v1.14.0

Elixir v1.14 brings many improvements to the debugging experience in Elixir
and data-type inspection. It also includes a new abstraction for easy
partitioning of processes called PartitionSupervisor, as well as improved
compilation times and error messages.

Elixir v1.14 is the last version to support Erlang/OTP 23. Consider updating
to Erlang/OTP 24 or Erlang/OTP 25.

dbg

Kernel.dbg/2 is a new macro that's somewhat similar to IO.inspect/2, but
specifically tailored for debugging.

When called, it prints the value of whatever you pass to it, plus the debugged
code itself as well as its location. This code:

# In my_file.exs
feature = %{name: :dbg, inspiration: "Rust"}
dbg(feature)
dbg(Map.put(feature, :in_version, "1.14.0"))

Prints this:

$ elixir my_file.exs
[my_file.exs:2: (file)]
feature #=> %{inspiration: "Rust", name: :dbg}

[my_file.exs:3: (file)]
Map.put(feature, :in_version, "1.14.0") #=> %{in_version: "1.14.0", inspiration: "Rust", name: :dbg}

dbg/2 can do more. It's a macro, so it understands Elixir code. You can see
that when you pass a series of |> pipes to it. dbg/2 will print the value
for every step of the pipeline. This code:

# In dbg_pipes.exs
__ENV__.file
|> String.split("/", trim: true)
|> List.last()
|> File.exists?()
|> dbg()

Prints this:

$ elixir dbg_pipes.exs
[dbg_pipes.exs:5: (file)]
__ENV__.file #=> "/home/myuser/dbg_pipes.exs"
|> String.split("/", trim: true) #=> ["home", "myuser", "dbg_pipes.exs"]
|> List.last() #=> "dbg_pipes.exs"
|> File.exists?() #=> true

IEx and Prying

dbg/2 supports configurable backends. IEx automatically replaces the default
backend by one that halts the code execution with IEx.Pry, giving developers
the option to access local variables, imports, and more. This also works with
pipelines: if you pass a series of |> pipe calls to dbg (or pipe into it at the
end, like |> dbg()), you'll be able to step through every line in the pipeline.

You can keep the default behaviour by passing the --no-pry option to IEx.

PartitionSupervisor

PartitionSupervisor is a new module that implements a new supervisor type. The
partition supervisor is designed to help with situations where you have a single
supervised process that becomes a bottleneck. If that process's state can be
easily partitioned, then you can use PartitionSupervisor to supervise multiple
isolated copies of that process running concurrently, each assigned its own
partition.

For example, imagine you have an ErrorReporter process that you use to report
errors to a monitoring service.

# Application supervisor:
children = [
  # ...,
  ErrorReporter
]

Supervisor.start_link(children, strategy: :one_for_one)

As the concurrency of your application goes up, the ErrorReporter process
might receive requests from many other processes and eventually become a
bottleneck. In a case like this, it could help to spin up multiple copies of the
ErrorReporter process under a PartitionSupervisor.

# Application supervisor
children = [
  {PartitionSupervisor, child_spec: ErrorReporter, name: Reporters}
]

The PartitionSupervisor will spin up a number of processes equal to
System.schedulers_online() by default (most often one per core). Now, when
routing requests to ErrorReporter processes we can use a :via tuple and
route the requests through the partition supervisor.

partitioning_key = self()
ErrorReporter.report({:via, PartitionSupervisor, {Reporters, partitioning_key}}, error)

Using self() as the partitioning key here means that the same process will
always report errors to the same ErrorReporter process, ensuring a form of
back-pressure. You can use any term as the partitioning key.

A Common Example

A common and practical example of a good use case for PartitionSupervisor is
partitioning something like a DynamicSupervisor. When starting many processes
under it, a dynamic supervisor can be a bottleneck, especially if said processes
take a long time to initialize. Instead of starting a single DynamicSupervisor,
you can start multiple:

children = [
  {PartitionSupervisor, child_spec: DynamicSupervisor, name: MyApp.DynamicSupervisors}
]

Supervisor.start_link(children, strategy: :one_for_one)

Now you start processes on the dynamic supervisor for the right partition.
For instance, you can partition by PID, like in the previous example:

DynamicSupervisor.start_child(
  {:via, PartitionSupervisor, {MyApp.DynamicSupervisors, self()}},
  my_child_specification
)

Improved errors on binaries and evaluation

Erlang/OTP 25 improved errors on binary construction and evaluation. These improvements
apply to Elixir as well. Before v1.14, errors when constructing binaries would
often be hard-to-debug generic "argument errors". With Erlang/OTP 25 and Elixir v1.14,
more detail is provided for easier debugging. This work is part of EEP
54.

Before:

int = 1
bin = "foo"
int <> bin
#=> ** (ArgumentError) argument error

Now:

int = 1
bin = "foo"
int <> bin
#=> ** (ArgumentError) construction of binary failed:
#=>    segment 1 of type 'binary':
#=>    expected a binary but got: 1

Slicing with steps

Elixir v1.12 introduced stepped ranges, which are ranges where you can
specify the "step":

Enum.to_list(1..10//3)
#=> [1, 4, 7, 10]

Stepped ranges are particularly useful for numerical operations involving
vectors and matrices (see Nx, for example).
However, the Elixir standard library was not making use of stepped ranges in its
APIs. Elixir v1.14 starts to take advantage of steps with support for stepped
ranges in a couple of functions. One of them is Enum.slice/2:

letters = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j"]
Enum.slice(letters, 0..5//2)
#=> ["a", "c", "e"]

binary_slice/2 (and binary_slice/3 for completeness) has been added to the
Kernel module, that works with bytes and also support stepped ranges:

binary_slice("Elixir", 1..5//2)
#=> "lxr"

Expression-based inspection and Inspect improvements

In Elixir, it's conventional to implement the Inspect protocol for opaque
structs so that they're inspected with a special notation, resembling this:

MapSet.new([:apple, :banana])
#MapSet<[:apple, :banana]>

This is generally done when the struct content or part of it is private and the
%name{...} representation would reveal fields that are not part of the public
API.

The downside of the #name<...> convention is that the inspected output is not
valid Elixir code. For example, you cannot copy the inspected output and paste
it into an IEx session.

Elixir v1.14 changes the convention for some of the standard-library structs.
The Inspect implementation for those structs now returns a string with a valid
Elixir expression that recreates the struct when evaluated. In the MapSet
example above, this is what we have now:

fruits = MapSet.new([:apple, :banana])
MapSet.put(fruits, :pear)
#=> MapSet.new([:apple, :banana, :pear])

The MapSet.new/1 expression evaluates to exactly the struct that we're
inspecting. This allows us to hide the internals of MapSet, while keeping
it as valid Elixir code. This expression-based inspection has been
implemented for Version.Requirement, MapSet, and Date.Range.

Finally, we have improved the Inspect protocol for structs so that
fields are inspected in the order they are declared in defstruct.
The option :optional has also been added when deriving the Inspect
protocol, giving developers more control over the struct representation.
See the updated documentation for Inspect for a general rundown on
the approaches and options available.

1. Enhancements

EEx

• [EEx] Support multi-line comments to EEx via <%!-- --%>
• [EEx] Add EEx.tokenize/2

Elixir

• [Access] Add Access.slice/1
• [Application] Add Application.compile_env/4 and Application.compile_env!/3 to read the compile-time environment inside macros
• [Calendar] Support ISO8601 basic format parsing with DateTime.from_iso8601/2
• [Calendar] Add day/hour/minute on add/diff across different calendar modules
• [Code] Add :normalize_bitstring_modifiers to Code.format_string!/2
• [Code] Emit deprecation and type warnings for invalid options in on Code.compile_string/2 and Code.compile_quoted/2
• [Code] Warn if an outdated lexical tracker is given on eval
• [Code] Add Code.env_for_eval/1 and Code.eval_quoted_with_env/3
• [Code] Improve stacktraces from eval operations on Erlang/OTP 25+
• [Code.Fragment] Add support for __MODULE__ in several functions
• [Code.Fragment] Support surround and context suggestions across multiple lines
• [Enum] Allow slicing with steps in Enum.slice/2
• [File] Support dereference_symlinks: true in File.cp/3 and File.cp_r/3
• [Float] Do not show floats in scientific notation if below 1.0e16 and the fractional value is precisely zero
• [Float] Add Float.min_finite/0 and Float.max_finite/0
• [Inspect] Improve error reporting when there is a faulty implementation of the Inspect protocol
• [Inspect] Allow :optional when deriving the Inspect protocol for hiding fields that match their default value
• [Inspect] Inspect struct fields in the order they are declared in defstruct
• [Inspect] Use expression-based inspection for Date.Range, MapSet, and Version.Requirement
• [IO] Support Macro.Env and keywords as stacktrace defini...

v1.14.0-rc.1

Release v1.14.0-rc.1

v1.14.0-rc.0

Release v1.14.0-rc.0

v1.13.4

This release has been verified to work with Erlang/OTP 25 RC2.

1. Enhancements

Elixir

• [Code] Allow iodata to be returned in sigil formatting functions
• [Code] Pass opening delimiter information to sigil formatting functions

2. Bug fixes

Elixir

• [Kernel] Tweak type unification to fix infinite loop with recursive vars
• [Kernel] Add compile-time dependencies on require
• [Registry] Make Registry send work with named triplets

3. Deprecations

Mix

• [mix rebar] Deprecate Rebar 2 as it no longer works on Erlang/OTP 25

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v1.13.3

1. Enhancements

Mix

• [mix format] Supply file and line to formatter plugins
• [mix format] Support embedded Elixir expressions inside formatter plugins

2. Bug fixes

Elixir

• [Code] Fix duplicate bindings causing errors during evaluation
• [Kernel] Make sure signatures stored in the Documentation chunk does not contain newlines
• [Kernel] Fix infinite loop when compiling guards with recursive map access
• [Macro] Fix error on Macro.to_string/1 when the plain alias Elixir is given
• [String] Fix error for certain codepoint combinations in String.split_at/2

Mix

• [mix compile] Recompile project files when exports from dependencies change
• [mix test] Fix total coverage always showing in red even when above the threshold

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v1.13.2

1. Enhancements

Mix

• [mix format] Allow plugins to also format .ex and .exs files
• [mix release] Allow bypassing application mode validation in release spec
• [mix test] Print a message when the suite fails due to the coverage threshold

2. Bug fixes

Elixir

• [Code] Do not emit warnings on Code.Fragment.container_cursor_to_quoted/2
• [Kernel] Fix a crash when a for-comprehension with :uniq was used inside another comprehension with :uniq
• [Kernel] Ensure env.context_modules is properly set inside optimized defmodule
• [Keyword] Deprecate the recently added Keyword.map/2 as it is equivalent to Keyword.new/2
• [Map] Deprecate the recently added Map.map/2 as it is equivalent to Map.new/2
• [Protocol] Warn on zero arity callbacks inside protocols

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v1.13.1

1. Bug fixes

Elixir

• [Code] Do not show code snippets in SyntaxError and TokenMissingError if line is empty
• [Exception] Do not fail blaming ArgumentError for improper lists on apply/3
• [Macro] Set a max line_length for Macro.to_string/1
• [Macro] Fix formatting of lists on module attributes for Macro.to_string/1
• [String] Fix incorrect codepoint byte counting in slice with negative positions in ranges
• [Task] Ensure async streams can be consumed from another process than the one that creates them
• [URI] Undeprecate URI.parse/1 as URI.new/1 is too strict in many common cases
• [URI] Make sure URI.new/1 returns nil for empty paths

IEx

• [IEx] Make sure the --version flag halts IEx

Mix

• [Mix] Make protocol consolidation part of the Mix.install/2 cache

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v1.13.0

Announcement: https://elixir-lang.org/blog/2021/12/03/elixir-v1-13-0-released/

1. Enhancements

EEx

• [EEx] Add :parser_options to EEx functions

Elixir

• [Calendar] Add c:Calendar.year_of_era/3 to support calendars where the beginning of a new era does not align with the beginning of a new year
• [CLI] Support --short-version on the CLI that does not boot the VM
• [Code] Add Code.string_to_quoted_with_comments/2 and Code.quoted_to_algebra/2
• [Code] Add more :token_metadata to aliases and remote calls when parsing strings
• [Code] Add Code.Fragment module to provide best-effort information from code fragments. The module currently provides an updated Code.Fragment.cursor_context/2 with operator support and Code.Fragment.surround_context/2 which looks at a given position in a fragment and find its surrounding delimiters
• [Code] Allow custom sigil formatting on Code.format_string!/2
• [Code] Add {:on_module, bytecode, :none} trace to compilation tracers
• [Enum] Optimize Enum.concat/1 for lists of lists
• [Enum] Add Enum.slide/3
• [Exception] Better format Elixir exceptions in Erlang
• [Inspect] Allow default inspect fun to be set globally with Inspect.Opts.default_inspect_fun/1
• [IO] Allow :eof to be given as limit to IO.getn/2
• [Kernel] Support the :sigils option in import Mod, only: :sigils and allow the sigil modifiers to be also digits
• [Kernel] Make get_in consistently abort when nil values are found
• [Kernel] Improve compilation times by reducing the amount of copies of the AST across compiler processes
• [Kernel] Raise if trying to define a module with a slash in its name
• [Kernel] Warn when ?\ is used and there is no need for a escape character
• [Kernel] Track structs in typespecs as export deps instead of compile-time deps
• [Kernel] Add power operator (**/2)
• [Keyword] Add Keyword.validate/2
• [Keyword] Implement Keyword.filter/2 and Keyword.map/2
• [List] Add List.keyfind!/3
• [Macro] Add Macro.prewalker/1 and Macro.postwalker/1
• [Macro.Env] Add the following reflection functions: required?/2, lookup_import/2, fetch_alias/2, and fetch_macro_alias/2
• [Map] Implement Map.filter/2 and Map.map/2
• [Module] Support :nillify_clauses in Module.get_definition/3
• [Module] Add Module.attributes_in/1 and Module.overridables_in/1
• [OptionParser] Add "did you mean?" suggestions to OptionParser.ParseError messages
• [Record] Add record reflection via @__records__
• [Task] Add Task.completed/1
• [Task] Add Task.ignore/1 to keep a task running but ignoring all of its results
• [Task] Reduce the amount of copying Task.async* functions
• [URI] Add URI.new/1 and URI.new!/1

ExUnit

• [ExUnit] Show hint if comparing different but equivalent strings
• [ExUnit.CaptureIO] Add with_io/3 to return result with captured io
• [ExUnit.CaptureLog] Add with_log/2 to return result with captured logs

IEx

• [IEx.Autocomplete] Add path autocompletion whenever when the cursor follows "./ or "/ or "DRIVER: where DRIVER is a single letter
• [IEx.Autocomplete] Add autocompletion for sigils, struct names, and struct fields
• [IEx.Helpers] Allow multiple modules to be given to r/1

Logger

• [Logger] Add Logger.put_application_level/2

Mix

• [Mix] Add MIX_INSTALL_FORCE environment variable support
• [Mix] Support :config and :system_env in Mix.install/2
• [Mix] Add Mix.installed?/0
• [Mix.Shell] Add :default option to Mix.Shell.yes?
• [mix archive.install] Run loadconfig before building archive
• [mix compile] Move Elixir version check to before deps are compiled, in order to give feedback earlier
• [mix compile.elixir] Do not recompile files if their modification time change but their contents are still the same and the .beam files are still on disk
• [mix compile.elixir] Do not recompile all Elixir sources when Erlang modules change, only dependent ones
• [mix compile.elixir] Do not recompile Elixir files if mix.exs changes, instead recompile only files using Mix.Project or trigger a recompilation if a compiler option changes
• [mix compile.elixir] Only recompile needed files when a dependency is added, updated or removed
• [mix compile.elixir] Only recompile needed files when a dependency is configured
• [mix deps] Add :subdir option to git deps
• [mix escript.install] Run loadconfig before building escript
• [mix format] Support :plugins in mix format that can hook into custom extensions and sigils
• [mix format] Add Mix.Tasks.Format.formatter_for_file/2
• [mix local.rebar] No longer support sub_dirs in Rebar 2 to help migration towards Rebar 3
• [mix local.rebar] Support --if-missing option when installing Rebar
• [mix local.rebar] Set REBAR_PROFILE=prod when compiling Rebar dependencies
• [mix test] Support --profile-require=time to profile the time loading test files themselves
• [mix test] Allow filtering modules from coverage using regex
• [mix test] Allow the exit status of ExUnit to be configured and set the default to 2
• [mix test] Exit with a status of 3 when coverage falls below threshold
• [mix test] Write failed manifest when suite fails due to --warnings-as-errors
• [mix test] Ignore MIX_TEST_PARTITION when partitions set to 1
• [mix xref] Support multiple sinks and sources in mix xref graph
• [mix xref] Add trace subcommand to print compilation dependencies between files
• [mix xref] Add --fail-above option to mix xref
• [mix xref] Add --label compile-connected to mix xref

2. Bug fixes

EEx

• [EEx] Accept comments in EEx between do and the first clause
• [EEx] Accept EEx expressions where -> is followed by newline

Elixir

• [Application] Allow any expression as first argument of compile_env
• [Application] Warn if Application.compile_env or Application.compile_env! are called without a require
• [Code] Make sure :static_atoms_encoder in Code.string_to_quoted/2 also applies to quoted keyword keys
• [Code] Ensure bindings with no context are returned as atoms instead of {binding, nil} in eval operations
• [Inspect] Fix a bug when inspecting a non-binary bitstring with colors
• [Kernel] Reject bidirectional formatting characters in strings and comments
• [Kernel] Support escaping of terminators in uppercase sigils heredocs for consistency
• [Kernel] Raise if __CALLER__ or __ENV__ or __STACKTRACE__ are used in match
• [Kernel] Improve error message on invalid argument for byte_size from binary concat
• [Kernel] Raise when aliasing non-Elixir modules without :as
• [Kernel] Allow unquote_splicing inside %{...} without parens
• [Kernel] Ensure that waiting on a struct expansion inside a typespec is correctly tracked as waiting time in the compiler
• [Kernel] Correctly parse the atom . as a keyword list key
• [Kernel] Do not leak variables from the first generator in with and for special forms
• [Kernel] Fix column number on strings with NFD characters
• [Kernel] Fix a bug where a combination of dynamic line in quote with unquote of remote calls would emit invalid AST metadata
• [OptionParser] Validate switch types/modifiers early on to give more precise feedback
• [Protocol] Add defdelegate to the list of unallowed macros inside protocols as protocols do not allow function definitions
• [Protocol] Warn if @callback, @macrocallback and @optional_callbacks are defined inside protocol
• [Protocol] Ensure protocol metadata is deterministic on consolidation
• [Range] Always show step when range is descending
• [String] Update Unicode database to version 14.0
• [URI] Only percent decode if followed by hex digits (according to https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#percent-decode)
• [Version] Ensure proper precedence of and/or in version requirements

ExUnit

• [ExUnit] Fix formatter and counters from ExUnit.run/0 to consider all tests in a module whenever if a module's setup_all fails
• [ExUnit] Allow doctests newlines to be terminated by CRLF

IEx

• [IEx] Fix the loss of .iex.exs context after a pry session
• [IEx] Stop evaluator before exiting IEx server to avoid evaluators leaking

Logger

• [Logger] Raise clear error message for invalid :compile_time_purge_matching configuration
• [Logger] Fix a bug where Logger would not reset its discard counter under some scenarios

Mix

• [mix compile.elixir] Track transitive runtime dependencies coming from local/path dependencies
• [mix compile.elixir] Recompile file if @external_resource is deleted
• [mix compile.elixir] Print number of compiling files on all compiler cycles. This will make the Compiling N files (.ex) show up multiple times if necessary
• [mix deps] Raise if local dep is unavailable while compiling
• [mix deps.unlock] Fix blank output when unlocking a dependency that is not locked
• [mix local.install] Do not respect MIX_DEPS_PATH for install commands
• [mix release] Improve release scripts by making sure shell errors cascade (this is done by avoiding exporting and defining variables in a single step)
• [mix release] Do not boot release if RELEASE_COOKIE is empty
• [mix release] Allow releases running as a daemon to be restarted
• [mix release] Raise proper error message when non-serializable values are in configs
• [mix test] Fix coverage engine to also tag case, cond, and receive branches where the right side is a literal

3. Soft-deprecations (no warnings emitted)

Elixir

• [Code] Environment options in Code.eval_quoted/3 and Code.eval_string/3, such as :aliases and `:t...

v1.13.0-rc.1

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v1.13.0-rc.0

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