diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 0c8a2a56e..4502a54a8 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ AppEngine version, listed here to ease deployment and troubleshooting.
  * Upgraded stable Dart analysis SDK to `3.2.5`.
  * Upgraded stable Flutter analysis SDK to `3.16.8`.
  * Upgraded preview Flutter analysis SDK to `3.19.0-0.2.pre`.
+ * Note: Sending emails keep persistent connection for a few minutes.
 
 ## `20240118t104800-all`
  * Upgraded dependencies including `markdown: ^7.2.0`.
diff --git a/app/lib/frontend/email_sender.dart b/app/lib/frontend/email_sender.dart
index 858528b9b..0db980a37 100644
--- a/app/lib/frontend/email_sender.dart
+++ b/app/lib/frontend/email_sender.dart
@@ -38,12 +38,10 @@ abstract class EmailSender {
 
 EmailSender createGmailRelaySender(
   String serviceAccountEmail,
-  String impersonatedGSuiteUser,
   http.Client authClient,
 ) =>
     _GmailSmtpRelay(
       serviceAccountEmail,
-      impersonatedGSuiteUser,
       authClient,
     );
 
@@ -103,7 +101,7 @@ Address? _toAddress(EmailAddress? input) =>
 ///  * Is configured for [domain-wide delegation][3] with the
 ///    `https://mail.google.com/` scope on the given GSuite.
 ///
-/// This class then creates a JWT impersonating [_impersonatedGSuiteUser] and
+/// This class then creates a JWT impersonating the sender and
 /// signed by [_serviceAccountEmail] (using [signJwt API][4]). It then exchanges
 /// this JWT for an `access_token` using [OAuth 2 for service accounts][4].
 ///
@@ -117,16 +115,17 @@ class _GmailSmtpRelay implements EmailSender {
   static const _scopes = ['https://mail.google.com/'];
 
   final String _serviceAccountEmail;
-  final String _impersonatedGSuiteUser;
   final http.Client _authClient;
 
+  final _connectionsBySender = <String, Future<_GmailConnection>>{};
+  final _forceReconnectSenders = <String>{};
+
   DateTime _accessTokenRefreshed = DateTime(0);
   DateTime _backoffUntil = DateTime(0);
   Future<String>? _accessToken;
 
   _GmailSmtpRelay(
     this._serviceAccountEmail,
-    this._impersonatedGSuiteUser,
     this._authClient,
   );
 
@@ -139,13 +138,17 @@ class _GmailSmtpRelay implements EmailSender {
         'from ${message.from} '
         'to ${message.recipients.join(', ')}';
     _logger.info('Sending email: $debugHeader...');
+    final sender = message.from.email;
     try {
       await retry(
-        () async => send(
-          _toMessage(message),
-          await _getSmtpServer(),
-          timeout: Duration(seconds: 15),
-        ),
+        () async {
+          final c = await _getConnection(sender);
+          try {
+            await c.connection.send(_toMessage(message));
+          } finally {
+            c.trackSentEmail(message.recipients.length);
+          }
+        },
         retryIf: (e) =>
             e is TimeoutException ||
             e is IOException ||
@@ -153,6 +156,9 @@ class _GmailSmtpRelay implements EmailSender {
             e is SmtpNoGreetingException,
         delayFactor: Duration(seconds: 2),
         maxAttempts: 2,
+        onRetry: (_) {
+          _forceReconnectSenders.add(sender);
+        },
       );
     } on SmtpMessageValidationException catch (e, st) {
       _logger.info('Sending email failed: $debugHeader.', e, st);
@@ -160,6 +166,7 @@ class _GmailSmtpRelay implements EmailSender {
     } on SmtpClientAuthenticationException catch (e, st) {
       _logger.shout('Sending email failed due to invalid auth: $e', e, st);
       _backoffUntil = clock.now().add(Duration(minutes: 2));
+      _forceReconnectSenders.add(sender);
       _accessToken = null;
       throw EmailSenderException.failed();
     } on MailerException catch (e, st) {
@@ -168,22 +175,48 @@ class _GmailSmtpRelay implements EmailSender {
     }
   }
 
-  Future<SmtpServer> _getSmtpServer() async {
+  Future<_GmailConnection> _getConnection(String sender) async {
+    final connectionFuture = _connectionsBySender[sender];
+    final old = connectionFuture == null ? null : await connectionFuture;
+    final forceReconnect = _forceReconnectSenders.remove(sender);
+    if (!forceReconnect && old != null && !old.isExpired) {
+      return old;
+    }
+    final newConnectionFuture = Future.microtask(() async {
+      if (old != null) {
+        try {
+          await old.connection.close();
+        } catch (e, st) {
+          _logger.warning('Unable to close SMTP connection.', e, st);
+        }
+      }
+      return _GmailConnection(
+        PersistentConnection(
+          await _getSmtpServer(sender),
+          timeout: Duration(seconds: 15),
+        ),
+      );
+    });
+    _connectionsBySender[sender] = newConnectionFuture;
+    return newConnectionFuture;
+  }
+
+  Future<SmtpServer> _getSmtpServer(String sender) async {
     final maxAge = clock.now().subtract(Duration(minutes: 20));
     if (_accessToken == null || _accessTokenRefreshed.isBefore(maxAge)) {
-      _accessToken = _createAccessToken();
+      _accessToken = _createAccessToken(sender);
       _accessTokenRefreshed = clock.now();
     }
 
     // For documentation see:
     // https://support.google.com/a/answer/176600?hl=en
-    return gmailRelaySaslXoauth2(_impersonatedGSuiteUser, await _accessToken!);
+    return gmailRelaySaslXoauth2(sender, await _accessToken!);
   }
 
-  /// Create an access_token for [_impersonatedGSuiteUser] using the
+  /// Create an access_token for [sender] using the
   /// [_serviceAccountEmail] configured for _domain-wide delegation_ following:
   /// https://developers.google.com/identity/protocols/oauth2/service-account
-  Future<String> _createAccessToken() async {
+  Future<String> _createAccessToken(String sender) async {
     final iam = iam_credentials.IAMCredentialsApi(_authClient);
     final iat = clock.now().toUtc().millisecondsSinceEpoch ~/ 1000 - 20;
     iam_credentials.SignJwtResponse jwtResponse;
@@ -196,7 +229,7 @@ class _GmailSmtpRelay implements EmailSender {
                 'aud': _googleOauth2TokenUrl.toString(),
                 'exp': iat + 3600,
                 'iat': iat,
-                'sub': _impersonatedGSuiteUser,
+                'sub': sender,
               }),
             'projects/-/serviceAccounts/$_serviceAccountEmail',
           ));
@@ -234,3 +267,37 @@ class _GmailSmtpRelay implements EmailSender {
     }
   }
 }
+
+class _GmailConnection {
+  final DateTime created;
+  final PersistentConnection connection;
+  DateTime _lastUsed;
+  var _sentCount = 0;
+
+  _GmailConnection(this.connection)
+      : created = clock.now(),
+        _lastUsed = clock.now();
+
+  void trackSentEmail(int count) {
+    _sentCount += count;
+    _lastUsed = clock.now();
+  }
+
+  bool get isExpired {
+    // There is a 100-recipient limit per SMTP transaction for smtp-relay.gmail.com.
+    // Exceeding this limit results in an error message. To send messages to
+    // additional recipients, start another transaction (new SMTP connection or RSET command).
+    if (_sentCount > 90) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    final age = clock.now().difference(created);
+    if (age > Duration(minutes: 5)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    final idle = clock.now().difference(_lastUsed);
+    if (idle > Duration(seconds: 25)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/app/lib/service/services.dart b/app/lib/service/services.dart
index 47f75d3a8..d283836ad 100644
--- a/app/lib/service/services.dart
+++ b/app/lib/service/services.dart
@@ -99,7 +99,6 @@ Future<void> withServices(FutureOr<void> Function() fn) async {
                 activeConfiguration.gmailRelayImpersonatedGSuiteUser != null
             ? createGmailRelaySender(
                 activeConfiguration.gmailRelayServiceAccount!,
-                activeConfiguration.gmailRelayImpersonatedGSuiteUser!,
                 authClient,
               )
             : loggingEmailSender,