diff --git a/Pages/Index.cshtml b/Pages/Index.cshtml
index a8d6477..22e13b3 100644
--- a/Pages/Index.cshtml
+++ b/Pages/Index.cshtml
@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@
         </div>
 
         <input type="submit" asp-for="SubmitButton" class="btn" value="Save" />
+        <button type="button" class="btn" data-action="remove">Disable Validation</button>
     </form>
 </fieldset>
 
@@ -98,6 +99,7 @@
         </div>
 
         <button type="submit" class="btn">Save</button>
+        <button type="button" class="btn" data-action="remove">Disable Validation</button>
     </form>
 </fieldset>
 
@@ -110,11 +112,15 @@
             <span asp-validation-for="Input.SomeRequiredField"></span>
         </div>
         <button type="submit" class="btn">Save</button>
+        <button type="button" class="btn" data-action="remove">Disable Validation</button>
     </form>
 </fieldset>
 
 @section scripts {
     <script>
+        const service = new aspnetValidation.ValidationService(console);
+        service.bootstrap();
+
         document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () {
             console.log('Listening to Form 4')
             document.getElementById('prevent-default').addEventListener('submit', function (e) {
@@ -123,8 +129,23 @@
                 alert(new URLSearchParams(data));
             });
         });
+
+        document.querySelectorAll('[data-action="remove"]').forEach(function (removeButton) {
+            removeButton.addEventListener('click', function (removeClick) {
+                if (removeButton.validationRemoved) {
+                    service.scan(removeButton.form);
+                    removeButton.textContent = 'Enable Validation';
+                    removeButton.validationRemoved = false;
+                } else {
+                    service.remove(removeButton.form);
+                    removeButton.textContent = 'Disable Validation';
+                    removeButton.validationRemoved = true;
+                }
+            });
+        });
     </script>
 }
+
 <fieldset>
     <legend>Form 4 (<code>preventDefault()</code>)</legend>
     <form method="post" id="prevent-default">
diff --git a/dist/aspnet-validation.js b/dist/aspnet-validation.js
index 289d13d..4bf26a6 100644
--- a/dist/aspnet-validation.js
+++ b/dist/aspnet-validation.js
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ var ValidationService = /** @class */ (function () {
          */
         this.providers = {};
         /**
-         * A key-value collection of <span> elements for displaying validation messages for an input (by DOM ID).
+         * A key-value collection of form UIDs and their <span> elements for displaying validation messages for an input (by DOM name).
          */
         this.messageFor = {};
         /**
@@ -506,29 +506,51 @@ var ValidationService = /** @class */ (function () {
          * Fires off validation for elements within the provided form and then calls the callback
          * @param form The form to validate.
          * @param callback Receives true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete.
+         * @returns Promise that resolves to true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete.
          */
-        this.validateForm = function (form, callback) {
-            if (!(form instanceof HTMLFormElement)) {
-                throw new Error('validateForm() can only be called on <form> elements');
-            }
-            var formUID = _this.getElementUID(form);
-            var formValidationEvent = _this.formEvents[formUID];
-            if (formValidationEvent) {
-                formValidationEvent(undefined, callback);
-            }
-        };
+        this.validateForm = function (form, callback) { return __awaiter(_this, void 0, void 0, function () {
+            var formUID, formValidationEvent, _a;
+            return __generator(this, function (_b) {
+                switch (_b.label) {
+                    case 0:
+                        if (!(form instanceof HTMLFormElement)) {
+                            throw new Error('validateForm() can only be called on <form> elements');
+                        }
+                        formUID = this.getElementUID(form);
+                        formValidationEvent = this.formEvents[formUID];
+                        _a = !formValidationEvent;
+                        if (_a) return [3 /*break*/, 2];
+                        return [4 /*yield*/, formValidationEvent(undefined, callback)];
+                    case 1:
+                        _a = (_b.sent());
+                        _b.label = 2;
+                    case 2: return [2 /*return*/, _a];
+                }
+            });
+        }); };
         /**
          * Fires off validation for the provided element and then calls the callback
          * @param field The element to validate.
          * @param callback Receives true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete.
+         * @returns Promise that resolves to true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete
          */
-        this.validateField = function (field, callback) {
-            var fieldUID = _this.getElementUID(field);
-            var fieldValidationEvent = _this.inputEvents[fieldUID];
-            if (fieldValidationEvent) {
-                fieldValidationEvent(undefined, callback);
-            }
-        };
+        this.validateField = function (field, callback) { return __awaiter(_this, void 0, void 0, function () {
+            var fieldUID, fieldValidationEvent, _a;
+            return __generator(this, function (_b) {
+                switch (_b.label) {
+                    case 0:
+                        fieldUID = this.getElementUID(field);
+                        fieldValidationEvent = this.inputEvents[fieldUID];
+                        _a = !fieldValidationEvent;
+                        if (_a) return [3 /*break*/, 2];
+                        return [4 /*yield*/, fieldValidationEvent(undefined, callback)];
+                    case 1:
+                        _a = (_b.sent());
+                        _b.label = 2;
+                    case 2: return [2 /*return*/, _a];
+                }
+            });
+        }); };
         /**
          * Called before validating form submit events.
          * Default calls `preventDefault()` and `stopImmediatePropagation()`.
@@ -734,22 +756,18 @@ var ValidationService = /** @class */ (function () {
         this.addProvider('remote', mvc.remote);
     };
     /**
-     * Scans document for all validation message <span> generated by ASP.NET Core MVC, then tracks them.
+     * Scans `root` for all validation message <span> generated by ASP.NET Core MVC, then calls `cb` for each.
+     * @param root The root node to scan
+     * @param cb The callback to invoke with each form and span
      */
-    ValidationService.prototype.scanMessages = function (root, remove) {
-        if (remove === void 0) { remove = false; }
+    ValidationService.prototype.scanMessages = function (root, cb) {
         /* If a validation span explicitly declares a form, we group the span with that form. */
         var validationMessageElements = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll('span[form]'));
         for (var _i = 0, validationMessageElements_1 = validationMessageElements; _i < validationMessageElements_1.length; _i++) {
             var span = validationMessageElements_1[_i];
             var form = document.getElementById(span.getAttribute('form'));
-            if (form) {
-                if (remove) {
-                    this.removeValidationMessageSpan(form, span);
-                }
-                else {
-                    this.pushValidationMessageSpan(form, span);
-                }
+            if (form instanceof HTMLFormElement) {
+                cb.call(this, form, span);
             }
         }
         // Otherwise if a validation message span is inside a form, we group the span with the form it's inside.
@@ -769,19 +787,19 @@ var ValidationService = /** @class */ (function () {
             var validationMessageElements_3 = Array.from(form.querySelectorAll('[data-valmsg-for]'));
             for (var _b = 0, validationMessageElements_2 = validationMessageElements_3; _b < validationMessageElements_2.length; _b++) {
                 var span = validationMessageElements_2[_b];
-                if (remove) {
-                    this.removeValidationMessageSpan(form, span);
-                }
-                else {
-                    this.pushValidationMessageSpan(form, span);
-                }
+                cb.call(this, form, span);
             }
         }
     };
     ValidationService.prototype.pushValidationMessageSpan = function (form, span) {
+        var _a, _b;
+        var _c;
         var formId = this.getElementUID(form);
-        var name = "".concat(formId, ":").concat(span.getAttribute('data-valmsg-for'));
-        var spans = this.messageFor[name] || (this.messageFor[name] = []);
+        var formSpans = (_a = (_c = this.messageFor)[formId]) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : (_c[formId] = {});
+        var messageForId = span.getAttribute('data-valmsg-for');
+        if (!messageForId)
+            return;
+        var spans = (_b = formSpans[messageForId]) !== null && _b !== void 0 ? _b : (formSpans[messageForId] = []);
         if (spans.indexOf(span) < 0) {
             spans.push(span);
         }
@@ -791,8 +809,13 @@ var ValidationService = /** @class */ (function () {
     };
     ValidationService.prototype.removeValidationMessageSpan = function (form, span) {
         var formId = this.getElementUID(form);
-        var name = "".concat(formId, ":").concat(span.getAttribute('data-valmsg-for'));
-        var spans = this.messageFor[name];
+        var formSpans = this.messageFor[formId];
+        if (!formSpans)
+            return;
+        var messageForId = span.getAttribute('data-valmsg-for');
+        if (!messageForId)
+            return;
+        var spans = formSpans[messageForId];
         if (!spans) {
             return;
         }
@@ -882,8 +905,8 @@ var ValidationService = /** @class */ (function () {
             return Promise.resolve(true);
         }
         var formValidators = [];
-        for (var i = 0; i < formInputUIDs.length; i++) {
-            var inputUID = formInputUIDs[i];
+        for (var _i = 0, formInputUIDs_1 = formInputUIDs; _i < formInputUIDs_1.length; _i++) {
+            var inputUID = formInputUIDs_1[_i];
             var validator = this.validators[inputUID];
             if (validator) {
                 formValidators.push(validator);
@@ -894,12 +917,12 @@ var ValidationService = /** @class */ (function () {
     };
     // Retrieves the validation span for the input.
     ValidationService.prototype.getMessageFor = function (input) {
+        var _a;
         if (!input.form) {
-            return [];
+            return undefined;
         }
         var formId = this.getElementUID(input.form);
-        var name = "".concat(formId, ":").concat(input.name);
-        return this.messageFor[name];
+        return (_a = this.messageFor[formId]) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a[input.name];
     };
     /**
      * Returns true if the event triggering the form submission indicates we should validate the form.
@@ -916,13 +939,13 @@ var ValidationService = /** @class */ (function () {
      */
     ValidationService.prototype.trackFormInput = function (form, inputUID) {
         var _this = this;
+        var _a;
+        var _b;
         var formUID = this.getElementUID(form);
-        if (!this.formInputs[formUID]) {
-            this.formInputs[formUID] = [];
-        }
-        var add = (this.formInputs[formUID].indexOf(inputUID) === -1);
+        var formInputUIDs = (_a = (_b = this.formInputs)[formUID]) !== null && _a !== void 0 ? _a : (_b[formUID] = []);
+        var add = formInputUIDs.indexOf(inputUID) === -1;
         if (add) {
-            this.formInputs[formUID].push(inputUID);
+            formInputUIDs.push(inputUID);
             if (this.options.addNoValidate) {
                 this.logger.log('Setting novalidate on form', form);
                 form.setAttribute('novalidate', 'novalidate');
@@ -937,26 +960,22 @@ var ValidationService = /** @class */ (function () {
         if (this.formEvents[formUID]) {
             return;
         }
-        var validating = false;
+        var validationTask = null;
         var cb = function (e, callback) {
             // Prevent recursion
-            if (validating) {
-                return;
+            if (validationTask) {
+                return validationTask;
             }
             if (!_this.shouldValidate(e)) {
-                return;
-            }
-            var validate = _this.getFormValidationTask(formUID);
-            if (!validate) {
-                return;
+                return Promise.resolve(true);
             }
+            validationTask = _this.getFormValidationTask(formUID);
             //`preValidate` typically prevents submit before validation
             if (e) {
                 _this.preValidate(e);
             }
-            validating = true;
             _this.logger.log('Validating', form);
-            validate.then(function (success) { return __awaiter(_this, void 0, void 0, function () {
+            return validationTask.then(function (success) { return __awaiter(_this, void 0, void 0, function () {
                 var validationEvent;
                 return __generator(this, function (_a) {
                     switch (_a.label) {
@@ -964,7 +983,7 @@ var ValidationService = /** @class */ (function () {
                             this.logger.log('Validated (success = %s)', success, form);
                             if (callback) {
                                 callback(success);
-                                return [2 /*return*/];
+                                return [2 /*return*/, success];
                             }
                             validationEvent = new CustomEvent('validation', {
                                 detail: { valid: success }
@@ -976,24 +995,30 @@ var ValidationService = /** @class */ (function () {
                             // Firefox fix: redispatch 'submit' after finished handling this event
                             _a.sent();
                             this.handleValidated(form, success, e);
-                            return [2 /*return*/];
+                            return [2 /*return*/, success];
                     }
                 });
             }); }).catch(function (error) {
                 _this.logger.log('Validation error', error);
+                return false;
             }).finally(function () {
-                validating = false;
+                validationTask = null;
             });
         };
         form.addEventListener('submit', cb);
-        form.addEventListener('reset', function (e) {
-            var uids = _this.formInputs[formUID];
-            for (var _i = 0, uids_1 = uids; _i < uids_1.length; _i++) {
-                var uid = uids_1[_i];
-                _this.resetField(uid);
+        var cbReset = function (e) {
+            var formInputUIDs = _this.formInputs[formUID];
+            for (var _i = 0, formInputUIDs_2 = formInputUIDs; _i < formInputUIDs_2.length; _i++) {
+                var inputUID_1 = formInputUIDs_2[_i];
+                _this.resetField(inputUID_1);
             }
             _this.renderSummary();
-        });
+        };
+        form.addEventListener('reset', cbReset);
+        cb.remove = function () {
+            form.removeEventListener('submit', cb);
+            form.removeEventListener('reset', cbReset);
+        };
         this.formEvents[formUID] = cb;
     };
     /*
@@ -1009,28 +1034,34 @@ var ValidationService = /** @class */ (function () {
     };
     ValidationService.prototype.resetField = function (inputUID) {
         var input = this.elementByUID[inputUID];
-        if (input.classList.contains(this.ValidationInputCssClassName)) {
-            input.classList.remove(this.ValidationInputCssClassName);
-        }
-        if (input.classList.contains(this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName)) {
-            input.classList.remove(this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName);
-        }
-        var spans = this.getMessageFor(input);
+        this.swapClasses(input, '', this.ValidationInputCssClassName);
+        this.swapClasses(input, '', this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName);
+        var spans = isValidatable(input) && this.getMessageFor(input);
         if (spans) {
             for (var i = 0; i < spans.length; i++) {
                 spans[i].innerHTML = '';
+                this.swapClasses(spans[i], '', this.ValidationMessageCssClassName);
+                this.swapClasses(spans[i], '', this.ValidationMessageValidCssClassName);
             }
         }
         delete this.summary[inputUID];
     };
     ValidationService.prototype.untrackFormInput = function (form, inputUID) {
+        var _a;
         var formUID = this.getElementUID(form);
-        if (!this.formInputs[formUID]) {
+        var formInputUIDs = this.formInputs[formUID];
+        if (!formInputUIDs) {
             return;
         }
-        var indexToRemove = this.formInputs[formUID].indexOf(inputUID);
+        var indexToRemove = formInputUIDs.indexOf(inputUID);
         if (indexToRemove >= 0) {
-            this.formInputs[formUID].splice(indexToRemove, 1);
+            formInputUIDs.splice(indexToRemove, 1);
+            if (!formInputUIDs.length) {
+                (_a = this.formEvents[formUID]) === null || _a === void 0 ? void 0 : _a.remove();
+                delete this.formEvents[formUID];
+                delete this.formInputs[formUID];
+                delete this.messageFor[formUID];
+            }
         }
         else {
             this.logger.log("Form input for UID '%s' was already removed", inputUID);
@@ -1052,30 +1083,51 @@ var ValidationService = /** @class */ (function () {
         if (this.inputEvents[uid]) {
             return;
         }
+        var cb = function (event, callback) { return __awaiter(_this, void 0, void 0, function () {
+            var validate, success, error_1;
+            return __generator(this, function (_a) {
+                switch (_a.label) {
+                    case 0:
+                        validate = this.validators[uid];
+                        if (!validate)
+                            return [2 /*return*/, true];
+                        this.logger.log('Validating', { event: event });
+                        _a.label = 1;
+                    case 1:
+                        _a.trys.push([1, 3, , 4]);
+                        return [4 /*yield*/, validate()];
+                    case 2:
+                        success = _a.sent();
+                        callback(success);
+                        return [2 /*return*/, success];
+                    case 3:
+                        error_1 = _a.sent();
+                        this.logger.log('Validation error', error_1);
+                        return [2 /*return*/, false];
+                    case 4: return [2 /*return*/];
+                }
+            });
+        }); };
         var debounceTimeoutID = 0;
-        var cb = function (e, callback) {
-            var validate = _this.validators[uid];
+        cb.debounced = function (event, callback) {
             clearTimeout(debounceTimeoutID);
             debounceTimeoutID = setTimeout(function () {
-                validate()
-                    .then(callback)
-                    .catch(function (error) {
-                    _this.logger.log('Validation error', error);
-                });
+                cb(event, callback);
             }, _this.debounce);
         };
-        var validateEvent = input.dataset.valEvent;
-        if (validateEvent) {
-            input.addEventListener(validateEvent, cb);
-        }
-        else {
-            var eventType = input instanceof HTMLSelectElement ? 'change' : 'input';
-            input.addEventListener(eventType, cb);
-        }
+        var validateEvent = input.dataset.valEvent || input instanceof HTMLSelectElement ? 'change' : 'input';
+        input.addEventListener(validateEvent, cb.debounced);
+        cb.remove = function () { return input.removeEventListener(validateEvent, cb.debounced); };
         this.inputEvents[uid] = cb;
     };
     ValidationService.prototype.removeInput = function (input) {
         var uid = this.getElementUID(input);
+        // Clean up event listener
+        var cb = this.inputEvents[uid];
+        if (cb === null || cb === void 0 ? void 0 : cb.remove) {
+            cb.remove();
+            delete cb.remove;
+        }
         delete this.summary[uid];
         delete this.inputEvents[uid];
         delete this.validators[uid];
@@ -1084,10 +1136,11 @@ var ValidationService = /** @class */ (function () {
         }
     };
     /**
-     * Scans the entire document for input elements to be validated.
+     * Scans `root` for input elements to be validated, then calls `cb` for each.
+     * @param root The root node to scan
+     * @param cb The callback to invoke with each input
      */
-    ValidationService.prototype.scanInputs = function (root, remove) {
-        if (remove === void 0) { remove = false; }
+    ValidationService.prototype.scanInputs = function (root, cb) {
         var inputs = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll(validatableSelector('[data-val="true"]')));
         // querySelectorAll does not include the root element itself.
         // we could use 'matches', but that's newer than querySelectorAll so we'll keep it simple and compatible.
@@ -1096,12 +1149,7 @@ var ValidationService = /** @class */ (function () {
         }
         for (var i = 0; i < inputs.length; i++) {
             var input = inputs[i];
-            if (remove) {
-                this.removeInput(input);
-            }
-            else {
-                this.addInput(input);
-            }
+            cb.call(this, input);
         }
     };
     /**
@@ -1349,27 +1397,32 @@ var ValidationService = /** @class */ (function () {
         }
     };
     /**
-     * Scans the provided root element for any validation directives and attaches behavior to them.
+     * Scans the root element for any validation directives and attaches behavior to them.
+     * @param root The root node to scan; if not provided, `options.root` (default: `document.body`) will be scanned
      */
     ValidationService.prototype.scan = function (root) {
+        root !== null && root !== void 0 ? root : (root = this.options.root);
         this.logger.log('Scanning', root);
-        this.scanMessages(root);
-        this.scanInputs(root);
+        this.scanMessages(root, this.pushValidationMessageSpan);
+        this.scanInputs(root, this.addInput);
     };
     /**
-     * Scans the provided root element for any validation directives and removes behavior from them.
+     * Scans the root element for any validation directives and removes behavior from them.
+     * @param root The root node to scan; if not provided, `options.root` (default: `document.body`) will be scanned
      */
     ValidationService.prototype.remove = function (root) {
+        root !== null && root !== void 0 ? root : (root = this.options.root);
         this.logger.log('Removing', root);
-        this.scanMessages(root, true);
-        this.scanInputs(root, true);
+        this.scanMessages(root, this.removeValidationMessageSpan);
+        this.scanInputs(root, this.removeInput);
     };
     /**
      * Watches the provided root element for mutations, and scans for new validation directives to attach behavior.
-     * @param root The root element to use, defaults to the document.documentElement.
+     * @param root The root node to watch; if not provided, `options.root` (default: `document.body`) will be watched
      */
     ValidationService.prototype.watch = function (root) {
         var _this = this;
+        root !== null && root !== void 0 ? root : (root = this.options.root);
         this.observer = new MutationObserver(function (mutations) {
             mutations.forEach(function (mutation) {
                 _this.observed(mutation);
diff --git a/dist/aspnet-validation.min.js b/dist/aspnet-validation.min.js
index 62e8583..4f9b629 100644
--- a/dist/aspnet-validation.min.js
+++ b/dist/aspnet-validation.min.js
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-!function(t,e){"object"==typeof exports&&"object"==typeof module?module.exports=e():"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define([],e):"object"==typeof exports?exports.aspnetValidation=e():t.aspnetValidation=e()}(window,(function(){return function(t){var e={};function n(r){if(e[r])return e[r].exports;var a=e[r]={i:r,l:!1,exports:{}};return t[r].call(a.exports,a,a.exports,n),a.l=!0,a.exports}return n.m=t,n.c=e,n.d=function(t,e,r){n.o(t,e)||Object.defineProperty(t,e,{enumerable:!0,get:r})},n.r=function(t){"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(t,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(t,"__esModule",{value:!0})},n.t=function(t,e){if(1&e&&(t=n(t)),8&e)return t;if(4&e&&"object"==typeof t&&t&&t.__esModule)return t;var r=Object.create(null);if(n.r(r),Object.defineProperty(r,"default",{enumerable:!0,value:t}),2&e&&"string"!=typeof t)for(var a in t)n.d(r,a,function(e){return t[e]}.bind(null,a));return r},n.n=function(t){var e=t&&t.__esModule?function(){return t.default}:function(){return t};return n.d(e,"a",e),e},n.o=function(t,e){return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,e)},n.p="",n(n.s=0)}([function(t,e,n){"use strict";n.r(e),n.d(e,"isValidatable",(function(){return s})),n.d(e,"MvcValidationProviders",(function(){return d})),n.d(e,"ValidationService",(function(){return c}));var r=function(t,e,n,r){return new(n||(n=Promise))((function(a,i){function s(t){try{l(r.next(t))}catch(t){i(t)}}function o(t){try{l(r.throw(t))}catch(t){i(t)}}function l(t){var e;t.done?a(t.value):(e=t.value,e instanceof n?e:new n((function(t){t(e)}))).then(s,o)}l((r=r.apply(t,e||[])).next())}))},a=function(t,e){var n,r,a,i,s={label:0,sent:function(){if(1&a[0])throw a[1];return a[1]},trys:[],ops:[]};return i={next:o(0),throw:o(1),return:o(2)},"function"==typeof Symbol&&(i[Symbol.iterator]=function(){return this}),i;function o(o){return function(l){return function(o){if(n)throw new TypeError("Generator is already 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t}))}))},t.prototype.getMessageFor=function(t){if(!t.form)return[];var e=this.getElementUID(t.form),n="".concat(e,":").concat(t.name);return this.messageFor[n]},t.prototype.shouldValidate=function(t){return!(t&&t.submitter&&t.submitter.formNoValidate)},t.prototype.trackFormInput=function(t,e){var n=this,i=this.getElementUID(t);if(this.formInputs[i]||(this.formInputs[i]=[]),-1===this.formInputs[i].indexOf(e)?(this.formInputs[i].push(e),this.options.addNoValidate?(this.logger.log("Setting novalidate on form",t),t.setAttribute("novalidate","novalidate")):this.logger.log("Not setting novalidate on form",t)):this.logger.log("Form input for UID '%s' is already tracked",e),!this.formEvents[i]){var s=!1,o=function(e,o){if(!s&&n.shouldValidate(e)){var l=n.getFormValidationTask(i);l&&(e&&n.preValidate(e),s=!0,n.logger.log("Validating",t),l.then((function(i){return r(n,void 0,void 0,(function(){var n;return a(this,(function(r){switch(r.label){case 0:return this.logger.log("Validated (success = 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this.summary[t]},t.prototype.untrackFormInput=function(t,e){var n=this.getElementUID(t);if(this.formInputs[n]){var r=this.formInputs[n].indexOf(e);r>=0?this.formInputs[n].splice(r,1):this.logger.log("Form input for UID '%s' was already removed",e)}},t.prototype.addInput=function(t){var e=this,n=this.getElementUID(t),r=this.parseDirectives(t.attributes);if(this.validators[n]=this.createValidator(t,r),t.form&&this.trackFormInput(t.form,n),!this.inputEvents[n]){var a=0,i=function(t,r){var i=e.validators[n];clearTimeout(a),a=setTimeout((function(){i().then(r).catch((function(t){e.logger.log("Validation error",t)}))}),e.debounce)},s=t.dataset.valEvent;if(s)t.addEventListener(s,i);else{var o=t instanceof HTMLSelectElement?"change":"input";t.addEventListener(o,i)}this.inputEvents[n]=i}},t.prototype.removeInput=function(t){var e=this.getElementUID(t);delete this.summary[e],delete this.inputEvents[e],delete this.validators[e],t.form&&this.untrackFormInput(t.form,e)},t.prototype.scanInputs=function(t,e){void 0===e&&(e=!1);var n=Array.from(t.querySelectorAll(l('[data-val="true"]')));s(t)&&"true"===t.getAttribute("data-val")&&n.push(t);for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++){var a=n[r];e?this.removeInput(a):this.addInput(a)}},t.prototype.createSummaryDOM=function(){if(!Object.keys(this.summary).length)return null;var t=[],e=document.createElement("ul");for(var n in this.summary){var r=this.elementByUID[n];if((!(r instanceof HTMLInputElement)||"checkbox"!==r.type&&"radio"!==r.type||r.className!==this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName)&&!(t.indexOf(this.summary[n])>-1)){var a=document.createElement("li");a.innerHTML=this.summary[n],e.appendChild(a),t.push(this.summary[n])}}return e},t.prototype.renderSummary=function(){var t=document.querySelectorAll('[data-valmsg-summary="true"]');if(t.length){var e=JSON.stringify(this.summary,Object.keys(this.summary).sort());if(e!==this.renderedSummaryJSON){this.renderedSummaryJSON=e;for(var n=this.createSummaryDOM(),r=0;r<t.length;r++){for(var a=t[r],i=a.querySelectorAll("ul"),s=0;s<i.length;s++)i[s].remove();n&&n.hasChildNodes()?(this.swapClasses(a,this.ValidationSummaryCssClassName,this.ValidationSummaryValidCssClassName),a.appendChild(n.cloneNode(!0))):this.swapClasses(a,this.ValidationSummaryValidCssClassName,this.ValidationSummaryCssClassName)}}}},t.prototype.addError=function(t,e){var n=this.getMessageFor(t);if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++){n[r];n[r].innerHTML=e,this.swapClasses(n[r],this.ValidationMessageCssClassName,this.ValidationMessageValidCssClassName)}if(this.swapClasses(t,this.ValidationInputCssClassName,this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName),t.form){var a=t.form.querySelectorAll(l('[name="'.concat(t.name,'"]')));for(r=0;r<a.length;r++){this.swapClasses(a[r],this.ValidationInputCssClassName,this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName);var i=this.getElementUID(a[r]);this.summary[i]=e}}this.renderSummary()},t.prototype.removeError=function(t){var e=this.getMessageFor(t);if(e)for(var n=0;n<e.length;n++)e[n].innerHTML="",this.swapClasses(e[n],this.ValidationMessageValidCssClassName,this.ValidationMessageCssClassName);if(this.swapClasses(t,this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName,this.ValidationInputCssClassName),t.form){var r=t.form.querySelectorAll(l('[name="'.concat(t.name,'"]')));for(n=0;n<r.length;n++){this.swapClasses(r[n],this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName,this.ValidationInputCssClassName);var a=this.getElementUID(r[n]);delete this.summary[a]}}this.renderSummary()},t.prototype.createValidator=function(t,e){var n=this;return function(){return r(n,void 0,void 0,(function(){var n,r,i,s,o,l,u,d,c,f,m;return a(this,(function(a){switch(a.label){case 0:if(this.isHidden(t)||this.isDisabled(t))return[3,7];for(i in r=[],n=e)r.push(i);s=0,a.label=1;case 1:return s<r.length?(i=r[s])in n?(l=e[o=i],(u=this.providers[o])?(this.logger.log("Running %s validator on element",o,t),d=u(t.value,t,l.params),c=!1,f=l.error,"boolean"!=typeof d?[3,2]:(c=d,[3,5])):(this.logger.log("aspnet-validation provider not implemented: %s",o),[3,6])):[3,6]:[3,7];case 2:return"string"!=typeof d?[3,3]:(c=!1,f=d,[3,5]);case 3:return[4,d];case 4:"boolean"==typeof(m=a.sent())?c=m:(c=!1,f=m),a.label=5;case 5:if(!c)return this.addError(t,f),[2,!1];a.label=6;case 6:return s++,[3,1];case 7:return this.removeError(t),[2,!0]}}))}))}},t.prototype.isHidden=function(t){return!(this.allowHiddenFields||t.offsetWidth||t.offsetHeight||t.getClientRects().length)},t.prototype.isDisabled=function(t){return 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r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r].innerHTML="",this.swapClasses(n[r],"",this.ValidationMessageCssClassName),this.swapClasses(n[r],"",this.ValidationMessageValidCssClassName);delete this.summary[e]},e.prototype.untrackFormInput=function(e,t){var n,r=this.getElementUID(e),i=this.formInputs[r];if(i){var a=i.indexOf(t);a>=0?(i.splice(a,1),i.length||(null===(n=this.formEvents[r])||void 0===n||n.remove(),delete this.formEvents[r],delete this.formInputs[r],delete this.messageFor[r])):this.logger.log("Form input for UID '%s' was already removed",t)}},e.prototype.addInput=function(e){var t=this,n=this.getElementUID(e),a=this.parseDirectives(e.attributes);if(this.validators[n]=this.createValidator(e,a),e.form&&this.trackFormInput(e.form,n),!this.inputEvents[n]){var s=function(e,a){return r(t,void 0,void 0,(function(){var t,r,s;return i(this,(function(i){switch(i.label){case 0:if(!(t=this.validators[n]))return[2,!0];this.logger.log("Validating",{event:e}),i.label=1;case 1:return i.trys.push([1,3,,4]),[4,t()];case 2:return r=i.sent(),a(r),[2,r];case 3:return s=i.sent(),this.logger.log("Validation error",s),[2,!1];case 4:return[2]}}))}))},o=0;s.debounced=function(e,n){clearTimeout(o),o=setTimeout((function(){s(e,n)}),t.debounce)};var l=e.dataset.valEvent||e instanceof HTMLSelectElement?"change":"input";e.addEventListener(l,s.debounced),s.remove=function(){return e.removeEventListener(l,s.debounced)},this.inputEvents[n]=s}},e.prototype.removeInput=function(e){var t=this.getElementUID(e),n=this.inputEvents[t];(null==n?void 0:n.remove)&&(n.remove(),delete n.remove),delete this.summary[t],delete this.inputEvents[t],delete this.validators[t],e.form&&this.untrackFormInput(e.form,t)},e.prototype.scanInputs=function(e,t){var n=Array.from(e.querySelectorAll(l('[data-val="true"]')));s(e)&&"true"===e.getAttribute("data-val")&&n.push(e);for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++){var i=n[r];t.call(this,i)}},e.prototype.createSummaryDOM=function(){if(!Object.keys(this.summary).length)return 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i=e[r],a=i.querySelectorAll("ul"),s=0;s<a.length;s++)a[s].remove();n&&n.hasChildNodes()?(this.swapClasses(i,this.ValidationSummaryCssClassName,this.ValidationSummaryValidCssClassName),i.appendChild(n.cloneNode(!0))):this.swapClasses(i,this.ValidationSummaryValidCssClassName,this.ValidationSummaryCssClassName)}}}},e.prototype.addError=function(e,t){var n=this.getMessageFor(e);if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++){n[r];n[r].innerHTML=t,this.swapClasses(n[r],this.ValidationMessageCssClassName,this.ValidationMessageValidCssClassName)}if(this.swapClasses(e,this.ValidationInputCssClassName,this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName),e.form){var i=e.form.querySelectorAll(l('[name="'.concat(e.name,'"]')));for(r=0;r<i.length;r++){this.swapClasses(i[r],this.ValidationInputCssClassName,this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName);var a=this.getElementUID(i[r]);this.summary[a]=t}}this.renderSummary()},e.prototype.removeError=function(e){var t=this.getMessageFor(e);if(t)for(var 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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/dist/aspnet-validation.min.js.map b/dist/aspnet-validation.min.js.map
index 8cc1780..4606d09 100644
--- a/dist/aspnet-validation.min.js.map
+++ b/dist/aspnet-validation.min.js.map
@@ -1 +1 @@
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To work around this, platforms such as ASP.NET render a\n            // hidden input with the same name as the checkbox so that a value (\"false\") is still submitted even when\n            // the checkbox is not checked. We check this special case here.\n            if (elementType === \"checkbox\") {\n                const checkboxHiddenInput = element.form.querySelector(`input[name='${element.name}'][type='hidden']`);\n                if (checkboxHiddenInput instanceof HTMLInputElement && checkboxHiddenInput.value === \"false\") {\n                    return true;\n                }\n            }\n\n            return false;\n        }\n        // Default behavior otherwise.\n        return Boolean(value);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input value satisfies the length contstraint.\n     */\n    stringLength: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!value) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        if (params.min) {\n            let min = parseInt(params.min);\n            if (value.length < min) {\n                return false;\n            }\n        }\n\n        if (params.max) {\n            let max = parseInt(params.max);\n            if (value.length > max) {\n                return false;\n            }\n        }\n\n        return true;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input value is equal to another input value.\n     */\n    compare: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!params.other) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        let otherElement = getRelativeFormElement(element, params.other);\n        if (!otherElement) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        return (otherElement.value === value);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input value is a number within a given range.\n     */\n    range: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!value) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        let val = parseFloat(value);\n        if (isNaN(val)) {\n            return false;\n        }\n\n        if (params.min) {\n            let min = parseFloat(params.min);\n            if (val < min) {\n                return false;\n            }\n        }\n\n        if (params.max) {\n            let max = parseFloat(params.max);\n            if (val > max) {\n                return false;\n            }\n        }\n\n        return true;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input value satisfies a regular expression pattern.\n     */\n    regex: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!value || !params.pattern) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        let r = new RegExp(params.pattern);\n        return r.test(value);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input value is an email in accordance to RFC822 specification, with a top level domain.\n     */\n    email: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!value) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        // RFC822 email address with .TLD validation\n        // (c) Richard Willis, Chris Ferdinandi, MIT Licensed\n        // https://gist.github.com/badsyntax/719800\n        // https://gist.github.com/cferdinandi/d04aad4ce064b8da3edf21e26f8944c4\n\n        let r = /^([^\\x00-\\x20\\x22\\x28\\x29\\x2c\\x2e\\x3a-\\x3c\\x3e\\x40\\x5b-\\x5d\\x7f-\\xff]+|\\x22([^\\x0d\\x22\\x5c\\x80-\\xff]|\\x5c[\\x00-\\x7f])*\\x22)(\\x2e([^\\x00-\\x20\\x22\\x28\\x29\\x2c\\x2e\\x3a-\\x3c\\x3e\\x40\\x5b-\\x5d\\x7f-\\xff]+|\\x22([^\\x0d\\x22\\x5c\\x80-\\xff]|\\x5c[\\x00-\\x7f])*\\x22))*\\x40([^\\x00-\\x20\\x22\\x28\\x29\\x2c\\x2e\\x3a-\\x3c\\x3e\\x40\\x5b-\\x5d\\x7f-\\xff]+|\\x5b([^\\x0d\\x5b-\\x5d\\x80-\\xff]|\\x5c[\\x00-\\x7f])*\\x5d)(\\x2e([^\\x00-\\x20\\x22\\x28\\x29\\x2c\\x2e\\x3a-\\x3c\\x3e\\x40\\x5b-\\x5d\\x7f-\\xff]+|\\x5b([^\\x0d\\x5b-\\x5d\\x80-\\xff]|\\x5c[\\x00-\\x7f])*\\x5d))*(\\.\\w{2,})+$/;\n        return r.test(value);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input value is a credit card number, with Luhn's Algorithm.\n     */\n    creditcard: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!value) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        // (c) jquery-validation, MIT Licensed\n        // https://github.com/jquery-validation/jquery-validation/blob/master/src/additional/creditcard.js\n        // based on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm\n\n        // Accept only spaces, digits and dashes\n        if (/[^0-9 \\-]+/.test(value)) {\n            return false;\n        }\n\n        var nCheck = 0,\n            nDigit = 0,\n            bEven = false,\n            n, cDigit;\n\n        value = value.replace(/\\D/g, \"\");\n\n        // Basing min and max length on https://developer.ean.com/general_info/Valid_Credit_Card_Types\n        if (value.length < 13 || value.length > 19) {\n            return false;\n        }\n\n        for (n = value.length - 1; n >= 0; n--) {\n            cDigit = value.charAt(n);\n            nDigit = parseInt(cDigit, 10);\n            if (bEven) {\n                if ((nDigit *= 2) > 9) {\n                    nDigit -= 9;\n                }\n            }\n\n            nCheck += nDigit;\n            bEven = !bEven;\n        }\n\n        return (nCheck % 10) === 0;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input value is a URL.\n     */\n    url: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!value) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        let lowerCaseValue = value.toLowerCase();\n\n        // Match the logic in `UrlAttribute`\n        return lowerCaseValue.indexOf('http://') > -1\n            || lowerCaseValue.indexOf('https://') > -1\n            || lowerCaseValue.indexOf('ftp://') > -1;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input value is a phone number.\n     */\n    phone: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!value) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        // Allows whitespace or dash as number separator because some people like to do that...\n        let consecutiveSeparator = /[\\+\\-\\s][\\-\\s]/g;\n        if (consecutiveSeparator.test(value)) {\n            return false;\n        }\n\n        let r = /^\\+?[0-9\\-\\s]+$/;\n        return r.test(value);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Asynchronously validates the input value to a JSON GET API endpoint.\n     */\n    remote: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!value) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        // params.additionalfields: *.Email,*.Username\n        let fieldSelectors: string[] = (params.additionalfields as string).split(',');\n        let fields: StringKeyValuePair = {};\n\n        for (let fieldSelector of fieldSelectors) {\n            let fieldName = fieldSelector.substr(2);\n            let fieldElement = getRelativeFormElement(element, fieldSelector);\n\n            let hasValue = Boolean(fieldElement && fieldElement.value);\n            if (!hasValue) {\n                continue;\n            }\n\n            if (fieldElement instanceof HTMLInputElement &&\n                (fieldElement.type === 'checkbox' || fieldElement.type === 'radio')) {\n                fields[fieldName] = fieldElement.checked ? fieldElement.value : '';\n            } else {\n                fields[fieldName] = fieldElement.value;\n            }\n        }\n\n        let url: string = params['url'];\n\n        let encodedParams: string[] = [];\n        for (let fieldName in fields) {\n            let encodedParam = encodeURIComponent(fieldName) + '=' + encodeURIComponent(fields[fieldName]);\n            encodedParams.push(encodedParam);\n        }\n        let payload = encodedParams.join('&');\n\n        return new Promise((ok, reject) => {\n            let request = new XMLHttpRequest();\n\n            if (params.type && params.type.toLowerCase() === 'post') {\n                let postData = new FormData();\n                for (let fieldName in fields) {\n                    postData.append(fieldName, fields[fieldName]);\n                }\n                request.open('post', url);\n                request.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded');\n                request.send(payload);\n            } else {\n                request.open('get', url + '?' + payload);\n                request.send();\n            }\n\n            request.onload = e => {\n                if (request.status >= 200 && request.status < 300) {\n                    let data = JSON.parse(request.responseText);\n                    ok(data);\n                } else {\n                    reject({\n                        status: request.status,\n                        statusText: request.statusText,\n                        data: request.responseText\n                    });\n                }\n            };\n\n            request.onerror = e => {\n                reject({\n                    status: request.status,\n                    statusText: request.statusText,\n                    data: request.responseText\n                });\n            };\n        });\n    }\n}\n\n/**\n * Configuration for @type {ValidationService}.\n */\nexport interface ValidationServiceOptions {\n    watch: boolean;\n    root: ParentNode;\n    addNoValidate: boolean;\n}\n\n/**\n * Responsible for managing the DOM elements and running the validation providers.\n */\nexport class ValidationService {\n    /**\n     * A key-value collection of loaded validation plugins.\n     */\n    private providers: { [name: string]: ValidationProvider } = {};\n\n    /**\n     * A key-value collection of <span> elements for displaying validation messages for an input (by DOM ID).\n     */\n    private messageFor: { [id: string]: Element[] } = {};\n\n    /**\n     * A list of managed elements, each having a randomly assigned unique identifier (UID).\n     */\n    private elementUIDs: ElementUID[] = [];\n\n    /**\n     * A key-value collection of UID to Element for quick lookup.\n     */\n    private elementByUID: { [uid: string]: Element } = {};\n\n    /**\n     * A key-value collection of input UIDs for a <form> UID.\n     */\n    private formInputs: { [formUID: string]: string[] } = {};\n\n    /**\n     * A key-value map for input UID to its validator factory.\n     */\n    private validators: { [inputUID: string]: Validator } = {};\n\n    /**\n     * A key-value map for form UID to its trigger element (submit event for <form>).\n     */\n    private formEvents: { [id: string]: (e?: SubmitEvent, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => void } = {};\n\n    /**\n     * A key-value map for element UID to its trigger element (input event for <textarea> and <input>, change event for <select>).\n     */\n    private inputEvents: { [id: string]: (e?: Event, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => void } = {};\n\n    /**\n     * A key-value map of input UID to its validation error message.\n     */\n    private summary: StringKeyValuePair = {};\n\n    /**\n     * A serialized representation of the validation error message summary rendered to the user.\n     */\n    private renderedSummaryJSON: string;\n\n    /**\n     * In milliseconds, the rate of fire of the input validation.\n     */\n    debounce = 300;\n\n    /**\n     * Allow hidden fields validation\n     */\n    allowHiddenFields = false;\n\n    private logger: Logger;\n    observer?: MutationObserver;\n\n    constructor(logger?: Logger) {\n        this.logger = logger || nullLogger;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Registers a new validation plugin of the given name, if not registered yet.\n     * Registered plugin validates inputs with data-val-[name] attribute, used as error message.\n     * @param name\n     * @param callback\n     */\n    addProvider(name: string, callback: ValidationProvider) {\n        if (this.providers[name]) {\n            // First-Come-First-Serve validation plugin design.\n            // Allows developers to override the default MVC Providers by adding custom providers BEFORE bootstrap() is called!\n            return;\n        }\n        this.logger.log(\"Registered provider: %s\", name);\n        this.providers[name] = callback;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Registers the default providers for enabling ASP.NET Core MVC client-side validation.\n     */\n    private addMvcProviders() {\n        let mvc = new MvcValidationProviders();\n\n        // [Required]\n        this.addProvider('required', mvc.required);\n        // [StringLength], [MinLength], [MaxLength]\n        this.addProvider('length', mvc.stringLength);\n        this.addProvider('maxlength', mvc.stringLength);\n        this.addProvider('minlength', mvc.stringLength);\n        // [Compare]\n        this.addProvider('equalto', mvc.compare);\n        // [Range]\n        this.addProvider('range', mvc.range);\n        // [RegularExpression]\n        this.addProvider('regex', mvc.regex);\n        // [CreditCard]\n        this.addProvider('creditcard', mvc.creditcard);\n        // [EmailAddress]\n        this.addProvider('email', mvc.email);\n        // [Url]\n        this.addProvider('url', mvc.url);\n        // [Phone]\n        this.addProvider('phone', mvc.phone);\n        // [Remote]\n        this.addProvider('remote', mvc.remote);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Scans document for all validation message <span> generated by ASP.NET Core MVC, then tracks them.\n     */\n    private scanMessages(root: ParentNode, remove: boolean = false) {\n        /* If a validation span explicitly declares a form, we group the span with that form. */\n        let validationMessageElements = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('span[form]'));\n        for (let span of validationMessageElements) {\n            let form = document.getElementById(span.getAttribute('form'));\n            if (form) {\n                if (remove) {\n                    this.removeValidationMessageSpan(form, span);\n                } else {\n                    this.pushValidationMessageSpan(form, span);\n                }\n            }\n        }\n\n        // Otherwise if a validation message span is inside a form, we group the span with the form it's inside.\n        let forms = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll<HTMLFormElement>('form'));\n        if (root instanceof HTMLFormElement) {\n            // querySelectorAll does not include the root element itself.\n            // we could use 'matches', but that's newer than querySelectorAll so we'll keep it simple and compatible.\n            forms.push(root);\n        }\n        // If root is the descendant of a form, we want to include that form too.\n        const containingForm = (root instanceof Element) ? root.closest('form') : null;\n        if (containingForm) {\n            forms.push(containingForm);\n        }\n\n        for (let form of forms) {\n            let validationMessageElements = Array.from(form.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('[data-valmsg-for]'));\n\n            for (let span of validationMessageElements) {\n                if (remove) {\n                    this.removeValidationMessageSpan(form, span);\n                } else {\n                    this.pushValidationMessageSpan(form, span);\n                }\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    private pushValidationMessageSpan(form: HTMLElement, span: HTMLElement) {\n        let formId = this.getElementUID(form);\n        let name = `${formId}:${span.getAttribute('data-valmsg-for')}`;\n        let spans = this.messageFor[name] || (this.messageFor[name] = []);\n        if (spans.indexOf(span) < 0) {\n            spans.push(span);\n        }\n        else {\n            this.logger.log(\"Validation element for '%s' is already tracked\", name, span);\n        }\n    }\n\n    private removeValidationMessageSpan(form: HTMLElement, span: HTMLElement) {\n        let formId = this.getElementUID(form);\n        let name = `${formId}:${span.getAttribute('data-valmsg-for')}`;\n        let spans = this.messageFor[name];\n        if (!spans) {\n            return;\n        }\n        let index = spans.indexOf(span);\n        if (index >= 0) {\n            spans.splice(index, 1);\n        }\n        else {\n            this.logger.log(\"Validation element for '%s' was already removed\", name, span);\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Given attribute map for an HTML input, returns the validation directives to be executed.\n     * @param attributes\n     */\n    parseDirectives(attributes: NamedNodeMap) {\n        let directives: ValidationDirective = {};\n        let validationAtributes: StringKeyValuePair = {};\n\n        let cut = 'data-val-'.length;\n        for (let i = 0; i < attributes.length; i++) {\n            let a = attributes[i];\n            if (a.name.indexOf('data-val-') === 0) {\n                let key = a.name.substr(cut);\n                validationAtributes[key] = a.value;\n            }\n        }\n\n        for (let key in validationAtributes) {\n            if (key.indexOf('-') === -1) {\n                let parameters = Object.keys(validationAtributes).filter(Q => {\n                    return (Q !== key) && (Q.indexOf(key) === 0);\n                });\n\n                let directive: ValidationDirectiveBindings = {\n                    error: validationAtributes[key],\n                    params: {}\n                };\n\n                let pcut = (key + '-').length;\n                for (let i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {\n                    let pvalue = validationAtributes[parameters[i]];\n                    let pkey = parameters[i].substr(pcut);\n\n                    directive.params[pkey] = pvalue;\n                }\n\n                directives[key] = directive;\n            }\n        }\n\n        return directives;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     *  Returns an RFC4122 version 4 compliant GUID.\n     */\n    private guid4() {\n        // (c) broofa, MIT Licensed\n        // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/105034/create-guid-uuid-in-javascript/2117523#2117523\n\n        return 'xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(/[xy]/g, function (c) {\n            const r = Math.random() * 16 | 0, v = c == 'x' ? r : (r & 0x3 | 0x8);\n            return v.toString(16);\n        });\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Gets a UID for an DOM element.\n     * @param node\n     */\n    private getElementUID(node: Element) {\n        let x = this.elementUIDs.filter(e => {\n            return e.node === node;\n        })[0];\n\n        if (x) {\n            return x.uid;\n        }\n\n        let uid = this.guid4();\n        this.elementUIDs.push({\n            node: node,\n            uid: uid\n        });\n        this.elementByUID[uid] = node;\n        return uid;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Returns a Promise that returns validation result for each and every inputs within the form.\n     * @param formUID\n     */\n    private getFormValidationTask(formUID: string) {\n        let formInputUIDs = this.formInputs[formUID];\n        if (!formInputUIDs || formInputUIDs.length === 0) {\n            return Promise.resolve(true);\n        }\n\n        let formValidators: Validator[] = [];\n\n        for (let i = 0; i < formInputUIDs.length; i++) {\n            let inputUID = formInputUIDs[i];\n            const validator = this.validators[inputUID];\n            if (validator) {\n                formValidators.push(validator);\n            }\n        }\n\n        let tasks = formValidators.map(factory => factory());\n        return Promise.all(tasks).then(result => result.every(e => e));\n    }\n\n    // Retrieves the validation span for the input.\n    private getMessageFor(input: ValidatableElement) {\n        if (!input.form) {\n            return [];\n        }\n        let formId = this.getElementUID(input.form);\n        let name = `${formId}:${input.name}`;\n        return this.messageFor[name];\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Fires off validation for elements within the provided form and then calls the callback\n     * @param form The form to validate.\n     * @param callback Receives true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete.\n     */\n    validateForm = (form: HTMLFormElement, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => {\n        if (!(form instanceof HTMLFormElement)) {\n            throw new Error('validateForm() can only be called on <form> elements');\n        }\n        let formUID = this.getElementUID(form);\n        let formValidationEvent = this.formEvents[formUID];\n        if (formValidationEvent) {\n            formValidationEvent(undefined, callback);\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Fires off validation for the provided element and then calls the callback\n     * @param field The element to validate.\n     * @param callback Receives true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete.\n     */\n    validateField = (field: ValidatableElement, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => {\n        let fieldUID = this.getElementUID(field);\n        let fieldValidationEvent = this.inputEvents[fieldUID];\n        if (fieldValidationEvent) {\n            fieldValidationEvent(undefined, callback);\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Called before validating form submit events.\n     * Default calls `preventDefault()` and `stopImmediatePropagation()`.\n     * @param submitEvent The `SubmitEvent`.\n     */\n    preValidate = (submitEvent: SubmitEvent) => {\n        submitEvent.preventDefault();\n        submitEvent.stopImmediatePropagation();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Handler for validated form submit events.\n     * Default calls `submitValidForm(form, submitEvent)` on success\n     * and `focusFirstInvalid(form)` on failure.\n     * @param form The form that has been validated.\n     * @param success The validation result.\n     * @param submitEvent The `SubmitEvent`.\n     */\n    handleValidated = (form: HTMLFormElement, success: boolean, submitEvent?: SubmitEvent) => {\n        if (!(form instanceof HTMLFormElement)) {\n            throw new Error('handleValidated() can only be called on <form> elements');\n        }\n        if (success) {\n            if (submitEvent) {\n                this.submitValidForm(form, submitEvent);\n            }\n        }\n        else {\n            this.focusFirstInvalid(form);\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Dispatches a new `SubmitEvent` on the provided form,\n     * then calls `form.submit()` unless `submitEvent` is cancelable\n     * and `preventDefault()` was called by a handler that received the new event.\n     *\n     * This is equivalent to `form.requestSubmit()`, but more flexible.\n     * @param form The validated form to submit\n     * @param submitEvent The `SubmitEvent`.\n     */\n    submitValidForm = (form: HTMLFormElement, submitEvent: SubmitEvent) => {\n        if (!(form instanceof HTMLFormElement)) {\n            throw new Error('submitValidForm() can only be called on <form> elements');\n        }\n        const newEvent = new SubmitEvent('submit', submitEvent);\n        if (form.dispatchEvent(newEvent)) {\n            // Because the submitter is not propagated when calling\n            // form.submit(), we recreate it here.\n            const submitter = submitEvent.submitter;\n            const initialFormAction = form.action;\n            if (submitter) {\n                const name = submitter.getAttribute('name');\n                // If name is null, a submit button is not submitted.\n                if (name) {\n                    const submitterInput = document.createElement('input');\n                    submitterInput.type = 'hidden';\n                    submitterInput.name = name;\n                    submitterInput.value = submitter.getAttribute('value');\n                    form.appendChild(submitterInput)\n                }\n\n                const formAction = submitter.getAttribute('formaction');\n                if (formAction) {\n                    form.action = formAction;\n                }\n            }\n\n            try {\n                form.submit();\n            } finally {\n                form.action = initialFormAction;\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Focuses the first invalid element within the provided form\n     * @param form\n     */\n    focusFirstInvalid = (form: HTMLFormElement) => {\n        if (!(form instanceof HTMLFormElement)) {\n            throw new Error('focusFirstInvalid() can only be called on <form> elements');\n        }\n        let formUID = this.getElementUID(form);\n        let formInputUIDs = this.formInputs[formUID];\n        let invalidFormInputUID = formInputUIDs?.find(uid => this.summary[uid]);\n\n        if (invalidFormInputUID) {\n            const firstInvalid = this.elementByUID[invalidFormInputUID];\n            if (firstInvalid instanceof HTMLElement) {\n                firstInvalid.focus();\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Returns true if the provided form is currently valid.\n     * The form will be validated unless prevalidate is set to false.\n     * @param form The form to validate.\n     * @param prevalidate Whether the form should be validated before returning.\n     * @param callback A callback that receives true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete. Ignored if prevalidate is false.\n     * @returns The current state of the form. May be inaccurate if any validation is asynchronous (e.g. remote); consider using `callback` instead.\n     */\n    isValid = (form: HTMLFormElement, prevalidate: boolean = true, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => {\n        if (!(form instanceof HTMLFormElement)) {\n            throw new Error('isValid() can only be called on <form> elements');\n        }\n        if (prevalidate) {\n            this.validateForm(form, callback);\n        }\n        let formUID = this.getElementUID(form);\n        let formInputUIDs = this.formInputs[formUID];\n        let formIsInvalid = formInputUIDs?.some(uid => this.summary[uid]) === true;\n        return !formIsInvalid;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Returns true if the provided field is currently valid.\n     * The field will be validated unless prevalidate is set to false.\n     * @param field The field to validate.\n     * @param prevalidate Whether the field should be validated before returning.\n     * @param callback A callback that receives true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete. Ignored if prevalidate is false.\n     * @returns The current state of the field. May be inaccurate if any validation is asynchronous (e.g. remote); consider using `callback` instead.\n     */\n    isFieldValid = (field: ValidatableElement, prevalidate: boolean = true, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => {\n        if (prevalidate) {\n            this.validateField(field, callback);\n        }\n\n        let fieldUID = this.getElementUID(field);\n        return this.summary[fieldUID] === undefined;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Returns true if the event triggering the form submission indicates we should validate the form.\n     * @param e\n     */\n    private shouldValidate(e?: Event) {\n        // Skip client-side validation if the form has been submitted via a button that has the \"formnovalidate\" attribute.\n        return !(e && e['submitter'] && e['submitter']['formNoValidate']);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Tracks a <form> element as parent of an input UID. When the form is submitted, attempts to validate the said input asynchronously.\n     * @param form\n     * @param inputUID\n     */\n    private trackFormInput(form: HTMLFormElement, inputUID: string) {\n        let formUID = this.getElementUID(form);\n        if (!this.formInputs[formUID]) {\n            this.formInputs[formUID] = [];\n        }\n        let add = (this.formInputs[formUID].indexOf(inputUID) === -1);\n        if (add) {\n            this.formInputs[formUID].push(inputUID);\n\n            if (this.options.addNoValidate) {\n                this.logger.log('Setting novalidate on form', form);\n                form.setAttribute('novalidate', 'novalidate');\n            }\n            else {\n                this.logger.log('Not setting novalidate on form', form);\n            }\n        }\n        else {\n            this.logger.log(\"Form input for UID '%s' is already tracked\", inputUID);\n        }\n\n        if (this.formEvents[formUID]) {\n            return;\n        }\n\n        let validating = false;\n        let cb = (e?: SubmitEvent, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => {\n            // Prevent recursion\n            if (validating) {\n                return;\n            }\n\n            if (!this.shouldValidate(e)) {\n                return;\n            }\n\n            let validate = this.getFormValidationTask(formUID);\n            if (!validate) {\n                return;\n            }\n\n            //`preValidate` typically prevents submit before validation\n            if (e) {\n                this.preValidate(e);\n            }\n\n            validating = true;\n            this.logger.log('Validating', form);\n\n            validate.then(async success => {\n                this.logger.log('Validated (success = %s)', success, form);\n                if (callback) {\n                    callback(success);\n                    return;\n                }\n\n                const validationEvent = new CustomEvent('validation',\n                    {\n                        detail: { valid: success }\n                    });\n                form.dispatchEvent(validationEvent);\n\n                // Firefox fix: redispatch 'submit' after finished handling this event\n                await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0));\n                this.handleValidated(form, success, e);\n            }).catch(error => {\n                this.logger.log('Validation error', error);\n            }).finally(() => {\n                validating = false;\n            });\n        };\n\n        form.addEventListener('submit', cb);\n        form.addEventListener('reset', e => {\n            const uids = this.formInputs[formUID];\n\n            for (let uid of uids) {\n                this.resetField(uid);\n            }\n            this.renderSummary();\n        });\n        this.formEvents[formUID] = cb;\n    }\n\n    /*\n        Reset the state of a validatable input. This is used when it's enabled or disabled.\n    */\n    reset(input: HTMLElement) {\n        if (this.isDisabled(input)) {\n            this.resetField(this.getElementUID(input));\n        }\n        else {\n            this.scan(input);\n        }\n    }\n\n    private resetField(inputUID: string) {\n        let input = this.elementByUID[inputUID] as ValidatableElement;\n        if (input.classList.contains(this.ValidationInputCssClassName)) {\n            input.classList.remove(this.ValidationInputCssClassName);\n        }\n        if (input.classList.contains(this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName)) {\n            input.classList.remove(this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName);\n        }\n\n        let spans = this.getMessageFor(input);\n        if (spans) {\n            for (let i = 0; i < spans.length; i++) {\n                spans[i].innerHTML = '';\n            }\n        }\n\n        delete this.summary[inputUID];\n    }\n\n    private untrackFormInput(form: HTMLFormElement, inputUID: string) {\n        let formUID = this.getElementUID(form);\n        if (!this.formInputs[formUID]) {\n            return;\n        }\n        let indexToRemove = this.formInputs[formUID].indexOf(inputUID);\n        if (indexToRemove >= 0) {\n            this.formInputs[formUID].splice(indexToRemove, 1);\n        }\n        else {\n            this.logger.log(\"Form input for UID '%s' was already removed\", inputUID);\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Adds an input element to be managed and validated by the service.\n     * Triggers a debounced live validation when input value changes.\n     * @param input\n     */\n    addInput(input: ValidatableElement) {\n        let uid = this.getElementUID(input);\n\n        let directives = this.parseDirectives(input.attributes);\n        this.validators[uid] = this.createValidator(input, directives);\n\n        if (input.form) {\n            this.trackFormInput(input.form, uid);\n        }\n\n        if (this.inputEvents[uid]) {\n            return;\n        }\n\n        let debounceTimeoutID = 0;\n        let cb = (e: Event, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => {\n            let validate = this.validators[uid];\n            clearTimeout(debounceTimeoutID);\n            debounceTimeoutID = setTimeout(() => {\n                validate()\n                    .then(callback)\n                    .catch(error => {\n                        this.logger.log('Validation error', error);\n                    });\n            }, this.debounce);\n        };\n\n        let validateEvent = input.dataset.valEvent;\n        if (validateEvent) {\n            input.addEventListener(validateEvent, cb);\n        }\n        else {\n            let eventType = input instanceof HTMLSelectElement ? 'change' : 'input';\n            input.addEventListener(eventType, cb);\n        }\n\n        this.inputEvents[uid] = cb;\n    }\n\n    removeInput(input: ValidatableElement) {\n        let uid = this.getElementUID(input);\n\n        delete this.summary[uid];\n        delete this.inputEvents[uid];\n        delete this.validators[uid];\n\n        if (input.form) {\n            this.untrackFormInput(input.form, uid);\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Scans the entire document for input elements to be validated.\n     */\n    private scanInputs(root: ParentNode, remove: boolean = false) {\n        let inputs = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll<ValidatableElement>(validatableSelector('[data-val=\"true\"]')));\n\n        // querySelectorAll does not include the root element itself.\n        // we could use 'matches', but that's newer than querySelectorAll so we'll keep it simple and compatible.\n        if (isValidatable(root) && root.getAttribute(\"data-val\") === \"true\") {\n            inputs.push(root);\n        }\n\n        for (let i = 0; i < inputs.length; i++) {\n            let input = inputs[i];\n            if (remove) {\n                this.removeInput(input);\n            }\n            else {\n                this.addInput(input);\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Returns a <ul> element as a validation errors summary.\n     */\n    createSummaryDOM() {\n        if (!Object.keys(this.summary).length) {\n            return null;\n        }\n\n        let renderedMessages = [];\n        let ul = document.createElement('ul');\n        for (let key in this.summary) {\n            // It could be that the message we are rendering belongs to one of a fieldset of multiple inputs that's not selected,\n            // even if another one in the fieldset is. In that case the fieldset is valid, and we shouldn't render the message.\n            const matchingElement = this.elementByUID[key];\n            if (matchingElement instanceof HTMLInputElement) {\n                if (matchingElement.type === \"checkbox\" || matchingElement.type === \"radio\") {\n                    if (matchingElement.className === this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName) {\n                        continue;\n                    }\n                }\n            }\n\n            // With required multiple inputs, such as a checkbox list, we'll have one message per input.\n            // It's one from the inputs that's required, not all, so we should only have one message displayed.\n            if (renderedMessages.indexOf(this.summary[key]) > -1) {\n                continue;\n            }\n\n            let li = document.createElement('li');\n            li.innerHTML = this.summary[key];\n            ul.appendChild(li);\n            renderedMessages.push(this.summary[key]);\n        }\n        return ul;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Displays validation summary to ASP.NET Core MVC designated elements, when it actually gets updated.\n     */\n    private renderSummary() {\n        let summaryElements = document.querySelectorAll('[data-valmsg-summary=\"true\"]');\n        if (!summaryElements.length) {\n            return;\n        }\n\n        // Prevents wasteful re-rendering of summary list element with identical items!\n        // Using JSON.stringify for quick and painless deep compare of simple KVP. You need to sort the keys first, tho...\n        let shadow = JSON.stringify(this.summary, Object.keys(this.summary).sort());\n        if (shadow === this.renderedSummaryJSON) {\n            return;\n        }\n\n        // Prevents wasteful re-rendering of summary list element with identical items!\n        this.renderedSummaryJSON = shadow;\n        let ul = this.createSummaryDOM();\n\n        for (let i = 0; i < summaryElements.length; i++) {\n            let e = summaryElements[i];\n\n            // Remove existing list elements, but keep the summary's message.\n            let listElements = e.querySelectorAll(\"ul\");\n            for (let j = 0; j < listElements.length; j++) {\n                listElements[j].remove();\n            }\n\n            // Style the summary element as valid/invalid depending on whether there are any messages to display.\n            if (ul && ul.hasChildNodes()) {\n                this.swapClasses(e,\n                    this.ValidationSummaryCssClassName,\n                    this.ValidationSummaryValidCssClassName)\n                e.appendChild(ul.cloneNode(true));\n            } else {\n                this.swapClasses(e,\n                    this.ValidationSummaryValidCssClassName,\n                    this.ValidationSummaryCssClassName)\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Adds an error message to an input element, which also updates the validation message elements and validation summary elements.\n     * @param input\n     * @param message\n     */\n    addError(input: ValidatableElement, message: string) {\n        let spans = this.getMessageFor(input);\n        if (spans) {\n            for (let i = 0; i < spans.length; i++) {\n                const span = spans[i];\n                spans[i].innerHTML = message;\n                this.swapClasses(spans[i],\n                    this.ValidationMessageCssClassName,\n                    this.ValidationMessageValidCssClassName);\n            }\n        }\n\n        this.swapClasses(input,\n            this.ValidationInputCssClassName,\n            this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName);\n\n        if (input.form) {\n            // Adding an error to one input should also add it to others with the same name (i.e. for radio button and checkbox lists).\n            const inputs = input.form.querySelectorAll(validatableSelector(`[name=\"${input.name}\"]`));\n            for (let i = 0; i < inputs.length; i++) {\n                this.swapClasses(inputs[i],\n                    this.ValidationInputCssClassName,\n                    this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName);\n\n                let uid = this.getElementUID(inputs[i]);\n                this.summary[uid] = message;\n            }\n        }\n\n        this.renderSummary();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Removes an error message from an input element, which also updates the validation message elements and validation summary elements.\n     * @param input\n     */\n    removeError(input: ValidatableElement) {\n        let spans = this.getMessageFor(input);\n        if (spans) {\n            for (let i = 0; i < spans.length; i++) {\n                spans[i].innerHTML = '';\n                this.swapClasses(spans[i],\n                    this.ValidationMessageValidCssClassName,\n                    this.ValidationMessageCssClassName);\n            }\n        }\n\n        this.swapClasses(input,\n            this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName,\n            this.ValidationInputCssClassName);\n\n        // Removing an error from one input should also remove it from others with the same name (i.e. for radio button and checkbox lists).\n        if (input.form) {\n            const inputs = input.form.querySelectorAll(validatableSelector(`[name=\"${input.name}\"]`));\n            for (let i = 0; i < inputs.length; i++) {\n                this.swapClasses(inputs[i],\n                    this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName,\n                    this.ValidationInputCssClassName);\n\n                let uid = this.getElementUID(inputs[i]);\n                delete this.summary[uid];\n            }\n        }\n\n        this.renderSummary();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Returns a validation Promise factory for an input element, using given validation directives.\n     * @param input\n     * @param directives\n     */\n    createValidator(input: ValidatableElement, directives: ValidationDirective) {\n        return async () => {\n            // only validate visible and enabled fields\n            if (!this.isHidden(input) && !this.isDisabled(input)) {\n                for (let key in directives) {\n                    let directive = directives[key];\n                    let provider = this.providers[key];\n\n                    if (!provider) {\n                        this.logger.log('aspnet-validation provider not implemented: %s', key);\n                        continue;\n                    }\n                    this.logger.log(\"Running %s validator on element\", key, input);\n\n                    let result = provider(input.value, input, directive.params);\n                    let valid = false;\n                    let error = directive.error;\n\n                    if (typeof result === 'boolean') {\n                        valid = result;\n                    } else if (typeof result === 'string') {\n                        valid = false;\n                        error = result;\n                    } else {\n                        let resolution = await result;\n                        if (typeof resolution === 'boolean') {\n                            valid = resolution;\n                        } else {\n                            valid = false;\n                            error = resolution;\n                        }\n                    }\n\n                    if (!valid) {\n                        this.addError(input, error);\n                        return false;\n                    }\n                }\n            }\n\n            this.removeError(input);\n            return true;\n        };\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Checks if the provided input is hidden from the browser\n     * @param input\n     * @returns\n     */\n    private isHidden(input: HTMLElement) {\n        return !(this.allowHiddenFields || input.offsetWidth || input.offsetHeight || input.getClientRects().length);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Checks if the provided input is disabled\n     * @param input\n     * @returns\n     */\n    private isDisabled(input: Element) {\n        // If the input is validatable, we check the `disabled` property.\n        // Otherwise the `disabled` property is undefined and this returns false.\n        return (input as ValidatableElement).disabled;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Adds addClass and removes removeClass\n     * @param element Element to modify\n     * @param addClass Class to add\n     * @param removeClass Class to remove\n     */\n    private swapClasses(element: Element, addClass: string, removeClass: string) {\n        if (addClass && !this.isDisabled(element) && !element.classList.contains(addClass)) {\n            element.classList.add(addClass);\n        }\n        if (element.classList.contains(removeClass)) {\n            element.classList.remove(removeClass);\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Options for this instance of @type {ValidationService}.\n     */\n    private options: ValidationServiceOptions = {\n        root: document.body,\n        watch: false,\n        addNoValidate: true,\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Load default validation providers and scans the entire document when ready.\n     * @param options.watch If set to true, a MutationObserver will be used to continuously watch for new elements that provide validation directives.\n     * @param options.addNoValidate If set to true (the default), a novalidate attribute will be added to the containing form in validate elements.\n     */\n    bootstrap(options?: Partial<ValidationServiceOptions>) {\n        Object.assign(this.options, options);\n\n        this.addMvcProviders();\n        let document = window.document;\n        const root = this.options.root;\n        const init = () => {\n            this.scan(root);\n\n            // Watch for further mutations after initial scan\n            if (this.options.watch) {\n                this.watch(root);\n            }\n        }\n\n        // If the document is done loading, scan it now.\n        if (document.readyState === 'complete' || document.readyState === 'interactive') {\n            init();\n        }\n        else {\n            // Otherwise wait until the document is done loading.\n            document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', init);\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Scans the provided root element for any validation directives and attaches behavior to them.\n     */\n    scan(root: ParentNode) {\n        this.logger.log('Scanning', root);\n        this.scanMessages(root);\n        this.scanInputs(root);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Scans the provided root element for any validation directives and removes behavior from them.\n     */\n    remove(root: ParentNode) {\n        this.logger.log('Removing', root);\n        this.scanMessages(root, true);\n        this.scanInputs(root, true);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Watches the provided root element for mutations, and scans for new validation directives to attach behavior.\n     * @param root The root element to use, defaults to the document.documentElement.\n     */\n    watch(root: ParentNode) {\n        this.observer = new MutationObserver(mutations => {\n            mutations.forEach(mutation => {\n                this.observed(mutation);\n            });\n        });\n        this.observer.observe(root, {\n            attributes: true,\n            childList: true,\n            subtree: true\n        });\n        this.logger.log(\"Watching for mutations\");\n    }\n\n    private observed(mutation: MutationRecord) {\n        if (mutation.type === 'childList') {\n            for (let i = 0; i < mutation.addedNodes.length; i++) {\n                let node = mutation.addedNodes[i];\n                this.logger.log('Added node', node);\n                if (node instanceof HTMLElement) {\n                    this.scan(node);\n                }\n            }\n            for (let i = 0; i < mutation.removedNodes.length; i++) {\n                let node = mutation.removedNodes[i];\n                this.logger.log('Removed node', node);\n                if (node instanceof HTMLElement) {\n                    this.remove(node);\n                }\n            }\n        } else if (mutation.type === 'attributes') {\n            if (mutation.target instanceof HTMLElement) {\n                const attributeName = mutation.attributeName;\n\n                // Special case for disabled.\n                if (attributeName === 'disabled') {\n                    const target = mutation.target as ValidatableElement;\n                    this.reset(target);\n                }\n                else {\n                    const oldValue = mutation.oldValue ?? '';\n                    const newValue = mutation.target.attributes[mutation.attributeName]?.value ?? '';\n                    this.logger.log(\"Attribute '%s' changed from '%s' to '%s'\",\n                        mutation.attributeName,\n                        oldValue,\n                        newValue,\n                        mutation.target);\n                    if (oldValue !== newValue) {\n                        this.scan(mutation.target);\n                    }\n                }\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Override CSS class name for input validation error. Default: 'input-validation-error'\n     */\n    ValidationInputCssClassName = \"input-validation-error\";\n\n    /**\n     * Override CSS class name for valid input validation. Default: 'input-validation-valid'\n     */\n    ValidationInputValidCssClassName = \"input-validation-valid\";\n\n    /**\n     * Override CSS class name for field validation error. 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validatableElementTypes.map(t => `${t}${selector || ''}`).join(',');\n\n/**\n * Parameters passed into validation providers from the element attributes.\n * error property is read from data-val-[Provider Name] attribute.\n * params property is populated from data-val-[Provider Name]-[Parameter Name] attributes.\n */\nexport interface ValidationDirectiveBindings {\n    error: string,\n    params: StringKeyValuePair\n}\n\n/**\n * A key-value pair describing what validations to enforce to an input element, with respective parameters.\n */\nexport type ValidationDirective = {\n    [key: string]: ValidationDirectiveBindings\n};\n\n/**\n * Validation plugin signature with multitype return.\n * Boolean return signifies the validation result, which uses the default validation error message read from the element attribute.\n * String return signifies failed validation, which then will be used as the validation error message.\n * Promise return signifies asynchronous plugin behavior, with same behavior as Boolean or String.\n */\nexport type ValidationProvider = (value: string, element: ValidatableElement, params: StringKeyValuePair) => boolean | string | Promise<boolean | string>;\n\n/**\n * Callback to receive the result of validating a form.\n */\nexport type ValidatedCallback = (success: boolean) => void;\n\ninterface ValidationEventCallback<TEvent extends Event = Event> {\n    (e?: TEvent, callback?: ValidatedCallback): Promise<boolean>;\n    debounced?: (e?: TEvent, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => void;\n    remove?: () => void;\n}\n\n/**\n * A callback method signature that kickstarts a new validation task for an input element, as a Boolean Promise.\n */\ntype Validator = () => Promise<boolean>;\n\n/**\n * Resolves and returns the element referred by original element using ASP.NET selector logic.\n * @param element - The input to validate\n * @param selector - Used to find the field. Ex. *.Password where * replaces whatever prefixes asp.net might add.\n */\nfunction getRelativeFormElement(element: ValidatableElement, selector: string): ValidatableElement {\n    // example elementName: Form.PasswordConfirm, Form.Email\n    // example selector (dafuq): *.Password, *.__RequestVerificationToken\n    // example result element name: Form.Password, __RequestVerificationToken\n\n    let elementName = element.name;\n    let selectedName = selector.substring(2); // Password, __RequestVerificationToken\n    let objectName = '';\n\n    let dotLocation = elementName.lastIndexOf('.');\n    if (dotLocation > -1) {\n        // Form\n        objectName = elementName.substring(0, dotLocation);\n\n        // Form.Password\n        const relativeElementName = objectName + '.' + selectedName;\n        const relativeElement = document.getElementsByName(relativeElementName)[0];\n        if (isValidatable(relativeElement)) {\n            return relativeElement;\n        }\n    }\n\n    // __RequestVerificationToken\n    return element.form.querySelector(validatableSelector(`[name=${selectedName}]`));\n}\n\n/**\n * Contains default implementations for ASP.NET Core MVC validation attributes.\n */\nexport class MvcValidationProviders {\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input has a value.\n     */\n    required: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        // Handle single and multiple checkboxes/radio buttons.\n        const elementType = element.type.toLowerCase();\n        if (elementType === \"checkbox\" || elementType === \"radio\") {\n            const allElementsOfThisName = Array.from(element.form.querySelectorAll(validatableSelector(`[name='${element.name}'][type='${elementType}']`)));\n            for (let element of allElementsOfThisName) {\n                if (element instanceof HTMLInputElement && element.checked === true) {\n                    return true;\n                }\n            }\n\n            // Checkboxes do not submit a value when unchecked. To work around this, platforms such as ASP.NET render a\n            // hidden input with the same name as the checkbox so that a value (\"false\") is still submitted even when\n            // the checkbox is not checked. We check this special case here.\n            if (elementType === \"checkbox\") {\n                const checkboxHiddenInput = element.form.querySelector(`input[name='${element.name}'][type='hidden']`);\n                if (checkboxHiddenInput instanceof HTMLInputElement && checkboxHiddenInput.value === \"false\") {\n                    return true;\n                }\n            }\n\n            return false;\n        }\n        // Default behavior otherwise.\n        return Boolean(value);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input value satisfies the length contstraint.\n     */\n    stringLength: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!value) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        if (params.min) {\n            let min = parseInt(params.min);\n            if (value.length < min) {\n                return false;\n            }\n        }\n\n        if (params.max) {\n            let max = parseInt(params.max);\n            if (value.length > max) {\n                return false;\n            }\n        }\n\n        return true;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input value is equal to another input value.\n     */\n    compare: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!params.other) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        let otherElement = getRelativeFormElement(element, params.other);\n        if (!otherElement) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        return (otherElement.value === value);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input value is a number within a given range.\n     */\n    range: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!value) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        let val = parseFloat(value);\n        if (isNaN(val)) {\n            return false;\n        }\n\n        if (params.min) {\n            let min = parseFloat(params.min);\n            if (val < min) {\n                return false;\n            }\n        }\n\n        if (params.max) {\n            let max = parseFloat(params.max);\n            if (val > max) {\n                return false;\n            }\n        }\n\n        return true;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input value satisfies a regular expression pattern.\n     */\n    regex: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!value || !params.pattern) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        let r = new RegExp(params.pattern);\n        return r.test(value);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input value is an email in accordance to RFC822 specification, with a top level domain.\n     */\n    email: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!value) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        // RFC822 email address with .TLD validation\n        // (c) Richard Willis, Chris Ferdinandi, MIT Licensed\n        // https://gist.github.com/badsyntax/719800\n        // https://gist.github.com/cferdinandi/d04aad4ce064b8da3edf21e26f8944c4\n\n        let r = /^([^\\x00-\\x20\\x22\\x28\\x29\\x2c\\x2e\\x3a-\\x3c\\x3e\\x40\\x5b-\\x5d\\x7f-\\xff]+|\\x22([^\\x0d\\x22\\x5c\\x80-\\xff]|\\x5c[\\x00-\\x7f])*\\x22)(\\x2e([^\\x00-\\x20\\x22\\x28\\x29\\x2c\\x2e\\x3a-\\x3c\\x3e\\x40\\x5b-\\x5d\\x7f-\\xff]+|\\x22([^\\x0d\\x22\\x5c\\x80-\\xff]|\\x5c[\\x00-\\x7f])*\\x22))*\\x40([^\\x00-\\x20\\x22\\x28\\x29\\x2c\\x2e\\x3a-\\x3c\\x3e\\x40\\x5b-\\x5d\\x7f-\\xff]+|\\x5b([^\\x0d\\x5b-\\x5d\\x80-\\xff]|\\x5c[\\x00-\\x7f])*\\x5d)(\\x2e([^\\x00-\\x20\\x22\\x28\\x29\\x2c\\x2e\\x3a-\\x3c\\x3e\\x40\\x5b-\\x5d\\x7f-\\xff]+|\\x5b([^\\x0d\\x5b-\\x5d\\x80-\\xff]|\\x5c[\\x00-\\x7f])*\\x5d))*(\\.\\w{2,})+$/;\n        return r.test(value);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input value is a credit card number, with Luhn's Algorithm.\n     */\n    creditcard: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!value) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        // (c) jquery-validation, MIT Licensed\n        // https://github.com/jquery-validation/jquery-validation/blob/master/src/additional/creditcard.js\n        // based on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm\n\n        // Accept only spaces, digits and dashes\n        if (/[^0-9 \\-]+/.test(value)) {\n            return false;\n        }\n\n        var nCheck = 0,\n            nDigit = 0,\n            bEven = false,\n            n, cDigit;\n\n        value = value.replace(/\\D/g, \"\");\n\n        // Basing min and max length on https://developer.ean.com/general_info/Valid_Credit_Card_Types\n        if (value.length < 13 || value.length > 19) {\n            return false;\n        }\n\n        for (n = value.length - 1; n >= 0; n--) {\n            cDigit = value.charAt(n);\n            nDigit = parseInt(cDigit, 10);\n            if (bEven) {\n                if ((nDigit *= 2) > 9) {\n                    nDigit -= 9;\n                }\n            }\n\n            nCheck += nDigit;\n            bEven = !bEven;\n        }\n\n        return (nCheck % 10) === 0;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input value is a URL.\n     */\n    url: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!value) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        let lowerCaseValue = value.toLowerCase();\n\n        // Match the logic in `UrlAttribute`\n        return lowerCaseValue.indexOf('http://') > -1\n            || lowerCaseValue.indexOf('https://') > -1\n            || lowerCaseValue.indexOf('ftp://') > -1;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Validates whether the input value is a phone number.\n     */\n    phone: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!value) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        // Allows whitespace or dash as number separator because some people like to do that...\n        let consecutiveSeparator = /[\\+\\-\\s][\\-\\s]/g;\n        if (consecutiveSeparator.test(value)) {\n            return false;\n        }\n\n        let r = /^\\+?[0-9\\-\\s]+$/;\n        return r.test(value);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Asynchronously validates the input value to a JSON GET API endpoint.\n     */\n    remote: ValidationProvider = (value, element, params) => {\n        if (!value) {\n            return true;\n        }\n\n        // params.additionalfields: *.Email,*.Username\n        let fieldSelectors: string[] = (params.additionalfields as string).split(',');\n        let fields: StringKeyValuePair = {};\n\n        for (let fieldSelector of fieldSelectors) {\n            let fieldName = fieldSelector.substr(2);\n            let fieldElement = getRelativeFormElement(element, fieldSelector);\n\n            let hasValue = Boolean(fieldElement && fieldElement.value);\n            if (!hasValue) {\n                continue;\n            }\n\n            if (fieldElement instanceof HTMLInputElement &&\n                (fieldElement.type === 'checkbox' || fieldElement.type === 'radio')) {\n                fields[fieldName] = fieldElement.checked ? fieldElement.value : '';\n            } else {\n                fields[fieldName] = fieldElement.value;\n            }\n        }\n\n        let url: string = params['url'];\n\n        let encodedParams: string[] = [];\n        for (let fieldName in fields) {\n            let encodedParam = encodeURIComponent(fieldName) + '=' + encodeURIComponent(fields[fieldName]);\n            encodedParams.push(encodedParam);\n        }\n        let payload = encodedParams.join('&');\n\n        return new Promise((ok, reject) => {\n            let request = new XMLHttpRequest();\n\n            if (params.type && params.type.toLowerCase() === 'post') {\n                let postData = new FormData();\n                for (let fieldName in fields) {\n                    postData.append(fieldName, fields[fieldName]);\n                }\n                request.open('post', url);\n                request.setRequestHeader('Content-Type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded');\n                request.send(payload);\n            } else {\n                request.open('get', url + '?' + payload);\n                request.send();\n            }\n\n            request.onload = e => {\n                if (request.status >= 200 && request.status < 300) {\n                    let data = JSON.parse(request.responseText);\n                    ok(data);\n                } else {\n                    reject({\n                        status: request.status,\n                        statusText: request.statusText,\n                        data: request.responseText\n                    });\n                }\n            };\n\n            request.onerror = e => {\n                reject({\n                    status: request.status,\n                    statusText: request.statusText,\n                    data: request.responseText\n                });\n            };\n        });\n    }\n}\n\n/**\n * Configuration for @type {ValidationService}.\n */\nexport interface ValidationServiceOptions {\n    watch: boolean;\n    root: ParentNode;\n    addNoValidate: boolean;\n}\n\n/**\n * Responsible for managing the DOM elements and running the validation providers.\n */\nexport class ValidationService {\n    /**\n     * A key-value collection of loaded validation plugins.\n     */\n    private providers: { [name: string]: ValidationProvider } = {};\n\n    /**\n     * A key-value collection of form UIDs and their <span> elements for displaying validation messages for an input (by DOM name).\n     */\n    private messageFor: { [formUID: string]: { [name: string]: Element[] } } = {};\n\n    /**\n     * A list of managed elements, each having a randomly assigned unique identifier (UID).\n     */\n    private elementUIDs: ElementUID[] = [];\n\n    /**\n     * A key-value collection of UID to Element for quick lookup.\n     */\n    private elementByUID: { [uid: string]: Element } = {};\n\n    /**\n     * A key-value collection of input UIDs for a <form> UID.\n     */\n    private formInputs: { [formUID: string]: string[] } = {};\n\n    /**\n     * A key-value map for input UID to its validator factory.\n     */\n    private validators: { [inputUID: string]: Validator } = {};\n\n    /**\n     * A key-value map for form UID to its trigger element (submit event for <form>).\n     */\n    private formEvents: { [formUID: string]: ValidationEventCallback<SubmitEvent> } = {};\n\n    /**\n     * A key-value map for element UID to its trigger element (input event for <textarea> and <input>, change event for <select>).\n     */\n    private inputEvents: { [inputUID: string]: ValidationEventCallback } = {};\n\n    /**\n     * A key-value map of input UID to its validation error message.\n     */\n    private summary: StringKeyValuePair = {};\n\n    /**\n     * A serialized representation of the validation error message summary rendered to the user.\n     */\n    private renderedSummaryJSON: string;\n\n    /**\n     * In milliseconds, the rate of fire of the input validation.\n     */\n    debounce = 300;\n\n    /**\n     * Allow hidden fields validation\n     */\n    allowHiddenFields = false;\n\n    private logger: Logger;\n    observer?: MutationObserver;\n\n    constructor(logger?: Logger) {\n        this.logger = logger || nullLogger;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Registers a new validation plugin of the given name, if not registered yet.\n     * Registered plugin validates inputs with data-val-[name] attribute, used as error message.\n     * @param name\n     * @param callback\n     */\n    addProvider(name: string, callback: ValidationProvider) {\n        if (this.providers[name]) {\n            // First-Come-First-Serve validation plugin design.\n            // Allows developers to override the default MVC Providers by adding custom providers BEFORE bootstrap() is called!\n            return;\n        }\n        this.logger.log(\"Registered provider: %s\", name);\n        this.providers[name] = callback;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Registers the default providers for enabling ASP.NET Core MVC client-side validation.\n     */\n    private addMvcProviders() {\n        let mvc = new MvcValidationProviders();\n\n        // [Required]\n        this.addProvider('required', mvc.required);\n        // [StringLength], [MinLength], [MaxLength]\n        this.addProvider('length', mvc.stringLength);\n        this.addProvider('maxlength', mvc.stringLength);\n        this.addProvider('minlength', mvc.stringLength);\n        // [Compare]\n        this.addProvider('equalto', mvc.compare);\n        // [Range]\n        this.addProvider('range', mvc.range);\n        // [RegularExpression]\n        this.addProvider('regex', mvc.regex);\n        // [CreditCard]\n        this.addProvider('creditcard', mvc.creditcard);\n        // [EmailAddress]\n        this.addProvider('email', mvc.email);\n        // [Url]\n        this.addProvider('url', mvc.url);\n        // [Phone]\n        this.addProvider('phone', mvc.phone);\n        // [Remote]\n        this.addProvider('remote', mvc.remote);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Scans `root` for all validation message <span> generated by ASP.NET Core MVC, then calls `cb` for each.\n     * @param root The root node to scan\n     * @param cb The callback to invoke with each form and span\n     */\n    private scanMessages(root: ParentNode, cb: (form: HTMLFormElement, span: HTMLElement) => void) {\n        /* If a validation span explicitly declares a form, we group the span with that form. */\n        let validationMessageElements = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('span[form]'));\n        for (let span of validationMessageElements) {\n            let form = document.getElementById(span.getAttribute('form'));\n            if (form instanceof HTMLFormElement) {\n                cb.call(this, form, span);\n            }\n        }\n\n        // Otherwise if a validation message span is inside a form, we group the span with the form it's inside.\n        let forms = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll<HTMLFormElement>('form'));\n        if (root instanceof HTMLFormElement) {\n            // querySelectorAll does not include the root element itself.\n            // we could use 'matches', but that's newer than querySelectorAll so we'll keep it simple and compatible.\n            forms.push(root);\n        }\n        // If root is the descendant of a form, we want to include that form too.\n        const containingForm = (root instanceof Element) ? root.closest('form') : null;\n        if (containingForm) {\n            forms.push(containingForm);\n        }\n\n        for (let form of forms) {\n            let validationMessageElements = Array.from(form.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('[data-valmsg-for]'));\n\n            for (let span of validationMessageElements) {\n                cb.call(this, form, span);\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    private pushValidationMessageSpan(form: HTMLElement, span: HTMLElement) {\n        let formId = this.getElementUID(form);\n        let formSpans = this.messageFor[formId] ??= {};\n\n        let messageForId = span.getAttribute('data-valmsg-for');\n        if (!messageForId) return;\n\n        let spans = formSpans[messageForId] ??= [];\n        if (spans.indexOf(span) < 0) {\n            spans.push(span);\n        }\n        else {\n            this.logger.log(\"Validation element for '%s' is already tracked\", name, span);\n        }\n    }\n\n    private removeValidationMessageSpan(form: HTMLElement, span: HTMLElement) {\n        let formId = this.getElementUID(form);\n        let formSpans = this.messageFor[formId];\n        if (!formSpans) return;\n\n        let messageForId = span.getAttribute('data-valmsg-for');\n        if (!messageForId) return;\n\n        let spans = formSpans[messageForId];\n        if (!spans) {\n            return;\n        }\n        let index = spans.indexOf(span);\n        if (index >= 0) {\n            spans.splice(index, 1);\n        }\n        else {\n            this.logger.log(\"Validation element for '%s' was already removed\", name, span);\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Given attribute map for an HTML input, returns the validation directives to be executed.\n     * @param attributes\n     */\n    parseDirectives(attributes: NamedNodeMap) {\n        let directives: ValidationDirective = {};\n        let validationAtributes: StringKeyValuePair = {};\n\n        let cut = 'data-val-'.length;\n        for (let i = 0; i < attributes.length; i++) {\n            let a = attributes[i];\n            if (a.name.indexOf('data-val-') === 0) {\n                let key = a.name.substr(cut);\n                validationAtributes[key] = a.value;\n            }\n        }\n\n        for (let key in validationAtributes) {\n            if (key.indexOf('-') === -1) {\n                let parameters = Object.keys(validationAtributes).filter(Q => {\n                    return (Q !== key) && (Q.indexOf(key) === 0);\n                });\n\n                let directive: ValidationDirectiveBindings = {\n                    error: validationAtributes[key],\n                    params: {}\n                };\n\n                let pcut = (key + '-').length;\n                for (let i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {\n                    let pvalue = validationAtributes[parameters[i]];\n                    let pkey = parameters[i].substr(pcut);\n\n                    directive.params[pkey] = pvalue;\n                }\n\n                directives[key] = directive;\n            }\n        }\n\n        return directives;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     *  Returns an RFC4122 version 4 compliant GUID.\n     */\n    private guid4() {\n        // (c) broofa, MIT Licensed\n        // https://stackoverflow.com/questions/105034/create-guid-uuid-in-javascript/2117523#2117523\n\n        return 'xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx'.replace(/[xy]/g, function (c) {\n            const r = Math.random() * 16 | 0, v = c == 'x' ? r : (r & 0x3 | 0x8);\n            return v.toString(16);\n        });\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Gets a UID for an DOM element.\n     * @param node\n     */\n    private getElementUID(node: Element) {\n        let x = this.elementUIDs.filter(e => {\n            return e.node === node;\n        })[0];\n\n        if (x) {\n            return x.uid;\n        }\n\n        let uid = this.guid4();\n        this.elementUIDs.push({\n            node: node,\n            uid: uid\n        });\n        this.elementByUID[uid] = node;\n        return uid;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Returns a Promise that returns validation result for each and every inputs within the form.\n     * @param formUID\n     */\n    private getFormValidationTask(formUID: string) {\n        let formInputUIDs = this.formInputs[formUID];\n        if (!formInputUIDs || formInputUIDs.length === 0) {\n            return Promise.resolve(true);\n        }\n\n        let formValidators: Validator[] = [];\n\n        for (let inputUID of formInputUIDs) {\n            const validator = this.validators[inputUID];\n            if (validator) {\n                formValidators.push(validator);\n            }\n        }\n\n        let tasks = formValidators.map(factory => factory());\n        return Promise.all(tasks).then(result => result.every(e => e));\n    }\n\n    // Retrieves the validation span for the input.\n    private getMessageFor(input: ValidatableElement) {\n        if (!input.form) {\n            return undefined;\n        }\n        let formId = this.getElementUID(input.form);\n        return this.messageFor[formId]?.[input.name];\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Fires off validation for elements within the provided form and then calls the callback\n     * @param form The form to validate.\n     * @param callback Receives true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete.\n     * @returns Promise that resolves to true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete.\n     */\n    validateForm = async (form: HTMLFormElement, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => {\n        if (!(form instanceof HTMLFormElement)) {\n            throw new Error('validateForm() can only be called on <form> elements');\n        }\n        let formUID = this.getElementUID(form);\n        let formValidationEvent = this.formEvents[formUID];\n        return !formValidationEvent ||\n            await formValidationEvent(undefined, callback);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Fires off validation for the provided element and then calls the callback\n     * @param field The element to validate.\n     * @param callback Receives true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete.\n     * @returns Promise that resolves to true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete\n     */\n    validateField = async (field: ValidatableElement, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => {\n        let fieldUID = this.getElementUID(field);\n        let fieldValidationEvent = this.inputEvents[fieldUID];\n        return !fieldValidationEvent ||\n            await fieldValidationEvent(undefined, callback);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Called before validating form submit events.\n     * Default calls `preventDefault()` and `stopImmediatePropagation()`.\n     * @param submitEvent The `SubmitEvent`.\n     */\n    preValidate = (submitEvent: SubmitEvent) => {\n        submitEvent.preventDefault();\n        submitEvent.stopImmediatePropagation();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Handler for validated form submit events.\n     * Default calls `submitValidForm(form, submitEvent)` on success\n     * and `focusFirstInvalid(form)` on failure.\n     * @param form The form that has been validated.\n     * @param success The validation result.\n     * @param submitEvent The `SubmitEvent`.\n     */\n    handleValidated = (form: HTMLFormElement, success: boolean, submitEvent?: SubmitEvent) => {\n        if (!(form instanceof HTMLFormElement)) {\n            throw new Error('handleValidated() can only be called on <form> elements');\n        }\n        if (success) {\n            if (submitEvent) {\n                this.submitValidForm(form, submitEvent);\n            }\n        }\n        else {\n            this.focusFirstInvalid(form);\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Dispatches a new `SubmitEvent` on the provided form,\n     * then calls `form.submit()` unless `submitEvent` is cancelable\n     * and `preventDefault()` was called by a handler that received the new event.\n     *\n     * This is equivalent to `form.requestSubmit()`, but more flexible.\n     * @param form The validated form to submit\n     * @param submitEvent The `SubmitEvent`.\n     */\n    submitValidForm = (form: HTMLFormElement, submitEvent: SubmitEvent) => {\n        if (!(form instanceof HTMLFormElement)) {\n            throw new Error('submitValidForm() can only be called on <form> elements');\n        }\n        const newEvent = new SubmitEvent('submit', submitEvent);\n        if (form.dispatchEvent(newEvent)) {\n            // Because the submitter is not propagated when calling\n            // form.submit(), we recreate it here.\n            const submitter = submitEvent.submitter;\n            const initialFormAction = form.action;\n            if (submitter) {\n                const name = submitter.getAttribute('name');\n                // If name is null, a submit button is not submitted.\n                if (name) {\n                    const submitterInput = document.createElement('input');\n                    submitterInput.type = 'hidden';\n                    submitterInput.name = name;\n                    submitterInput.value = submitter.getAttribute('value');\n                    form.appendChild(submitterInput)\n                }\n\n                const formAction = submitter.getAttribute('formaction');\n                if (formAction) {\n                    form.action = formAction;\n                }\n            }\n\n            try {\n                form.submit();\n            } finally {\n                form.action = initialFormAction;\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Focuses the first invalid element within the provided form\n     * @param form\n     */\n    focusFirstInvalid = (form: HTMLFormElement) => {\n        if (!(form instanceof HTMLFormElement)) {\n            throw new Error('focusFirstInvalid() can only be called on <form> elements');\n        }\n        let formUID = this.getElementUID(form);\n        let formInputUIDs = this.formInputs[formUID];\n        let invalidFormInputUID = formInputUIDs?.find(uid => this.summary[uid]);\n\n        if (invalidFormInputUID) {\n            const firstInvalid = this.elementByUID[invalidFormInputUID];\n            if (firstInvalid instanceof HTMLElement) {\n                firstInvalid.focus();\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Returns true if the provided form is currently valid.\n     * The form will be validated unless prevalidate is set to false.\n     * @param form The form to validate.\n     * @param prevalidate Whether the form should be validated before returning.\n     * @param callback A callback that receives true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete. Ignored if prevalidate is false.\n     * @returns The current state of the form. May be inaccurate if any validation is asynchronous (e.g. remote); consider using `callback` instead.\n     */\n    isValid = (form: HTMLFormElement, prevalidate: boolean = true, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => {\n        if (!(form instanceof HTMLFormElement)) {\n            throw new Error('isValid() can only be called on <form> elements');\n        }\n        if (prevalidate) {\n            this.validateForm(form, callback);\n        }\n        let formUID = this.getElementUID(form);\n        let formInputUIDs = this.formInputs[formUID];\n        let formIsInvalid = formInputUIDs?.some(uid => this.summary[uid]) === true;\n        return !formIsInvalid;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Returns true if the provided field is currently valid.\n     * The field will be validated unless prevalidate is set to false.\n     * @param field The field to validate.\n     * @param prevalidate Whether the field should be validated before returning.\n     * @param callback A callback that receives true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete. Ignored if prevalidate is false.\n     * @returns The current state of the field. May be inaccurate if any validation is asynchronous (e.g. remote); consider using `callback` instead.\n     */\n    isFieldValid = (field: ValidatableElement, prevalidate: boolean = true, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => {\n        if (prevalidate) {\n            this.validateField(field, callback);\n        }\n\n        let fieldUID = this.getElementUID(field);\n        return this.summary[fieldUID] === undefined;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Returns true if the event triggering the form submission indicates we should validate the form.\n     * @param e\n     */\n    private shouldValidate(e?: Event) {\n        // Skip client-side validation if the form has been submitted via a button that has the \"formnovalidate\" attribute.\n        return !(e && e['submitter'] && e['submitter']['formNoValidate']);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Tracks a <form> element as parent of an input UID. When the form is submitted, attempts to validate the said input asynchronously.\n     * @param form\n     * @param inputUID\n     */\n    private trackFormInput(form: HTMLFormElement, inputUID: string) {\n        let formUID = this.getElementUID(form);\n        let formInputUIDs = this.formInputs[formUID] ??= [];\n        let add = formInputUIDs.indexOf(inputUID) === -1;\n        if (add) {\n            formInputUIDs.push(inputUID);\n\n            if (this.options.addNoValidate) {\n                this.logger.log('Setting novalidate on form', form);\n                form.setAttribute('novalidate', 'novalidate');\n            }\n            else {\n                this.logger.log('Not setting novalidate on form', form);\n            }\n        }\n        else {\n            this.logger.log(\"Form input for UID '%s' is already tracked\", inputUID);\n        }\n\n        if (this.formEvents[formUID]) {\n            return;\n        }\n\n        let validationTask: Promise<boolean> | null = null;\n        let cb: ValidationEventCallback<SubmitEvent> = (e, callback) => {\n            // Prevent recursion\n            if (validationTask) {\n                return validationTask;\n            }\n\n            if (!this.shouldValidate(e)) {\n                return Promise.resolve(true);\n            }\n\n            validationTask = this.getFormValidationTask(formUID);\n\n            //`preValidate` typically prevents submit before validation\n            if (e) {\n                this.preValidate(e);\n            }\n\n            this.logger.log('Validating', form);\n\n            return validationTask.then(async success => {\n                this.logger.log('Validated (success = %s)', success, form);\n                if (callback) {\n                    callback(success);\n                    return success;\n                }\n\n                const validationEvent = new CustomEvent('validation',\n                    {\n                        detail: { valid: success }\n                    });\n                form.dispatchEvent(validationEvent);\n\n                // Firefox fix: redispatch 'submit' after finished handling this event\n                await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0));\n                this.handleValidated(form, success, e);\n                return success;\n            }).catch(error => {\n                this.logger.log('Validation error', error);\n                return false;\n            }).finally(() => {\n                validationTask = null;\n            });\n        };\n\n        form.addEventListener('submit', cb);\n\n        const cbReset = (e: Event) => {\n            const formInputUIDs = this.formInputs[formUID];\n\n            for (let inputUID of formInputUIDs) {\n                this.resetField(inputUID);\n            }\n            this.renderSummary();\n        };\n        form.addEventListener('reset', cbReset);\n\n        cb.remove = () => {\n            form.removeEventListener('submit', cb);\n            form.removeEventListener('reset', cbReset);\n        }\n\n        this.formEvents[formUID] = cb;\n    }\n\n    /*\n        Reset the state of a validatable input. This is used when it's enabled or disabled.\n    */\n    reset(input: HTMLElement) {\n        if (this.isDisabled(input)) {\n            this.resetField(this.getElementUID(input));\n        }\n        else {\n            this.scan(input);\n        }\n    }\n\n    private resetField(inputUID: string) {\n        let input = this.elementByUID[inputUID];\n        this.swapClasses(input, '', this.ValidationInputCssClassName);\n        this.swapClasses(input, '', this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName);\n\n        let spans = isValidatable(input) && this.getMessageFor(input);\n        if (spans) {\n            for (let i = 0; i < spans.length; i++) {\n                spans[i].innerHTML = '';\n                this.swapClasses(spans[i], '', this.ValidationMessageCssClassName);\n                this.swapClasses(spans[i], '', this.ValidationMessageValidCssClassName);\n            }\n        }\n\n        delete this.summary[inputUID];\n    }\n\n    private untrackFormInput(form: HTMLFormElement, inputUID: string) {\n        let formUID = this.getElementUID(form);\n        let formInputUIDs = this.formInputs[formUID]\n        if (!formInputUIDs) {\n            return;\n        }\n        let indexToRemove = formInputUIDs.indexOf(inputUID);\n        if (indexToRemove >= 0) {\n            formInputUIDs.splice(indexToRemove, 1);\n\n            if (!formInputUIDs.length) {\n                this.formEvents[formUID]?.remove();\n                delete this.formEvents[formUID];\n                delete this.formInputs[formUID];\n                delete this.messageFor[formUID];\n            }\n        }\n        else {\n            this.logger.log(\"Form input for UID '%s' was already removed\", inputUID);\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Adds an input element to be managed and validated by the service.\n     * Triggers a debounced live validation when input value changes.\n     * @param input\n     */\n    addInput(input: ValidatableElement) {\n        let uid = this.getElementUID(input);\n\n        let directives = this.parseDirectives(input.attributes);\n        this.validators[uid] = this.createValidator(input, directives);\n\n        if (input.form) {\n            this.trackFormInput(input.form, uid);\n        }\n\n        if (this.inputEvents[uid]) {\n            return;\n        }\n\n        const cb: ValidationEventCallback = async (event, callback) => {\n            let validate = this.validators[uid];\n            if (!validate) return true;\n\n            this.logger.log('Validating', { event });\n            try {\n                const success = await validate();\n                callback(success);\n                return success;\n            }\n            catch (error) {\n                this.logger.log('Validation error', error);\n                return false;\n            }\n        };\n\n        let debounceTimeoutID = 0;\n        cb.debounced = (event, callback) => {\n            clearTimeout(debounceTimeoutID);\n            debounceTimeoutID = setTimeout(() => {\n                cb(event, callback);\n            }, this.debounce);\n        };\n\n        const validateEvent = input.dataset.valEvent || input instanceof HTMLSelectElement ? 'change' : 'input';\n        input.addEventListener(validateEvent, cb.debounced);\n        cb.remove = () => input.removeEventListener(validateEvent, cb.debounced);\n\n        this.inputEvents[uid] = cb;\n    }\n\n    removeInput(input: ValidatableElement) {\n        let uid = this.getElementUID(input);\n\n        // Clean up event listener\n        let cb = this.inputEvents[uid];\n        if (cb?.remove) {\n            cb.remove();\n            delete cb.remove;\n        }\n\n        delete this.summary[uid];\n        delete this.inputEvents[uid];\n        delete this.validators[uid];\n\n        if (input.form) {\n            this.untrackFormInput(input.form, uid);\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Scans `root` for input elements to be validated, then calls `cb` for each.\n     * @param root The root node to scan\n     * @param cb The callback to invoke with each input\n     */\n    private scanInputs(root: ParentNode, cb: (input: ValidatableElement) => void) {\n        let inputs = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll<ValidatableElement>(validatableSelector('[data-val=\"true\"]')));\n\n        // querySelectorAll does not include the root element itself.\n        // we could use 'matches', but that's newer than querySelectorAll so we'll keep it simple and compatible.\n        if (isValidatable(root) && root.getAttribute(\"data-val\") === \"true\") {\n            inputs.push(root);\n        }\n\n        for (let i = 0; i < inputs.length; i++) {\n            let input = inputs[i];\n            cb.call(this, input);\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Returns a <ul> element as a validation errors summary.\n     */\n    createSummaryDOM() {\n        if (!Object.keys(this.summary).length) {\n            return null;\n        }\n\n        let renderedMessages = [];\n        let ul = document.createElement('ul');\n        for (let key in this.summary) {\n            // It could be that the message we are rendering belongs to one of a fieldset of multiple inputs that's not selected,\n            // even if another one in the fieldset is. In that case the fieldset is valid, and we shouldn't render the message.\n            const matchingElement = this.elementByUID[key];\n            if (matchingElement instanceof HTMLInputElement) {\n                if (matchingElement.type === \"checkbox\" || matchingElement.type === \"radio\") {\n                    if (matchingElement.className === this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName) {\n                        continue;\n                    }\n                }\n            }\n\n            // With required multiple inputs, such as a checkbox list, we'll have one message per input.\n            // It's one from the inputs that's required, not all, so we should only have one message displayed.\n            if (renderedMessages.indexOf(this.summary[key]) > -1) {\n                continue;\n            }\n\n            let li = document.createElement('li');\n            li.innerHTML = this.summary[key];\n            ul.appendChild(li);\n            renderedMessages.push(this.summary[key]);\n        }\n        return ul;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Displays validation summary to ASP.NET Core MVC designated elements, when it actually gets updated.\n     */\n    private renderSummary() {\n        let summaryElements = document.querySelectorAll('[data-valmsg-summary=\"true\"]');\n        if (!summaryElements.length) {\n            return;\n        }\n\n        // Prevents wasteful re-rendering of summary list element with identical items!\n        // Using JSON.stringify for quick and painless deep compare of simple KVP. You need to sort the keys first, tho...\n        let shadow = JSON.stringify(this.summary, Object.keys(this.summary).sort());\n        if (shadow === this.renderedSummaryJSON) {\n            return;\n        }\n\n        // Prevents wasteful re-rendering of summary list element with identical items!\n        this.renderedSummaryJSON = shadow;\n        let ul = this.createSummaryDOM();\n\n        for (let i = 0; i < summaryElements.length; i++) {\n            let e = summaryElements[i];\n\n            // Remove existing list elements, but keep the summary's message.\n            let listElements = e.querySelectorAll(\"ul\");\n            for (let j = 0; j < listElements.length; j++) {\n                listElements[j].remove();\n            }\n\n            // Style the summary element as valid/invalid depending on whether there are any messages to display.\n            if (ul && ul.hasChildNodes()) {\n                this.swapClasses(e,\n                    this.ValidationSummaryCssClassName,\n                    this.ValidationSummaryValidCssClassName)\n                e.appendChild(ul.cloneNode(true));\n            } else {\n                this.swapClasses(e,\n                    this.ValidationSummaryValidCssClassName,\n                    this.ValidationSummaryCssClassName)\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Adds an error message to an input element, which also updates the validation message elements and validation summary elements.\n     * @param input\n     * @param message\n     */\n    addError(input: ValidatableElement, message: string) {\n        let spans = this.getMessageFor(input);\n        if (spans) {\n            for (let i = 0; i < spans.length; i++) {\n                const span = spans[i];\n                spans[i].innerHTML = message;\n                this.swapClasses(spans[i],\n                    this.ValidationMessageCssClassName,\n                    this.ValidationMessageValidCssClassName);\n            }\n        }\n\n        this.swapClasses(input,\n            this.ValidationInputCssClassName,\n            this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName);\n\n        if (input.form) {\n            // Adding an error to one input should also add it to others with the same name (i.e. for radio button and checkbox lists).\n            const inputs = input.form.querySelectorAll(validatableSelector(`[name=\"${input.name}\"]`));\n            for (let i = 0; i < inputs.length; i++) {\n                this.swapClasses(inputs[i],\n                    this.ValidationInputCssClassName,\n                    this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName);\n\n                let uid = this.getElementUID(inputs[i]);\n                this.summary[uid] = message;\n            }\n        }\n\n        this.renderSummary();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Removes an error message from an input element, which also updates the validation message elements and validation summary elements.\n     * @param input\n     */\n    removeError(input: ValidatableElement) {\n        let spans = this.getMessageFor(input);\n        if (spans) {\n            for (let i = 0; i < spans.length; i++) {\n                spans[i].innerHTML = '';\n                this.swapClasses(spans[i],\n                    this.ValidationMessageValidCssClassName,\n                    this.ValidationMessageCssClassName);\n            }\n        }\n\n        this.swapClasses(input,\n            this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName,\n            this.ValidationInputCssClassName);\n\n        // Removing an error from one input should also remove it from others with the same name (i.e. for radio button and checkbox lists).\n        if (input.form) {\n            const inputs = input.form.querySelectorAll(validatableSelector(`[name=\"${input.name}\"]`));\n            for (let i = 0; i < inputs.length; i++) {\n                this.swapClasses(inputs[i],\n                    this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName,\n                    this.ValidationInputCssClassName);\n\n                let uid = this.getElementUID(inputs[i]);\n                delete this.summary[uid];\n            }\n        }\n\n        this.renderSummary();\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Returns a validation Promise factory for an input element, using given validation directives.\n     * @param input\n     * @param directives\n     */\n    createValidator(input: ValidatableElement, directives: ValidationDirective) {\n        return async () => {\n            // only validate visible and enabled fields\n            if (!this.isHidden(input) && !this.isDisabled(input)) {\n                for (let key in directives) {\n                    let directive = directives[key];\n                    let provider = this.providers[key];\n\n                    if (!provider) {\n                        this.logger.log('aspnet-validation provider not implemented: %s', key);\n                        continue;\n                    }\n                    this.logger.log(\"Running %s validator on element\", key, input);\n\n                    let result = provider(input.value, input, directive.params);\n                    let valid = false;\n                    let error = directive.error;\n\n                    if (typeof result === 'boolean') {\n                        valid = result;\n                    } else if (typeof result === 'string') {\n                        valid = false;\n                        error = result;\n                    } else {\n                        let resolution = await result;\n                        if (typeof resolution === 'boolean') {\n                            valid = resolution;\n                        } else {\n                            valid = false;\n                            error = resolution;\n                        }\n                    }\n\n                    if (!valid) {\n                        this.addError(input, error);\n                        return false;\n                    }\n                }\n            }\n\n            this.removeError(input);\n            return true;\n        };\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Checks if the provided input is hidden from the browser\n     * @param input\n     * @returns\n     */\n    private isHidden(input: HTMLElement) {\n        return !(this.allowHiddenFields || input.offsetWidth || input.offsetHeight || input.getClientRects().length);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Checks if the provided input is disabled\n     * @param input\n     * @returns\n     */\n    private isDisabled(input: Element) {\n        // If the input is validatable, we check the `disabled` property.\n        // Otherwise the `disabled` property is undefined and this returns false.\n        return (input as ValidatableElement).disabled;\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Adds addClass and removes removeClass\n     * @param element Element to modify\n     * @param addClass Class to add\n     * @param removeClass Class to remove\n     */\n    private swapClasses(element: Element, addClass: string, removeClass: string) {\n        if (addClass && !this.isDisabled(element) && !element.classList.contains(addClass)) {\n            element.classList.add(addClass);\n        }\n        if (element.classList.contains(removeClass)) {\n            element.classList.remove(removeClass);\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Options for this instance of @type {ValidationService}.\n     */\n    private options: ValidationServiceOptions = {\n        root: document.body,\n        watch: false,\n        addNoValidate: true,\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Load default validation providers and scans the entire document when ready.\n     * @param options.watch If set to true, a MutationObserver will be used to continuously watch for new elements that provide validation directives.\n     * @param options.addNoValidate If set to true (the default), a novalidate attribute will be added to the containing form in validate elements.\n     */\n    bootstrap(options?: Partial<ValidationServiceOptions>) {\n        Object.assign(this.options, options);\n\n        this.addMvcProviders();\n        let document = window.document;\n        const root = this.options.root;\n        const init = () => {\n            this.scan(root);\n\n            // Watch for further mutations after initial scan\n            if (this.options.watch) {\n                this.watch(root);\n            }\n        }\n\n        // If the document is done loading, scan it now.\n        if (document.readyState === 'complete' || document.readyState === 'interactive') {\n            init();\n        }\n        else {\n            // Otherwise wait until the document is done loading.\n            document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', init);\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Scans the root element for any validation directives and attaches behavior to them.\n     * @param root The root node to scan; if not provided, `options.root` (default: `document.body`) will be scanned\n     */\n    scan(root?: ParentNode) {\n        root ??= this.options.root;\n        this.logger.log('Scanning', root);\n        this.scanMessages(root, this.pushValidationMessageSpan);\n        this.scanInputs(root, this.addInput);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Scans the root element for any validation directives and removes behavior from them.\n     * @param root The root node to scan; if not provided, `options.root` (default: `document.body`) will be scanned\n     */\n    remove(root?: ParentNode) {\n        root ??= this.options.root;\n        this.logger.log('Removing', root);\n        this.scanMessages(root, this.removeValidationMessageSpan);\n        this.scanInputs(root, this.removeInput);\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Watches the provided root element for mutations, and scans for new validation directives to attach behavior.\n     * @param root The root node to watch; if not provided, `options.root` (default: `document.body`) will be watched\n     */\n    watch(root?: ParentNode) {\n        root ??= this.options.root;\n        this.observer = new MutationObserver(mutations => {\n            mutations.forEach(mutation => {\n                this.observed(mutation);\n            });\n        });\n        this.observer.observe(root, {\n            attributes: true,\n            childList: true,\n            subtree: true\n        });\n        this.logger.log(\"Watching for mutations\");\n    }\n\n    private observed(mutation: MutationRecord) {\n        if (mutation.type === 'childList') {\n            for (let i = 0; i < mutation.addedNodes.length; i++) {\n                let node = mutation.addedNodes[i];\n                this.logger.log('Added node', node);\n                if (node instanceof HTMLElement) {\n                    this.scan(node);\n                }\n            }\n            for (let i = 0; i < mutation.removedNodes.length; i++) {\n                let node = mutation.removedNodes[i];\n                this.logger.log('Removed node', node);\n                if (node instanceof HTMLElement) {\n                    this.remove(node);\n                }\n            }\n        } else if (mutation.type === 'attributes') {\n            if (mutation.target instanceof HTMLElement) {\n                const attributeName = mutation.attributeName;\n\n                // Special case for disabled.\n                if (attributeName === 'disabled') {\n                    const target = mutation.target as ValidatableElement;\n                    this.reset(target);\n                }\n                else {\n                    const oldValue = mutation.oldValue ?? '';\n                    const newValue = mutation.target.attributes[mutation.attributeName]?.value ?? '';\n                    this.logger.log(\"Attribute '%s' changed from '%s' to '%s'\",\n                        mutation.attributeName,\n                        oldValue,\n                        newValue,\n                        mutation.target);\n                    if (oldValue !== newValue) {\n                        this.scan(mutation.target);\n                    }\n                }\n            }\n        }\n    }\n\n    /**\n     * Override CSS class name for input validation error. Default: 'input-validation-error'\n     */\n    ValidationInputCssClassName = \"input-validation-error\";\n\n    /**\n     * Override CSS class name for valid input validation. Default: 'input-validation-valid'\n     */\n    ValidationInputValidCssClassName = \"input-validation-valid\";\n\n    /**\n     * Override CSS class name for field validation error. Default: 'field-validation-error'\n     */\n    ValidationMessageCssClassName = \"field-validation-error\";\n\n    /**\n     * Override CSS class name for valid field validation. Default: 'field-validation-valid'\n     */\n    ValidationMessageValidCssClassName = \"field-validation-valid\";\n\n    /**\n     * Override CSS class name for validation summary error. Default: 'validation-summary-errors'\n     */\n    ValidationSummaryCssClassName = \"validation-summary-errors\";\n\n    /**\n     * Override CSS class name for valid validation summary. Default: 'validation-summary-valid'\n     */\n    ValidationSummaryValidCssClassName = \"validation-summary-valid\";\n}\n"],"sourceRoot":""}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index b7ba17a..15f6551 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 {
   "name": "aspnet-client-validation",
-  "version": "0.9.6",
+  "version": "0.10.0",
   "lockfileVersion": 2,
   "requires": true,
   "packages": {
     "": {
       "name": "aspnet-client-validation",
-      "version": "0.9.6",
+      "version": "0.10.0",
       "license": "MIT",
       "devDependencies": {
         "ts-loader": "^5.3.1",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 4ec3dec..6218f06 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 {
   "name": "aspnet-client-validation",
-  "version": "0.9.6",
+  "version": "0.10.0",
   "description": "Enables ASP.NET MVC client-side validation, without jQuery!",
   "main": "dist/aspnet-validation.js",
   "style": "dist/aspnet-validation.css",
diff --git a/src/index.ts b/src/index.ts
index ebc28fb..d62f17e 100644
--- a/src/index.ts
+++ b/src/index.ts
@@ -81,6 +81,12 @@ export type ValidationProvider = (value: string, element: ValidatableElement, pa
  */
 export type ValidatedCallback = (success: boolean) => void;
 
+interface ValidationEventCallback<TEvent extends Event = Event> {
+    (e?: TEvent, callback?: ValidatedCallback): Promise<boolean>;
+    debounced?: (e?: TEvent, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => void;
+    remove?: () => void;
+}
+
 /**
  * A callback method signature that kickstarts a new validation task for an input element, as a Boolean Promise.
  */
@@ -427,9 +433,9 @@ export class ValidationService {
     private providers: { [name: string]: ValidationProvider } = {};
 
     /**
-     * A key-value collection of <span> elements for displaying validation messages for an input (by DOM ID).
+     * A key-value collection of form UIDs and their <span> elements for displaying validation messages for an input (by DOM name).
      */
-    private messageFor: { [id: string]: Element[] } = {};
+    private messageFor: { [formUID: string]: { [name: string]: Element[] } } = {};
 
     /**
      * A list of managed elements, each having a randomly assigned unique identifier (UID).
@@ -454,12 +460,12 @@ export class ValidationService {
     /**
      * A key-value map for form UID to its trigger element (submit event for <form>).
      */
-    private formEvents: { [id: string]: (e?: SubmitEvent, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => void } = {};
+    private formEvents: { [formUID: string]: ValidationEventCallback<SubmitEvent> } = {};
 
     /**
      * A key-value map for element UID to its trigger element (input event for <textarea> and <input>, change event for <select>).
      */
-    private inputEvents: { [id: string]: (e?: Event, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => void } = {};
+    private inputEvents: { [inputUID: string]: ValidationEventCallback } = {};
 
     /**
      * A key-value map of input UID to its validation error message.
@@ -535,19 +541,17 @@ export class ValidationService {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Scans document for all validation message <span> generated by ASP.NET Core MVC, then tracks them.
+     * Scans `root` for all validation message <span> generated by ASP.NET Core MVC, then calls `cb` for each.
+     * @param root The root node to scan
+     * @param cb The callback to invoke with each form and span
      */
-    private scanMessages(root: ParentNode, remove: boolean = false) {
+    private scanMessages(root: ParentNode, cb: (form: HTMLFormElement, span: HTMLElement) => void) {
         /* If a validation span explicitly declares a form, we group the span with that form. */
         let validationMessageElements = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('span[form]'));
         for (let span of validationMessageElements) {
             let form = document.getElementById(span.getAttribute('form'));
-            if (form) {
-                if (remove) {
-                    this.removeValidationMessageSpan(form, span);
-                } else {
-                    this.pushValidationMessageSpan(form, span);
-                }
+            if (form instanceof HTMLFormElement) {
+                cb.call(this, form, span);
             }
         }
 
@@ -568,19 +572,19 @@ export class ValidationService {
             let validationMessageElements = Array.from(form.querySelectorAll<HTMLElement>('[data-valmsg-for]'));
 
             for (let span of validationMessageElements) {
-                if (remove) {
-                    this.removeValidationMessageSpan(form, span);
-                } else {
-                    this.pushValidationMessageSpan(form, span);
-                }
+                cb.call(this, form, span);
             }
         }
     }
 
     private pushValidationMessageSpan(form: HTMLElement, span: HTMLElement) {
         let formId = this.getElementUID(form);
-        let name = `${formId}:${span.getAttribute('data-valmsg-for')}`;
-        let spans = this.messageFor[name] || (this.messageFor[name] = []);
+        let formSpans = this.messageFor[formId] ??= {};
+
+        let messageForId = span.getAttribute('data-valmsg-for');
+        if (!messageForId) return;
+
+        let spans = formSpans[messageForId] ??= [];
         if (spans.indexOf(span) < 0) {
             spans.push(span);
         }
@@ -591,8 +595,13 @@ export class ValidationService {
 
     private removeValidationMessageSpan(form: HTMLElement, span: HTMLElement) {
         let formId = this.getElementUID(form);
-        let name = `${formId}:${span.getAttribute('data-valmsg-for')}`;
-        let spans = this.messageFor[name];
+        let formSpans = this.messageFor[formId];
+        if (!formSpans) return;
+
+        let messageForId = span.getAttribute('data-valmsg-for');
+        if (!messageForId) return;
+
+        let spans = formSpans[messageForId];
         if (!spans) {
             return;
         }
@@ -695,8 +704,7 @@ export class ValidationService {
 
         let formValidators: Validator[] = [];
 
-        for (let i = 0; i < formInputUIDs.length; i++) {
-            let inputUID = formInputUIDs[i];
+        for (let inputUID of formInputUIDs) {
             const validator = this.validators[inputUID];
             if (validator) {
                 formValidators.push(validator);
@@ -710,40 +718,39 @@ export class ValidationService {
     // Retrieves the validation span for the input.
     private getMessageFor(input: ValidatableElement) {
         if (!input.form) {
-            return [];
+            return undefined;
         }
         let formId = this.getElementUID(input.form);
-        let name = `${formId}:${input.name}`;
-        return this.messageFor[name];
+        return this.messageFor[formId]?.[input.name];
     }
 
     /**
      * Fires off validation for elements within the provided form and then calls the callback
      * @param form The form to validate.
      * @param callback Receives true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete.
+     * @returns Promise that resolves to true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete.
      */
-    validateForm = (form: HTMLFormElement, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => {
+    validateForm = async (form: HTMLFormElement, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => {
         if (!(form instanceof HTMLFormElement)) {
             throw new Error('validateForm() can only be called on <form> elements');
         }
         let formUID = this.getElementUID(form);
         let formValidationEvent = this.formEvents[formUID];
-        if (formValidationEvent) {
-            formValidationEvent(undefined, callback);
-        }
+        return !formValidationEvent ||
+            await formValidationEvent(undefined, callback);
     }
 
     /**
      * Fires off validation for the provided element and then calls the callback
      * @param field The element to validate.
      * @param callback Receives true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete.
+     * @returns Promise that resolves to true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete
      */
-    validateField = (field: ValidatableElement, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => {
+    validateField = async (field: ValidatableElement, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => {
         let fieldUID = this.getElementUID(field);
         let fieldValidationEvent = this.inputEvents[fieldUID];
-        if (fieldValidationEvent) {
-            fieldValidationEvent(undefined, callback);
-        }
+        return !fieldValidationEvent ||
+            await fieldValidationEvent(undefined, callback);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -896,12 +903,10 @@ export class ValidationService {
      */
     private trackFormInput(form: HTMLFormElement, inputUID: string) {
         let formUID = this.getElementUID(form);
-        if (!this.formInputs[formUID]) {
-            this.formInputs[formUID] = [];
-        }
-        let add = (this.formInputs[formUID].indexOf(inputUID) === -1);
+        let formInputUIDs = this.formInputs[formUID] ??= [];
+        let add = formInputUIDs.indexOf(inputUID) === -1;
         if (add) {
-            this.formInputs[formUID].push(inputUID);
+            formInputUIDs.push(inputUID);
 
             if (this.options.addNoValidate) {
                 this.logger.log('Setting novalidate on form', form);
@@ -919,35 +924,31 @@ export class ValidationService {
             return;
         }
 
-        let validating = false;
-        let cb = (e?: SubmitEvent, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => {
+        let validationTask: Promise<boolean> | null = null;
+        let cb: ValidationEventCallback<SubmitEvent> = (e, callback) => {
             // Prevent recursion
-            if (validating) {
-                return;
+            if (validationTask) {
+                return validationTask;
             }
 
             if (!this.shouldValidate(e)) {
-                return;
+                return Promise.resolve(true);
             }
 
-            let validate = this.getFormValidationTask(formUID);
-            if (!validate) {
-                return;
-            }
+            validationTask = this.getFormValidationTask(formUID);
 
             //`preValidate` typically prevents submit before validation
             if (e) {
                 this.preValidate(e);
             }
 
-            validating = true;
             this.logger.log('Validating', form);
 
-            validate.then(async success => {
+            return validationTask.then(async success => {
                 this.logger.log('Validated (success = %s)', success, form);
                 if (callback) {
                     callback(success);
-                    return;
+                    return success;
                 }
 
                 const validationEvent = new CustomEvent('validation',
@@ -959,22 +960,32 @@ export class ValidationService {
                 // Firefox fix: redispatch 'submit' after finished handling this event
                 await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
                 this.handleValidated(form, success, e);
+                return success;
             }).catch(error => {
                 this.logger.log('Validation error', error);
+                return false;
             }).finally(() => {
-                validating = false;
+                validationTask = null;
             });
         };
 
         form.addEventListener('submit', cb);
-        form.addEventListener('reset', e => {
-            const uids = this.formInputs[formUID];
 
-            for (let uid of uids) {
-                this.resetField(uid);
+        const cbReset = (e: Event) => {
+            const formInputUIDs = this.formInputs[formUID];
+
+            for (let inputUID of formInputUIDs) {
+                this.resetField(inputUID);
             }
             this.renderSummary();
-        });
+        };
+        form.addEventListener('reset', cbReset);
+
+        cb.remove = () => {
+            form.removeEventListener('submit', cb);
+            form.removeEventListener('reset', cbReset);
+        }
+
         this.formEvents[formUID] = cb;
     }
 
@@ -991,18 +1002,16 @@ export class ValidationService {
     }
 
     private resetField(inputUID: string) {
-        let input = this.elementByUID[inputUID] as ValidatableElement;
-        if (input.classList.contains(this.ValidationInputCssClassName)) {
-            input.classList.remove(this.ValidationInputCssClassName);
-        }
-        if (input.classList.contains(this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName)) {
-            input.classList.remove(this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName);
-        }
+        let input = this.elementByUID[inputUID];
+        this.swapClasses(input, '', this.ValidationInputCssClassName);
+        this.swapClasses(input, '', this.ValidationInputValidCssClassName);
 
-        let spans = this.getMessageFor(input);
+        let spans = isValidatable(input) && this.getMessageFor(input);
         if (spans) {
             for (let i = 0; i < spans.length; i++) {
                 spans[i].innerHTML = '';
+                this.swapClasses(spans[i], '', this.ValidationMessageCssClassName);
+                this.swapClasses(spans[i], '', this.ValidationMessageValidCssClassName);
             }
         }
 
@@ -1011,12 +1020,20 @@ export class ValidationService {
 
     private untrackFormInput(form: HTMLFormElement, inputUID: string) {
         let formUID = this.getElementUID(form);
-        if (!this.formInputs[formUID]) {
+        let formInputUIDs = this.formInputs[formUID]
+        if (!formInputUIDs) {
             return;
         }
-        let indexToRemove = this.formInputs[formUID].indexOf(inputUID);
+        let indexToRemove = formInputUIDs.indexOf(inputUID);
         if (indexToRemove >= 0) {
-            this.formInputs[formUID].splice(indexToRemove, 1);
+            formInputUIDs.splice(indexToRemove, 1);
+
+            if (!formInputUIDs.length) {
+                this.formEvents[formUID]?.remove();
+                delete this.formEvents[formUID];
+                delete this.formInputs[formUID];
+                delete this.messageFor[formUID];
+            }
         }
         else {
             this.logger.log("Form input for UID '%s' was already removed", inputUID);
@@ -1042,27 +1059,33 @@ export class ValidationService {
             return;
         }
 
-        let debounceTimeoutID = 0;
-        let cb = (e: Event, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => {
+        const cb: ValidationEventCallback = async (event, callback) => {
             let validate = this.validators[uid];
+            if (!validate) return true;
+
+            this.logger.log('Validating', { event });
+            try {
+                const success = await validate();
+                callback(success);
+                return success;
+            }
+            catch (error) {
+                this.logger.log('Validation error', error);
+                return false;
+            }
+        };
+
+        let debounceTimeoutID = 0;
+        cb.debounced = (event, callback) => {
             clearTimeout(debounceTimeoutID);
             debounceTimeoutID = setTimeout(() => {
-                validate()
-                    .then(callback)
-                    .catch(error => {
-                        this.logger.log('Validation error', error);
-                    });
+                cb(event, callback);
             }, this.debounce);
         };
 
-        let validateEvent = input.dataset.valEvent;
-        if (validateEvent) {
-            input.addEventListener(validateEvent, cb);
-        }
-        else {
-            let eventType = input instanceof HTMLSelectElement ? 'change' : 'input';
-            input.addEventListener(eventType, cb);
-        }
+        const validateEvent = input.dataset.valEvent || input instanceof HTMLSelectElement ? 'change' : 'input';
+        input.addEventListener(validateEvent, cb.debounced);
+        cb.remove = () => input.removeEventListener(validateEvent, cb.debounced);
 
         this.inputEvents[uid] = cb;
     }
@@ -1070,6 +1093,13 @@ export class ValidationService {
     removeInput(input: ValidatableElement) {
         let uid = this.getElementUID(input);
 
+        // Clean up event listener
+        let cb = this.inputEvents[uid];
+        if (cb?.remove) {
+            cb.remove();
+            delete cb.remove;
+        }
+
         delete this.summary[uid];
         delete this.inputEvents[uid];
         delete this.validators[uid];
@@ -1080,9 +1110,11 @@ export class ValidationService {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Scans the entire document for input elements to be validated.
+     * Scans `root` for input elements to be validated, then calls `cb` for each.
+     * @param root The root node to scan
+     * @param cb The callback to invoke with each input
      */
-    private scanInputs(root: ParentNode, remove: boolean = false) {
+    private scanInputs(root: ParentNode, cb: (input: ValidatableElement) => void) {
         let inputs = Array.from(root.querySelectorAll<ValidatableElement>(validatableSelector('[data-val="true"]')));
 
         // querySelectorAll does not include the root element itself.
@@ -1093,12 +1125,7 @@ export class ValidationService {
 
         for (let i = 0; i < inputs.length; i++) {
             let input = inputs[i];
-            if (remove) {
-                this.removeInput(input);
-            }
-            else {
-                this.addInput(input);
-            }
+            cb.call(this, input);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1378,28 +1405,33 @@ export class ValidationService {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Scans the provided root element for any validation directives and attaches behavior to them.
+     * Scans the root element for any validation directives and attaches behavior to them.
+     * @param root The root node to scan; if not provided, `options.root` (default: `document.body`) will be scanned
      */
-    scan(root: ParentNode) {
+    scan(root?: ParentNode) {
+        root ??= this.options.root;
         this.logger.log('Scanning', root);
-        this.scanMessages(root);
-        this.scanInputs(root);
+        this.scanMessages(root, this.pushValidationMessageSpan);
+        this.scanInputs(root, this.addInput);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Scans the provided root element for any validation directives and removes behavior from them.
+     * Scans the root element for any validation directives and removes behavior from them.
+     * @param root The root node to scan; if not provided, `options.root` (default: `document.body`) will be scanned
      */
-    remove(root: ParentNode) {
+    remove(root?: ParentNode) {
+        root ??= this.options.root;
         this.logger.log('Removing', root);
-        this.scanMessages(root, true);
-        this.scanInputs(root, true);
+        this.scanMessages(root, this.removeValidationMessageSpan);
+        this.scanInputs(root, this.removeInput);
     }
 
     /**
      * Watches the provided root element for mutations, and scans for new validation directives to attach behavior.
-     * @param root The root element to use, defaults to the document.documentElement.
+     * @param root The root node to watch; if not provided, `options.root` (default: `document.body`) will be watched
      */
-    watch(root: ParentNode) {
+    watch(root?: ParentNode) {
+        root ??= this.options.root;
         this.observer = new MutationObserver(mutations => {
             mutations.forEach(mutation => {
                 this.observed(mutation);
diff --git a/types/index.d.ts b/types/index.d.ts
index 6654d3e..8b06fae 100644
--- a/types/index.d.ts
+++ b/types/index.d.ts
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ export declare class ValidationService {
      */
     private providers;
     /**
-     * A key-value collection of <span> elements for displaying validation messages for an input (by DOM ID).
+     * A key-value collection of form UIDs and their <span> elements for displaying validation messages for an input (by DOM name).
      */
     private messageFor;
     /**
@@ -167,7 +167,9 @@ export declare class ValidationService {
      */
     private addMvcProviders;
     /**
-     * Scans document for all validation message <span> generated by ASP.NET Core MVC, then tracks them.
+     * Scans `root` for all validation message <span> generated by ASP.NET Core MVC, then calls `cb` for each.
+     * @param root The root node to scan
+     * @param cb The callback to invoke with each form and span
      */
     private scanMessages;
     private pushValidationMessageSpan;
@@ -196,14 +198,16 @@ export declare class ValidationService {
      * Fires off validation for elements within the provided form and then calls the callback
      * @param form The form to validate.
      * @param callback Receives true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete.
+     * @returns Promise that resolves to true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete.
      */
-    validateForm: (form: HTMLFormElement, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => void;
+    validateForm: (form: HTMLFormElement, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => Promise<boolean>;
     /**
      * Fires off validation for the provided element and then calls the callback
      * @param field The element to validate.
      * @param callback Receives true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete.
+     * @returns Promise that resolves to true or false indicating validity after all validation is complete
      */
-    validateField: (field: ValidatableElement, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => void;
+    validateField: (field: ValidatableElement, callback?: ValidatedCallback) => Promise<boolean>;
     /**
      * Called before validating form submit events.
      * Default calls `preventDefault()` and `stopImmediatePropagation()`.
@@ -274,7 +278,9 @@ export declare class ValidationService {
     addInput(input: ValidatableElement): void;
     removeInput(input: ValidatableElement): void;
     /**
-     * Scans the entire document for input elements to be validated.
+     * Scans `root` for input elements to be validated, then calls `cb` for each.
+     * @param root The root node to scan
+     * @param cb The callback to invoke with each input
      */
     private scanInputs;
     /**
@@ -332,18 +338,20 @@ export declare class ValidationService {
      */
     bootstrap(options?: Partial<ValidationServiceOptions>): void;
     /**
-     * Scans the provided root element for any validation directives and attaches behavior to them.
+     * Scans the root element for any validation directives and attaches behavior to them.
+     * @param root The root node to scan; if not provided, `options.root` (default: `document.body`) will be scanned
      */
-    scan(root: ParentNode): void;
+    scan(root?: ParentNode): void;
     /**
-     * Scans the provided root element for any validation directives and removes behavior from them.
+     * Scans the root element for any validation directives and removes behavior from them.
+     * @param root The root node to scan; if not provided, `options.root` (default: `document.body`) will be scanned
      */
-    remove(root: ParentNode): void;
+    remove(root?: ParentNode): void;
     /**
      * Watches the provided root element for mutations, and scans for new validation directives to attach behavior.
-     * @param root The root element to use, defaults to the document.documentElement.
+     * @param root The root node to watch; if not provided, `options.root` (default: `document.body`) will be watched
      */
-    watch(root: ParentNode): void;
+    watch(root?: ParentNode): void;
     private observed;
     /**
      * Override CSS class name for input validation error. Default: 'input-validation-error'