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution with highest diversity in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, but many species also occur in South America and Africa, including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics. They are small annual, biennial, or short-lived perennial herbaceous plants, typically growing up to 30 cm tall. The leaves are trifoliate (rarely quatrefoiled; see four-leaf clover), monofoil, bifoil, cinquefoil, hexafoil, septfoil, etcetera, with stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk, and heads or dense spikes of small red, purple, white, or yellow flowers; the small, few-seeded pods are enclosed in the calyx.[3] Other closely related genera often called clovers include Melilotus (sweet clover) and Medicago (alfalfa or Calvary clover).
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3898
+ + + +Red clover (Trifolium pratense) is a perennial legume species native to Northwest Africa, Europe and Western Asia. Today, red clover is found in many regions around the world including the Americas and Australia. Unlike other legume species, red clover is an outcrossing species due to a strong gametophytic incompatibility system. Red clover is a widely grown fodder legume crop and is valued for its role in increasing soil fertility by nitrogen fixation.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 57577
+ + +Trifolium subterraneum, the subterranean clover, is a species of clover native to Europe, Southwest Asia, Northwest Africa and Macaronesia. The plant's name comes from its underground seed development (geocarpy), a characteristic not possessed by other clovers. It can thrive in poor-quality soil where other clovers cannot survive, and is grown commercially for animal fodder. There are three distinct subspecies used in agriculture, each with its own ideal climate and soil type, allowing for wide distribution of the plant over varied environments.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3900
+ + +Vigna is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae, with a pantropical distribution. It includes some well-known cultivated species, including many types of beans. Some are former members of the genus Phaseolus.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3913
+ + +Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) is a diploid legume crop (2n = 2x = 22). Adzuki beans are commonly sweetened before eating by boiling the beans with sugar, resulting in red bean paste. The adzuki bean is a good dietary source for a variety of minerals including; magnesium, potassium and zinc. Genome assemblies have been generated for several accessions.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3914
+ + +Mungbean (Vigna radiata), also known as moong bean, green gram, is a fast-growing warm-season legume and has a diploid chromosome number of 2n=22. Mungbean is mainly cultivated today in China, India and Southeast Asia but can be found in dry regions within Southern Europe and United States. Mungbeans are a good source of dietary protein, folate and iron. This legume species was moved from the genus Phaseolus to Vigna and is correctly cites as Vigna radiata.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 157791
+ + +Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is used in many parts of the world for its high-protein seeds, but also for its nutrient-rich edible leaves, forage, and soil enrichment. Cowpea is generally more heat-tolerant than common bean. Cowpeas are one of the most important food legume crops in the semi-arid tropics that cover Asia, Africa, southern Europe and Central and South America. A drought-tolerant and warm-weather crop, cowpeas are well-adapted to the drier regions of the tropics, where other food legumes do not perform as well. It also has the useful ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through its root nodules, and it grows well in poor soils.
+NCBI taxonomy ID: 3917
+ + +- LIS integrates genetic and genomic information across many legume species, with tools for research. LIS has been restructured for improved scalability and function. As of April, 2023, the previous incarnation has been decommissioned. Additional functionality will be added through 2023. Please contact us if you have questions, suggestions, or contributions. -
-- The site is organized as follows. - See TAXA to access resources and tools such as browsers, InterMine instances, organized primarily by genus. - See COLLECTIONS to access data sets for download. + LIS integrates genetic and genomic information to aid researchers working on legume crops and related species. + See GENOMICS to access resources and tools such as browsers, InterMine instances, organized primarily by genus. + See DOWNLOAD to access data sets for download. See TOOLS if you have particular tasks in mind. + Please contact us if you have questions, suggestions, or contributions.
-LIS is funded by the USDA-ARS. LIS is developed and hosted by the National Center for Genome Resources (NCGR) and the USDA-ARS SoyBase and Legume Clade Database group at Ames, IA, with the help of many other researchers.
-Aeschynomene is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, and was recently assigned to the informal monophyletic Dalbergia clade of the Dalbergieae. They are known commonly as jointvetches. These legumes are most common in warm regions and many species are aquatic. The genus as currently circumscribed is paraphyletic and it has been suggested that the subgenus Ochopodium be elevated to a new genus within the Dalbergieae, though other changes will also be required to render the genus monophyletic.
-NCBI taxonomy ID: 48134
- - -The legume genus Aeschynomene L. includes approximately 150 tropical and subtropical species, part of them having a semi-aquatic lifestyle. Some hydrophytic Aeschynomene species display unusual symbiotic features such as stem nodulation and the presence of a Nod factor-independent infection process with some Bradyrhizobium strains. To decipher the mechanisms of this original symbiotic process, Aeschynomene evenia has emerged as a new model legume because of its advantageous genetic and developmental characteristics for molecular genetics. A. evenia (2n=20, 400 Mb/1C) is an autogamous diploid species that is annual or short-lived perennial, consisting of various genotypes.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 561484
- - -Apios is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. Its member species are found in North America and Asia between latitudes of 50° and 20°. The term Apios comes from the Greek word for pear and may refer the pear shape of some tubers. Several members of this genus are known to have edible, tuberous roots.
-NCBI taxonomy ID: 132430
- - - -Potato bean (Apios americana) produces starchy, high-protein tubers that were used by indigenous Native Americans. Apios americana is found throughout eastern and central North America, from Louisiana in the south to Quebec in the north. A breeding program was begun in the 1980s by Dr. Bill Blackmon and Berthal Reynolds with the goal of creating a more marketable domesticated tuber.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 185702
- - -The genus Arachis contains approximately 69 species, distributed in South America east of the Andes, in the regions or Argentina, Bolivia, and Brazil. Krapovickas, A. & W.C. Gregory. 2006. Taxonomy of the genus Arachis (Leguminosae). Translated by D.E. Williams & C.E. Simpson.
-NCBI taxonomy ID: 3817
- - -Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) was domesticated at the foot of the South American Andes within modern-day Argentina, Bolivia, or Paraguay. Cultivated peanuts are allotetraploids, with sub-genomes probably contributed by the hybridization of the diploid species Arachis duranensis and Arachis ipaensis.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 3818
- - -Arachis duranensis, a wild herb native to Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay, is thought to be one of the diploid ancestors of cultivated peanut. Its genome has been sequenced as part of the Peanut Genomics Initiative, to help in the accurate assembly of the more important cultivated peanut, A. hypogaea. Cultivated peanut derived all of its genetic material from two wild ancestors, A. duranensis and A. ipaensis whose genomes merged several thousand years ago, in a rare genetic event. The wild species, therefore, have half as much genetic material as cultivated peanut. These two simpler genomes have first been sequenced toward achieving its ultimate goal: the complete genomic sequence for cultivated peanut. The cultivated peanut is an allotetraploid (2n=4x=40) that carries both the A and B genomes and A. duranensis (2n=2x=20) has likely contributed the A genome, the smaller set of chromosomes in the karyotype. These two ancestral diploids separated from each other about 3 million years ago. The genome merger, allopolyploidy event, ocurred relatively very recently, five to ten thousand years ago, followed by domestication in South America from where it appeared in most part of the world by 1600. Arachis duranensis is described further in Bertioli et al., 2016 (doi:10.1038/ng.3517)
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 130453
- - -Arachis ipaensis A. ipaensis, native to Bolivia, is thought to be one of the diploid ancestors of cultivated peanut. The genome of A. ipaensis has just been sequenced as part of the Peanut Genomics Initiative, to help in the accurate assembly of the tetraploid domestic peanut, A. hypogaea. Cultivated peanut derived all of its genetic material from two wild ancestors, A. duranensis and A. ipaensis whose genomes merged several thousand years ago, in a rare genetic event. The wild species, therefore, have half as much genetic material as cultivated peanut. These two simpler genomes have first been sequenced toward achieving its ultimate goal: the complete genomic sequence for cultivated peanut. Arachis ipaensis is described further in Bertioli et al., 2016 (doi:10.1038/ng.3517)
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 130454
- - -Arachis cardenasii Krapov. & W.C. Greg. is a wild peanut relative native to Bolivia. It has been used by peanut breeders and geneticists in interspecific hybrids with cultivated peanut (A. hypogaea) as a source of pest and disease resistance. A. cardenasii is a diploid species in the 'A-genome' group of Arachis, similar to A. duranensis, which contributed one of the two subgenomes to tetraploid cultivated peanut.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 51121
- - -Arachis stenosperma Krapov. & W.C. Greg. is a wild peanut relative native to central Brazil, in the past it was cultivated by native peoples of South America, and was carried to the Atlantic coast, where populations persist to the present day. It is a source of strong pest and disease resistance and has been used by peanut breeders and geneticists in interspecific hybrids. A. stenosperma is diploid species in the A-genome group of Arachis, which has similarity to the A genome of tetraploid cultivated peanut (A. hypogaea).
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 217475
- - -The genus Cajanus is a member of the plant family Fabaceae. There are 37 species, mainly distributed across Africa, Asia and Australasia. Species include the pigeon pea (C. cajan), which is a significant food crop.
-NCBI taxonomy ID: 3820
- - -Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) is a member of the millettioid (warm-season legume) clade within the sub-family Papilionoideae. Pigeonpea is the main protein source for more than a billion people in the developing world. It is grown mainly in the semi-arid tropical regions (Asia, Africa and Central/South America).
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 3821
- - -Cercis is a genus of about 10 species in the subfamily Cercidoideae of the pea family Fabaceae, native to warm temperate regions. It contains small deciduous trees or large shrubs commonly known as redbuds. They are characterised by simple, rounded to heart-shaped leaves and pinkish-red flowers borne in the early spring on bare leafless shoots, on both branches and trunk ('cauliflory'). Cercis is derived from the Greek word κερκις (kerkis) meaning 'weaver's shuttle'.
-NCBI taxonomy ID: 49800
- - - -Cercis canadensis, the eastern redbud, is a large deciduous shrub or small tree, native to eastern North America from southern Michigan south to central Mexico, east to New Jersey. Species thrive as far west as California and as far north as southern Ontario, roughly corresponding to USDA hardiness zone 6b. It is the state tree of Oklahoma.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 49801
- - -Cercis chinensis is a flowering tree endemic to China, with medicinal and horticultural uses.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 161750
- - -Chamaecrista is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Members of the genus are commonly known as sensitive pea. Several species are capable of rapid plant movement. Unlike the related genera Cassia and Senna, members of Chamaecrista form root nodules.
-NCBI taxonomy ID: 53853
- - - -Chamaecrista fasciculata, the partridge pea, is a species of legume native to most of the eastern United States. It is an annual which grows to approximately 0.5 meters tall. It has bright yellow flowers from early summer until first frost, with flowers through the entire flowering season if rainfall is sufficient.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 53854
- - -Cicer is a genus of the legume family, Fabaceae, and the only genus found in tribe Cicereae. It is included within the IRLC, and its native distribution is across the Middle East and Asia. Its best-known and only domesticated member is Cicer arietinum, the chickpea.
-NCBI taxonomy ID: 3826
- - -Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is a legume species in the group of 'cool-season' legumes, along with lentil, pea, faba bean and clovers. Chickpea is one of the earliest cultivated legumes: 7,500-year-old remains have been found in the Middle East. Other common names for the species include garbanzo bean, ceci bean, sanagalu, chana and Bengal gram. There to are two main types of cultivated chickpeas based on seed morphology, desi and kabuli. The desi type of chickpea consists of seeds with a yellow interior but have a thick, wrinkled and dark seed coat, the seeds are approximately 6 to 7 mm in size. The majority of desi chickpeas are split in half to make Chana Dahl. Whereas, the kabuli type of chickpea are lighter in color, have a smooth seed coat and about 8 to 9 mm in size. The kabuli type of chickpeas are the most common type found in America.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 3827
- - -Cicer echinospermum is a wild relative of cultivated C. arietinum (chickpea) and native to Southeastern Turkey. C. echinospermum genotypes are partially compatible with cultivated C. ariteinum and its immediate wild progenitor Cicer reticulatum.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 90897
- - -Cicer reticulatum is a wild relative of cultivated C. arietinum (chickpea) and native to Southeastern Turkey. C. reticulatum is the immediate progenitor of cultivated chickpea, C. arietinum.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 90898
- - -Faidherbia is a genus of leguminous plants containing one species, Faidherbia albida, which was formerly widely included in the genus Acacia as Acacia albida. The species is native to Africa and the Middle East and has also been introduced to Pakistan and India. Common names include apple-ring acacia (their circular, indehiscent seed pods resemble apple rings), and winter thorn. The South African name is ana tree.
-NCBI taxonomy ID: 138054
- - - -Faidherbia albida, or apple-ring acacia, is a thorny tree growing up 6–30 m (20–98 ft) tall and 2 m (6.6 ft) in trunk diameter. Its deep-penetrating tap root makes it highly resistant to drought. The bark is grey, and fissured when old. There are 11,000 seeds/kg.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 138055
- - -The best-known species in Glycine is the cultivated soybean, G. max, which was domesticated in Central and East Asia. The majority of the species in the genus are found only in Australia, while a few species extend from Australia to East Asia.
-NCBI taxonomy ID: 3847
- - -Soybean (Glycine max), the predominant oil-seed legume worldwide, was likely domesticated in East Asia, ~6000-9000 years ago (Sedivy et al., 2017; https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14418). It has many culinary and industrial uses. Some of the culinary uses include: for direct consumption of the green seed (i.e. edamame) and leaves (cooked, much like spinach); for tofu, soymilk, textured vegetable protein, soy sauce, tempeh, natto, and vegetable oil. Industrial uses include: oils, soap, cosmetics, and biodiesel. Soybean is also used as a high-protein forage, and can be prepared for fish- and animal-feed.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 3847
- - -Glycine soja is the closest wild relative of soybean, Glycine max. Populations of G. soja exist in the wild in China, Japan, Korea, and Russia. Analysis of genetic differences between the two species suggests that the two separated approximately 200 thousand years ago. The species remain interfertile, and G. soja accessions are used in breeding projects in order to introgress traits such as tolerance to particular diseases or environmental stresses.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 3848
- - -G. cyrotoloba (Tind) is a perennial plant with twining and stiff stems. G. cyrotoloba pods are curved and somewhat mottled in appearance containing 3-9 seeds that and are dark brown to black in color (Tindale, MD et al., 1984). G. cyrotoloba is a diploid (2n=40) member of the C-genome of Glycine. It is found along the coast of Queensland and Northern New South Wales (Ratnaparkhe et al 2011 ; Gonzalez-Orozco et al., 2012).
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 45689
- - -Glycine dolichocarpa (Tateishi & Ohashi) is a twining plant with long straight dark brown pods with 5-7 seeds. Seeds are square and dark brown in color. G. dolichocarpa is an allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 80) formed by hybridizatoin between G. syndetika and G. tomentella D3 (both 2n = 40). (This species was formerly part of the Glycine tomentella species complex and was referred to as G. tomentella T2.) It has a limited Australian range in Queensland, but like several other Glycine allopolyploids, has colonized islands of the Pacific Ocean (in this case Taiwan) where no perennial diploid Glycine species have been found ( Ratnaparkhe et al 2011; Harbert et al 2014).
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 82538
- - -Glycine falcata (Benth.) is unique among perennial Glycine species in that it does not form a vine but rather short, erect stems from a fibrous woody root system instead of the more common taproot. Seeds are round and smooth similar to the annual species. G. falcata is a diploid (2n = 40) and is the sole member of the F-genome. It is sister to the remainder of subgenus Glycine, and is distinctive ecologically, characteristically growing in the black soil region of Queensland and possessing both chasmogamous and below- ground cleistogamous flowers, the latter producing geocarpic fruits (Ratnaparkhe et al 2011; Gonzalez-Orozco et al., 2012).
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 45690
- - -Glycine stenophita (B.E. Pfeil & Tind.) is a scrambling or climbing perennial that is glabrous or with sparse white hairs covering the stems. Pods are 4 to 6 seeded and seeds are generally barrel shaped with some variation in shape from elliptical to square. G. stenophita is a diploid (2n = 40) member of the B-genome group. It occurs in the Australian states of Queensland and New South Wales (Ratnaparkhe et al 2011; Gonzalez-Orozco et al., 2012).
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 96944
- - -Glycine syndetika (B.E. Pfeil & Craven) is a twining perennial plant with three leathery, often persistent leaflets. Flowers are somewhat clustered towards to the top of the inflorescences and pods contain 4-9 relatively large square seeds (Pfeil. BE et al., 2006). G. syndetika is diploid (2n = 40) member of the A-genome clade. (This species was formerly part of the Glycine tomentella species complex and was referred to as G. tomentella D4. ) It is has a restricted range in the Eastern Queensland region of Australia (Ratnaparkhe et al 2011; Gonzalez-Orozco et al., 2012).
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 713886
- - -A complex of diploid and tetraploid taxa are lumped under the name "G. tomentella" but are each reproductively isolated species, e.g. G. tomentella D3 belongs to the D-genome, whereas D1 G. tomentella belongs to the E-genome.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 2908013
- - -Lotus, a latinization of Greek lōtos (λωτός), is a genus of flowering plants that includes most bird's-foot trefoils (also known as bacon-and-eggs) and deervetches and contains many dozens of species distributed worldwide. Depending on the taxonomic authority, roughly between 70 and 150 are accepted. Lotus is a genus of legumes and its members are adapted to a wide range of habitats, from coastal environments to high altitudes.
-NCBI taxonomy ID: 3867
- - -Lotus japonicus, a forage crop (much like clover), is widely used as a model in legume biology. It is physically small in stature, with a small genome, and a short generation time, and it is relatively easily transformable (for gene functional studies). Genome version available on LIS is version Lj2.5 and Lj3.0, publication associated with this genome version is available here: Sato et al., 2008 (doi:10.1093/dnares/dsn008).
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 34305
- - -Lupinus, commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet etc., is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family Fabaceae. The genus includes over 199 species, with centers of diversity in North and South America. Smaller centers occur in North Africa and the Mediterranean. They are widely cultivated, both as a food source and as ornamental plants, although in the Nordic countries and New Zealand's South Island, introduced lupins are viewed as a severe environmental threat.
-NCBI taxonomy ID: 3869
- - -White lupin (Lupinus albus) has been used as a model to study the development of dense root hairs, for phosphorous uptake, in phosphorous-deficient soils. See O'Rourke et al., 2013 (DOI:10.1104/pp.112.209254).
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 3870
- - -Narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) is an important legume crop, for its high-protein seeds and ability to tolerate sandy, relatively acidic soil, in Australia and parts of Europe. The genome has been sequenced: Hane et al., 2016 (DOI:10.1111/pbi.12615).
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 3871
- - -Medicago is a genus of flowering plants, commonly known as medick or burclover, in the legume family (Fabaceae). It contains at least 87 species and is distributed mainly around the Mediterranean basin. The best-known member of the genus is alfalfa (M. sativa), an important forage crop, and the genus name is based on the Latin name for that plant, medica, from Greek: μηδική (πόα) Median (grass). Most members of the genus are low, creeping herbs, resembling clover, but with burs (hence the common name). However, alfalfa grows to a height of 1 meter, and tree medick (M. arborea) is a shrub. Members of the genus are known to produce bioactive compounds such as medicarpin (a flavonoid) and medicagenic acid (a triterpenoid saponin). Chromosome numbers in Medicago range from 2n = 14 to 48. The species Medicago truncatula is a model legume due to its relatively small stature, small genome (450–500 Mbp), short generation time (about 3 months), and ability to reproduce both by outcrossing and selfing.
-NCBI taxonomy ID: 3877
- - -Alfalfa, also called lucerne and called Medicago sativa in binomial nomenclature, is a perennial flowering plant in the legume family Fabaceae. It is cultivated as an important forage crop in many countries around the world. It is used for grazing, hay, and silage, as well as a green manure and cover crop. The name alfalfa is used in North America. The name lucerne is the more commonly used name in the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 3879
- - -Medicago truncatula, a close relative of alfalfa (M. sativa), is widely used as a model in legume biology. It is physically small in stature, with a small genome, and has a short generation-to-generation time. Sevweral high-quality genome assemblies have been generated, including Tang et al., 2014 (DOI:10.1186/1471-2164-15-312) and Pecrix et al., 2018 (DOI:10.1038/s41477-018-0286-7).
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 3880
- - -A wild perennial forage species widely distributed in semi-arid grasslands and adapted tolerate environmental stresses including drought, low temperatures, and infertile soils
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 70973
- - -Highly nutritious forage legume with global distribution, widely consumed by livestock and also used as a vegetable in China.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 47084
- - -Phaseolus (bean, wild bean) is a genus of herbaceous to woody annual and perennial vines in the family Fabaceae containing about 70 plant species, all native to the Americas, primarily Mesoamerica. It is one of the most economically important legume genera. Five of the species have been domesticated since pre-Columbian times for their beans: P. acutifolius (tepary bean), P. coccineus (runner bean), P. dumosus (year bean), P. lunatus (lima bean), and P. vulgaris (common bean). Most prominent among these is the common bean, P. vulgaris, which today is cultivated worldwide in tropical, semitropical, and temperate climates.
-NCBI taxonomy ID: 3883
- - -The lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), initially from South and Central America, is an herbaceous plant that is a part of the legume family (Fabaceae). It is commonly known as the lima bean, butter bean, sieva bean, double bean or Madagascar bean, is a legume grown for its edible seeds or beans. The two gene pools, meso and south American, of cultivated lima beans is believed to point to independent domestication events. The Mesoamerican lima bean is distributed in neotropical lowlands while the other is found in the western Andes.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 3884
- - -Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was likely domesticated independently both in Central America and in the Andes, from distinct wild gene pools that exist in the two regions. Beans were also carried into North America and were grown by Native Americans there for many centuries. They were carried to Europe by early explorers of the New World, and have undergone about 500 years of additional domestication and selection in Europe. The species has great agricultural variety, and is of critical importance as a high-protein food across the world.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 3885
- - -The tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius), native to the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico, has been cultivated by indigenous groups in that region since pre-Columbian times. It is generally more drought-tolerant than common bean
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 33129
- - -Pisum is a genus of the family Fabaceae, native to southwest Asia and northeast Africa. It contains one to five species, depending on taxonomic interpretation; the International Legume Database (ILDIS) accepts three species: Pisum abyssinicum, Pisum fulvum, and Pisum sativum. Pisum sativum (the field or garden pea) is a major human food crop.
-NCBI taxonomy ID: 3887
- - -Pea is an important grain legume, serving multiple roles: as a dry pulse, a green vegetable (with varieties grown for seeds and for pods), as a green manure and cover crop, and as a forage. Pea was domesticated ~10,000 years ago by Neolithic farmers of the Fertile Crescent, along with cereals and other grain legumes (Kreplak et al., 2019; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0480-1).
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 3888
- - -Vigna is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae, with a pantropical distribution. It includes some well-known cultivated species, including many types of beans. Some are former members of the genus Phaseolus.
-NCBI taxonomy ID: 3913
- - -Adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) is a diploid legume crop (2n = 2x = 22). Adzuki beans are commonly sweetened before eating by boiling the beans with sugar, resulting in red bean paste. The adzuki bean is a good dietary source for a variety of minerals including; magnesium, potassium and zinc. Genome assemblies have been generated for several accessions.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 3914
- - -Mungbean (Vigna radiata), also known as moong bean, green gram, is a fast-growing warm-season legume and has a diploid chromosome number of 2n=22. Mungbean is mainly cultivated today in China, India and Southeast Asia but can be found in dry regions within Southern Europe and United States. Mungbeans are a good source of dietary protein, folate and iron. This legume species was moved from the genus Phaseolus to Vigna and is correctly cites as Vigna radiata.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 157791
- - -Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is used in many parts of the world for its high-protein seeds, but also for its nutrient-rich edible leaves, forage, and soil enrichment. Cowpea is generally more heat-tolerant than common bean. Cowpeas are one of the most important food legume crops in the semi-arid tropics that cover Asia, Africa, southern Europe and Central and South America. A drought-tolerant and warm-weather crop, cowpeas are well-adapted to the drier regions of the tropics, where other food legumes do not perform as well. It also has the useful ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen through its root nodules, and it grows well in poor soils.
- -NCBI taxonomy ID: 3917
- - -