sample_article_page.html

<!doctype html>
<html>
<head><title>View article</title>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1">
    <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge">
    <meta name="referrer" content="always">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2">
    <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no">
    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">
    <meta name="description"
          content="W Cai, Z Wang, JB Ernst, Z Hong, C Feng, VCM Leung, IEEE access, 2018 - Cited by 485">
    <meta property="og:description"
          content="W Cai, Z Wang, JB Ernst, Z Hong, C Feng, VCM Leung, IEEE access, 2018 - Cited by 485">
    <meta property="og:title" content="Decentralized applications: The blockchain-empowered software system">
    <meta property="og:image" content="">
    <meta property="og:type" content="website">
    <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
    <style>html, body, form, table, div, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, img, ol, ul, li, button {
        margin: 0;
        padding: 0;
        border: 0;
    }

    table {
        border-collapse: collapse;
        border-width: 0;
        empty-cells: show;
    }

    html, body {
        height: 100%
    }

    #gs_top {
        position: relative;
        box-sizing: border-box;
        min-height: 100%;
        min-width: 964px;
        -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);
    }

    #gs_top > *:not(#x) {
        -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(204, 204, 204, .5);
    }

    .gs_el_ph #gs_top, .gs_el_ta #gs_top {
        min-width: 320px;
    }

    #gs_top.gs_nscl {
        position: fixed;
        width: 100%;
    }

    body, td, input, button {
        font-size: 13px;
        font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
        line-height: 1.24;
    }

    body {
        background: #fff;
        color: #222;
        -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%;
        -moz-text-size-adjust: none;
    }

    .gs_gray {
        color: #777777
    }

    .gs_red {
        color: #dd4b39
    }

    .gs_grn {
        color: #006621
    }

    .gs_lil {
        font-size: 11px
    }

    .gs_med {
        font-size: 16px
    }

    .gs_hlt {
        font-weight: bold;
    }

    a:link {
        color: #1a0dab;
        text-decoration: none
    }

    a:visited {
        color: #660099;
        text-decoration: none
    }

    a:hover, a:hover .gs_lbl {
        text-decoration: underline
    }

    a:active, a:active .gs_lbl, a .gs_lbl:active {
        color: #d14836
    }

    .gs_el_tc a:hover, .gs_el_tc a:hover .gs_lbl {
        text-decoration: none
    }

    .gs_pfcs a:focus, .gs_pfcs button:focus, .gs_pfcs input:focus, .gs_pfcs label:focus {
        outline: none
    }

    .gs_a, .gs_a a:link, .gs_a a:visited {
        color: #006621
    }

    .gs_a a:active {
        color: #d14836
    }

    a.gs_fl:link, .gs_fl a:link {
        color: #1a0dab
    }

    a.gs_fl:visited, .gs_fl a:visited {
        color: #660099
    }

    a.gs_fl:active, .gs_fl a:active {
        color: #d14836
    }

    .gs_fl {
        color: #777777
    }

    .gs_ctc, .gs_ctu {
        vertical-align: middle;
        font-size: 11px;
        font-weight: bold
    }

    .gs_ctc {
        color: #1a0dab
    }

    .gs_ctg, .gs_ctg2 {
        font-size: 13px;
        font-weight: bold
    }

    .gs_ctg {
        color: #1a0dab
    }

    a.gs_pda, .gs_pda a {
        padding: 7px 0 5px 0
    }

    .gs_alrt {
        background: #f9edbe;
        border: 1px solid #f0c36d;
        padding: 0 16px;
        text-align: center;
        box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
        border-radius: 2px;
    }

    .gs_alrt:empty {
        display: none;
    }

    .gs_spc {
        display: inline-block;
        width: 12px
    }

    .gs_br {
        width: 0;
        font-size: 0
    }

    .gs_ibl {
        display: inline-block;
    }

    .gs_scl:after {
        content: "";
        display: table;
        clear: both;
    }

    .gs_ind {
        padding-left: 8px;
        text-indent: -8px
    }

    .gs_ico, .gs_icm {
        display: inline-block;
        background: no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png);
        background-position: -23px -161px;
        background-size: 169px;
        width: 21px;
        height: 21px;
    }

    @media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5),(min-resolution: 144dpi) {
        .gs_ico, .gs_icm {
            background-image: url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);
        }
    }

    .gs_el_ta .gs_nta, .gs_ota, .gs_el_ph .gs_nph, .gs_oph {
        display: none
    }

    .gs_el_ta .gs_ota, .gs_el_ph .gs_oph {
        display: inline
    }

    .gs_el_ta div.gs_ota, .gs_el_ph div.gs_oph {
        display: block
    }

    .gs_sth_g {
        visibility: hidden;
        max-height: 0;
    }

    .gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_g {
        max-height: 1000px;
    }

    .gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_b {
        position: fixed;
        top: 0;
    }

    .gs_sth_trk .gs_sth_b {
        position: absolute;
        top: auto;
    }

    @keyframes gs_anm_spin {
        0% {
            transform: rotate(0deg);
        }
        100% {
            transform: rotate(360deg);
        }
    }

    .gs_invis {
        visibility: hidden;
    }

    .gs_rimg {
        display: block;
        background-color: #e5e5e5;
        border-radius: 50%;
        overflow: hidden;
        position: relative;
        z-index: 1;
    }

    .gs_rimg > img {
        position: absolute;
        margin: auto;
        left: 0;
        top: 0;
        bottom: 0;
        right: 0;
    }

    .gs_in_txtw {
        display: inline-block;
        vertical-align: middle;
    }

    .gs_in_txtb {
        display: block;
    }

    .gs_in_txt {
        color: #000;
        background-color: #fff;
        font-size: 16px;
        box-sizing: border-box;
        height: 29px;
        line-height: 23px;
        border: 1px solid #d9d9d9;
        border-top-color: #c0c0c0;
        padding: 3px 6px 1px 8px;
        border-radius: 1px;
        outline: none;
        -webkit-appearance: none;
        -moz-appearance: none;
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_in_txt {
        font-size: 18px;
    }

    .gs_in_txtb .gs_in_txt {
        width: 100%;
    }

    .gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt {
        border-radius: 14.5px;
        padding: 3px 12px 1px 12px;
    }

    .gs_in_txt:hover {
        border-color: #b9b9b9;
        border-top-color: #a0a0a0;
        box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);
    }

    .gs_in_txte .gs_in_txt {
        border-color: #dd4b39;
    }

    .gs_in_txt:focus {
        border-color: #4d90fe;
        box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);
    }

    .gs_in_txt:disabled {
        color: #b8b8b8;
        border-color: #f1f1f1;
        box-shadow: none;
    }

    .gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt {
        font-size: 13px;
        height: 24px;
        line-height: 16px;
        padding: 3px 6px;
    }

    .gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt {
        border-radius: 12px;
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt {
        height: 29px;
        line-height: 21px;
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt {
        border-radius: 14.5px;
    }

    .gs_in_txtl .gs_in_txt {
        height: 41px;
        padding: 9px 43px;
    }

    .gs_in_txtl.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt {
        border-radius: 20.5px;
    }

    .gs_in_txts {
        font-size: 13px;
        line-height: 18px;
        color: #666;
    }

    .gs_in_txts:not(:empty) {
        margin-top: 2px;
    }

    .gs_in_txte .gs_in_txts {
        color: #dd4b39;
    }

    button {
        position: relative;
        z-index: 1;
        box-sizing: border-box;
        font-size: 13px;
        cursor: pointer;
        height: 29px;
        line-height: normal;
        min-width: 72px;
        padding: 0 8px;
        color: #444;
        border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);
        border-radius: 3px;
        text-align: center;
        background-color: #f5f5f5;
        user-select: none;
    }

    button.gs_btn_rnd {
        border-radius: 14px;
        padding: 0 12px;
    }

    button.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci {
        padding-left: 4px;
    }

    button.gs_btn_lrge {
        height: 41px;
        min-width: 82px;
        padding: 0 9px;
    }

    button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym {
        padding-left: 5px;
        padding-right: 8px;
    }

    button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd {
        border-radius: 20px;
        padding: 0 16px;
    }

    button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci {
        padding-left: 10px;
    }

    button.gs_btn_cir {
        border-radius: 14.5px;
        min-width: 29px;
    }

    button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir {
        border-radius: 20.5px;
        min-width: 41px;
    }

    button.gs_btn_mini {
        padding: 0;
        border: 0;
    }

    .gs_el_ph button.gs_btn_mph, .gs_el_ta button.gs_btn_mta {
        height: 41px;
    }

    button .gs_wr {
        position: relative;
        display: inline-block;
        width: 100%;
        height: 100%;
    }

    button .gs_wr:before {
        content: "";
        width: 0;
        height: 100%;
    }

    button .gs_wr:before, button .gs_ico, button .gs_rdt, button .gs_lbl, button .gs_icm {
        display: inline-block;
        vertical-align: middle;
    }

    button .gs_wr {
        font-size: 13px;
        text-transform: none;
    }

    .gs_btn_lrge .gs_wr {
        font-size: 15px;
    }

    .gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr {
        font-size: 11px;
        font-weight: bold;
    }

    .gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr {
        font-size: 11px;
        text-transform: uppercase;
    }

    .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr, .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr, .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym .gs_wr {
        font-size: 13px;
    }

    .gs_btn_half, .gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta, .gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph {
        min-width: 36px;
    }

    .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_half, .gs_el_ta .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hta, .gs_el_ph .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hph, .gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta, .gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph {
        min-width: 41px;
    }

    .gs_btn_slt {
        border-radius: 3px 0 0 3px;
    }

    .gs_btn_srt {
        margin-left: -1px;
        border-radius: 0 3px 3px 0;
    }

    .gs_btn_smd {
        margin-left: -1px;
        border-radius: 0;
    }

    button:hover {
        z-index: 2;
        color: #222;
        border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
        background-color: #f8f8f8;
    }

    button.gs_sel {
        background-color: #dcdcdc;
    }

    button:active {
        z-index: 2;
        background-color: #f1f1f1;
    }

    button:focus {
        z-index: 2;
    }

    button::-moz-focus-inner {
        padding: 0;
        border: 0
    }

    button:-moz-focusring {
        outline: 1px dotted ButtonText
    }

    .gs_pfcs button:-moz-focusring {
        outline: none
    }

    a.gs_in_ib {
        position: relative;
        display: inline-block;
        line-height: 16px;
        padding: 6px 0 7px 0;
        user-select: none;
    }

    a.gs_btn_lrge {
        height: 40px;
        padding: 0;
    }

    a.gs_in_bgcw {
        min-width: 41px;
    }

    a.gs_btn_lrge.gs_in_bgcw:before {
        position: absolute;
        content: "";
        height: 29px;
        width: 29px;
        top: 6px;
        left: 6px;
        background-color: #fff;
        box-shadow: 0 1px 3px rgb(0, 0, 0, .4);
        border-radius: 50%;
    }

    a.gs_in_bgcw:hover:before {
        background-color: #f5f5f5;
    }

    a.gs_in_bgcw:active:before {
        background-color: #e5e5e5;
    }

    a.gs_in_bgcw.gs_dis:before {
        background-color: #fff;
    }

    a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl {
        display: inline-block;
        padding-left: 21px;
        color: #222;
    }

    a.gs_in_ib.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl {
        color: #444;
    }

    a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty) {
        padding-left: 29px;
    }

    button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty) {
        padding-left: 4px;
    }

    a.gs_in_ib:active .gs_lbl, a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:active, a.gs_in_ib :active ~ .gs_lbl {
        color: #d14836;
    }

    .gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_lbl, .gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl, .gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_lbl, .gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_lbl, .gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_lbl, .gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl {
        display: none;
    }

    a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico {
        position: absolute;
        top: 3px;
        left: 0;
    }

    .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico {
        left: 14px;
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico {
        top: 11px;
    }

    .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix .gs_ico {
        top: 10px;
        left: 16px;
    }

    a.gs_btn_lrge .gs_ico {
        top: 50%;
        left: 50%;
        margin: -10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;
    }

    .gs_in_ib .gs_ico {
        opacity: .55;
    }

    .gs_in_ib:hover .gs_ico {
        opacity: .72;
    }

    .gs_in_ib:active .gs_ico, .gs_in_ib .gs_ico:active, .gs_in_ib :active ~ .gs_ico {
        opacity: 1;
    }

    .gs_in_ib:disabled .gs_ico, .gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_ico {
        opacity: .28;
    }

    .gs_in_ib.gs_btn_act .gs_ico, .gs_in_ib.gs_btn_cre .gs_ico {
        opacity: 1;
    }

    .gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_ico, .gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_ico {
        opacity: .72;
    }

    .gs_rdt {
        position: relative;
        width: 0;
        height: 21px;
    }

    a.gs_in_ib .gs_rdt {
        left: 21px;
    }

    .gs_rdt:before {
        content: "";
        position: absolute;
        top: 1px;
        right: 0;
        width: 5px;
        height: 5px;
        border: 1px solid #fff;
        border-radius: 50%;
        background-color: #dd4b39;
    }

    .gs_notf {
        display: inline-block;
        vertical-align: top;
        margin-left: 8px;
        width: 16px;
        line-height: 16px;
        background-color: #d14836;
        border-radius: 50%;
        color: #fff;
        text-align: center;
        font-size: 9px;
        font-weight: bold;
    }

    .gs_notf:empty {
        display: none;
    }

    .gs_ind .gs_notf {
        text-indent: 0;
    }

    button.gs_btn_flat {
        border-color: transparent;
        background-color: transparent;
    }

    button.gs_btn_olact {
        color: #4d90fe;
        background-color: transparent;
    }

    button.gs_btn_flat:hover, button.gs_btn_olact:hover {
        background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);
    }

    button.gs_btn_flat:active, button.gs_btn_olact:active {
        background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);
    }

    button.gs_btn_flat.gs_btn_flact {
        color: #1a0dab;
    }

    button.gs_btn_act {
        color: #fff;
        background-color: #4d90fe;
    }

    button.gs_btn_act:hover {
        color: #fff;
        background-color: #3983fe;
    }

    button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel {
        background-color: #2f6bcc;
    }

    button.gs_btn_act:active {
        background-color: #357ae8;
    }

    button.gs_btn_cre {
        color: #fff;
        background-color: #d14836;
    }

    button.gs_btn_cre:hover {
        color: #fff;
        background-color: #c53727;
    }

    button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel {
        background-color: #992b1e;
    }

    button.gs_btn_cre:active {
        background-color: #b0281a;
    }

    button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:hover, button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:active {
        border: none;
        background: transparent;
    }

    button:disabled, button:disabled:hover, button:disabled:active {
        cursor: default;
        color: #b8b8b8;
        border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);
        background-color: transparent;
        z-index: 0;
    }

    button.gs_btn_flat:disabled {
        color: #b8b8b8;
        border-color: transparent;
    }

    button.gs_btn_act:disabled {
        color: #fff;
        background-color: #a6c8ff;
    }

    button.gs_btn_cre:disabled {
        color: #fff;
        background-color: #e8a49b;
    }

    a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis {
        cursor: default;
        pointer-events: none
    }

    a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_lbl {
        color: #b8b8b8;
        text-decoration: none
    }

    .gs_ttp {
        position: absolute;
        top: 100%;
        right: 50%;
        z-index: 10;
        pointer-events: none;
        visibility: hidden;
        opacity: 0;
        transition: visibility 0s .13s, opacity .13s ease-out;
    }

    button:hover .gs_ttp, button:focus .gs_ttp, a:hover .gs_ttp, a:focus .gs_ttp {
        transition: visibility 0s .3s, opacity .13s ease-in .3s;
        visibility: visible;
        opacity: 1;
    }

    .gs_md_tb.gs_sel .gs_ttp {
        transition: none;
        visibility: hidden;
    }

    button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir .gs_ttp {
        top: 75%;
    }

    .gs_ttp .gs_aro, .gs_ttp .gs_aru {
        position: absolute;
        top: -2px;
        right: -5px;
        width: 0;
        height: 0;
        line-height: 0;
        font-size: 0;
        border: 5px solid transparent;
        border-top: none;
        border-bottom-color: #595959;
        z-index: 1;
    }

    .gs_ttp .gs_aro {
        top: -3px;
        right: -6px;
        border-width: 6px;
        border-top: none;
        border-bottom-color: white;
    }

    .gs_ttp .gs_txt {
        display: block;
        position: relative;
        top: 2px;
        right: -50%;
        padding: 4px 6px;
        background: #595959;
        color: white;
        font-size: 11px;
        font-weight: bold;
        line-height: normal;
        white-space: nowrap;
        border: 1px solid white;
        border-radius: 3px;
        box-shadow: inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
    }

    .gs_press, .gs_in_se, .gs_tan {
        touch-action: none;
    }

    .gs_in_se .gs_lbl:not(:empty) {
        padding-right: 14px;
    }

    .gs_in_se .gs_icm {
        position: absolute;
        top: 50%;
        margin-top: -5.5px;
        right: 0;
        width: 7px;
        height: 11px;
        background-position: -21px -88px;
        opacity: .55;
    }

    .gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm {
        opacity: .72;
    }

    .gs_in_se:active .gs_icm {
        opacity: 1;
    }

    .gs_in_se:disabled .gs_icm {
        opacity: .28;
    }

    .gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_icm, .gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm, .gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_icm, .gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_icm, .gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_icm, .gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm {
        display: none;
    }

    .gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm {
        margin-top: -3.5px;
        height: 7px;
        background-position: 0 -110px;
    }

    .gs_in_se.gs_btn_act .gs_icm, .gs_in_se.gs_btn_cre .gs_icm {
        margin-top: -3.5px;
        height: 7px;
        background-position: -42px -44px;
        opacity: 1;
    }

    .gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_icm, .gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_icm {
        opacity: .72;
    }

    button.gs_btnG .gs_ico {
        width: 21px;
        height: 21px;
        background-position: -92px -253px;
    }

    button .gs_bs {
        position: absolute;
        top: 50%;
        left: 50%;
        margin-top: -10px;
        margin-left: -10px;
        box-sizing: border-box;
        width: 20px;
        height: 20px;
        border-radius: 50%;
        border: 2px solid #eee;
        border-top-color: #4d90fe;
        visibility: hidden;
        animation: gs_anm_spin .8s linear infinite;
    }

    button.gs_bsp .gs_bs {
        visibility: visible;
        transition: visibility 0s .4s;
    }

    .gs_md_d {
        text-transform: none;
        white-space: nowrap;
        position: absolute;
        top: 0;
        left: 0;
        border: 1px solid #ccc;
        border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
        background: #fff;
        box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
        z-index: 1100;
        text-align: left;
        visibility: hidden;
        max-height: 0;
        margin-top: -1000px;
        opacity: 0;
        transition: opacity .13s, visibility 0s .13s, max-height 0s .13s, margin-top 0s .13s;
    }

    .gs_md_d.gs_vis {
        visibility: visible;
        max-height: 10000px;
        margin-top: 0;
        opacity: 1;
        transition: all 0s;
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_md_d {
        transform-origin: 100% 0;
        transform: scale(1, 0);
        transition: opacity .218s ease-out, transform 0s .218s, visibility 0s .218s, max-height 0s .218s, margin-top 0s .218s;
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzi {
        transform-origin: 50% 50%;
        transform: scale(0, 0);
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzr {
        transform: scale(0, 0);
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_vis {
        transform: scale(1, 1);
        transition: transform .218s ease-out;
    }

    .gs_md_r {
        position: relative;
        display: inline-block;
    }

    .gs_md_rmb > .gs_md_d {
        top: 29px
    }

    .gs_md_rmbl > .gs_md_d {
        top: 41px
    }

    .gs_md_ul {
        list-style-type: none;
        word-wrap: break-word;
        display: inline-block;
        vertical-align: top;
    }

    .gs_md_ul.gs_md_ul_tb {
        display: block;
    }

    .gs_md_li, .gs_in_cb.gs_md_li, .gs_md_li:link, .gs_md_li:visited {
        display: block;
        padding: 6px 44px 6px 16px;
        font-size: 13px;
        line-height: 16px;
        color: #222;
        cursor: pointer;
        text-decoration: none;
        position: relative;
        z-index: 0;
    }

    a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl, a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl {
        text-decoration: none
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_md_li {
        padding-top: 14px;
        padding-bottom: 10px;
    }

    .gs_md_li.gs_md_lix {
        font-size: 16px;
        line-height: 20px;
        padding: 12px 16px 8px 16px;
    }

    .gs_md_li:before {
        content: "";
        background-color: #f1f1f1;
        position: absolute;
        left: 0;
        right: 0;
        top: 0;
        bottom: 0;
        opacity: 0;
        transition: opacity .13s;
        z-index: -1;
    }

    .gs_md_li:hover:before, .gs_md_li:focus:before {
        opacity: 1;
        transition: all 0s;
    }

    a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_lbl {
        color: #222
    }

    a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl {
        color: #444
    }

    .gs_md_li:active:before {
        background-color: #ddd
    }

    .gs_md_li.gs_sel, a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_sel .gs_lbl {
        color: #d14836
    }

    .gs_md_d:focus, .gs_md_li:focus {
        outline: none
    }

    a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl, a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl:not(:empty) {
        padding: 0 0 0 40px;
    }

    a.gs_in_cb:link, a.gs_in_cb:visited, a.gs_in_cb:active, a.gs_in_cb:hover {
        cursor: pointer;
        color: #222;
        text-decoration: none;
    }

    .gs_in_cb, .gs_in_ra {
        position: relative;
        line-height: 16px;
        display: inline-block;
        user-select: none;
    }

    .gs_in_cb.gs_md_li {
        padding: 6px 44px 6px 16px;
    }

    .gs_in_cb input, .gs_in_ra input {
        position: absolute;
        top: 1px;
        left: 1px;
        width: 15px;
        height: 15px;
        margin: 0;
        padding: 0;
        opacity: 0;
        z-index: 2;
    }

    .gs_in_ra input {
        top: 0;
        left: 0
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input {
        top: 9px
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input {
        top: 8px
    }

    .gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input {
        top: 15px;
        left: 15px
    }

    .gs_in_cb label, .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl, .gs_in_ra label {
        display: inline-block;
        padding-left: 21px;
        min-height: 16px;
    }

    .gs_in_ra_lrge {
        font-size: 15px;
    }

    .gs_in_cb label:empty:before, .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl:empty:before, .gs_in_ra label:empty:before {
        content: "\200b";
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label, .gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl, .gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label {
        padding-top: 8px;
        padding-bottom: 5px;
    }

    .gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label, .gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl {
        padding: 13px 0 12px 41px;
    }

    .gs_in_cbb, .gs_in_cbb label, .gs_in_cbb .gs_lbl {
        display: block;
    }

    .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx, .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx {
        position: absolute
    }

    .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx {
        top: 2px;
        left: 2px;
        width: 11px;
        height: 11px;
        border: 1px solid #c6c6c6;
        border-radius: 1px;
    }

    .gs_md_li .gs_cbx {
        top: 8px;
        left: 18px
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx {
        top: 10px
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx {
        top: 16px
    }

    .gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx {
        top: 15px;
        left: 15px
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx {
        top: 8px
    }

    .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx {
        top: 0;
        left: 0;
        border: 1px solid #c6c6c6;
        width: 13px;
        height: 13px;
        border-radius: 7px;
    }

    .gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx, .gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx {
        border-color: #666;
        box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);
    }

    button.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx {
        border-color: #c6c6c6;
    }

    .gs_in_cb :focus ~ label, .gs_in_ra :focus ~ label {
        outline: 1px dotted #222;
    }

    .gs_pfcs .gs_in_cb :focus ~ label, .gs_pfcs .gs_in_ra :focus ~ label {
        outline: none;
    }

    .gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx, .gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx, .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx:active, .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:active, .gs_in_cb :active ~ .gs_cbx, .gs_in_ra :active ~ .gs_cbx {
        border-color: #666;
        background-color: #ebebeb;
    }

    button.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx {
        border-color: #a6a6a6;
    }

    .gs_in_cb :disabled ~ .gs_cbx, .gs_in_ra :disabled ~ .gs_cbx, button.gs_in_cb:disabled .gs_cbx {
        border-color: #f1f1f1;
        box-shadow: none;
    }

    .gs_in_cb :disabled ~ label, .gs_in_ra :disabled ~ label {
        color: #b8b8b8;
    }

    .gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx {
        border-color: #eda29b;
    }

    .gs_in_cb .gs_chk, .gs_in_ra .gs_chk {
        position: absolute;
        z-index: 1;
        top: -3px;
        left: -2px;
        width: 21px;
        height: 21px;
    }

    .gs_md_li .gs_chk {
        top: 3px;
        left: 14px
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk {
        top: 5px
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk {
        top: 11px
    }

    .gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk {
        top: 10px;
        left: 11px
    }

    .gs_in_ra .gs_chk {
        top: 4px;
        left: 4px;
        width: 7px;
        height: 7px;
        border-radius: 4px;
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk {
        top: 12px
    }

    .gs_in_cb input:checked ~ .gs_chk, .gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk {
        background: no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -69px -67px;
        opacity: .62;
    }

    .gs_in_ra input:checked ~ .gs_chk {
        background-color: #666
    }

    .gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk {
        background: no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -21px -44px;
        opacity: .55;
    }

    @media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5),(min-resolution: 144dpi) {
        .gs_in_cb input:checked ~ .gs_chk, .gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk, .gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk {
            background-image: url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);
            background-size: 169px;
        }
    }

    .gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled ~ .gs_chk {
        opacity: .22
    }

    .gs_in_ra input:checked:disabled ~ .gs_chk {
        background-color: #f1f1f1
    }

    .gs_in_cb.gs_bsp .gs_cbx {
        top: 6px;
        left: 16px;
        border-radius: 6px;
        border-width: 3px;
        animation: gs_cbx_spn .5s infinite linear;
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb.gs_md_li.gs_bsp .gs_cbx {
        top: 14px
    }

    .gs_in_cb .gs_csp {
        background: url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat;
        position: absolute;
        height: 25px;
        width: 25px;
        top: 2px;
        left: 12px;
        display: none;
        animation: gs_cbx_ah 9s infinite;
    }

    .gs_in_cb.gs_bsp .gs_csp {
        display: block
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_csp {
        top: 10px
    }

    @keyframes gs_cbx_spn {
        0%, 100% {
            border-color: #4d90fe #c6c6c6 #c6c6c6 #c6c6c6
        }
        40% {
            border-color: #c6c6c6 #4d90fe #c6c6c6 #c6c6c6
        }
        50% {
            border-color: #c6c6c6 #c6c6c6 #4d90fe #c6c6c6
        }
        60% {
            border-color: #c6c6c6 #c6c6c6 #c6c6c6 #4d90fe
        }
    }

    @keyframes gs_cbx_ah {
        0%, 100% {
            visibility: hidden
        }
    }

    .gs_ico_x {
        background-position: -113px -22px;
        opacity: .55;
    }

    .gs_ico_x:hover {
        opacity: .72;
    }

    .gs_ico_x:active {
        opacity: 1;
    }

    .gs_ico_X {
        background-position: -71px 0;
        opacity: .55;
    }

    .gs_ico_X:hover {
        opacity: .72;
    }

    .gs_ico_X:active {
        opacity: 1;
    }

    .gs_btnX .gs_ico {
        background-position: -71px 0;
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt {
        background-origin: content-box;
        background-clip: content-box;
        padding: 10px 6px 10px 14px;
    }

    .gs_ico_P {
        background-position: 0 0;
        opacity: .55;
    }

    .gs_ico_P:hover {
        opacity: .72;
    }

    .gs_ico_P:active {
        opacity: 1;
    }

    .gs_btnP .gs_ico {
        background-position: -21px 0;
    }

    .gs_btnC .gs_ico {
        background-position: 0 -66px;
    }

    .gs_btnL .gs_ico {
        background-position: -92px -44px;
    }

    .gs_ico_LB {
        background-position: -50px -44px;
        height: 16px;
    }

    .gs_btnJ .gs_ico {
        background-position: -92px -22px;
    }

    .gs_btnM .gs_ico {
        background-position: -92px 0;
    }

    .gs_btnMW .gs_ico {
        background-position: -21px -22px;
    }

    .gs_btnSB .gs_ico {
        background-position: 0 -44px;
    }

    .gs_btnTSB .gs_ico {
        background-position: -115px -253px;
    }

    .gs_btnPL .gs_ico {
        background-position: -148px -66px;
    }

    .gs_btnPR .gs_ico {
        background-position: -21px -66px;
    }

    .gs_btnPLW .gs_ico {
        background-position: -0 -230px;
    }

    .gs_btnPRW .gs_ico {
        background-position: -23px -230px;
    }

    .gs_btnZI .gs_ico {
        background-position: -148px -22px;
    }

    .gs_btnZO .gs_ico {
        background-position: -127px -44px;
    }

    .gs_btnDE .gs_ico {
        background-position: -134px 0;
    }

    .gs_btnFI .gs_ico {
        background-position: -50px -66px;
    }

    .gs_btnAD .gs_ico {
        background-position: -141px -88px;
        opacity: .55;
    }

    .gs_btnAD:hover .gs_ico {
        opacity: .72;
    }

    .gs_btnAD:active .gs_ico, .gs_btnAD .gs_ico:active, .gs_btnAD :active ~ .gs_ico {
        opacity: 1;
    }

    .gs_btnBA .gs_ico {
        background-position: -50px -22px;
    }

    .gs_btnADD .gs_ico {
        background-position: -92px -66px;
    }

    .gs_btnMRG .gs_ico {
        background-position: -113px 0;
    }

    .gs_btnLBL .gs_ico {
        background-position: 0 -161px;
    }

    .gs_btnCNCL .gs_ico {
        background-position: -71px 0;
    }

    .gs_btnDWL .gs_ico {
        background-position: -28px -88px;
    }

    .gs_btnMNU .gs_ico {
        background-position: 0 -88px;
    }

    .gs_btnMNT .gs_ico {
        background-position: -46px -161px;
    }

    .gs_btnALT .gs_ico {
        background-position: -92px -161px;
    }

    .gs_btnART .gs_ico {
        background-position: -115px -161px;
    }

    .gs_btnGSL .gs_ico {
        background-position: -69px -161px;
    }

    .gs_btnCLS .gs_ico {
        background-position: -138px -161px;
    }

    .gs_btnXBLU .gs_ico {
        background-position: -138px -253px;
    }

    .gs_btnSSB .gs_ico {
        background-position: 0 -276px;
    }

    .gs_btnSSW .gs_ico {
        background-position: -23px -276px;
    }

    .gs_btnFLT .gs_ico {
        background-position: 0 -184px;
    }

    .gs_btnXT .gs_ico {
        background-position: -46px -184px;
    }

    .gs_btnPD .gs_ico {
        background-position: -69px -184px;
    }

    .gs_btnPU .gs_ico {
        background-position: -92px -276px;
    }

    .gs_btnCP .gs_ico {
        background-position: -92px -184px;
    }

    .gs_btnTP .gs_ico {
        background-position: -138px -184px;
    }

    .gs_btnML .gs_ico {
        background-position: -115px -276px;
    }

    .gs_btnCHK .gs_ico {
        background-position: -71px -66px;
    }

    .gs_btnDNB .gs_ico {
        background-position: -115px -230px;
    }

    .gs_btnDNW .gs_ico {
        background-position: 0 -207px;
    }

    .gs_btnACA .gs_ico {
        background-position: -23px -207px;
    }

    .gs_btnAPT .gs_ico {
        background-position: -46px -207px;
    }

    .gs_btnAPTW .gs_ico {
        background-position: -92px -230px;
    }

    .gs_btnAFL .gs_ico {
        background-position: -69px -207px;
    }

    .gs_btnAN .gs_ico {
        background-position: -46px -276px;
    }

    .gs_btnAI .gs_ico {
        background-position: -69px -276px;
    }

    .gs_btnPBL .gs_ico {
        background-position: -92px -207px;
    }

    .gs_btnUCT .gs_ico {
        background-position: -115px -207px;
    }

    .gs_btnVRF .gs_ico {
        background-position: -138px -207px;
    }

    .gs_btnLSI .gs_ico {
        background-position: -46px -230px;
    }

    .gs_btnLSG .gs_ico {
        background-position: -69px -230px;
    }

    .gs_btnMOR .gs_ico {
        background-position: -23px -253px;
    }

    .gs_btnADV .gs_ico {
        background-position: -46px -253px;
    }

    .gs_btnPRO .gs_ico {
        background-position: -69px -253px;
    }

    .gs_ico_star {
        background-position: -71px -44px;
        width: 13px;
        height: 13px;
    }

    .gs_btnPLSW .gs_ico {
        background-position: -138px -230px;
    }

    .gs_btnPDF .gs_ico {
        background-position: 0 -253px;
    }

    .gs_btnS .gs_ico {
        background-position: -138px -276px;
    }

    .gs_btnUNS .gs_ico {
        background-position: 0 -299px;
    }

    .gs_btnMORR .gs_ico {
        background-position: -23px -299px;
    }

    .gs_btnTW .gs_ico {
        background-position: -46px -299px;
    }

    .gs_btnIN .gs_ico {
        background-position: -69px -299px;
    }

    .gs_btnFB .gs_ico {
        background-position: -92px -299px;
    }

    .gs_btnET .gs_ico {
        background-position: -115px -299px;
    }

    .gs_btnARC .gs_ico {
        background-position: -138px -299px;
    }

    .gs_btnOL .gs_ico {
        background-position: 0px -322px;
    }

    .gs_btnFA .gs_ico {
        background-position: -23px -322px;
    }

    .gs_btnFAD .gs_ico {
        background-position: -46px -322px;
    }

    .gs_btnHP .gs_ico {
        background-position: -69px -322px;
    }

    .gs_btnPLM .gs_ico {
        background-position: -92px -322px;
    }

    .gs_btnPRM .gs_ico {
        background-position: -115px -322px;
    }

    .gs_btnRN .gs_ico {
        background-position: -138px -322px;
    }

    .gs_btnVF .gs_ico {
        background-position: 0px -345px;
    }

    .gs_btnVP .gs_ico {
        background-position: -23px -345px;
    }

    .gs_btnSRT .gs_ico {
        background-position: -46px -345px;
    }

    #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs {
        transition: opacity .15s, visibility 0s .15s;
    }

    #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis {
        transition: opacity .15s, visibility 0s;
    }

    .gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs {
        transition: opacity .218s, visibility 0s .218s;
    }

    .gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis {
        transition: opacity .218s, visibility 0s;
    }

    #gs_hdr_drw {
        position: fixed;
        top: 0;
        left: 0;
        height: 100%;
        z-index: 1200;
        visibility: hidden;
        overflow: auto;
        width: 228px;
        background-color: #fff;
        box-shadow: 2px 2px 4px rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);
        outline: none;
        transform: translate(-100%, 0);
        transition: transform .15s ease-in-out, visibility 0s .15s;
    }

    #gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis {
        visibility: visible;
        transform: translate(0, 0);
        transition: transform .15s ease-in-out, visibility 0s;
    }

    .gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw {
        transition: transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4, 0, .6, 1), visibility 0s .3s;
    }

    .gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis {
        transition: transform .225s cubic-bezier(0, 0, .2, 1), visibility 0s;
    }

    #gs_top #gs_hdr_drw.gs_abt, #gs_top #gs_md_s.gs_abt {
        transition: none;
    }

    #gs_hdr_drw_in {
        position: relative;
        box-sizing: border-box;
        min-height: 100%;
        padding: 0 0 8px 0;
    }

    .gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_in, .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_in {
        padding: 0 0 65px 0;
    }

    #gs_hdr_drw_top {
        position: relative;
        height: 63px;
        border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
        margin-bottom: 8px;
    }

    .gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_top, .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_top {
        height: 57px;
    }

    #gs_hdr_drw_mnu, #gs_hdr_drw_lgo {
        position: absolute;
        top: 0;
        height: 100%;
    }

    #gs_hdr_drw_mnu {
        left: 0;
        width: 55px;
    }

    #gs_hdr_drw_lgo {
        left: 56px;
    }

    .gs_hdr_drw_sec:before {
        display: block;
        content: " ";
        height: 0;
        border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
        margin: 8px 0;
    }

    .gs_hdr_drw_sec:first-child:before {
        display: none;
    }

    #gs_hdr_drw_bot {
        display: none;
    }

    .gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_bot, .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_bot {
        display: block;
        position: absolute;
        left: 0;
        bottom: 0;
        width: 100%;
        height: 65px;
    }

    #gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_md_li:before {
        opacity: 0;
    }

    #gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_hdr_pp {
        display: block;
        position: absolute;
        bottom: 14px;
        left: 15px;
        pointer-events: none;
    }

    #gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_lbl {
        display: block;
        white-space: nowrap;
        overflow: hidden;
        text-overflow: ellipsis;
    }

    #gs_hdr {
        position: relative;
        height: 63px;
        background-color: #f5f5f5;
        border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
        display: flex;
    }

    .gs_el_ta #gs_hdr, .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr {
        height: 57px;
    }

    #gs_hdr_mnu, #gs_hdr_bck, #gs_hdr_lgo, #gs_hdr_lgt, #gs_hdr_md, #gs_hdr_sre, #gs_hdr_act {
        display: inline-block;
        vertical-align: top;
        position: relative;
        height: 100%;
        flex: 0 0 auto;
    }

    #gs_hdr_md {
        flex: 1 1 auto;
    }

    #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo, #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo, .gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso, .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso {
        display: none;
    }

    .gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo, .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo {
        display: inline-block;
    }

    #gs_hdr_mnu, #gs_hdr_bck, #gs_hdr_sre {
        width: 55px;
        margin-right: 1px;
    }

    #gs_hdr_lgo, #gs_hdr_drw_lgo {
        width: 149px;
        background: no-repeat url('/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_24dp.png') 0% 50%;
        background-size: 149px;
    }

    @media (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5),(min-resolution: 144dpi) {
        #gs_hdr_lgo, #gs_hdr_drw_lgo {
            background-image: url('/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_24dp.png');
        }
    }

    #gs_hdr_lgo {
        margin-right: 31px;
    }

    .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_lgo {
        margin-right: 0;
    }

    #gs_hdr_lgt {
        min-width: 164px;
        margin-right: 16px;
    }

    #gs_hdr_md {
        margin-right: 16px;
        min-width: 1px;
    }

    #gs_hdr_lgt, #gs_hdr_md h1 {
        padding: 19px 0 0 0;
        white-space: nowrap;
        overflow: hidden;
        text-overflow: ellipsis;
        font-size: 20px;
        line-height: 25px;
        font-weight: normal;
        color: #666;
        max-width: 100%;
        text-align: left;
    }

    .gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md h1, .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md h1 {
        padding: 16px 0 0 0;
    }

    #gs_hdr_srch {
        padding: 14px 0 0 0;
        max-width: 600px;
    }

    .gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_srch, .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_srch {
        padding: 10px 0 0 0;
        max-width: none;
    }

    #gs_hdr_frm {
        position: relative;
        padding-right: 39px;
    }

    #gs_hdr_tsi {
        height: 38px;
        border-radius: 2px 0 0 2px;
    }

    #gs_hdr_tsi::-ms-clear {
        display: none;
    }

    #gs_hdr_tsc {
        display: none;
        position: absolute;
        top: 3px;
        right: 41px;
        width: 21px;
        height: 21px;
        padding: 6px 10px 7px 10px;
    }

    .gs_in_acw[dir="rtl"] ~ #gs_hdr_tsc {
        right: auto;
        left: 1px;
    }

    #gs_hdr_tsb {
        position: absolute;
        top: 0;
        right: 0;
        width: 40px;
        height: 38px;
        border-radius: 0 2px 2px 0;
    }

    #gs_hdr_frm_ac {
        top: 37px;
        right: 40px;
    }

    .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_ac {
        right: 0;
    }

    .gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_mnu, .gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_bck, .gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_srch, .gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_lgt, .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_sre, .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1, .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_mbo, .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_dso, .gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo, .gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo, .gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_mnu, .gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_bck {
        display: none;
    }

    .gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_md, .gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md {
        margin-left: 16px;
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="ltr"] {
        padding-right: 41px;
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="rtl"] {
        padding-left: 41px;
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc .gs_in_acw ~ #gs_hdr_tsc {
        display: block;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act {
        min-width: 64px;
        max-width: 200px;
        text-align: right;
        float: right;
    }

    .gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act, .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act {
        display: none;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_i, #gs_hdr_act_s {
        display: inline-block;
        padding: 23px 24px 23px 16px;
        max-width: 100%;
        box-sizing: border-box;
        font-size: 13px;
        line-height: 17px;
        white-space: nowrap;
        overflow: hidden;
        text-overflow: ellipsis;
        color: #444;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_s {
        text-transform: uppercase;
    }

    .gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i, .gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_s {
        padding: 23px 16px;
    }

    .gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i, .gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_s, .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i, .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_s {
        padding: 20px 16px;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_i:active, #gs_hdr_act_s:active {
        color: #d14836;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_i, .gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i {
        padding-top: 15px;
        padding-bottom: 16px;
    }

    .gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i, .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i {
        padding-top: 12px;
        padding-bottom: 13px;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_i .gs_hdr_pp {
        vertical-align: top;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_d {
        top: 63px;
        left: auto;
        right: 24px;
        min-width: 288px;
        max-width: 400px;
    }

    .gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_d {
        right: 16px;
    }

    .gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_d {
        top: 57px;
    }

    .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_d {
        top: 57px;
        min-width: 280px;
        max-width: 280px;
        max-width: 90vw;
    }

    /* Account dialog body. */
    #gs_hdr_act_aw, #gs_hdr_act_ap, .gs_hdr_act_am, #gs_hdr_act_ab {
        display: block;
        padding: 10px 20px;
        word-wrap: break-word;
        white-space: normal;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_aw {
        background-color: #fef9db;
        font-size: 11px;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_ap, .gs_hdr_act_am {
        border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_ap {
        padding: 20px;
    }

    .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_ap {
        padding: 10px;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_apb {
        margin-top: 12px;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_aa:link, #gs_hdr_act_aa:visited {
        float: right;
        margin-left: 8px;
        color: #1a0dab;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_aa:active {
        color: #d14836
    }

    .gs_hdr_act_am:link, .gs_hdr_act_am:visited {
        color: #222;
        text-decoration: none;
        background: #fbfbfb;
    }

    .gs_hdr_act_am:hover, .gs_hdr_act_am:focus {
        background: #f1f1f1;
    }

    .gs_hdr_act_am:active {
        background: #eee;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_ab {
        background: #fbfbfb;
        padding: 10px 0;
        display: table;
        width: 100%;
        white-space: nowrap;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_aba, #gs_hdr_act_abs {
        display: table-cell;
        padding: 0 20px;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_abs {
        text-align: right;
    }

    .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba, .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs {
        display: block;
        padding: 10px;
        text-align: center;
    }

    .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba button, .gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs button {
        width: 100%;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_a1, #gs_hdr_act_a2 {
        position: absolute;
        top: -9px;
        right: 7.5px;
        width: 0;
        height: 0;
        z-index: 1;
        border: 8.5px solid transparent;
        border-top: none;
        border-bottom-color: #333;
        border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_a2 {
        top: -8px;
        border-bottom-color: #fff;
    }

    .gs_hdr_act_mw #gs_hdr_act_a2 {
        border-bottom-color: #fef9db;
    }

    .gs_hdr_pp {
        border-radius: 50%;
        overflow: hidden;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pp, .gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pp {
        float: left;
    }

    #gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pm {
        margin-left: 116px;
    }

    .gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pm {
        margin: 6px 0 0 58px;
    }

    #gs_ab {
        position: relative;
        height: 41px;
        border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;
        display: flex;
        white-space: nowrap;
        background-color: #fff;
        z-index: 1000;
    }

    .gs_el_ta #gs_ab.gs_nta, .gs_el_ph #gs_ab.gs_nph {
        display: none;
    }

    .gs_sth_vis #gs_ab {
        position: fixed;
    }

    #gs_ab_ico, #gs_ab_ttl, #gs_ab_md, #gs_ab_btns {
        display: inline-block;
        vertical-align: top;
        position: relative;
        height: 100%;
        flex: 0 0 auto;
    }

    .gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md {
        display: block;
    }

    #gs_ab_ico {
        width: 55px;
        margin-right: 1px;
    }

    #gs_ab_ico .gs_ico {
        position: absolute;
        top: 50%;
        left: 50%;
        margin: -10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;
    }

    #gs_ab_ttl {
        min-width: 172px;
        padding-right: 8px;
    }

    .gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl {
        min-width: 68px;
    }

    .gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ttl, .gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttl {
        min-width: 0;
    }

    #gs_ab_ttl, #gs_ab_ttll {
        font-size: 18px;
        color: #666;
        text-transform: none;
    }

    .gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl, .gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttll {
        font-size: 16px;
    }

    #gs_ab_ttll {
        overflow: hidden;
        text-overflow: ellipsis;
        max-width: 200px;
    }

    #gs_ab_md {
        flex: 1 0 auto;
    }

    .gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md {
        flex: 1 1 auto;
        font-size: 13px;
        line-height: 17px;
        padding: 0 8px;
        color: #999;
        overflow: hidden;
        text-overflow: ellipsis;
    }

    .gs_el_ph .gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md {
        visibility: hidden;
        padding: 0;
    }

    #gs_ab_btns {
        margin-right: 8px;
    }

    .gs_el_sm #gs_ab_btns {
        margin-right: 0;
    }

    .gs_el_ta #gs_ab_btns, .gs_el_ph #gs_ab_btns {
        margin-right: 4px;
    }

    #gs_ab_ttl:before, #gs_ab_md:before, #gs_ab_btns:before {
        content: "";
        display: inline-block;
        width: 0;
        height: 100%;
        vertical-align: middle;
    }

    #gs_ab_md > button, #gs_ab_btns > button, #gs_ab_md > .gs_in_ib, #gs_ab_btns > .gs_in_ib, #gs_ab_md > .gs_md_r, #gs_ab_btns > .gs_md_r, #gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw, #gs_ab .gs_ab_btw {
        margin: 0 8px;
        vertical-align: middle;
    }

    #gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw, .gs_ab_btw {
        display: inline-block;
        margin: 0;
    }

    #gs_ab_btns > .gs_in_ib {
        margin: 0 16px 0 8px;
    }

    #gs_ab .gs_ab_btw {
        margin: 0 12px 0 16px;
    }

    .gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico, .gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico, .gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl, .gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl, .gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns, .gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns {
        display: none;
    }

    #gs_bdy {
        display: table;
        table-layout: fixed;
        width: 100%;
    }

    #gs_bdy_sb {
        vertical-align: top;
        width: 228px;
        word-wrap: break-word;
        display: table-cell;
    }

    .gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_sb {
    }

    .gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb, .gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb {
        display: none;
    }

    .gs_bdy_sb_sec {
        margin: 0 40px 0 56px;
    }

    .gs_bdy_sb_sec:before {
        display: block;
        content: " ";
        height: 0;
        margin: 13px 0;
        border-top: 1px solid #eee;
    }

    .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before {
        margin: 21px 0 0 0;
        border: none;
    }

    #gs_bdy_sb ul {
        list-style-type: none;
    }

    .gs_bdy_sb_sec a:link, .gs_bdy_sb_sec a:visited {
        color: #222;
    }

    .gs_bdy_sb_sec a:active {
        color: #d14836;
    }

    .gs_bdy_sb_sel a:link, .gs_bdy_sb_sel a:visited {
        color: #d14836;
        text-decoration: none;
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind, .gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind a {
        padding-top: 8px;
        padding-bottom: 5px;
    }

    .gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child li.gs_ind:first-child {
        margin-top: -8px;
    }

    #gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind, #gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw {
        margin-bottom: 6px;
    }

    .gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind, .gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw {
        margin-bottom: 0;
    }

    #gs_bdy_ccl {
        display: table-cell;
        vertical-align: top;
        padding: 0 24px 0 16px;
    }

    .gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_ccl {
        padding: 0 16px;
    }

    .gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_ccl, .gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl {
        padding: 0 16px 0 56px;
    }

    .gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl {
        padding: 0 16px;
        padding: 0;
    }

    #gs_ftr_sp {
        height: 62px;
    }

    .gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_sp {
        height: 57px;
    }

    #gs_ftr {
        position: absolute;
        bottom: 0;
        left: 0;
        width: 100%;
        white-space: nowrap;
        border-top: 1px solid #e4e4e4;
        background-color: #f2f2f2;
        display: flex;
    }

    #gs_ftr.gs_pfix {
        position: fixed;
    }

    #gs_ftr_rt {
        box-sizing: border-box;
        max-width: 100%;
        overflow-x: auto;
        margin-left: auto;
        padding: 0 12px;
    }

    .gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt {
        padding: 0 8px;
    }

    .gs_el_ph #gs_ftr_rt:after {
        content: " ";
        position: absolute;
        top: 0;
        right: 0;
        width: 16px;
        height: 100%;
        background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(242, 242, 242, 0), rgba(242, 242, 242, 1) 80%);
    }

    #gs_ftr_rt > a {
        display: inline-block;
        line-height: 16px;
        padding: 12px;
        white-space: nowrap;
    }

    .gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt > a {
        padding: 12px 8px;
    }

    #gs_ftr_rt > a:link, #gs_ftr_rt > a:visited {
        color: #666
    }

    #gs_ftr_rt > a:active {
        color: #d14836
    }

    #gs_ftr_mnu {
        top: auto;
        bottom: 48px;
        left: auto;
        right: 24px;
        padding: 8px 0;
    }

    .gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_mnu {
        right: 16px;
    }

    #gsc_sb_ui {
        text-align: center;
        margin-bottom: 16px;
    }

    #gsc_sb_ui img {
        max-width: 120px;
        height: auto;
    }

    .gs_el_sm #gsc_sb_ui img {
        max-width: 100px;
    }

    .gsc_sb_addl {
        text-align: right;
        padding: 0 8px;
        color: #777777;
        min-width: 60px;
    }

    #gsc_ccl {
        max-width: 862px;
        margin: 21px 0 0 0;
    }

    .gs_el_sm #gsc_ccl {
        margin: 16px 0 0 0;
    }

    .gsc_art_mm {
        font-size: 24px;
        line-height: 16px;
        display: inline-block;
        margin: -10px 0 0 4px;
        position: relative;
        top: 8px;
    }

    .gs_pp_tn, .gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_tn, .gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_tn {
        width: 32px;
        height: 32px;
    }

    .gs_pp_sm, .gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_sm, .gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_sm {
        width: 56px;
        height: 56px;
    }

    .gs_pp_nm, .gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_nm, .gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_nm {
        width: 128px;
        height: 128px;
    }

    #gsc_vcpb {
        max-width: 870px;
        padding-top: 21px;
    }

    .gs_el_ph #gsc_vcpb {
        padding: 16px 8px;
    }

    #gsc_vcpb_btns {
        padding-bottom: 16px;
    }

    #gsc_vcpb_btns:empty {
        display: none;
    }

    #gsc_vcpb_btns > button {
        margin-right: 16px;
    }

    .gs_el_ph #gsc_vcpb_btns > button {
        margin-right: 8px;
    }

    #gsc_oci_title_wrapper {
        font-size: 16px;
        margin: 0 0 16px 0;
    }

    #gsc_oci_title {
        font-size: 20px;
    }

    .gs_el_sm #gsc_oci_title {
        font-size: 18px;
    }

    #gsc_oci_title_gg {
        float: right;
        padding: 0 0 8px 16px;
    }

    .gs_el_ph #gsc_oci_title_gg {
        float: none;
        text-align: right;
        padding: 0;
        margin: -4px 0 8px 0;
    }

    .gsc_oci_title_ggt {
        font-size: 13px;
        font-weight: bold;
    }

    .gsc_oci_title_ggut {
        font-size: 13px;
        color: #777;
        padding-bottom: 8px;
    }

    .gsc_oci_field {
        float: left;
        width: 100px;
        text-align: right;
        color: #777;
    }

    .gs_el_ph .gsc_oci_field {
        float: none;
        width: auto;
        text-align: left;
        margin-bottom: 4px;
        font-size: 16px;
        color: black;
    }

    .gsc_oci_value {
        margin-left: 116px;
        max-width: 512px;
        margin-bottom: 16px;
    }

    .gs_el_ph .gsc_oci_value {
        margin-left: 0;
    }

    .gsc_oci_merged_snippet {
        margin-bottom: 1em;
    }

    #gsc_oci_graph_wrapper {
        height: 100px;
        overflow-x: auto;
        overflow-y: hidden;
        direction: rtl;
    }

    #gsc_oci_graph {
        position: relative;
        min-width: 100%;
    }

    #gsc_oci_graph_x {
        position: absolute;
        top: 57px;
        left: 0;
        width: 100%;
        height: 13px;
        border-top: 1px solid #777;
    }

    .gsc_oci_g_t {
        position: absolute;
        top: 60px;
        color: #777;
        font-size: 11px;
    }

    #gsc_oci_graph_bars {
        position: absolute;
        top: 0;
        right: 0;
        width: 100%;
        height: 100px;
    }

    .gsc_oci_g_a {
        position: absolute;
        bottom: 13px;
        width: 15px;
        background: #777;
    }

    .gsc_oci_g_a:hover {
        background: #1a0dab;
        text-decoration: none;
    }

    .gsc_oci_g_a:active {
        background: #d14836;
    }

    .gsc_oci_g_al {
        position: absolute;
        bottom: 15px;
        left: 7px;
        color: #222;
        background: white;
        text-align: center;
        font-size: 11px;
        min-width: 11px;
        padding: 1px;
        border: 1px solid #777;
        border-radius: 1px;
        visibility: hidden;
        opacity: 0;
    }

    .gsc_oci_g_a:hover .gsc_oci_g_al {
        visibility: visible;
        opacity: 1;
    }

    .gsc_oci_g_a {
        transition: all .218s;
    }

    .gsc_oci_g_al {
        transition: opacity .218s, visibility 0s .218s;
    }

    .gsc_oci_g_a:hover, .gsc_oci_g_a:hover .gsc_oci_g_al {
        transition: all 0s;
    }

    a.gsc_oci_lbx:link, a.gsc_oci_lbx:visited {
        white-space: nowrap;
        display: inline-block;
        vertical-align: middle;
        font-size: 11px;
        background-color: #e5e5e5;
        color: #777;
        padding: 2px 6px;
        text-decoration: none;
    }

    a.gsc_oci_lbx:hover {
        color: #e5e5e5;
        background-color: #777;
    }

    a.gsc_oci_lbx:active {
        color: #d14836;
    }

    .gsc_oms_mm {
        font-size: 24px;
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        var Zc = ["click", "contextmenu", "mouseup"].concat(navigator.sendBeacon ? [] : ["mousedown", "touchstart"]),
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        function bd() {
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        function cd(a) {
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                    a = null
                }
                a && (b = a.getAttribute("href")) && (c = a.getAttribute("data-clk")) && (b = "/scholar_url?url=" + encodeURIComponent(b) + "&" + c + "&ws=" + window.innerWidth + "x" + window.innerHeight + "&at=", c = encodeURIComponent, a = (a = a.getAttribute("data-clk-atid")) ? D(a) : null, b = b + c(a && a.innerText || "") +
                    $c, cd(b))
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        }, !1, !0);
        T(".gs_fm_s", "click", function (a) {
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            (a = D(a)) && a.submit()
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        var X = function (a) {
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            this.J = E(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb"))
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                a && a.focus()
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                    v(b, "gs_sel")
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        };
        X.prototype.ea = function (a) {
            a.target.id == this.g && this.Y(a)
        };
        Ub(X, [new R(".gs_md_rmb", {}), new R(".gs_md_tb", {
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            keydown: X.prototype.Y
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        var Y = function (a) {
            X.call(this, a);
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            this.ma = E(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb .gs_lbl"))
        };
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        Y.prototype.N = function () {
            return D(this.g).querySelector(".gs_md_li[aria-selected]")
        };
        Y.prototype.fa = function (a) {
            ed(this, a)
        };
        Y.prototype.O = function (a) {
            var b = a.i.keyCode;
            13 != b && 32 != b || ed(this, a)
        };
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            P(b);
            a.close();
            S("gs-change", d, b.i)
        }, fd = function (a, b) {
            x(a, "gs_sel", b);
            b ? a.setAttribute("aria-selected", "true") : a.removeAttribute("aria-selected")
        };
        Ub(Y, [new R(".gs_md_ris", {}), new R(".gs_md_li", {click: Y.prototype.fa, keydown: Y.prototype.O})]);
        T("#gs_lp", "click", function (a) {
            P(a);
            Ic("gs_lp_d")
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        T("#gs_lp_cur", "click", function (a) {
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                    d = qc(d, c) || pc(d.parentNode, c);
                    e = d.children;
                    if (f = Math.min(f + 1, e.length)) if (d = e[f - 1], w(d, "gs_md_li") && d.offsetLeft != b.offsetLeft) break a
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                d = void 0
            }
            d && (P(a), d.focus())
        };
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        T("#gs_hdr_mnu", "click", function (a) {
            P(a);
            Ic("gs_hdr_drw")
        });
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        });
        T("#gs_hdr_act_i", "click", function (a) {
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        T("#gs_hdr_drw", "keydown", function (a) {
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                clearTimeout(e);
                c()
            }

            function c() {
                I(window, f, b)
            }

            var d = a.target;
            a = "focus" == a.type;
            x(D("gs_hdr"), "gs_hdr_ifc", a);
            if (a && ta && !(749 < window.innerHeight)) {
                var e = setTimeout(c, 1E3), f = ["scroll", "resize"];
                H(window, f, b)
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        });
        T("#gs_hdr_tsi", ["input", "gs-change"], function (a) {
            x(D("gs_hdr_frm"), "gs_hdr_tsc", !!a.currentTarget.value)
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        T("#gs_hdr_tsc", "mousedown", function (a) {
            P(a);
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            b.value = "";
            b.focus();
            S("input", b, a.i)
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        T("#gs_hdr_sre", "click", function (a) {
            P(a);
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            Xa("gs_hdr_frm", function () {
                v(b, "gs_hdr_src");
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                u(b, "gs_hdr_src");
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        var Z = function () {
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            a.i.button || (P(a), jd(a))
        };
        Z.prototype.ga = function (a) {
            kd(a) && (P(a), jd(a))
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        Z.prototype.ha = function (a) {
            kd(a) && P(a)
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        Z.prototype.ia = function (a) {
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                P(a);
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        Z.prototype.ka = function (a) {
            P(a);
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                var b = a.i;
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            jd(a)
        };
        var kd = function (a) {
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                I(document, nd, od, !0);
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                "mouseup", "click"], qd = C("Android") && !C("Chrome"), rd = 0, sd = 0,
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        Ub(Z, [new R(".gs_press", {
            click: Z.prototype.da,
            keydown: Z.prototype.ga,
            keyup: Z.prototype.ha,
            mousedown: Z.prototype.ia,
            touchstart: Z.prototype.ka
        })]);

        function wd(a) {
            xd.style.left = yd && zd === Ad ? a.left + "px" : "auto";
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        function Bd() {
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        function Ed() {
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        var Ad, Dd, Cd, xd, yd = !1, zd;
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        (function (a) {
            Ma(function () {
                return setTimeout(a, 0)
            })
        })(function () {
            var a = document.querySelectorAll(".gs_invis");
            var b = "undefined" != typeof Symbol && Symbol.iterator && a[Symbol.iterator];
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        new U;
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        var Fd = (new Date).getTimezoneOffset();
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        T("#gs_md_cita-b-save", "click", function () {
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        T(".gsc_ecd_form_tsel", "click", function (a) {
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</head>
<body>
<div id="gs_top" onclick="">
    <style>#gs_md_s, .gs_md_wnw {
        z-index: 1200;
        position: fixed;
        top: 0;
        left: 0;
        width: 100%;
        height: 100%;
        visibility: hidden;
    }

    .gs_md_ds:before {
        content: '';
        position: absolute;
        background-color: #fff;
        z-index: 100;
        opacity: 0;
        visibility: hidden;
        top: 0;
        bottom: 0;
        right: 0;
        left: 0;
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    .gs_md_ds.gs_md_d:not(.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw):before {
        top: -1px;
        bottom: -1px;
        right: -1px;
        left: -1px;
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    #gs_md_s {
        background-color: #fff;
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    .gs_el_ta #gs_md_s, .gs_el_ph #gs_md_s, .gs_el_ta .gs_md_ds:before, .gs_el_ph .gs_md_ds:before {
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    #gs_md_s.gs_vis, .gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before {
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        visibility: visible;
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    .gs_md_wnw {
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    .gs_md_wnw.gs_vis {
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    .gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds:before {
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    .gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before {
        transition: opacity .218s, visibility 0s;
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    .gs_md_wnw > .gs_md_d {
        position: relative;
        margin: 0 auto;
        width: 464px;
        box-shadow: 2px 2px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);
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    .gs_el_ta .gs_md_wnw > .gs_md_d, .gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw > .gs_md_d {
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    .gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw > .gs_md_d {
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        max-width: 440px;
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    .gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw > .gs_md_d {
        display: flex;
        flex-direction: column;
        width: 100%;
        height: 100%;
        max-width: none;
        border: none;
        box-shadow: none;
        transform: translate(0, 100%);
        transform: translate(0, 100vh);
        transition: transform .27s cubic-bezier(.4, 0, .6, 1), opacity 0s .27s, visibility 0s .27s, max-height 0s .27s;
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    .gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw > .gs_md_d.gs_vis {
        transform: translate(0, 0);
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    .gs_md_wmw > .gs_md_d.gs_abt, .gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw > .gs_md_d.gs_abt {
        transition: none;
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    .gs_md_hdr {
        display: flex;
        align-items: center;
        height: 47px;
        border-bottom: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
        border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .12);
        background-color: #f5f5f5;
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    .gs_md_hdr > a, .gs_md_hdr > a.gs_btn_lrge {
        flex: 0 0 auto;
        width: 41px;
        height: 47px;
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    .gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr > a {
        margin: 0 2px 0 0;
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    .gs_el_ph a.gs_md_hdr_c {
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    .gs_md_hdr_b {
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    .gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b {
        margin: 0 16px;
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        margin-left: 0;
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    .gs_md_hdr_b:empty {
        width: 41px;
        margin: 0;
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    .gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b:empty {
        margin-right: 2px;
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    .gs_md_hdr_b:empty:not(:last-child) {
        display: none;
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    .gs_md_hdr_b > button {
        min-width: 51px;
        height: 33px;
    }

    .gs_md_hdr_t {
        flex: 1 1 auto;
        font-size: 18px;
        font-weight: normal;
        color: #666;
        overflow: hidden;
        text-overflow: ellipsis;
        white-space: nowrap;
        text-align: center;
    }

    .gs_md_bdy {
        position: relative;
        overflow-y: auto;
        box-sizing: border-box;
        padding: 24px 41px 0 41px;
    }

    .gs_md_bdy:after {
        display: block;
        content: "";
        clear: both;
        padding-bottom: 24px;
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    .gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy {
        padding: 16px 16px 0 16px;
    }

    .gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy:after {
        padding-bottom: 16px;
    }

    .gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw .gs_md_bdy {
        flex: 1;
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    .gs_md_ftr {
        border-top: 1px solid #e0e0e0;
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    .gs_md_lbl {
        display: block;
        font-size: 16px;
        margin: 0 0 16px 0;
        word-wrap: break-word;
    }

    .gs_md_btns {
        margin: 24px 0 0 0;
        white-space: nowrap;
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    .gs_el_ph .gs_md_btns {
        margin: 16px 0 0 0;
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    .gs_md_btns button {
        margin-right: 16px;
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    .gs_md_btns button:last-child {
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    .gs_md_prg {
        margin: 24px 0;
        text-align: center;
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    .gs_md_prg .gs_alrt {
        padding: 4px 16px;
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    .gs_md_ldg:before {
        content: "";
        position: absolute;
        top: 0;
        left: 0;
        bottom: 0;
        right: 0;
        background-color: #fff;
        opacity: .5;
        z-index: 100;
    }</style>
    <div id="gs_md_ldg" style="display:none">Loading...</div>
    <div id="gs_md_err" style="display:none">The system can&#39;t perform the operation now. Try again later.</div>
    <div id="gs_md_s"></div>
    <div data-h="800" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw">
        <div id="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1"
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                                      class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span
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                            class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button>
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            </div>
            <div id="gs_md_cita-d-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy">
                <style>#gs_md_cita-d {
                    width: 90%;
                    max-width: 1000px;
                }

                .gs_el_ph #gs_md_cita-d {
                    width: 100%;
                    max-width: none;
                }

                #gs_md_cita-d .gs_md_prg {
                    min-height: 600px;
                }</style>
                <div id="gs_md_cita-l" aria-live="assertive"></div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
    <!--[if lte IE 9]>
    <div class="gs_alrt" style="padding:16px">
        <div>Sorry, some features may not work in this version of Internet Explorer.</div>
        <div>Please use <a href="//www.google.com/chrome/">Google Chrome</a> or <a href="//www.mozilla.com/firefox/">Mozilla
            Firefox</a> for the best experience.
        </div>
    </div><![endif]-->
    <div id="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_md_ulr gs_md_ds" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" data-shd="gs_hdr_drs"
         data-wfc="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" data-cfc="gs_hdr_mnu">
         data-wfc="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" data-cfc="gs_hdr_mnu">
        <div id="gs_hdr_drw_in">
            <div id="gs_hdr_drw_top"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" role="button"
                                        aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" aria-label="Options"
                                        class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span
                    class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_drw_lgo"
                                                                                 href="/schhp?hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII"
                                                                                 aria-label="Homepage"></a></div>
            <div>
                <div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/citations?hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII" role="menuitem"
                                               class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span
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                        <div class="gsc_oci_title_ggi"><a
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                                data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;ei=wEAYZtKuENPLy9YPkpyZkAQ"><span
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                    <div id="gsc_oci_title"><a class="gsc_oci_title_link"
                                               href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8466786/"
                                               data-clk="hl=en&amp;sa=T&amp;ei=wEAYZtKuENPLy9YPkpyZkAQ">Decentralized
                        applications: The blockchain-empowered software system</a></div>
                </div>
                <div id="gsc_oci_table">
                    <div class="gs_scl">
                        <div class="gsc_oci_field">Authors</div>
                        <div class="gsc_oci_value">Wei Cai, Zehua Wang, Jason B Ernst, Zhen Hong, Chen Feng, Victor CM
                            Leung
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="gs_scl">
                        <div class="gsc_oci_field">Publication date</div>
                        <div class="gsc_oci_value">2018/9/16</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="gs_scl">
                        <div class="gsc_oci_field">Journal</div>
                        <div class="gsc_oci_value">IEEE access</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="gs_scl">
                        <div class="gsc_oci_field">Volume</div>
                        <div class="gsc_oci_value">6</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="gs_scl">
                        <div class="gsc_oci_field">Pages</div>
                        <div class="gsc_oci_value">53019-53033</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="gs_scl">
                        <div class="gsc_oci_field">Publisher</div>
                        <div class="gsc_oci_value">IEEE</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="gs_scl">
                        <div class="gsc_oci_field">Description</div>
                        <div class="gsc_oci_value" id="gsc_oci_descr">
                            <div class="gsh_small">Blockchain technology has attracted tremendous attention in both
                                academia and capital market. However, overwhelming speculations on thousands of
                                available cryptocurrencies and numerous initial coin offering scams have also brought
                                notorious debates on this emerging technology. This paper traces the development of
                                blockchain systems to reveal the importance of decentralized applications (dApps) and
                                the future value of blockchain. We survey the state-of-the-art dApps and discuss the
                                direction of blockchain development to fulfill the desirable characteristics of dApps.
                                The readers will gain an overview of dApp research and get familiar with recent
                                developments in the blockchain.
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="gs_scl">
                        <div class="gsc_oci_field">Total citations</div>
                        <div class="gsc_oci_value">
                            <div style="margin-bottom:1em"><a
                                    href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;cites=16589742970128240413&amp;as_sdt=5">Cited
                                by 485</a></div>
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                                    <div id="gsc_oci_graph_x"></div>
                                    <div id="gsc_oci_graph_bars"><span class="gsc_oci_g_t"
                                                                       style="left:0px">2019</span><span
                                            class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:33px">2020</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t"
                                                                                                   style="left:66px">2021</span><span
                                            class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:99px">2022</span><span class="gsc_oci_g_t"
                                                                                                   style="left:132px">2023</span><span
                                            class="gsc_oci_g_t" style="left:165px">2024</span><a
                                            href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;cites=16589742970128240413&amp;as_sdt=5&amp;as_ylo=2019&amp;as_yhi=2019"
                                            class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:5px;height:17px;top:40px;z-index:6"><span
                                            class="gsc_oci_g_al">44</span></a><a
                                            href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;cites=16589742970128240413&amp;as_sdt=5&amp;as_ylo=2020&amp;as_yhi=2020"
                                            class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:38px;height:26px;top:31px;z-index:5"><span
                                            class="gsc_oci_g_al">67</span></a><a
                                            href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;cites=16589742970128240413&amp;as_sdt=5&amp;as_ylo=2021&amp;as_yhi=2021"
                                            class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:71px;height:35px;top:22px;z-index:4"><span
                                            class="gsc_oci_g_al">91</span></a><a
                                            href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;cites=16589742970128240413&amp;as_sdt=5&amp;as_ylo=2022&amp;as_yhi=2022"
                                            class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:104px;height:44px;top:13px;z-index:3"><span
                                            class="gsc_oci_g_al">114</span></a><a
                                            href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;cites=16589742970128240413&amp;as_sdt=5&amp;as_ylo=2023&amp;as_yhi=2023"
                                            class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:137px;height:57px;top:0px;z-index:2"><span
                                            class="gsc_oci_g_al">148</span></a><a
                                            href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;cites=16589742970128240413&amp;as_sdt=5&amp;as_ylo=2024&amp;as_yhi=2024"
                                            class="gsc_oci_g_a" style="left:170px;height:7px;top:50px;z-index:1"><span
                                            class="gsc_oci_g_al">17</span></a></div>
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                                <div>
                                    <a href="/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;cluster=16589742970128240413&amp;btnI=1&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII">Decentralized
                                        applications: The blockchain-empowered software system</a></div>
                                <div>W Cai, Z Wang, JB Ernst, Z Hong, C Feng, VCM Leung�- IEEE access, 2018</div>
                                <div><a class="gsc_oms_link"
                                        href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&amp;hl=en&amp;oe=ASCII&amp;cites=16589742970128240413&amp;as_sdt=5">Cited
                                    by 485</a> <a class="gsc_oms_link"
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