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for Neuroscience","issue":"31","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,5]],"date-time":"2010-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":184,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Reinforcement
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learning theory plays a key role in understanding the behavioral and neural
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mechanisms of choice behavior in animals and humans. Especially, intermediate
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variables of learning models estimated from behavioral data, such as the expectation
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of reward for each candidate choice (action value), have been used in searches
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for the neural correlates of computational elements in learning and decision
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making. The aims of the present study are as follows: (1) to test which computational
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model best captures the choice learning process in animals and (2) to elucidate
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how action values are represented in different parts of the corticobasal ganglia
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circuit. We compared different behavioral learning algorithms to predict the
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choice sequences generated by rats during a free-choice task and analyzed
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associated neural activity in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral pallidum
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(VP). The major findings of this study were as follows: (1) modified versions
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of an action\u2013value learning model captured a variety of choice strategies
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of rats, including win-stay\u2013lose-switch and persevering behavior, and
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predicted rats'' choice sequences better than the best multistep Markov model;
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and (2) information about action values and future actions was coded in both
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the NAc and VP, but was less dominant than information about trial types,
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selected actions, and reward outcome. The results of our model-based analysis
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suggest that the primary role of the NAc and VP is to monitor information
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important for updating choice behaviors. Information represented in the NAc
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and VP might contribute to a choice mechanism that is situated elsewhere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.6157-08.2009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,5]],"date-time":"2009-08-05T17:33:40Z","timestamp":1249493620000},"page":"9861-9874","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":190,"title":"Validation
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of Decision-Making Models and Analysis of Decision Variables in the Rat Basal
G Watson C (1998) The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates (Academic, San
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Diego), Ed 4.."},{"key":"2023041303393959000_29.31.9861.26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/22268"},{"key":"2023041303393959000_29.31.9861.27","unstructured":"Samejima
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K Doya K Ueda Y Kimura M (2004) in Advances in neural information processing
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systems, Estimating internal variables and parameters of a learning agent
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by a particle filter, eds Thrun S Saul LK Sholkopf B (MIT, Cambridge, MA)."},{"key":"2023041303393959000_29.31.9861.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115270"},{"key":"2023041303393959000_29.31.9861.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-05-01876.1999","article-title":"Neural
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encoding in orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala during olfactory
Journal of Neuroscience","original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6157-08.2009","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T19:29:13Z","timestamp":1681414153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jneurosci.org\/lookup\/doi\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6157-08.2009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"31","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6157-08.2009"],"URL":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6157-08.2009","relation":{},"ISSN":["0270-6474","1529-2401"],"subject":["General
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