codetutor

===============================================================================
=                        Vim tutor for development                            =
===============================================================================

    Another tutor to guide through vim basic commands as well as some
    cpp and other code related commands. This tutor is constructed on basis
    of my learning with vim and what are the most useful commands for me.

    Some of the lessons are partially copied from the original vimtutor
    (https://github.com/vim/vim/blob/master/runtime/tutor/tutor). You should
    most probably complete that first.

    If you are new to vim, I would recommend that you complete vimtutor
    and this tutor every day for a week. That way you can learn the commands
    completely. I know it's a learning curve but trust me, it pays off in
    the end.

    In the tutor you might find some modifiers that should be replaced with
    whatever you need for your use case. Modifiers are:
    * [C] - Any character, numeric or alphabetical
    * [N] - A number
    * [F] - A filename

===============================================================================

                        Lesson 1: THE BASICS

    These should be familiar for you if you completed vimtutor but as you know
    repetition is the mother of all learning. I have marked all commands that
    can additionally take multiplier with [@] character. There are also examples
    under specific command what it means.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                        Lesson 1.1: BASIC MOVEMENT

    You should already be comfortable with basic movement with h,j,k and l
    keys. If not, please complete vimtutor first.

    * j - Go down [@]
        * 2j - Go down 2 lines
    * k - Go up [@]
        * 3k - Go up 3 lines
    * h - Go left [@]
        * 4h - Go left 4 characters
    * l - Go right [@]
        * 5l - Go right 5 characters

    To be sure you can do this, please go to the | start point and move
    yourself through the track marked with * characters

|****************************     ***********     ☕********
                            *     *         *             *
      *******               *     *         *             *
      *     *               *     *         *             *
      *     *****************     *         ***************
      *                           *
      *****************************


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                        Lesson 1.2: JUMP AROUND

    One of the most crucial things to learn in vim is jumping around with
    shortcuts. To move around the source you should familiarize yourself
    with the following commands:

    * w - Jump forwards to the start of the word [@]
        * [N]w - Jump forwards [N] words to the start of the word
    * W - Jump forwards to the start of the word (discard punctuation) [@]
    * e - jump forwards to the end of the word [@]
    * E - Jump forwards to the end of the word (discard punctuation) [@]
    * b - Jump backwards to the start of the word [@]
    * B - Jump backwards to the start of the word (discard punctuation) [@]
    * 0 - Jump to the start of the line
    * ^ - Jump to the first non-blank character of the line
    * $ - Jump to the end of the line
    * [N]| - Jump to column [N]

    You can play around with these in the following sentence and see how
    they operate in different situations:

There might be some punctuatio'n characters like this#is#function in between.
    Also there might be some blank characters in the start where 0 doesn't work.


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                   Lesson 1.2: JUMP AROUND (FASTER)

    Sometimes you might get bored of pressing k and j buttons until you
    get to the place you want to go. There are faster ways to do this:

    * f[C] - Jump to the next occurence of character [C] [@]
        * [N]f[C] - Jump to [N]th occurence of character [C]
    * F[C] - Jump to the previous occurence of character [C] [@]
    * t[C] - Jump to the before next occurence of character [C] [@]
    * T[C] - Jump to the after previous occurence of character [C] [@]
    * ; - Repeat previous f, t, F or T movement
    * , - Repeat previous f, t, F or T movement backwards

    Here's a challenge: With how many commands can you now complete
    the "star-track" in the Lesson 1.1? If you can get through it with less
    than 14 commands, you can be proud of yourself!


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                   Lesson 1.3: JUMP AROUND THE FILE

    Now that we are pretty clear how to navigate through single lines, we can
    move to commands that move you a lot faster through the document.

    * [N]G - Go to the line [N] for example 5G would go to line 5
    * gg - Go to the first line of the document
    * G - Go to the last line of the document [@]
    * Ctrl + b - Move back one full screen (mnemonic: 'backward')
    * Ctrl + f - Move forward one full screen (mnemonic: 'forward')
    * Ctrl + u - Move back a half screen (mnemonic: 'up')
    * Ctrl + d - Move forward a half screen (mnemonic: 'down')

    You can also move around the document without moving the cursor:

    * Ctrl + e - Move screen down one line without moving the cursor
    * Ctrl + y - Move screen up one line without moving the cursor
    * zz - Center the cursor on screen

    Or wise-versa - move the cursor without moving the screen:
    * H - Move cursor to the top of the current screen (mnemonic: 'High')
    * M - Move cursor to the middle of the current screen (mnemonic: 'Middle')
    * L - Move cursor to the bottow of the current screen (mnemonic: 'Low')

    Ok, now you can try these out in this document. Try to remember them
    and put them in your muscle memory. When you think you are ready, move
    to the next chapter.


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                   Lesson 1.4: JUMP AROUND THE CODE

    There are some movement commands that are pretty useful when working
    with code:

    * { - Jump to the next paragraph
    * } - Jump to the previous paragraph
    * % - Jump to the matching character.
          Default supported pairs: '()', '{}', '[]'.
          For more info use :h matchpairs

    You can play around these in the following simple code block:

int user_function(const std::string& word) {
    std::cout << word << std::endl;
    return word.length();
}

int main(int argc, char** argv[]) {
    return user_function("hello vim") + 1;
}


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                       Lesson 1.5: WORKING WITH FILES

    These commands are for working with files. Here's a list of
    the most important of them:

    * :w - Save the current file (or :w [F] to save to another file)
    * :wq - Save the current file and exit
    * :x or ZZ - Write current file, if modified, and close the current window
    * :wqa - Save all tabs and quit
    * :q - Quit
    * :q! - Quit and throw away unsaved changes
    * :r [F] - Retrieve the content of the file and place under the cursor
    * :o [F] - Open file [F]
    * :saveas [F] - Save file as [F]
    * :close - Closes current panel

    You can try these out but remember to get back here ;)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                       Lesson 1.6: GETTING HELP AND INFORMATION

    There are few global commands that are used for getting help.

    * :help [K] - Open help for [K] keyword
    * :help (without arguments) - Main help file
    * :help user-manual - Further learning material once you finish this tutor

    The following command help you navigate within the documentation or around:
    * K - Open man page for word under the cursor
    * Ctrl + W, W - Switch between the windows (round)
    * Ctrl + O - Move backward to the previous place
    * Ctrl + I - Move forward (opposite to the previous command)

    You can try this on 'user-manual'. Move to 'usr_21.txt', press K (Shift + k),
    then Ctrl + O to get back to the 'user-manual' and "back forward" to 
    'usr_21.txt' again.

===============================================================================

                     Lesson 2: WORKING WITH TEXT

    In this lesson we go through commands that you will use to insert, edit,
    delete, copy and paste text in vim. Most of the commands work together
    with the movement commands which makes them really powerful. I have marked
    commands that support using movement commands with [@] character.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                     Lesson 2.1: INSERTING TEXT

    To get your coding started you might want to insert some text in the
    source files. There are multiple ways to get in to the insert mode:

    * i - Insert before the cursor [@]
    * I - Insert at the beginning of the line
    * a - Insert after the cursor [@]
        * ea - Insert at the end of the word
    * A - Insert at the end of the line
    * o - Append a new line below the current line and insert
    * O - Append a new line above the current line and insert

    To get back to normal mode from inserting you can press ESC.
    Now fill in the functions like they were in Lesson 1.4. using
    the insert mode. When you feel confident of going into insert
    mode using these commands you can continue to the next chapter.

int user_function(const std::string&
}

t main(int argc, char** argv[]) {
}

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                   Lesson 2.2: SELECTING TEXT

    To select text you can use so called visual mode. To get to the visual
    mode you have to press 'v' in the normal mode. In the visual mode
    you can select text by using the movement keys explained before. Visual
    mode has actually three different submodes you can use. You can access
    other modes with CTRL and SHIFT superkeys combined with 'v':

    * v - Start visual mode
    * V - Start linewise visual mode
    * Ctrl+v - Start visual block mode

    There are some other commands you can use in the visual mode:

    * o - Move to other end of the marked area
    * O - Move to other corner of the block (in block mode)
    * aw - Mark a word
    * ab - Mark a block with ()
    * aB - Mark a block with {}
    * ib - Mark an inner block with ()
    - iB - Mark an inner block with {}

    You can get out of the visual mode by pressing ESC.

    Now you can try to play around the visual mode by marking parts of this
    lesson. Once you feel confident, move to the next lesson.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                      Lesson 2.3: EDITING TEXT

    Editing text in normal mode is something you should always try
    to do instead trying to do it in the insert mode. As a base rule,
    try to stay out of insert mode always when you are not actually
    inserting text. Here are some commands for editing text in the normal
    mode:

    * r[C] - Replace character under cursor with [C]
    * c - Change [@]
        * cc - Change current line
        * cw - Change to the end of the word
        * c$ - Change to the end of the line
    * s - Delete character and go to insert mode [@]
        * 4s - Delete 4 characters and go to insert mode
    * x - Delete character under cursor [@]
        * 4x - Delete 4 characters

    Now try to fix the following sentence to match the one below:

Txe quick bronw fox jumpss the lazy dog and cat
The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                         Lesson 2.4: UNDO/REDO

    Sometimes it happens that we accidentally press wrong buttons especially
    in vim. Then you need to undo and redo things. This is easily done with:

    * u - Undo the last command [@]
        * 5u - Undo the last 5 commands
    * Ctrl+r - Redo the last undo [@]
        * 2 Ctrl+r - Redo the last 2 undos
    * . - Repeat the last command [@]
        * 3. - Repeat the last command 3 times

    Now try to delete this few words from this line and then try undo and redo
    commands to get the line back to it's original state.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                       Lesson 2.5: INDENTATION

    If you are a coder you most probably like the indentation in
    your source files. In the insert mode this works like in any other
    editor with TAB key but there are also other ways to add, remove or
    fix indentation in normal and visual mode:

    In the normal mode:
    * >> - Grow indentation on the line [@]
        * >2k - Grow indentation on current line and two previous lines
        * [N]>> - Increase indentation [N] lines below the current line
    * << - Decrease indentation on the line [@]
        * <2k - Decrease indentation on current line and two previous lines
        * [N]<< - Decrease indentation [N] lines below the current line
    * == - Automatically indent the current line [@]
        * [N]== - Automatically indent [N] lines below the current line
    * gg=G - Automatically indent the whole file

    In the visual mode:
    * > - Grow indentation on the line
    * < - Decrease indentation on the line
    * = - Indent the selected block

    You can configure the amount of indentation and tab/space usage in
    your .vimrc file (explained in Lesson 5).

    Now fix indentation for the following code block:

        class TestClass {
                        public:
TestClass() = default;
    ~TestClass() = default;
                            void DoStuff();

private:
        int DoMoreStuff();
    };


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                       Lesson 2.6: COPY AND PASTE

    Copy and paste is very used feature for programmers (see the irony here).
    In vim this is made very easy and basically you only need to remember
    only 3 commands to get you started:

    * y - Copy [@]
        * yy - Copy the entire line
        * [N]yy - Copy [N] lines
    * d - Cut [@]
        * D - Cut to the end of the line
        * dd - Cut the line
        * [N]dd - Cut [N] lines
    * x - Cut character under cursor
    * p - Paste after the cursor
    * P - Paste before the cursor
    * Ctrl + P - Paste from OS clipboard

    Now fix the following class with copy and paste functions so that it
    looks like the one in Lesson 2.4:

public:
class TestClass {
    default; = TestClass()
    DoStuff(); void

private:
    ~TestClass() = default;
    ()int DoMoreStuff;
};


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                          Lesson 2.7: SEARCHING

    Sometimes you need to search for something in your current buffer (makes
    sense). Searching in vim works with regex so it's something you should
    know at least on some level. This can be done with the following commands:

    * * - Search the word under cursor
    * /[S] - Search for [S] forwards in current buffer
    * ?[S] - Search for [S] backwards in current buffer
    * n - Repeat search in the same direction
    * N - Repeat search in the opposite direction
    * :noh - Remove highlighting of search matches

    Searching in multiple files can be done with :vimgrep command though
    there are better alternatives such as fzf but it requires a plugin.
    To search in multiple files:

    * :vimgrep /[S]/ [FILES] - Searches for pattern in given files
    * :cn - Jump to the next match
    * :cp - Jump to the previous match
    * :copen - Open a window containing the list of matches

    Now try to search all "Lesson" words in this document. Try it forwards
    and backwards until you feel confident.


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                           Lesson 2.8: REPLACING

    Once you know how to search for strings, now it's time to replace some.
    Replacing in vim works same way it works with commandline tool sed.
    This is done with the following command:

    * :s/[O]/[N] - Replace first occurence of [O] with [N] in current line
    * :s/[O]/[N]/g - Replace all [O] with [N] in current line
    * :%s/[O]/[N]/g - Replace all [O] with [N] in the current buffer
    * :%s/[O]/[N]/gc - Replace all [O] with [N] in current buffer but confirm
                       each replacement first
    * :g/[S]/d - Delete all lines containing [S]
    * :v/[S]/d - Delete all lines not containing [S]

    Now try to replace all "Lesson" words in this document with "Chapter" and
    vice versa.


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                          Lesson 2.9: WORD CASE

    Sometimes you need to change word cases from uppercase to lowercase and
    vice versa. Vim has commands also to do this:

    * Vu - Lowercase current line
    * VU - Uppercase current line
    * g~~ - Invert case on current line
    * vEU - Switch word to upper case
    * vE~ - Invert word case
    * ggguG - Set all text to lowercase
    * gggUG - Set all text to uppercase

    Now try switching word cases in the following sentence:


the QUICK brown Fox jumps over the LAZY dog

===============================================================================

                         Lesson 3: ADVANCED USAGE

    This lesson goes through some of the advanced usage parts of vim like working
    with windows, buffers, marks, macros and registers. These functionalities
    improve your productivity greatly as you can edit multiple files at the same
    vim instance and save your actions and clipboards to multiple places.


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                           Lesson 3.1: BUFFERS

    Buffers in vim are your basic workspace. Each time you open vim, with file
    or not, the tool will open a new buffer. To work with buffers you can use
    the following commands:

    * :e [F] - Edits given [F] file in new buffer
    * :b[N] - Go to buffer [N]
    * :bn - Go to next buffer
    * :bp - Go to previous buffer
    * :bd - Delete a buffer (close file)
    * :ls - List all open buffers
    * :bufdo [CMD] - Execute given command in all buffers
        * For example :bufdo /[S]/ searches [S] from all buffers

    To try this out, open a new buffer with ":e test_file". Now try to switch
    between this buffer and the created one. Finally close the opened buffer.
    After you are done with this, continue to the next lesson.


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                           Lesson 3.2: WINDOWS

    Windows add great value to your basic editing. You might also want to get
    know tool called tmux for windowing your shells. Every window can access to
    same buffers as other windows which makes. To start with windows you must
    familiarize yourself with the following commands:

    ** Create/quit windows:
    * :sp [F] - Edits given [F] file in new buffer and splits the window
    * :vsp [F] - Edits given [F] file in new buffer and splits window vertically
    * Ctrl + ws - Split window
    * Ctrl + wv - Split window vertically
    * Ctrl + ww - Switch window
    * Ctrl + wq - Quit window

    ** Move cursor around:
    * Ctrl + wh - Move cursor to the left window
    * Ctrl + wl - Move cursor to the right window
    * Ctrl + wj - Move cursor to the below window
    * Ctrl + wk - Move cursor to the above window

    ** Move/rearrange windows (:help window-moving)
    * Ctrl + wR - Rotate windows up/left
    * Ctrl + wr - Rotate windows down/right
    * Ctrl + wL - Move the current window to the "far rigth"
    * Ctrl + wH - Move the current window to the "far left"
    * Ctrl + wL - Move the current window to the "very bottom"
    * Ctrl + wL - Move the current window to the "very top"

    ** Resize window:
    * :res [N] - Resize window to [N] rows
        * :res +[N] - Grow by [N] rows
        * :res -[N] - Shrink by [N] rows
    * :vertical resize [N] - Resize window to [N] columns
        * :vertical resize +[N] - Grow by [N] columns
        * :vertical resize +[N] - Shrink by [N] columns
    * Ctrl + w+ - Grow window size by 1 row [@]
        * 10 Ctrl + w+ - Grow window size by 10 rows
    * Ctrl + w- - Shrink window size by 1 row [@]
        * 10 Ctrl + w- - Shrink window size by 10 rows
    * Ctrl + w> - Grow window size by 1 column [@]
        * 10 Ctrl + w> - Grow window size by 10 columns
    * Ctrl + w< - Shrink window size by 1 column [@]
        * 10 Ctrl + w< - Shrink window size by 10 columns
    * Ctrl + w= - Make all windows the same size
    * Ctrl + w_ - Increase window size to maximum height
    * Ctrl + w| - Increase window size to maximum width

    To play around with windows, open a new buffer with ":vsp test_file" or
    ":sp test_file". Now try moving around windows and finally close the test_file
    window for good. You can also combine this lesson with the Lesson 3.1 and
    open new buffers and switch those between windows.


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                           Lesson 3.3: TABS

    Tabs are another way to work with multiple files. Tabs also share the same
    buffers with each other and can be very powerful when combined with windows.
    Basic commands for using tabs are:

    * :tabnew [F] - Edits a (optional) file in new tab
    * gt - Move to next tab
    * gT - Move to previous tab
    * [N]gt - Move to tab [N]
    * Ctrl + wT - Move current split window into tab
    * :tabmove [N] - Move current tab to the [N] position
    * :tabc - Close the current tab and all its windows
    * :tabo - Close all tabs except the current one
    * :tabdo [C] - Run the command on all tabs (for example :tabdo w will save
                   all files in tabs)

    To get around tabs, open a new tab with ":tabnew" command. Now try to change
    between this tab and the newly opened. Also try to move their position. Finally
    close the new tab.


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                         Lesson 3.4: REGISTERS

    Registers are same as clipboards except in vim you have multiple of those.
    By default if you use copy and cut functions they are stored to register 0.
    Great thing about vim registers is that the data is stored to ~/.viminfo
    file and the contents of the register are available also if you restart
    vim.  You can also copy and paste to different registers by the following
    commands:

    * :reg - Show contents of all registers
    * "[N]y - Copy into register [N]
    * "[N]p - Paste contents of register [N]

    To try this out, copy these lines into different registers:
    HINT: To copy line to register type "[N]yy

The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
The lazy dog jumps over the quick brown fox


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                         Lesson 3.5: MARKS

    Marks are like bookmarks in vim. Marks allow you faster navigation in
    most used places of the text files. Marks are saved to ~/.viminfo file
    so they are available in case you restart vim. To use marks you can use
    the following commands:

    * m[C] - Place mark [C] at current position
    * :marks - Show list of marks
    * ´[C] - Jump to mark at position [C]
    * y´a - Copy text to position of mark [C]

    Now to play with marks, place a mark on this line. Now get yourself to
    Lesson 1.1 (You should know how already). Place a mark of your choice there.
    Now try jumping between these marks and also try to copy text from
    mark to the register.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                         Lesson 3.6: MACROS

    Macros are recorded commands that can be replayed over and over again. With
    macros it's easy to redo things for multiple files with a little effort.
    To work with macros you have the following commands available:

    * q[C] - Start recording macro [C]
    * q - Stop recording macro
    * @[C] - Run macro [C]
    * @@ - Rerun last run macro

    To try these, start recording a macro with command qa. Navigate to the next
    line and replace 2 first words with 'Angry dog'. Go to the insert mode and
    add some text to the line. Now stop recording and try to rerun the macro on
    the line 2.

Happy cat requested a new feature for the litterbox
Happy cat requested a new feature for the litterbox


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                      Lesson 3.6: FILE EXPLORER

    Vim has integrated file explorer which can be used to open up files
    more easily. There are also plugins such as NerdTree that are more feature
    rich in finding and opening files. To use the integrated file explorer
    you can use the following commands:

    - :e [PATH] - Opens integrated file explorer in path
        - Use ':e .' to open in current folder
    - :Sex - Split window and open integrated file explorer
    - :Sex! - Split window vertically and open integrated file explorer
    - :browse e - Open graphical file explorer
    - gf - Open file name under cursor

    Now try to open README.md file using the file explorer.

===============================================================================

                   Lesson 4: PROGRAMMING WITH VIM

    Now that we have covered the basics and some more advanced topics, it's
    time to move to actual programming work. In this chapter I will go through
    in-the-box tools for vim that can be utilized in programming. While
    it's more important to know the basic usage, some of these lessons might
    be a life savers when trying to do some actual work.


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                    Lesson 4.1: ACCESSING SHELL

    Most of the times when doing programming you need to access shell for invoking
    build or do something else and you don't want to lose your environment by
    quiting the editor. Vim provides the following command for that:

    * :sh - Access shell in current window

    While it's convenient sometimes I would still suggest trying out tool called
    tmux which makes this more easy. Other commands working with shell are:

    * :! - Runs the last external command from shell history
    * :![CMD] - Runs command in shell
    * :!! - Repeats the last command
    * :silent ![CMD] - Runs command silently
    * :r ![CMD] - Runs the command and puts output into current buffer

    To try this out, type in command ':r !ls' on the next empty line:

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                    Lesson 4.2: BUILDING AND FIXING

    Vim has commands that help you build targets from the editor. By default
    it uses Makefiles. Commands are:

    * :make - Compiles based on Makefile in current directory
    * :make -C [PATH] - Compiles Makefile in given path
    * :make! - Compiles without opening the source files after
    * :set makeprg=[CMD] - Set :make to execute specific command instead default make

    To try this out, run ':make! -C example/cpp1'. This will compile based
    on Makefile found in this path. Now as you can see the compiling failed
    because of syntax error. You can see all errors from the vim's quickfix
    list. To access this list you can use these commands:

    * :cl - Lists all errors
    * :cn - Jump to next error
    * :cp - Jump to previous error
    * :cope - Open a window to show the current list of errors

    Now fix the errors found during compiling and try to compile the example
    again.

===============================================================================

                     Lesson 5: CUSTOMIZATION

    Vim is very customizable as you may already know. There are lots of plugins
    available and the most hardest part is finding the best and learning how
    to use them. In this lesson I will show how to customize your vim installation
    and what are the best practices.


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                       Lesson 5.1: VIMRC

    .vimrc is a file in your home directory where all customization for vim is
    done. There are lots of examples in the internet of this file which can
    be used almost out of the box. I would suggest you try some of them out
    if you don't have any previous experience of working with this file.
    You can find my configuration file from https://github.com/drodil/dotfiles/

    All of the basic things you can configure through .vimrc are also available
    from the tool itself. Here I cover the most important ones:

    * :set number - Shows line numbers in the editor
    * :set relativenumber - Shows relative line numbers in the editor
    * :set autoindent - Uses indentation from the previous line
    * :set smartindent - Use smart C-style indentation
    * :set tabstop=[N] - Set tab width to [N] characters
    * :set shiftwidth=[N] - Set indentation to [N] characters
    * :set expandtabs - Use spaces for tabs
    * :syntax on - Turn colour syntax on for different source files

    There is lots of different settings for vim that you need to customize to
    work for you and these are only covering the basics. I would recommend you
    create your own dotfiles repository where you keep your configuration. This
    way you can always see history of changes and it's very easy to use the same
    configuration file on multiple machines.


~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

                         Lesson 5.2: PLUGINS

    There are A LOT of different plugins for vim and some of them are good
    and some of them not so good. One of the best places to figure out
    good plugins is https://vimawesome.com/. What plugins you need completely
    depends on your programming language, toolchain and how much you want to
    spend time on customizing the editor.

    I recommend using plugin manager to manage your vim plugins. One of the
    best plugin manager is called Plug (https://github.com/junegunn/vim-plug)
    but there are alternatives like VundleVim
    (https://github.com/VundleVim/Vundle.vim) and pathogen
    (https://github.com/tpope/vim-pathogen).

    When you install a new plugin I highly recommend spending time to master
    it before adding anything additional. The plugins might conflict each
    other in for example keybindings which might create extra headache if
    you install them as a bundle. Here you can also refer to existing vimrc
    files where plugins are most likely tested that they work together.