diff --git a/csrc/includes/cpu_adam.h b/csrc/includes/cpu_adam.h
index e4fae63ce7cd..9163c8851372 100644
--- a/csrc/includes/cpu_adam.h
+++ b/csrc/includes/cpu_adam.h
@@ -57,22 +57,25 @@ class Adam_Optimizer {
     inline void IncrementStep(size_t step, float beta1, float beta2)
     {
         if (beta1 != _betta1 || beta2 != _betta2) {
-            _step = step;
             _betta1 = beta1;
             _betta2 = beta2;
-            _betta1_t = std::pow(_betta1, step);
-            _betta2_t = std::pow(_betta2, step);
         } else {
-            _step++;
-            if (_step != step) {
-                _betta1_t = std::pow(_betta1, step);
-                _betta2_t = std::pow(_betta2, step);
+            if (step == _step) { return; }
+            if (step == _step + 1) {
                 _step = step;
-            } else {
                 _betta1_t *= _betta1;
                 _betta2_t *= _betta2;
+                return;
             }
         }
+
+        // Recompute moments from the explicit step when:
+        // - this is the first observed step for the native optimizer state,
+        // - betas changed, or
+        // - step progression is non-sequential (resume/rollback/reset or skipped updates).
+        _step = step;
+        _betta1_t = std::pow(_betta1, step);
+        _betta2_t = std::pow(_betta2, step);
     }
     inline void update_state(float lr, float epsilon, float weight_decay, bool bias_correction)
     {
diff --git a/csrc/xpu/includes/cpu_adam.h b/csrc/xpu/includes/cpu_adam.h
index 7bc0364c569d..9ff124f41747 100644
--- a/csrc/xpu/includes/cpu_adam.h
+++ b/csrc/xpu/includes/cpu_adam.h
@@ -63,22 +63,25 @@ class Adam_Optimizer {
     inline void IncrementStep(size_t step, float beta1, float beta2)
     {
         if (beta1 != _betta1 || beta2 != _betta2) {
-            _step = step;
             _betta1 = beta1;
             _betta2 = beta2;
-            _betta1_t = std::pow(_betta1, step);
-            _betta2_t = std::pow(_betta2, step);
         } else {
-            _step++;
-            if (_step != step) {
-                _betta1_t = std::pow(_betta1, step);
-                _betta2_t = std::pow(_betta2, step);
+            if (step == _step) { return; }
+            if (step == _step + 1) {
                 _step = step;
-            } else {
                 _betta1_t *= _betta1;
                 _betta2_t *= _betta2;
+                return;
             }
         }
+
+        // Recompute moments from the explicit step when:
+        // - this is the first observed step for the native optimizer state,
+        // - betas changed, or
+        // - step progression is non-sequential (resume/rollback/reset or skipped updates).
+        _step = step;
+        _betta1_t = std::pow(_betta1, step);
+        _betta2_t = std::pow(_betta2, step);
     }
     inline void update_state(float lr, float epsilon, float weight_decay, bool bias_correction)
     {
diff --git a/tests/unit/ops/adam/test_cpu_adam.py b/tests/unit/ops/adam/test_cpu_adam.py
index d83b1732e700..6032518ccd3a 100644
--- a/tests/unit/ops/adam/test_cpu_adam.py
+++ b/tests/unit/ops/adam/test_cpu_adam.py
@@ -312,3 +312,59 @@ def test_multiple_subgroups(self):
         optimizer.rollback_subgroup(0)
         assert optimizer.state[0]['step'] == 1, "Subgroup 0 step count should be decremented"
         assert optimizer.state[1]['step'] == 1, "Subgroup 1 step count should be unchanged"
+
+    def test_step_subgroup_same_step_idempotent_across_subgroups(self):
+        """Repeated same-step subgroup updates should remain bit-identical."""
+        from deepspeed.ops.adam import DeepSpeedCPUAdam
+
+        model_size = 128
+        steps = 4
+        base = torch.randn(model_size, device='cpu', dtype=torch.float32)
+        param_a = torch.nn.Parameter(base.clone())
+        param_b = torch.nn.Parameter(base.clone())
+
+        optimizer = DeepSpeedCPUAdam([param_a])
+        for logical_step in range(1, steps + 1):
+            grad = torch.randn(model_size, device='cpu', dtype=torch.float32)
+
+            optimizer.param_groups[0]['params'] = [param_a]
+            param_a.grad = grad.clone()
+            optimizer.step_subgroup(0)
+
+            optimizer.param_groups[0]['params'] = [param_b]
+            param_b.grad = grad.clone()
+            optimizer.step_subgroup(1)
+
+            assert optimizer.state[0]['step'] == logical_step
+            assert optimizer.state[1]['step'] == logical_step
+            assert torch.equal(param_a.data, param_b.data)
+            assert torch.equal(optimizer.state[0]['exp_avg'], optimizer.state[1]['exp_avg'])
+            assert torch.equal(optimizer.state[0]['exp_avg_sq'], optimizer.state[1]['exp_avg_sq'])
+
+    def test_step_same_step_idempotent_across_param_keys(self):
+        """Repeated optimizer.step() with swapped param keys should be deterministic."""
+        from deepspeed.ops.adam import DeepSpeedCPUAdam
+
+        model_size = 128
+        steps = 4
+        base = torch.randn(model_size, device='cpu', dtype=torch.float32)
+        param_a = torch.nn.Parameter(base.clone())
+        param_b = torch.nn.Parameter(base.clone())
+
+        optimizer = DeepSpeedCPUAdam([param_a])
+        for logical_step in range(1, steps + 1):
+            grad = torch.randn(model_size, device='cpu', dtype=torch.float32)
+
+            optimizer.param_groups[0]['params'] = [param_a]
+            param_a.grad = grad.clone()
+            optimizer.step()
+
+            optimizer.param_groups[0]['params'] = [param_b]
+            param_b.grad = grad.clone()
+            optimizer.step()
+
+            assert optimizer.state[param_a]['step'] == logical_step
+            assert optimizer.state[param_b]['step'] == logical_step
+            assert torch.equal(param_a.data, param_b.data)
+            assert torch.equal(optimizer.state[param_a]['exp_avg'], optimizer.state[param_b]['exp_avg'])
+            assert torch.equal(optimizer.state[param_a]['exp_avg_sq'], optimizer.state[param_b]['exp_avg_sq'])