gait-data.bib

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@Article{Bogert2003,
  Title                    = {Exotendons for assistance of human locomotion},
  Author                   = {van den Bogert, Antonie J.},
  Journal                  = {{BioMedical} Engineering {OnLine}},
  Year                     = {2003},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {17},
  Volume                   = {2},

  Abstract                 = {Powered robotic exoskeletons for assistance of human locomotion are currently under development for military and medical applications. The energy requirements for such devices are excessive, and this has become a major obstacle for practical applications. Legged locomotion in many animals, however, is very energy efficient. We propose that poly-articular elastic mechanisms are a major contributor to the economy of locomotion in such specialized animals. Consequently, it should be possible to design unpowered assistive devices that make effective use of similar mechanisms. {PMID}: 14613503},
  Copyright                = {2003 van den Bogert; licensee {BioMed} Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original {URL}.},
  Doi                      = {10.1186/1475-925X-2-17},
  File                     = {Bogert - 2003 - Exotendons for assistance of human locomotion.pdf:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/KIWNWPH5/Bogert - 2003 - Exotendons for assistance of human locomotion.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/THE5D7WN/17.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {1475-925X},
  Language                 = {en},
  Pmid                     = {14613503},
  Url                      = {http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com/content/2/1/17/abstract},
  Urldate                  = {2014-12-11}
}

@Article{Bogert2013,
  Title                    = {A real-time system for biomechanical analysis of human movement and muscle function},
  Author                   = {van den Bogert, Antonie J. and Geijtenbeek, Thomas and Even-Zohar, Oshri and Steenbrink, Frans and Hardin, Elizabeth C.},
  Journal                  = {Medical \& Biological Engineering \& Computing},
  Volume                   = {51},
  Number                   = {10},
  Year                     = {2013},
  Pages                    = {1069--1077},

  Abstract                 = {Mechanical analysis of movement plays an important role in clinical management of neurological and orthopedic conditions. There has been increasing interest in performing movement analysis in real-time, to provide immediate feedback to both therapist and patient. However, such work to date has been limited to single-joint kinematics and kinetics. Here we present a software system, named human body model ({HBM}), to compute joint kinematics and kinetics for a full body model with 44 degrees of freedom, in real-time, and to estimate length changes and forces in 300 muscle elements. {HBM} was used to analyze lower extremity function during gait in 12 able-bodied subjects. Processing speed exceeded 120 samples per second on standard {PC} hardware. Joint angles and moments were consistent within the group, and consistent with other studies in the literature. Estimated muscle force patterns were consistent among subjects and agreed qualitatively with electromyography, to the extent that can be expected from a biomechanical model. The real-time analysis was integrated into the D-Flow system for development of custom real-time feedback applications and into the gait real-time analysis interactive lab system for gait analysis and gait retraining.},
  Doi                      = {10.1007/s11517-013-1076-z},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/X9GE6N8W/Bogert et al. - A real-time system for biomechanical analysis of h.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/5ZTWZXXH/s11517-013-1076-z.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0140-0118, 1741-0444},
  Keywords                 = {Biomechanics, Biomedical Engineering, Computer Applications, Gait, Human Physiology, Imaging / Radiology, Movement analysis, Real-time, Virtual reality},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11517-013-1076-z},
  Urldate                  = {2013-08-07}
}

@Article{Chester2007,
  Title                    = {Comparison of two normative paediatric gait databases},
  Author                   = {Chester, Victoria L and Tingley, Maureen and Biden, Edmund N},
  Journal                  = {Dynamic Medicine},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jul,
  Number                   = {8},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Abstract                 = {The availability of age-matched normative data is an essential component of clinical gait analyses. Comparison of normative gait databases is difficult due to the high-dimensionality and temporal nature of the various gait waveforms. The purpose of this study was to provide a method of comparing the sagittal joint angle data between two normative databases. We compared a modern gait database to the historical San Diego database using statistical classifiers developed by Tingley et al. (2002). Gait data were recorded from 60 children aged 1–13 years. A six-camera Vicon 512 motion analysis system and two force plates were utilized to obtain temporal-spatial, kinematic, and kinetic parameters during walking. Differences between the two normative data sets were explored using the classifier index scores, and the mean and covariance structure of the joint angle data from each lab. Significant differences in sagittal angle data between the two databases were identified and attributed to technological advances and data processing techniques (data smoothing, sampling, and joint angle approximations). This work provides a simple method of database comparison using trainable statistical classifiers.},
  Doi                      = {10.1186/1476-5918-6-8},
  File                     = {Chester et al. - 2007 - Comparison of two normative paediatric gait databa.pdf:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/T3ZJMFCZ/Chester et al. - 2007 - Comparison of two normative paediatric gait databa.pdf:application/pdf},
  ISSN                     = {1476-5918},
  Pmcid                    = {PMC1947956},
  Pmid                     = {17640348},
  Url                      = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1947956/},
  Urldate                  = {2014-12-11}
}

@Misc{EuropeanCommission2012,
  Title                    = {Scientific data: {O}pen access to research results will boost {E}urope’s innovation capacity.},

  Author                   = {{European Commission}},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Url                      = {http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-12-790_en.htm},
  Urldate                  = {2015-03-10}
}

@Article{Geyer2010,
  Title                    = {A Muscle-Reflex Model that Encodes Principles of Legged Mechanics Produces Human Walking Dynamics and Muscle Activities},
  Author                   = {Geyer, Hartmut and Herr, Hugh},
  Journal                  = {Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, IEEE Transactions on},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Number                   = {3},
  Volume                   = {18},
  Pages                    = {263--273},

  Doi                      = {10.1109/TNSRE.2010.2047592},
  File                     = {Geyer&Herr-ReflexModel2Column.pdf:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/5BTDEX4S/Geyer&Herr-ReflexModel2Column.pdf:application/pdf},
  Url                      = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~hgeyer/Publications/Geyer&Herr-ReflexModel2Column.pdf},
  Urldate                  = {2014-06-11}
}

@Article{Grimshaw1998,
  Title                    = {The 3-dimensional kinematics of the walking gait cycle of children aged between 10 and 24 months: cross sectional and repeated measures},
  Author                   = {Grimshaw, Paul N and Marques-Bruna, Pascual and Salo, Aki and Messenger, Neil},
  Journal                  = {Gait \& Posture},
  Year                     = {1998},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {7--15},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Abstract                 = {The purpose of this study was to examine the 3-dimensional kinematics of `normal' walking gait in young children. A cross sectional study using nine children aged between 10 and 24 months, filmed whilst walking at natural speed, was undertaken using two gen-locked video cameras. The children were at different stages of walking development (from 0.5 to 10 months of independent walking ({IW})). Repeated measures were taken from two of the children at 10 and 17 months of age and then at 18 and 24 months respectively. 3-dimensional video digitisation techniques utilising the {DLT} algorithm were used to obtain variables of the gait cycle. The position and movement of the arms were identified as potential motor development patterns. Ranges of movement and motion patterns observed in other variables are useful to determine `normal' walking gait in such young children. The knees and hips were flexed throughout the gait cycle. Inter-limb asymmetries were observed for the knee angle pattern and for the stance and swing phase time. The mean stance phase time and double support time were 4 and 15\% (respectively) greater than in adult's gait. The findings of this study are useful as a guide to research, teaching and clinical professions in this area of biomechanics.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/S0966-6362(97)00025-8},
  File                     = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/T6MS5HKF/Grimshaw et al. - 1998 - The 3-dimensional kinematics of the walking gait c.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/JG89TEI4/S0966636297000258.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0966-6362},
  Keywords                 = {Children, Cross-sectional measures, Kinematics, Repeated measures, Walking gait},
  Shorttitle               = {The 3-dimensional kinematics of the walking gait cycle of children aged between 10 and 24 months},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966636297000258},
  Urldate                  = {2014-12-11}
}

@Article{Growney1997,
  Title                    = {Repeated measures of adult normal walking using a video tracking system},
  Author                   = {Growney, Eric and Meglan, Dwight and Johnson, Marjorie and Cahalan, Thomas and An, Kai-Nan},
  Journal                  = {Gait \& Posture},
  Year                     = {1997},

  Month                    = oct,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {147--162},
  Volume                   = {6},

  Abstract                 = {The reproducibility of quantitative gait analysis measurements is an important consideration when analyzing data of both normal subjects and patients. Waveform similarity statistics were used to assess the reproducibility of lower extremity kinematic and kinetic data collected on 5 normal adult subjects. For each subject, gait evaluations were done on 3 separate test days with 3 trials collected each day. Pelvis angles were fairly repeatable, however, with notably poor reproducibility in sagittal plane tilt. Re-application errors of the sacral wand coupled with a small range of motion are believed to be the principle contributors to variability in this pelvis angle. The sagittal plane angles for the hip, knee, and ankle demonstrated excellent repeatability within test days and between test days. Frontal and transverse plane angles were fairly repeatable within test days but between-day repeatability was considerably lower. The `downstream' errors accompanying Euler angle calculations coupled with the smaller ranges of motion in the non-sagittal plane angles are suggested to contribute to the ambient variability already in these data and, thus, affect the within-day repeatability. Errors in re-application of midthigh and midcalf wands further contribute to the variability of these data between test days. Net resultant joint forces and moments were repeatable overall with slightly lower between-day statistical values. The exception to this observation was the adduction moment of the ankle which was notably variable between test days. Several explanations for this variability are presented. Results of this study have led to modifications in some marker placement procedures and reinforced the need for others already being used.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/S0966-6362(97)01114-4},
  File                     = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/X2T8GTME/Growney et al. - 1997 - Repeated measures of adult normal walking using a .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/J79SZ7BT/S0966636297011144.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0966-6362},
  Keywords                 = {Coefficient of multiple correlation, gait analysis, Kinematics, Kinetics, Repeatability},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966636297011144},
  Urldate                  = {2014-12-11}
}

@Article{Hnat2014,
  Title                    = {Inertial compensation for belt acceleration in an instrumented treadmill.},
  Author                   = {Hnat, Sandra. and van den Bogert, Antonie J.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Biomechanics},
  Year                     = {2014},
  Number                   = {15},
  Pages                    = {3758--3761},
  Volume                   = {47},

  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.10.014.},
  Owner                    = {moorepants},
  Timestamp                = {2014.12.19}
}

@Misc{Hnat2015,
  Title                    = {{Commanded Treadmill Motions for Perturbation Experiments}},

  Author                   = {Hnat, Sandra K. and Moore, Jason K. and van den Bogert, Antonie J.},
  Month                    = mar,
  Year                     = {2015},
  Note                     = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16064},

  Doi                      = {10.5281/zenodo.16064},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16064}
}

@Misc{CMU2015,
  Title                    = {{CMU Graphics Lab Motion Capture Database}},

  Author                   = {Jessica Hodgins},
  HowPublished             = {http://mocap.cs.cmu.edu},
  Year                     = {2015},

  Url                      = {http://mocap.cs.cmu.edu},
  Urldate                  = {2015-03-10}
}

@Article{Hunter2007,
  Title                    = {Matplotlib: A {2D} graphics environment},
  Author                   = {Hunter, J. D.},
  Journal                  = {Computing In Science \& Engineering},
  Year                     = {2007},
  Number                   = {3},
  Pages                    = {90--95},
  Volume                   = {9},

  Abstract                 = {Matplotlib is a 2D graphics package used for Python for application development, interactive scripting, and publication-quality image generation across user interfaces and operating systems.},
  Publisher                = {IEEE COMPUTER SOC}
}

@Misc{Jones2001,
  Title                    = {{SciPy}: Open source scientific tools for {Python}},

  Author                   = {Eric Jones and Travis Oliphant and Pearu Peterson and others},
  Year                     = {2001},

  Url                      = {http://www.scipy.org}
}

@Article{Kadaba1989,
  Title                    = {Repeatability of kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data in normal adult gait},
  Author                   = {Kadaba, M. P. and Ramakrishnan, H. K. and Wootten, M. E. and Gainey, J. and Gorton, G. and Cochran, G. V. B.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Orthopaedic Research},
  Year                     = {1989},
  Number                   = {6},
  Pages                    = {849--860},
  Volume                   = {7},

  Abstract                 = {The repeatability of gait variables is an important consideration in the clinical use of results of quantitative gait analysis. Statistical measures were used to evaluate repeatability of kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data waveforms and spatiotemporal parameters of 40 normal subjects. Subjects were evaluated three times on each test day and on three different test days while walking at their preferred or natural speed. Intrasubject repeatability was excellent for kinematic data in the sagittal plane both within a test day as well as between test days. For joint angle motion in the frontal and transverse planes, the repeatability was good within a test day and poor between test days. Poor between-day repeatability of joint angle motion in the frontal and transverse planes was noted to be partly due to variabilities in the alignment of markers. Vertical reaction and fore–aft shear forces were more repeatable than the mediolateral shear force. Sagittal plane joint moments were more repeatable than frontal or transverse plane moments. For electromyographic data, repeatability within a day was slightly better than between test days. In general, the results demonstrate that with the subjects walking at their natural or preferred spped, the gait variables are quite repeatable. These observations suggest that it may be reasonable to base significant clinical decisions on the results of a single gait evaluation.},
  Copyright                = {Copyright © 1989 Orthopaedic Research Society},
  Doi                      = {10.1002/jor.1100070611},
  File                     = {Snapshot:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/5PMJRXN4/abstract\;jsessionid=BF722293BE2CAACBCB8DE335D742A486.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {1554-527X},
  Keywords                 = {Coefficient of multiple correlation, Electromyography, gait analysis, Kinematics, Kinetics, Repeatability},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jor.1100070611/abstract},
  Urldate                  = {2014-12-11}
}

@Misc{Kirtley2014,
  Title                    = {{CGA} {N}ormative {G}ait {D}atabase},

  Author                   = {Kirtley, Chris},
  Note                     = {http://www.clinicalgaitanalysis.com/data/},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Journal                  = {http://www.clinicalgaitanalysis.com/},
  Url                      = {http://www.clinicalgaitanalysis.com/data/},
  Urldate                  = {2014-12-11}
}

@Article{Makihara2012,
  Title                    = {The {OU-ISIR} Gait Database Comprising the Treadmill Dataset},
  Author                   = {Y. Makihara and H. Mannami and A. Tsuji and M.A. Hossain and K. Sugiura and A. Mori and Y. Yagi},
  Journal                  = {IPSJ Trans. on Computer Vision and Applications},
  Year                     = {2012},

  Month                    = {Apr.},
  Pages                    = {53-62},
  Volume                   = {4}
}

@InProceedings{McKinney2010,
  Title                    = {Data Structures for Statistical Computing in {P}ython},
  Author                   = {McKinney, Wes},
  Booktitle                = {Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference},
  Year                     = {2010},
  Pages                    = {51--56}
}

@Misc{Moore2014,
  Title                    = {An elaborate data set on human gait and the effect of mechanical perturbations},

  Author                   = {Moore, Jason K. and Hnat, Sandra and van den Bogert, Antonie},
  Note                     = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13030},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Doi                      = {10.5281/zenodo.13030},
  Publisher                = {ZENODO},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13030}
}

@Misc{Moore2014a,
  Title                    = {{GaitAnalysisToolKit}: {V}ersion 0.1.2},

  Author                   = {Jason K. Moore and Obinna Nwanna and Sandra Hnat and van den Bogert, Antonie},
  Note                     = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13159},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Doi                      = {10.5281/zenodo.13159},
  Publisher                = {ZENODO},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13159}
}

@InBook{Nixon2006,
  Title                    = {Gait Databases},
  Author                   = {Nixon, Mark S. and Tan, Tieniu and Chellappa, Rama},
  Pages                    = {17--34},
  Publisher                = {Springer {US}},
  Year                     = {2006},
  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {4},
  Series                   = {International Series on Biometrics},

  Abstract                 = {Naturally, the success and evolution of a new application relies largely on the dataset used for evaluation. The early gait databases were collected about 10 years before the time of writing. Then, computers had little power and memory costs were comparatively high. Clearly, this was before digital video and acquisition was based on analogue camcorder technology which resulted in frames being digitized individually. Since techniques were in their infancy, as in face recognition, early databases only had few subjects. The idea then was to determine whether recognition could be achieved at all — or not. At that stage we were not interested in the ramifications of recognition. There were two early databases which were developed independently: the {UCSD} data was recorded outdoors and the Southampton data was indoors, with subjects wearing special trousers. The current databases are considerably more advanced, but certainly benefited in their development for the early approaches.},
  Booktitle                = {Human Identification Based on Gait},
  Copyright                = {©2006 Springer-Verlag {US}},
  File                     = {Full Text PDF:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/K4QGHFRE/Nixon et al. - 2006 - Gait Databases.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/MTW7Q8ZP/10.html:text/html},
  ISBN                     = {978-0-387-24424-2, 978-0-387-29488-9},
  Keywords                 = {Biometrics, Computer Imaging, Vision, Pattern Recognition and Graphics, Data Structures, Cryptology and Information Theory, Image Processing and Computer Vision, Multimedia Information Systems, Pattern Recognition},
  Language                 = {en},
  Url                      = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-29488-9_3},
  Urldate                  = {2014-12-11}
}

@Article{Oeberg1993,
  Title                    = {Basic gait parameters: reference data for normal subjects, 10-79 years of age},
  Author                   = {Öberg, T. and Karsznia, Alek and Öberg, K.},
  Journal                  = {Journal of rehabilitation research and development},
  Year                     = {1993},
  Pages                    = {210--210},
  Volume                   = {30},

  File                     = {Öberg et al. - 1993 - Basic gait parameters reference data for normal s.pdf:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/VM2AIK8E/Öberg et al. - 1993 - Basic gait parameters reference data for normal s.pdf:application/pdf},
  Shorttitle               = {Basic gait parameters},
  Url                      = {http://www.rehab.research.va.gov/jour/93/30/2/pdf/oberg.pdf},
  Urldate                  = {2014-12-11}
}

@Misc{Octave2014,
  Title                    = {{GNU Octave 3.8.1}},

  Author                   = {{Octave community}},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Keywords                 = {Octave,Software},
  Url                      = {www.gnu.org/software/octave/}
}

@Article{Riley2007,
  Title                    = {A kinematic and kinetic comparison of overground and treadmill walking in healthy subjects},
  Author                   = {Riley, Patrick O. and Paolini, Gabriele and Della Croce, Ugo and Paylo, Kate W. and Kerrigan, D. Casey},
  Journal                  = {Gait \& Posture},
  Year                     = {2007},

  Month                    = jun,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {17--24},
  Volume                   = {26},

  Abstract                 = {Introduction Gait evaluation protocols using instrumented treadmills will be increasingly used in the near future. For this reason, it must be shown that using instrumented treadmills will produce measures of the ground reaction force adequate for inverse dynamic analysis, and differences between treadmill and overground gait must be well characterized. Methods Overground walking kinetics were estimated with the subjects walking at their self-selected comfortable walking speed. For the treadmill gait trials, the subjects walked on two treadmills, such that heel-strike occurred on the forward treadmill and toe-off occurred on the trailing treadmill. The treadmill was set to the average overground walking speed. Overground and treadmill data were evaluated using Vicon Plug-in Gait. The differences between the maxima and minima of kinematic and kinetic parameters for overground and treadmill gait were evaluated. Results The kinematics of treadmill and overground gait were very similar. Twelve of 22 kinematic parameter maxima were statistically significantly different (p \< 0.05), but the magnitude of the difference was generally less than 2°. All {GRF} maxima were found to be statistically significantly smaller for treadmill versus overground gait (p \< 0.05) as were 15 of 18 moment, and 3 of 6 power maxima. However, the magnitude of the differences was comparable to the variability in normal gait parameters. The sagittal plane ankle moments were not statistically different for treadmill and overground gait. Discussion We have shown that treadmill gait is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to overground gait. Differences in kinematic and kinetic parameters can be detected in matched comparisons, particularly in the case of kinetic parameters. However, the magnitudes of these differences are all within the range of repeatability of measured kinematic parameters. Thus, the mechanics of treadmill and overground gait are very similar. Clinical significance Having demonstrated the essential equivalence of treadmill and overground gait, it is now possible for clinical movement analysis to take advantage of treadmill-based protocols.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.07.003},
  File                     = {Riley et al. - 2007 - A kinematic and kinetic comparison of overground a.pdf:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/EV24G33G/Riley et al. - 2007 - A kinematic and kinetic comparison of overground a.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/69HU27B3/S0966636206001457.html:text/html},
  ISSN                     = {0966-6362},
  Keywords                 = {Gait, Kinematics, Kinetics, Overground, treadmill},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0966636206001457},
  Urldate                  = {2014-12-11}
}

@Article{Sup2008,
  Title                    = {Design and Control of a Powered Transfemoral Prosthesis},
  Author                   = {Sup, Frank and Bohara, Amit and Goldfarb, Michael},
  Journal                  = {The International Journal of Robotics Research},
  Year                     = {2008},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {263--273},
  Volume                   = {27},

  Abstract                 = {The paper describes the design and control of a transfemoral prosthesis with powered knee and ankle joints. The initial prototype is a pneumatically actuated powered-tethered device, which is intended to serve as a laboratory test bed for a subsequent self-powered version. The prosthesis design is described, including its kinematic optimization and the design of a three-axis socket load cell that measures the forces and moments of interaction between the socket and prosthesis. A gait controller is proposed based on the use of passive impedance functions that coordinates the motion of the prosthesis with the user during level walking. The control approach is implemented on the prosthesis prototype and experimental results are shown that demonstrate the promise of the active prosthesis and control approach in restoring fully powered level walking to the user.},
  Doi                      = {10.1177/0278364907084588},
  File                     = {Sup et al. - 2008 - Design and Control of a Powered Transfemoral Prost.pdf:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/9WBVS3IC/Sup et al. - 2008 - Design and Control of a Powered Transfemoral Prost.pdf:application/pdf},
  ISSN                     = {0278-3649},
  Pmcid                    = {PMC2773553},
  Pmid                     = {19898683},
  Url                      = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2773553/},
  Urldate                  = {2014-12-11}
}

@Article{Tirosh2010,
  Title                    = {{GaitaBase}: Web-based repository system for gait analysis},
  Author                   = {Tirosh, Oren and Baker, Richard and McGinley, Jenny},
  Journal                  = {Computers in Biology and Medicine},
  Year                     = {2010},

  Month                    = feb,
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {201--207},
  Volume                   = {40},

  Abstract                 = {The need to share gait analysis data to improve clinical decision support has been recognised since the early 1990s. {GaitaBase} has been established to provide a web-accessible repository system of gait analysis data to improve the sharing of data across local and international clinical and research community. It is used by several clinical and research groups across the world providing cross-group access permissions to retrieve and analyse the data. The system is useful for bench-marking and quality assurance, clinical consultation, and collaborative research. It has the capacity to increase the population sample size and improve the quality of ‘normative’ gait data. In addition the accumulated stored data may facilitate clinicians in comparing their own gait data with others, and give a valuable insight into how effective specific interventions have been for others.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.compbiomed.2009.11.016},
  File                     = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/9HQD4S6Q/S001048250900211X.html:text/html;Tirosh et al. - 2010 - GaitaBase Web-based repository system for gait an.pdf:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/XQTMF77H/Tirosh et al. - 2010 - GaitaBase Web-based repository system for gait an.pdf:application/pdf},
  ISSN                     = {0010-4825},
  Keywords                 = {gait analysis, Gait database, Gait repository, Web gait analysis},
  Shorttitle               = {{GaitaBase}},
  Url                      = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001048250900211X},
  Urldate                  = {2014-12-11}
}

@Book{Vaughan1992,
  Title                    = {Dynamics of Human Gait},
  Author                   = {Vaughan, C.L. and Davis, B.L. and O'Connor, J.C.},
  Publisher                = {Human Kinetics Publishers},
  Year                     = {1992},
  Edition                  = {1st}
}

@Article{Walt2011,
  Title                    = {The {NumPy} {A}rray: {A} Structure for Efficient Numerical Computation},
  Author                   = {Walt, Stéfan van der and Colbert, S. Chris and Varoquaux, Gaël},
  Journal                  = {Computing in Science \& Engineering},
  Year                     = {2011},
  Number                   = {2},
  Pages                    = {22-30},
  Volume                   = {13},

  Doi                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2011.37},
  Url                      = {http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/cise/13/2/10.1109/MCSE.2011.37}
}

@Article{Wang2014,
  Title                    = {Stepping in the direction of the fall: {T}he next foot placement can be predicted from current upper body state in steady-state walking},
  Author                   = {Wang, Yang and Srinivasan, Manoj},
  Journal                  = {Biology Letters},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = sep,
  Number                   = {9},
  Pages                    = {20140405},
  Volume                   = {10},

  Abstract                 = {During human walking, perturbations to the upper body can be partly corrected by placing the foot appropriately on the next step. Here, we infer aspects of such foot placement dynamics using step-to-step variability over hundreds of steps of steady-state walking data. In particular, we infer dependence of the ‘next’ foot position on upper body state at different phases during the ‘current’ step. We show that a linear function of the hip position and velocity state (approximating the body center of mass state) during mid-stance explains over 80\% of the next lateral foot position variance, consistent with (but not proving) lateral stabilization using foot placement. This linear function implies that a rightward pelvic deviation during a left stance results in a larger step width and smaller step length than average on the next foot placement. The absolute position on the treadmill does not add significant information about the next foot relative to current stance foot over that already available in the pelvis position and velocity. Such walking dynamics inference with steady-state data may allow diagnostics of stability and inform biomimetic exoskeleton or robot design.},
  Doi                      = {10.1098/rsbl.2014.0405},
  File                     = {Snapshot:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/3ESEFJIE/20140405.html:text/html;Wang and Srinivasan - 2014 - Stepping in the direction of the fall the next fo.pdf:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/SPD57KSM/Wang and Srinivasan - 2014 - Stepping in the direction of the fall the next fo.pdf:application/pdf;Wang and Srinivasan - 2014 - Stepping in the direction of the fall the next fo.pdf:/home/moorepants/Literature/Wang and Srinivasan - 2014 - Stepping in the direction of the fall the next fo.pdf:application/pdf},
  ISSN                     = {1744-9561, 1744-957X},
  Keywords                 = {Biomechanics, Control, Dynamics, foot placement, stability, walking},
  Language                 = {en},
  Pmid                     = {25252834},
  Shorttitle               = {Stepping in the direction of the fall},
  Url                      = {http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/10/9/20140405},
  Urldate                  = {2014-09-29}
}

@Misc{WhiteHouse2013,
  Title                    = {Increasing Access to the Results of Federally Funded Scientific Research},

  Author                   = {{White House}},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Url                      = {https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/ostp_public_access_memo_2013.pdf},
  Urldate                  = {2015-03-10}
}

@Article{White2013,
  Title                    = {Nine simple ways to make it easier to (re)use your data},
  Author                   = {White, Ethan P. and Baldridge, Elita and Brym, Zachary T. and Locey, Kenneth J. and McGlinn, Daniel J. and Supp, Sarah R.},
  Journal                  = {PeerJ PrePrints},
  Year                     = {2013},

  Month                    = {7},
  Pages                    = {e7v2},
  Volume                   = {1},

  Abstract                 = {Sharing data is increasingly considered to be an important part of the scientific process. Making your data publicly available allows original results to be reproduced and new analyses to be conducted. While sharing your data is the first step in allowing reuse, it is also important that the data be easy to understand and use. We describe nine simple ways to make it easy to reuse the data that you share and also make it easier to work with it yourself. Our recommendations focus on making your data understandable, easy to analyze, and readily available to the wider community of scientists.},
  Doi                      = {10.7287/peerj.preprints.7v2},
  ISSN                     = {2167-9843},
  Keywords                 = {data sharing, data reuse, repository, license, data format},
  Url                      = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.7v2}
}

@Misc{Willson2014,
  Title                    = {Gait Data Collected at {U}niversity of {W}isconsin-{LaCrosse}},

  Author                   = {John D. Willson and Thomas Kernozek},
  Note                     = {http://www.innsport.com/related-products/data-sets/uw-l-gait-data-set.aspx},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Url                      = {http://www.innsport.com/related-products/data-sets/uw-l-gait-data-set.aspx},
  Urldate                  = {2012-12-11}
}

@Book{Winter1990,
  Title                    = {Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement},
  Author                   = {Winter, A., David},
  Year                     = {1990},
  Edition                  = {2nd},
  Publisher                = {John Wiley and Sons, Inc}
}

@Book{Winter1991,
  Title                    = {Biomechanics and motor control of human gait: normal, elderly and pathological - 2nd edition},
  Author                   = {Winter, D. A.},
  Year                     = {1991},
  Volume                   = {Ed2},

  File                     = {Snapshot:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/59B7B7GC/view.html:text/html},
  ISBN                     = {0-88898-105-8},
  Shorttitle               = {Biomechanics and motor control of human gait},
  Url                      = {http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=770965},
  Urldate                  = {2014-12-11}
}

@Book{Winter1987,
  Title                    = {The Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Gait},
  Author                   = {Winter, David A.},
  Publisher                = {University of Waterloo Press},
  Year                     = {1987}
}

@Article{Yun2014,
  Title                    = {Statistical method for prediction of gait kinematics with {Gaussian} process regression},
  Author                   = {Yun, Youngmok and Kim, Hyun-Chul and Shin, Sung Yul and Lee, Junwon and Deshpande, Ashish D. and Kim, Changhwan},
  Journal                  = {Journal of Biomechanics},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Month                    = jan,
  Number                   = {1},
  Pages                    = {186--192},
  Volume                   = {47},

  Abstract                 = {We propose a novel methodology for predicting human gait pattern kinematics based on a statistical and stochastic approach using a method called Gaussian process regression (GPR). We selected 14 body parameters that significantly affect the gait pattern and 14 joint motions that represent gait kinematics. The body parameter and gait kinematics data were recorded from 113 subjects by anthropometric measurements and a motion capture system. We generated a regression model with GPR for gait pattern prediction and built a stochastic function mapping from body parameters to gait kinematics based on the database and GPR, and validated the model with a cross validation method. The function can not only produce trajectories for the joint motions associated with gait kinematics, but can also estimate the associated uncertainties. Our approach results in a novel, low-cost and subject-specific method for predicting gait kinematics with only the subject's body parameters as the necessary input, and also enables a comprehensive understanding of the correlation and uncertainty between body parameters and gait kinematics.},
  Doi                      = {10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.09.032},
  File                     = {Snapshot:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/Z73E6X2N/abstract.html:text/html;Yun et al. - 2014 - Statistical method for prediction of gait kinemati.pdf:/home/moorepants/.zotero/zotero/pr0czzoa.default/zotero/storage/PE34PNES/Yun et al. - 2014 - Statistical method for prediction of gait kinemati.pdf:application/pdf},
  ISSN                     = {0021-9290},
  Keywords                 = {Gait pattern, Gaussian process regression, Statistics, Stochastic analysis},
  Language                 = {English},
  Pmid                     = {24211221},
  Url                      = {http://www.jbiomech.com/article/S0021929013004879/abstract},
  Urldate                  = {2015-02-19}
}

@Misc{CMotion,
  Title                    = {C-Motion Free Downloads},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Url                      = {https://www.c-motion.com/free-downloads/},
  Urldate                  = {2014-12-11}
}

@Misc{Orthoload,
  Title                    = {Orthoload},
  Year                     = {2014},

  Url                      = {http://www.orthoload.com/},
  Urldate                  = {2012-12-11}
}