Consider trivial example:
(defn update-handler [req db]
(if-let [user (:user req)]
(if-let [id (:id req)]
(if-let [entity (fetch-entity db id)]
(if (accessible? entity user)
(update-entity! entity (:params req))
{:error "Access denied" :code 403})
{:error "Entity not found" :code 404})
{:error "Missing entity id" :code 400})
{:error "Login required" :code 401}))Looks ugly enough? Let's add some readability. First, require flow:
(require '[fmnoise.flow :as flow :refer [then else]])Then let's extract each check to function to make code more clear and testable(notice using ex-info as error container with ability to store map with some data in addition to message):
(defn check-user [req]
(or (:user req)
(ex-info "Login required" {:code 401})))
(defn check-entity-id [req]
(or (:id req)
(ex-info "Missing entity id" {:code 400})))
(defn check-entity-exists [db id]
(or (fetch-entity db id)
(ex-info "Entity not found" {:code 404})))
(defn check-entity-access [entity user]
(if (accessible? entity user)
entity
(ex-info "Access denied" {:code 403})))Then let's add error formatting helper to turn ex-info data into desired format:
(defn format-error [^Throwable err]
(assoc (ex-data err)
:error (.getMessage err))) ;; ex-message in clojure 1.10 can be used insteadAnd finally we can write pretty readable pipeline(notice thread-last macro usage):
(defn update-handler [req db]
(->> (check-user req)
(then (fn [_] (check-entity-id req)))
(then #(check-entity-exists db %))
(then #(check-entity-access % (:user req)))
(then #(update-entity! % (:params req)))
(else format-error)))Let's see what's going on here:
then accepts value and a function, if value is not an exception instance, it calls function on it, returning result, otherwise it returns given exception instance.
else works as opposite, simply returning non-exception values and applying given function to exception instance values. There's also a syntax-sugar version - else-if. It accepts exception class as first agrument, making it pretty useful as functional catch branches replacement:
(->> (call / 1 0)
(then inc) ;; bypassed
(else-if ArithmeticException (constantly :bad-math))
(else-if Throwable (constantly :unknown-error))) ;; this is also bypassed cause previous function will return normal valuecall is functional try/catch replacement designed to catch all exceptions(starting from Throwable but that can be changed, more details soon) and return their instances so any thrown exception will be caught and passed through chain. call accepts a function and its arguments, wraps function call to try/catch block and returns either caught exception instance or function call result, example:
(->> (call / 1 0) (then inc)) ;; => #error {:cause "Divide by zero" :via ...}
(->> (call / 0 1) (then inc)) ;; => 1Using call inside then may look verbose:
(->> (rand-int 10) ;; some calculation which may return 0
(then (fn [v] (call #(/ 10 v))) ;; can cause "Divide by zero" so should be inside callso there's then-call for it (and else-call also exists for consistency)
(->> (rand-int 10)
(then-call #(/ 10 %)))If we need to pass both cases (exception instances and normal values) through some function, thru is right tool. It works similar to doto but accepts function as first argument. It always returns given value, so supplied function is called only for side-effects(like error logging or cleaning up):
(->> (call / 1 0) (thru println)) ;; => #error {:cause "Divide by zero" :via ...}
(->> (call / 0 1) (thru println)) ;; => 0thru may be used similarly to finally, despite it's not exactly the same.
And a small cheatsheet to summarize on basic blocks:
Having in mind that call will catch exceptions and return them immediately, throwing exception may be used as replacement for return:
(->> (call get-objects)
(then-call (partial map
(fn [obj]
(if (unprocessable? obj)
(throw (ex-info "Unprocessable object" {:object obj}))
(calculate-result object))))))
Another case where early return may be useful is let:
(defn assign-manager [report-id manager-id]
(->> (call
(fn []
(let [report (or (db-find report-id) (throw (ex-info "Report not found" {:id report-id})))
manager (or (db-find manager-id) (throw (ex-info "Manager not found" {:id manager-id})))]
{:manager manager :report report})))
(then db-persist))
(else log-error)))Wrapping function to call and throwing inside let in order to achieve early return may look ugly and verbose, so flow has own version of let - flet, which wraps all evaluations to call. In case of returning exception instance during bindings or body evaluation, it's immediately returned, otherwise it works as normal let:
(flet [a 1 b 2] (+ a b)) ;; => 3
(flet [a 1 b (ex-info "oops" {:reason "something went wrong"})] (+ a b)) ;; => #error { :cause "oops" ... }
(flet [a 1 b 2] (Exception. "oops")) ;; => #error { :cause "oops" ... }
(flet [a 1 b (throw (Exception. "boom"))] (+ a b)) ;; => #error { :cause "boom" ... }
(flet [a 1 b 2] (throw (Exception. "boom"))) ;; => #error { :cause "boom" ... }So previous example can be simplified:
(defn assign-manager [report-id manager-id]
(->> (flet [report (or (db-find report-id) (ex-info "Report not found" {:id report-id}))
manager (or (db-find manager-id) (ex-info "Manager not found" {:id manager-id}))]
{:manager manager :report report})
(then db-persist)
(else log-error)))IMPORTANT! Currently flet doesn't provide possibility to perform any kind of cleanup/finalization in case of early return (think of finalize part of try/catch block) so creating/allocating resources which require manual state management as flet bindings is not good idea. Such cases can be handled by using flet with thru in chain and having closure over bindings for stateful resources (inside then in the following example):
(->> (create-stateful-resource)
(then (fn [resource]
(->> (flet [a (some-calculation resource)
b (other-calculation resource)]
(final-calculation a b))
(thru (fn [_] (cleanup-resource resource)))))))call catches java.lang.Throwable by default, which may be not what you need, so this behavior can be changed by extending Catch protocol:
;; let's say we want to catch everything starting from Exception but throw NullPointerException
(extend-protocol flow/Catch
Throwable
(caught [e] (throw e))
Exception
(caught [e] e)
NullPointerException
(caught [e] (throw e)))
(call + 1 nil) ;; throws NullPointerException
(call #(throw (Exception. "Something went wrong"))) ;; => #error {:cause "Something went wrong" ... }Example above may be used during system startup to perform global change, but if you need to change behavior in certain block of code there's call-with which works similar to call but its first argument is handler - function which is called on caught exception:
(defn handler [e]
(if (instance? clojure.lang.ArityException e) (throw e) e))
(call-with handler inc) ;; throws ArityException, as inc requires at least 1 argumentThe core idea of flow is clear separation of normal value(everything which is not exception instance) and value which indicates error(exception instance) without involving additional containers. This allows to get rid of redundant abstractions like Either, and also prevents mess with value containers (if you've ever seen Either.Left inside Either.Right you probably know what I'm talking about). Exceptions are already first-class citizens in Java world but are usually combined with side-effect (throwing) for propagation purposes, while flow actively promotes more functional usage of it with returning exception instance:
;; construction
(ex-info "User not found" {:id 123})
;; catching and returning instance
(try (/ 1 0) (catch Exception e e))In both examples above we clearly understand that returned value is an error, so there's no need to wrap it to any other container like Either(also, Clojure's core function ex-info is perfect tool for storing additional data in exception instance and it's already available from the box). That means no or minimal rework of existing code in order to get started with flow, while Either would need wrapping both normal and error values into its corresponding Right and Left containers. Due to described features flow is much easier to introduce into existing project than Either.
flow can be configured to treat not only Throwable descendants but any custom classes as error values. The core of flow machinery is Flow protocol which defines behavior for separation errors and normal values. Let's look to example of some defrecord-based Either implementation:
(defrecord Left [error])
(defrecord Right [value])
(extend-protocol flow/Flow
Right
(?ok [this f] (f (:value this)))
(?err [this _] this)
(?throw [this] this)
Left
(?ok [this _] this)
(?err [this f] (f (ex-info "Either.Left" this)))
(?throw [this] (throw (ex-info "Either.Left" this))))In some of examples above exception instance is constructed and passed through chain without throwing. That's main use-case and ideology of flow - using exception instance as error value. But we know that constructing exception is costly due to stacktrace creation. Java 7 has a possibility to omit stacktrace creation, but that change to ExceptionInfo was not accepted by the core team (more details here) so we ended up creating custom exception class which implements IExceptionInfo but can skip stacktrace creation. It's called Fail and there's handly constuctor for it:
(fail-with {:msg "User not found" :data {:id 1}}) ;; => #error {:cause "User not found" :data {:id 1} :via [...] :trace []}
;; it behaves the same as ExceptionInfo
(ex-data *1) ;; => {:id 1}
;; map may be empty or nil
(fail-with nil) ;; => #error {:cause nil :data {} :via [...] :trace []}
;; stacktrace is disabled by default but can be turned on
(fail-with {:msg "User not found" :data {:id 1} :trace? true})
;; there's also throwing constuctor (stacktrace is enabled by default)
(fail-with! {:msg "User not found" :data {:id 1}})All main functions are designed for thread-last macro usage, but I'd like to use thread-first, is it doable?
The core of flow machinery is Flow protocol which defines functions ?ok and ?err. These functions accept value as first agrument so they are suitable for thread-first macro usage:
(defn percent [amount base]
(-> (call / amount base)
(?ok (partial * 100))
(?ok #(str % "%"))
(?err ex-message)))
(percent 1 2) ;; => "50%"
(percent 1 0) ;; => "Divide by zero"Just because I feel it's more correct English sentence
find user with email
then update user
else log error
so it becomes
(->> (find-user email)
(then update)
(else log)Experimental ClojureScript support is added in version 4.0, but it's not battle-tested yet, so feel free to raise an Issue/PR if you face with any problems using it.
As of version 4.0 all the deprecated stuff from earlier versions has been removed and there are no plans to extend library anymore soon, so it can be considered mature. If you're upgrading from earlier versions, see Changelog for list of breaking changes.
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- HQ Live - your company's heartbeat in real time
Thanks to Scott Wlaschin for his inspiring talk about Railway Oriented Programming https://fsharpforfunandprofit.com/rop/
Copyright © 2018 fmnoise
Distributed under the Eclipse Public License either version 1.0 or (at your option) any later version.