diff --git a/examples/01_Basics/ValidationMixin/run.php b/examples/01_Basics/ValidationMixin/run.php
index db7fba46..e403874f 100644
--- a/examples/01_Basics/ValidationMixin/run.php
+++ b/examples/01_Basics/ValidationMixin/run.php
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
 $loader = require 'vendor/autoload.php';
 $loader->add('Cognesy\\Instructor\\', __DIR__.'../../src/');
 
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Events\Request\RequestSentToLLM;
 use Cognesy\Instructor\Instructor;
 use Cognesy\Instructor\Validation\Traits\ValidationMixin;
 use Cognesy\Instructor\Validation\ValidationResult;
@@ -41,14 +40,15 @@ public function validate() : ValidationResult {
     }
 }
 
-$user = (new Instructor)->respond(
-    messages: [['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'Jason was born in 1990 and graduated in 1010.']],
+$user = (new Instructor)->wiretap(fn($e)=>$e->printDump())->respond(
+    messages: [['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'Jason was born in 2000 and graduated in 1923.']],
     responseModel: UserDetails::class,
+    model: 'gpt-3.5-turbo',
     maxRetries: 2
 );
 
 dump($user);
 
-assert($user->graduationYear === 2010);
+assert($user->graduationYear === 2023);
 ?>
 ```
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/examples/02_Advanced/CustomPrompts/run.php b/examples/02_Advanced/CustomPrompts/run.php
index 6f4bd880..4bddfc49 100644
--- a/examples/02_Advanced/CustomPrompts/run.php
+++ b/examples/02_Advanced/CustomPrompts/run.php
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class User {
     ->respond(
         messages: "Our user Jason is 25 years old.",
         responseModel: User::class,
-        prompt: "\nYour task is to respond correctly with JSON object. Response must follow JSONSchema:\n{json_schema}\n",
+        prompt: "\nYour task is to respond correctly with JSON object. Response must follow JSONSchema:\n<|json_schema|>\n",
         mode: Mode::Json);
 
 print("\n# Request for Mode::MdJson:\n\n");
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class User {
     ->respond(
         messages: "Our user Jason is 25 years old.",
         responseModel: User::class,
-        prompt: "\nYour task is to respond correctly with strict JSON object containing extracted data within a ```json {} ``` codeblock. Object must validate against this JSONSchema:\n{json_schema}\n",
+        prompt: "\nYour task is to respond correctly with strict JSON object containing extracted data within a ```json {} ``` codeblock. Object must validate against this JSONSchema:\n<|json_schema|>\n",
         mode: Mode::MdJson);
 
 ?>
diff --git a/examples/02_Advanced/LanguagePrograms/run.php b/examples/02_Advanced/LanguagePrograms/run.php
index 728a8b5e..4175299f 100644
--- a/examples/02_Advanced/LanguagePrograms/run.php
+++ b/examples/02_Advanced/LanguagePrograms/run.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Language programs
+# Language programs with Modules
 
 Instructor provides an addon allowing to implement complex processing flows
 using LLM in a modular way. This addon to Instructor has been inspired by DSPy
diff --git a/examples/02_Advanced/LanguagePrograms2/run.php b/examples/02_Advanced/LanguagePrograms2/run.php
index 5739beaf..5cf9a43e 100644
--- a/examples/02_Advanced/LanguagePrograms2/run.php
+++ b/examples/02_Advanced/LanguagePrograms2/run.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Language programs
+# 'Structure to structure' LLM processing
 
 Instructor provides an addon allowing to implement complex processing flows
 using LLM in a modular way. This addon to Instructor has been inspired by DSPy
@@ -25,6 +25,8 @@
 ```php
 <?php
 
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\Anthropic\AnthropicClient;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\Groq\GroqClient;
 use Cognesy\Instructor\Contracts\CanProvideSchema;
 use Cognesy\Instructor\Extras\Module\Addons\Predict\Predict;
 use Cognesy\Instructor\Extras\Module\CallData\Contracts\HasInputOutputData;
@@ -34,6 +36,7 @@
 use Cognesy\Instructor\Extras\Module\Signature\Attributes\OutputField;
 use Cognesy\Instructor\Extras\Module\CallData\SignatureData;
 use Cognesy\Instructor\Instructor;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Utils\Env;
 
 $loader = require 'vendor/autoload.php';
 $loader->add('Cognesy\\Instructor\\', __DIR__ . '../../src/');
@@ -42,9 +45,10 @@
 
 //#[Description('extract email details from text')]
 class ParsedEmail extends SignatureData {
+    // INPUTS
     #[InputField('text containing email')]
     public string $text;
-
+    // OUTPUTS
     #[OutputField('email address of sender')]
     public string $senderEmail;
     #[OutputField('subject of the email')]
@@ -54,28 +58,29 @@ class ParsedEmail extends SignatureData {
 }
 
 class FixedEmail extends SignatureData {
+    // INPUTS
     #[InputField('subject of the email')]
     public string $subject;
     #[InputField('body of the email')]
     public string $body;
-
+    // OUTPUTS
     #[OutputField('subject of the email with fixed spelling mistakes')]
     public string $fixedSubject;
     #[OutputField('body of the email with fixed spelling mistakes')]
     public string $fixedBody;
 }
 
-// Alternative way to define the module signature data without extending a class
+// Alternative way to define the class signature data without extending a class
 class EmailTranslation implements HasInputOutputData, CanProvideSchema {
     use AutoSignature;
-
+    // INPUTS
     #[InputField('subject of email')]
     public string $subject;
     #[InputField('body of email')]
     public string $body;
     #[InputField('language to translate to')]
     public string $language;
-
+    // OUTPUTS
     #[OutputField('translated subject of email')]
     public string $translatedSubject;
     #[OutputField('translated body of email')]
@@ -106,7 +111,7 @@ class ProcessEmail extends Module {
     private Predict $translate;
 
     public function __construct() {
-        $instructor = new Instructor();
+        $instructor = (new Instructor);//->withClient(new AnthropicClient(Env::get('ANTHROPIC_API_KEY')));//->wiretap(fn($e) => $e->printDump());
 
         $this->parse = new Predict(signature: ParsedEmail::class, instructor: $instructor);
         $this->fix = new Predict(signature: FixedEmail::class, instructor: $instructor);
diff --git a/examples/05_APISupport/LLMSupportGroq/run.php b/examples/05_APISupport/LLMSupportGroq/run.php
index 1590f2d2..00314f14 100644
--- a/examples/05_APISupport/LLMSupportGroq/run.php
+++ b/examples/05_APISupport/LLMSupportGroq/run.php
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ enum UserType : string {
 }
 
 class User {
-    public int $age;
+    public ?int $age;
     public string $name;
     public string $username;
     public UserType $role;
@@ -45,8 +45,12 @@ class User {
         messages: "Jason (@jxnlco) is 25 years old and is the admin of this project. He likes playing football and reading books.",
         responseModel: User::class,
         model: 'llama3-8b-8192',
+        options: ['stream' => false],
+        examples: [[
+            'input' => 'Ive got email Frank - their developer. He asked to come back to him frank@hk.ch. Btw, he plays on drums!',
+            'output' => ['age' => null, 'name' => 'Frank', 'role' => 'developer', 'hobbies' => ['playing drums'],],
+        ]],
         mode: Mode::Json,
-        options: ['stream' => false]
     );
 
 print("Completed response model:\n\n");
diff --git a/notes/NOTES.md b/notes/NOTES.md
index 907f706a..ca1cafdf 100644
--- a/notes/NOTES.md
+++ b/notes/NOTES.md
@@ -14,8 +14,34 @@ Examples to demonstrate use cases.
 
 Catch up with the latest additions.
 
-## Research
-
+## Brain dump
+
+- MessageSequence to better process multi-stage chat content
+- Extract APIClient to a separate package?
+- example of integration with Laravel/Livewire
+- DSPy next steps: eval, optimize, compile
+- Finish logging support
+- Documentation for logging
+- Add more modules: XoT, RAG, ReAct, etc.
+- RAG - how to handle multiple VDB providers?
+- Better error messages
+- Finish module observability via events - currently no access to this info & only 2 events supported
+- Test validation in modules - provide an example
+- Parallel execution of modules (e.g. a la Laravel jobs?)
+- How to track API rate limits across multiple requests / parallel executions
+- Moderation endpoint support
+- Make using DocBlocks optional - it may not always to be desired to pass this info to LLM
+- Rework Events so they have toArray() method, make __toString() use it
+- Document how to inject custom HTTP client
+- Git/GitHub integration module to allow easy automation
+- Data mapping module(s) for easier data transformations
+- Add super detailed tests of Module core functionality - esp. around input/output mappings
+- How to handle dynamic module graph definition + visualization
+
+## To research
+
+- Schema.org ld+json // Spatie https://github.com/spatie/schema-org // https://developers.google.com/search/docs/appearance/structured-data?hl=pl
+- nette/schema https://github.com/nette/schema
 - Queue-based load leveling
 - Throttling
 - Circuit breaker
@@ -29,4 +55,3 @@ Catch up with the latest additions.
 - Sparse task scheduler
 - Marker and sweeper
 - Actor model
-
diff --git a/src/Core/MessageBuilder.php b/src/Core/MessageBuilder.php
deleted file mode 100644
index 764ce292..00000000
--- a/src/Core/MessageBuilder.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,281 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core;
-
-use Cognesy\Instructor\ApiClient\Enums\ClientType;
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\Anthropic\AnthropicClient;
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\Anyscale\AnyscaleClient;
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\Azure\AzureClient;
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\Cohere\CohereClient;
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\FireworksAI\FireworksAIClient;
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\Groq\GroqClient;
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\Mistral\MistralClient;
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\Ollama\OllamaClient;
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\OpenAI\OpenAIClient;
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\OpenRouter\OpenRouterClient;
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\TogetherAI\TogetherAIClient;
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Data\ResponseModel;
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Enums\Mode;
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Utils\Template;
-use Exception;
-
-class MessageBuilder
-{
-    private string $clientClass = '';
-    private Mode $mode = Mode::Tools;
-    private array $messages = [];
-    private ?ResponseModel $responseModel = null;
-    private ?string $dataAcknowledgedPrompt = null;
-    private ?string $prompt = null;
-    private ?array $examples = null;
-
-    public function __construct() {}
-
-    static public function requestBody(
-        string $clientClass,
-        Mode $mode = Mode::Tools,
-        array $messages = [],
-        ?ResponseModel $responseModel = null,
-        ?string $dataAcknowledgedPrompt = null,
-        ?string $prompt = null,
-        ?array $examples = null,
-    ) : array {
-        $instance = new self();
-        $instance->clientClass = $clientClass;
-        $instance->mode = $mode;
-        $instance->messages = $messages;
-        $instance->responseModel = $responseModel;
-        $instance->dataAcknowledgedPrompt = $dataAcknowledgedPrompt;
-        $instance->prompt = $prompt;
-        $instance->examples = $examples;
-        return $instance->makeExtractionRequest();
-    }
-
-    // INTERNAL TOOLS ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-
-    private function makeExtractionRequest() : array {
-        // get body creation method based on client
-        $builder = $this->getBuilder($this->clientClass);
-        // get the parts of body specific to the client
-        $body = $builder();
-        // filter out empty values
-        $body = array_filter($body);
-        return $body;
-    }
-
-    private function getBuilder(string $clientClass) : callable {
-        return match($clientClass) {
-            AnthropicClient::class => fn() => $this->anthropic(),
-            CohereClient::class => fn() => $this->cohere(),
-            MistralClient::class => fn() => $this->mistral(),
-            OpenAIClient::class,
-            AzureClient::class => fn() => $this->openAI(),
-            AnyscaleClient::class,
-            FireworksAIClient::class,
-            GroqClient::class,
-            OllamaClient::class,
-            OpenRouterClient::class,
-            TogetherAIClient::class => fn() => $this->openAILike(),
-            default => fn() => [],
-        };
-    }
-
-    private function anthropic() : array {
-        $body = [];
-        $messages = $this->makeMessages();
-        $body['system'] = $messages->system();
-        $body['messages'] = $this->mapToTargetAPI(
-            type: ClientType::Anthropic->value,
-            messages: array_filter(array_merge(
-                $messages->history(),
-                $messages->command()
-            )),
-        );
-        return $body;
-    }
-
-    private function cohere() : array {
-        $body = [];
-        $messages = $this->makeMessages();
-        $body['preamble'] = $messages->system();
-        $body['chat_history'] = $this->mapToTargetAPI(
-            type: ClientType::Cohere->value,
-            messages: $messages->history()
-        );
-        $body['message'] = $messages->command(true)[0]['content'] ?? '';
-        return array_filter($body);
-    }
-
-    private function mistral() : array {
-        $body = [];
-        $messages = $this->makeMessages();
-        $body['messages'] = $this->mapToTargetAPI(
-            type: ClientType::Mistral->value,
-            messages: array_filter(array_merge(
-                empty($messages->system()) ? [] : ['role' => 'system', 'content' => $messages->system()],
-                $messages->history(),
-                $messages->command(withSchema: true)
-            )),
-        );
-        return $body;
-    }
-
-    private function openAI() : array {
-        $body = [];
-        $messages = $this->makeMessages();
-        $body['messages'] = $this->mapToTargetAPI(
-            type: ClientType::OpenAI->value,
-            messages: array_filter(array_merge(
-                empty($messages->system()) ? [] : ['role' => 'system', 'content' => $messages->system()],
-                $messages->history(),
-                $messages->command(withSchema: true)
-            )),
-        );
-        return $body;
-    }
-
-    private function openAILike() : array {
-        $body = [];
-        $messages = $this->makeMessages();
-        $body['messages'] = $this->mapToTargetAPI(
-            type: ClientType::OpenAICompatible->value,
-            messages: array_filter(array_merge(
-                empty($messages->system()) ? [] : ['role' => 'system', 'content' => $messages->system()],
-                $messages->history(),
-                $messages->command()
-            )),
-        );
-        return $body;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @return object
-     * @throws Exception
-     */
-    private function makeMessages() : object {
-        if (empty($this->messages)) {
-            throw new Exception('Messages cannot be empty - you have to provide the content for processing.');
-        }
-
-        return new class(
-            $this->clientClass,
-            $this->mode,
-            $this->messages,
-            $this->prompt,
-            $this->examples,
-            $this->dataAcknowledgedPrompt,
-            $this->responseModel,
-        ) {
-            private array $system = [];
-            private array $history = [];
-
-            public function __construct(
-                private string $clientClass,
-                private Mode $mode,
-                private array $messages,
-                private string $prompt,
-                private array $examples,
-                private string $dataAcknowledgedPrompt,
-                private ResponseModel $responseModel,
-            ) {
-                $index = 0;
-                // extract initial system messages
-                foreach ($this->messages as $message) {
-                    $role = $message['role'];
-                    $content = $message['content'];
-                    if ($role === 'system') {
-                        $this->system[] = $content;
-                        $index++;
-                    } else {
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
-                // extract history
-                $this->history = array_slice($this->messages, $index);
-            }
-
-            // BEGINNING MESSAGE
-            public function system() : string {
-                return implode("\n", $this->system);
-            }
-
-            // ORIGINAL MESSAGES PASSED FOR PROCESSING - DATA
-            public function history() : array {
-                return array_merge(
-                    $this->ensureProperSequence(
-                        $this->normalize($this->history)
-                    ),
-                );
-            }
-
-            // PROMPT AND EXAMPLES
-            public function command(bool $withSchema = false) : array {
-                $content = '';
-                // PROMPT SECTION
-                if (!empty($this->prompt)) {
-                    $content = match($withSchema) {
-                        true => Template::render(
-                            $this->prompt,
-                            ['json_schema' => $this->responseModel->toJsonSchema()]
-                        ),
-                        default => str_replace('{json_schema}', '', $this->prompt),
-                    };
-                }
-                // EXAMPLES SECTION
-                $content .= "\n\n";
-                if (!empty($this->examples)) {
-                    foreach ($this->examples as $example) {
-                        $content .= $example->toString() . "\n\n";
-                    }
-                }
-                // MERGE PROMPT AND EXAMPLES INTO SINGLE MESSAGE ENTRY
-                return [['role' => 'user', 'content' => $content]];
-            }
-
-            private function normalize(string|array $messages): array {
-                if (!is_array($messages)) {
-                    return [['role' => 'user', 'content' => $messages]];
-                }
-                return $messages;
-            }
-
-            private function ensureProperSequence(string|array $messages): array {
-                // add user turn if assistant was the first to speak
-                if ($messages[0]['role'] === 'assistant') {
-                    $messages = array_merge([['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'Continue']], $messages);
-                }
-                // add assistant turn if user was the last to speak
-                if ($messages[count($messages)-1]['role'] === 'user') {
-                    $messages = array_merge($messages, [['role' => 'assistant', 'content' => $this->dataAcknowledgedPrompt]]);
-                }
-                return $messages;
-            }
-        };
-    }
-
-    private function mapToTargetAPI(string $type, array $messages) : array {
-        if (empty($messages)) {
-            return [];
-        }
-        $roleMap = [
-            ClientType::Anthropic->value => ['user' => 'user', 'assistant' => 'assistant', 'system' => 'assistant', 'tool' => 'user'],
-            ClientType::Cohere->value => ['user' => 'USER', 'assistant' => 'CHATBOT', 'system' => 'CHATBOT', 'tool' => 'USER'],
-            ClientType::Mistral->value => ['user' => 'user', 'assistant' => 'assistant', 'system' => 'system', 'tool' => 'tool'],
-            ClientType::OpenAI->value => ['user' => 'user', 'assistant' => 'assistant', 'system' => 'system', 'tool' => 'tool'],
-            ClientType::OpenAICompatible->value => ['user' => 'user', 'assistant' => 'assistant', 'system' => 'system', 'tool' => 'tool'],
-        ];
-        $keyMap = [
-            ClientType::Anthropic->value => 'content',
-            ClientType::Cohere->value => 'message',
-            ClientType::Mistral->value => 'content',
-            ClientType::OpenAICompatible->value => 'content',
-            ClientType::OpenAI->value => 'content',
-        ];
-        $roles = $roleMap[$type];
-        $key = $keyMap[$type];
-        $normalized = [];
-        foreach ($messages as $message) {
-            $normalized[] = ['role' => $roles[$message['role']], $key => $message['content']];
-        }
-        return $normalized;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Enums/MessageRole.php b/src/Core/Messages/Enums/MessageRole.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ec20e0ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Enums/MessageRole.php
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?php
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Enums;
+
+enum MessageRole : string {
+    case System = 'system';
+    case User = 'user';
+    case Assistant = 'assistant';
+    case Tool = 'tool';
+
+    static public function fromString(string $role) : static
+    {
+        return match($role) {
+            'system' => self::System,
+            'user' => self::User,
+            'assistant' => self::Assistant,
+            'tool' => self::Tool,
+            default => self::User,
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Message.php b/src/Core/Messages/Message.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a9925bae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Message.php
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<?php
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages;
+
+class Message {
+    use Traits\Message\HandlesAccess;
+    use Traits\Message\HandlesTransformation;
+
+    /**
+     * @param string $role
+     * @param string|array<string|array> $content
+     */
+    public function __construct(
+        public string $role = '',
+        public string|array $content = '',
+    ) {}
+
+    public function clone() : Message {
+        return new Message($this->role, $this->content);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Messages.php b/src/Core/Messages/Messages.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e99d2f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Messages.php
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+<?php
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages;
+
+class Messages {
+    use Traits\Messages\HandlesCreation;
+    use Traits\Messages\HandlesAccess;
+    use Traits\Messages\HandlesMutation;
+    use Traits\Messages\HandlesTransformation;
+
+    /** @var Message[] $messages */
+    private array $messages = [];
+}
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Script.php b/src/Core/Messages/Script.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c6c74f39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Script.php
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<?php
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages;
+
+class Script {
+    use Traits\Script\HandlesAccess;
+    use Traits\Script\HandlesContext;
+    use Traits\Script\HandlesMutation;
+    use Traits\Script\HandlesReordering;
+    use Traits\Script\HandlesTransformation;
+    use Traits\RendersTemplates;
+
+    /** @var Section[] */
+    private array $sections;
+
+    public function __construct(Section ...$sections) {
+        $this->sections = $sections;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Section.php b/src/Core/Messages/Section.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bebd1522
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Section.php
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<?php
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages;
+
+class Section {
+    use Traits\Section\HandlesAccess;
+    use Traits\Section\HandlesMutation;
+    use Traits\Section\HandlesTransformation;
+
+    private Messages $messages;
+
+    public function __construct(
+        public string $name,
+        public string $description = '',
+    ) {
+        $this->messages = new Messages();
+    }
+}
+
+//enum StepType : string {
+//    case GoalStatement = 'goal';
+//    case GoalAcknowledgement = 'goal_ack';
+//    case ContentProvision = 'content';
+//    case ContentAcknowledgement = 'content_ack';
+//    case StopAndThink = 'think';
+//    case ContinueCommand = 'continue';
+//    case ToolsRequest = 'tools';
+//    case ToolsResponse = 'tools';
+//    case InferenceRequest = 'inference';
+//    case AssistantResponse = 'response';
+//    case RetryRequest = 'retry';
+//    case CustomUserStep = 'custom_user';
+//    case CustomAssistantStep = 'custom_assistant';
+//}
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Message/HandlesAccess.php b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Message/HandlesAccess.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0a7419d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Message/HandlesAccess.php
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Traits\Message;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Enums\MessageRole;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Message;
+
+trait HandlesAccess
+{
+    public function role() : MessageRole {
+        return MessageRole::fromString($this->role);
+    }
+
+    public function content() : string|array {
+        return $this->content;
+    }
+
+    public function isEmpty() : bool {
+        return empty($this->content);
+    }
+
+    public function isNull() : bool {
+        return ($this->role === '' && $this->content === '');
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Message/HandlesTransformation.php b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Message/HandlesTransformation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b6e89841
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Message/HandlesTransformation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<?php
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Traits\Message;
+
+trait HandlesTransformation
+{
+    public function toArray() : array {
+        return ['role' => $this->role, 'content' => $this->content];
+    }
+
+    public function toString() : string {
+        return $this->content;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Messages/HandlesAccess.php b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Messages/HandlesAccess.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5c69b161
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Messages/HandlesAccess.php
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+<?php
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Traits\Messages;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Enums\MessageRole;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Message;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Messages;
+
+trait HandlesAccess
+{
+    public function first() : Message {
+        if (empty($this->messages)) {
+            return new Message();
+        }
+        return $this->messages[0];
+    }
+
+    public function last() : Message {
+        if (empty($this->messages)) {
+            return new Message();
+        }
+        return $this->messages[count($this->messages)-1];
+    }
+
+    public function middle() : Messages {
+        if (count($this->messages) < 3) {
+            return new Messages();
+        }
+        return Messages::fromMessages(array_slice($this->messages, 1, count($this->messages)-2));
+    }
+
+    public function head() : array {
+        if (empty($this->messages)) {
+            return [];
+        }
+        return array_slice($this->messages, 0, 1);
+    }
+
+    public function tail() : array {
+        if (empty($this->messages)) {
+            return [];
+        }
+        return array_slice($this->messages, count($this->messages)-1);
+    }
+
+    public function isEmpty() : bool {
+        return empty($this->messages);
+    }
+
+    public function filter(callable $callback = null) : Messages {
+        $messages = new Messages();
+        foreach ($this->messages as $message) {
+            if ($message->isEmpty()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if ($callback($message)) {
+                $messages->messages[] = $message->clone();
+            }
+        }
+        return $messages;
+    }
+
+    // CONVENIENCE METHODS ///////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    public function firstRole() : MessageRole {
+        return $this->first()?->role();
+    }
+
+    public function lastRole() : MessageRole {
+        return $this->last()?->role();
+    }
+
+    public function firstContent() : string|array {
+        return $this->first()?->content();
+    }
+
+    public function lastContent() : string|array {
+        return $this->last()?->content();
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Messages/HandlesCreation.php b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Messages/HandlesCreation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fe42e4a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Messages/HandlesCreation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Traits\Messages;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Message;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Messages;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
+trait HandlesCreation
+{
+    /**
+     * @param array<string, string|array> $messages
+     */
+    static public function fromArray(array $messages) : Messages
+    {
+        $instance = new self();
+        foreach ($messages as $message) {
+            $instance->messages[] = new Message($message['role'], $message['content']);
+        }
+        return $instance;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param Messages[] $messages
+     */
+    static public function fromMessages(array|Message|Messages ...$arrayOfMessages) : Messages {
+        $instance = new self();
+        foreach ($arrayOfMessages as $message) {
+            if ($message instanceof Messages) {
+                $instance->appendMessages($message);
+            } elseif ($message instanceof Message) {
+                $instance->add($message);
+            } elseif (is_array($message)) {
+                $instance->add(new Message($message['role'], $message['content']));
+            } else {
+                throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid type for message');
+            }
+        }
+        return $instance;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Messages/HandlesMutation.php b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Messages/HandlesMutation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0c8ef65f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Messages/HandlesMutation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<?php
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Traits\Messages;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Message;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Messages;
+
+trait HandlesMutation
+{
+    public function add(array|Message $message) : static {
+        $this->messages[] = match (true) {
+            is_array($message) => new Message($message['role'], $message['content']),
+            default => $message,
+        };
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    public function appendMessages(array|Messages $messages) : static {
+        if ($messages instanceof Messages) {
+            $this->messages = array_merge($this->messages, $messages->messages);
+        } else {
+            foreach ($messages as $message) {
+                $this->messages[] = new Message($message['role'], $message['content']);
+            }
+        }
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    public function prependMessages(array|Messages $messages) : static {
+        if ($messages instanceof Messages) {
+            $this->messages = array_merge($messages->messages, $this->messages);
+        } else {
+            $prepended = [];
+            foreach ($messages as $message) {
+                $prepended = new Message($message['role'], $message['content']);
+            }
+            $this->messages = array_merge($prepended, $this->messages);
+        }
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    public function removeHead() : static {
+        array_shift($this->messages);
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    public function removeTail() : static {
+        array_pop($this->messages);
+        return $this;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Messages/HandlesTransformation.php b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Messages/HandlesTransformation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46a9554c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Messages/HandlesTransformation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<?php
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Traits\Messages;
+
+trait HandlesTransformation
+{
+    /**
+     * @return array<string, string|array>
+     */
+    public function toArray() : array {
+        $result = [];
+        foreach ($this->messages as $message) {
+            if ($message->isEmpty()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            $result[] = $message->toArray();
+        }
+        return $result;
+    }
+
+    public function toString(string $separator = "\n") : string {
+        $result = '';
+        foreach ($this->messages as $message) {
+            if ($message->isEmpty()) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            $result .= $message->toString() . $separator;
+        }
+        return $result;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Traits/RendersTemplates.php b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/RendersTemplates.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0dc3497
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/RendersTemplates.php
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Traits;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Message;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Messages;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Utils\Template;
+
+trait RendersTemplates
+{
+    /**
+     * @param string $template
+     * @param array<string,mixed>|null $context
+     * @return string
+     */
+    private function renderString(string $template, ?array $context) : string {
+        return match(true) {
+            is_null($context) => $template,
+            default => (new Template($context))->renderString($template),
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string,string|array>|Message $messages
+     * @param array<string,mixed>|null $context
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function renderMessage(array|Message $message, ?array $context) : array {
+        return match(true) {
+            is_null($context) => $message,
+            default => (new Template($context))->renderMessage($message),
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string,string|array>|Messages $messages
+     * @param array<string,mixed>|null $context
+     * @return string
+     */
+    protected function renderMessages(array|Messages $messages, ?array $context) : array {
+        return match(true) {
+            is_null($context) => $messages,
+            default => (new Template($context))->renderMessages($messages),
+        };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Script/HandlesAccess.php b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Script/HandlesAccess.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..809af621
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Script/HandlesAccess.php
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Traits\Script;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Script;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Section;
+
+trait HandlesAccess
+{
+    public function section(string $name) : Section {
+        $index = $this->sectionIndex($name);
+        if ($index === -1) {
+            $this->addSection(new Section($name));
+            $index = $this->sectionIndex($name);
+        }
+        return $this->sections[$index];
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param string|string[] $sections
+     */
+    public function select(string|array $sections = []) : Script {
+        $names = match (true) {
+            empty($sections) => array_map(fn($section) => $section->name, $this->sections),
+            is_string($sections) => [$sections],
+            is_array($sections) => $sections,
+        };
+        $script = new Script();
+        $script->context = $this->context;
+        foreach ($names as $sectionName) {
+            $script->append($this->section($sectionName));
+        }
+        return $script;
+    }
+
+    public function hasSection(string $name) : bool {
+        return $this->sectionIndex($name) !== -1;
+    }
+
+    // INTERNAL ////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    private function sectionIndex(string $name) : int {
+        $index = -1;
+        foreach ($this->sections as $i => $section) {
+            if ($section->name === $name) {
+                $index = $i;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        return $index;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Script/HandlesContext.php b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Script/HandlesContext.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..718fc3fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Script/HandlesContext.php
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<?php
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Traits\Script;
+
+trait HandlesContext
+{
+    private ?array $context = null;
+
+    public function getContext() : array {
+        return $this->context;
+    }
+
+    public function setContext(array $context) : void {
+        $this->context = $context;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Script/HandlesMutation.php b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Script/HandlesMutation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e607d278
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Script/HandlesMutation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Traits\Script;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Section;
+
+trait HandlesMutation
+{
+    public function addSection(Section $section) : static {
+        $this->append($section);
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    public function append(Section $section) : static {
+        $this->sections = $this->appendSections([$section]);
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    public function prepend(Section $section) : static {
+        $this->sections = $this->prependSections([$section]);
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    public function addBefore(string $name, Section $section) : static {
+        $this->sections = $this->insert($this->sections, $this->sectionIndex($name), [$section]);
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    public function addAfter(string $name, Section $section) : static {
+        $this->sections = $this->insert($this->sections, $this->sectionIndex($name) + 1, [$section]);
+        return $this;
+    }
+
+    // INTERNAL ////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    private function insert(array $array, int $index, array $new) : array {
+        return array_merge(
+            array_slice($array, 0, $index),
+            $new,
+            array_slice($array, $index)
+        );
+    }
+
+    private function appendSections(array $array) : array {
+        return array_merge($this->sections, $array);
+    }
+
+    private function prependSections(array $array) {
+        return array_merge($array, $this->sections);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Script/HandlesReordering.php b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Script/HandlesReordering.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8f15aa6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Script/HandlesReordering.php
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Traits\Script;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Script;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Section;
+
+trait HandlesReordering
+{
+    public function reorder(array $order) : Script {
+        $sections = $this->listInOrder($order);
+
+        $script = new Script();
+        $script->context = $this->context;
+        foreach ($sections as $section) {
+            $script->append($section);
+        }
+        return $script;
+    }
+
+    public function reverse() : Script {
+        $script = new Script();
+        $script->context = $this->context;
+        foreach ($this->listReverse() as $section) {
+            $script->append($section);
+        }
+        return $script;
+    }
+
+    // INTERNAL ////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    /** @return Section[] */
+    private function listAsIs() : array {
+        return $this->sections;
+    }
+
+    /** @return Section[] */
+    private function listReverse() : array {
+        return array_reverse($this->sections);
+    }
+
+    /** @return Section[] */
+    private function listInOrder(array $order) : array {
+        $ordered = [];
+        foreach ($order as $name) {
+            if (!$this->hasSection($name)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            $section = $this->section($name);
+            $ordered[] = $section;
+        }
+        return $ordered;
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Script/HandlesTransformation.php b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Script/HandlesTransformation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e8117874
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Script/HandlesTransformation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<?php
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Traits\Script;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\ApiClient\Enums\ClientType;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Messages;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Utils\ChatFormat;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Utils\Arrays;
+
+trait HandlesTransformation
+{
+    /**
+     * @param array<string> $order
+     * @return Messages
+     */
+    public function toMessages() : Messages {
+        $messages = new Messages();
+        foreach ($this->sections as $section) {
+            $messages->appendMessages($section->toMessages());
+        }
+        return $messages;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string> $order
+     * @param array<string,mixed>|null $context
+     * @return array<string,mixed>
+     */
+    public function toArray(array $context = null, bool $raw = false) : array {
+        $array = $this->toMessages()->toArray();
+        return match($raw) {
+            false => $this->renderMessages($array, Arrays::mergeNull($this->context, $context)),
+            true => $array,
+        };
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param ClientType $type
+     * @param array<string> $order
+     * @param array<string,mixed>|null $context
+     * @return array<string,mixed>
+     */
+    public function toNativeArray(ClientType $type, array $context = null) : array {
+        $array = $this->renderMessages(
+            $this->toArray(raw: true),
+            Arrays::mergeNull($this->context, $context)
+        );
+        return ChatFormat::mapToTargetAPI(
+            clientType: $type,
+            messages: $array,
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string> $order
+     * @param string $separator
+     * @param array<string,mixed>|null $context
+     * @return string
+     */
+    public function toString(string $separator = "\n", array $context = null) : string {
+        $text = array_reduce(
+            $this->toArray(raw: true),
+            fn($carry, $message) => $carry . $message['content'] . $separator,
+        );
+        if (empty($text)) {
+            return '';
+        }
+        return $this->renderString($text, Arrays::mergeNull($this->context, $context));
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Section/HandlesAccess.php b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Section/HandlesAccess.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b1404a3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Section/HandlesAccess.php
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<?php
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Traits\Section;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Enums\MessageRole;
+
+trait HandlesAccess
+{
+    public function name() : string {
+        return $this->name;
+    }
+
+    public function firstRole() : MessageRole {
+        return $this->messages->firstRole();
+    }
+
+    public function lastRole() : MessageRole {
+        return $this->messages->lastRole();
+    }
+
+    public function isEmpty() : bool {
+        return $this->messages->isEmpty();
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Section/HandlesMutation.php b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Section/HandlesMutation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..061a65fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Section/HandlesMutation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Traits\Section;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Message;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Messages;
+
+trait HandlesMutation
+{
+    public function add(array|Message $message) : void {
+        $this->messages->add($message);
+    }
+
+    public function appendMessages(array|Messages $messages) : void {
+        $this->messages->appendMessages($messages);
+    }
+
+    public function prependMessages(array|Messages $messages) : void {
+        $this->messages->prependMessages($messages);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Section/HandlesTransformation.php b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Section/HandlesTransformation.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a81dd916
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Traits/Section/HandlesTransformation.php
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<?php
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Traits\Section;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\ApiClient\Enums\ClientType;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Messages;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Traits\RendersTemplates;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Utils\ChatFormat;
+
+trait HandlesTransformation
+{
+    use RendersTemplates;
+
+    public function toMessages() : Messages {
+        return $this->messages;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string,mixed>|null $context
+     * @return array<string,mixed>
+     */
+    public function toArray(array $context = null) : array {
+        return $this->renderMessages(
+            $this->messages->toArray(),
+            $context
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param ClientType $clientType
+     * @param array<string,mixed>|null $context
+     * @return array<string,mixed>
+     */
+    public function toNativeArray(ClientType $clientType, array $context = null) : array {
+        $array = $this->renderMessages(
+            $this->toArray(),
+            $context,
+        );
+        return ChatFormat::mapToTargetAPI(
+            clientType: $clientType,
+            messages: $array,
+        );
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @param array<string,mixed>|null $context
+     * @param string $separator
+     * @return array<string,mixed>
+     */
+    public function toString(array $context = [], string $separator = "\n") : string {
+        $text = array_reduce(
+            $this->messages->toArray(),
+            fn($carry, $message) => $carry . $message['content'] . $separator,
+        );
+        return $this->renderString($text, $context);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Utils/ChatFormat.php b/src/Core/Messages/Utils/ChatFormat.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..610255bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Utils/ChatFormat.php
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Utils;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\ApiClient\Enums\ClientType;
+
+class ChatFormat
+{
+    static public function mapToTargetAPI(ClientType $clientType, array $messages) : array {
+        if (empty($messages)) {
+            return [];
+        }
+
+        $roleMap = [
+            ClientType::Anthropic->value => ['user' => 'user', 'assistant' => 'assistant', 'system' => 'assistant', 'tool' => 'user'],
+            ClientType::Cohere->value => ['user' => 'USER', 'assistant' => 'CHATBOT', 'system' => 'CHATBOT', 'tool' => 'USER'],
+            ClientType::Mistral->value => ['user' => 'user', 'assistant' => 'assistant', 'system' => 'system', 'tool' => 'tool'],
+            ClientType::OpenAI->value => ['user' => 'user', 'assistant' => 'assistant', 'system' => 'system', 'tool' => 'tool'],
+            ClientType::OpenAICompatible->value => ['user' => 'user', 'assistant' => 'assistant', 'system' => 'system', 'tool' => 'tool'],
+        ];
+
+        $keyMap = [
+            ClientType::Anthropic->value => 'content',
+            ClientType::Cohere->value => 'message',
+            ClientType::Mistral->value => 'content',
+            ClientType::OpenAICompatible->value => 'content',
+            ClientType::OpenAI->value => 'content',
+        ];
+
+        $roles = $roleMap[$clientType->value];
+        $key = $keyMap[$clientType->value];
+
+        return array_map(function($message) use ($roles, $key) {
+            return ['role' => $roles[$message['role']], $key => $message['content']];
+        }, $messages);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Utils/MessageBuilder.php b/src/Core/Messages/Utils/MessageBuilder.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..99f02cfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Utils/MessageBuilder.php
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+<?php
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Utils;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Data\Example;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Data\ResponseModel;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Enums\Mode;
+
+class MessageBuilder
+{
+    use MessageBuilder\HandlesApiProviders;
+    use MessageBuilder\MakesMessages;
+
+    private string $clientClass = '';
+    private Mode $mode = Mode::Tools;
+    private array $messages = [];
+    private ?ResponseModel $responseModel = null;
+    private ?string $dataAcknowledgedPrompt = null;
+    private ?string $prompt = null;
+    /** @var ?Example[] $examples */
+    private ?array $examples = null;
+
+    public function __construct() {}
+
+    static public function requestBody(
+        string $clientClass,
+        Mode $mode = Mode::Tools,
+        array $messages = [],
+        ?ResponseModel $responseModel = null,
+        ?string $dataAcknowledgedPrompt = null,
+        ?string $prompt = null,
+        ?array $examples = null,
+    ) : array {
+        $instance = new self();
+        $instance->clientClass = $clientClass;
+        $instance->mode = $mode;
+        $instance->messages = $messages;
+        $instance->responseModel = $responseModel;
+        $instance->dataAcknowledgedPrompt = $dataAcknowledgedPrompt;
+        $instance->prompt = $prompt;
+        $instance->examples = $examples;
+        return $instance->makeExtractionRequest();
+    }
+
+    // INTERNAL TOOLS ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    private function makeExtractionRequest() : array {
+        // get body creation method based on client
+        $builder = $this->getBuilder($this->clientClass);
+        // get the parts of body specific to the client
+        $script = $this->makeMessages();
+        $script->setContext(['json_schema' => $this->responseModel->toJsonSchema()]);
+        $body = $builder($script);
+
+        // filter out empty values
+        $body = array_filter($body);
+        return $body;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Utils/MessageBuilder/HandlesApiProviders.php b/src/Core/Messages/Utils/MessageBuilder/HandlesApiProviders.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90941713
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Utils/MessageBuilder/HandlesApiProviders.php
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Utils\MessageBuilder;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\ApiClient\Enums\ClientType;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\Anthropic\AnthropicClient;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\Anyscale\AnyscaleClient;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\Azure\AzureClient;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\Cohere\CohereClient;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\FireworksAI\FireworksAIClient;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\Groq\GroqClient;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\Mistral\MistralClient;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\Ollama\OllamaClient;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\OpenAI\OpenAIClient;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\OpenRouter\OpenRouterClient;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Clients\TogetherAI\TogetherAIClient;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Script;
+
+trait HandlesApiProviders
+{
+    private function getBuilder(string $clientClass) : callable {
+        return match($clientClass) {
+            AnthropicClient::class => fn($script) => $this->anthropic($script),
+            CohereClient::class => fn($script) => $this->cohere($script),
+            MistralClient::class => fn($script) => $this->mistral($script),
+            OpenAIClient::class,
+            AzureClient::class => fn($script) => $this->openAI($script),
+            AnyscaleClient::class,
+            FireworksAIClient::class,
+            GroqClient::class,
+            OllamaClient::class,
+            OpenRouterClient::class,
+            TogetherAIClient::class => fn($script) => $this->openAILike($script),
+            default => fn() => [],
+        };
+    }
+
+    private function anthropic(Script $script) : array {
+        return [
+            'system' => $script->select('system')->toString(),
+            'messages' => $script
+                ->select(['messages', 'data_ack', 'command', 'examples'])
+                ->toNativeArray(ClientType::Anthropic),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    private function cohere(Script $script) : array {
+        return array_filter([
+            'preamble' => $script->select('system')->toString(),
+            'chat_history' => $script->select('messages')->toNativeArray(ClientType::Cohere),
+            'message' => $script->select(['command', 'examples'])->toString(),
+        ]);
+    }
+
+    private function mistral(Script $script) : array {
+        return [
+            'messages' => $script
+                ->select(['system', 'command', 'examples', 'messages'])
+                ->toNativeArray(ClientType::Mistral),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    private function openAI(Script $script) : array {
+        return [
+            'messages' => $script
+                ->select(['system', 'messages', 'data_ack', 'command', 'examples'])
+                ->toNativeArray(ClientType::OpenAI),
+        ];
+    }
+
+    private function openAILike(Script $script) : array {
+        return [
+            'messages' => $script
+                ->select(['system', 'messages', 'data_ack', 'command', 'examples'])
+                ->toNativeArray(ClientType::OpenAICompatible),
+        ];
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Core/Messages/Utils/MessageBuilder/MakesMessages.php b/src/Core/Messages/Utils/MessageBuilder/MakesMessages.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..678aeebc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Core/Messages/Utils/MessageBuilder/MakesMessages.php
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Utils\MessageBuilder;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Script;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Section;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Data\Example;
+use Exception;
+
+trait MakesMessages
+{
+    private function makeMessages() : Script {
+        if (empty($this->messages)) {
+            throw new Exception('Messages cannot be empty - you have to provide the content for processing.');
+        }
+
+        $script = new Script();
+        $script->addSection(new Section('system', 'System messages'));
+        $script->addSection(new Section('messages', 'Chat messages'));
+        $script->addSection(new Section('command', 'Command prompt'));
+        $script->addSection(new Section('data_ack', 'Data acknowledged prompt'));
+
+        // SYSTEM SECTION
+        $index = 0;
+        foreach ($this->messages as $message) {
+            if ($message['role'] !== 'system') {
+                break;
+            }
+            $script->section('system')->add(['role' => 'system', 'content' => $message['content']]);
+            $index++;
+        }
+
+        // DATA ACK SECTION
+        $script->section('data_ack')->add([
+            'role' => 'assistant',
+            'content' => $this->dataAcknowledgedPrompt
+        ]);
+
+        // MESSAGES SECTION
+        $script->section('messages')->appendMessages(array_slice($this->messages, $index));
+
+        // PROMPT SECTION
+        if (!empty($this->prompt)) {
+            $script->section('command')->add([
+                'role' => 'user',
+                'content' => $this->prompt
+            ]);
+        }
+
+        // EXAMPLES SECTION
+        if (!empty($this->examples)) {
+            $script->addSection(new Section('examples', 'Inference examples'));
+            foreach ($this->examples as $item) {
+                $example = match(true) {
+                    is_array($item) => Example::fromArray($item),
+                    is_string($item) => Example::fromJson($item),
+                    $item instanceof Example => $item,
+                };
+                $script->section('examples')->appendMessages($example->toMessages());
+            }
+        }
+
+        return $script;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Data/Example.php b/src/Data/Example.php
index f661536d..a5302f07 100644
--- a/src/Data/Example.php
+++ b/src/Data/Example.php
@@ -55,14 +55,21 @@ static public function fromData(mixed $data, array|object $output) : self {
 
     static public function fromJson(string $json) : self {
         $data = Json::parse($json);
+        if (!isset($data['input']) || !isset($data['output'])) {
+            throw new Exception("Invalid JSON data for example - missing `input` or `output` fields");
+        }
+        return self::fromArray($data);
+    }
+
+    static public function fromArray(array $data) : self {
         if (!isset($data['input']) || !isset($data['output'])) {
             throw new Exception("Invalid JSON data for example - missing `input` or `output` fields");
         }
         return new self(
             input: $data['input'],
             output: $data['output'],
-            uid: $data['id'] ?? null,
-            createdAt: new DateTimeImmutable($data['created_at']) ?? null
+            uid: $data['id'] ?? Uuid::uuid4(),
+            createdAt: isset($data['created_at']) ? new DateTimeImmutable($data['created_at']) : new DateTimeImmutable(),
         );
     }
 
@@ -85,6 +92,13 @@ public function toString() : string {
         ]);
     }
 
+    public function toMessages() : array {
+        return [
+            ['role' => 'user', 'content' => $this->input()],
+            ['role' => 'assistant', 'content' => $this->outputString()],
+        ];
+    }
+
     public function toJson() : string {
         return Json::encode([
             'id' => $this->uid,
diff --git a/src/Data/Request.php b/src/Data/Request.php
index df9d7ed9..1da8e847 100644
--- a/src/Data/Request.php
+++ b/src/Data/Request.php
@@ -75,23 +75,4 @@ public function mode() : Mode {
     public function copy(array $messages) : self {
         return (clone $this)->withMessages($messages);
     }
-
-    public function toCompilerInput() : CompilerInput {
-        return new Input(
-            mode: $this->mode,
-            model: $this->model,
-            messages: $this->messages,
-            responseModel: $this->responseModel,
-            options: $this->options,
-            examples: $this->examples,
-            feedback: $this->feedback,
-            tools: $this->tools,
-            toolChoice: $this->toolChoice,
-            prompt: $this->prompt,
-            retryPrompt: $this->retryPrompt,
-            signature: $this->signature,
-            inputSchema: $this->inputSchema,
-            inputData: $this->inputData,
-        );
-    }
 }
diff --git a/src/Data/Traits/Request/HandlesApiRequestFactory.php b/src/Data/Traits/Request/HandlesApiRequestFactory.php
index b571359c..f4b52dc0 100644
--- a/src/Data/Traits/Request/HandlesApiRequestFactory.php
+++ b/src/Data/Traits/Request/HandlesApiRequestFactory.php
@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@ public function toApiRequest() : ApiRequest {
         if (empty($this->option('max_tokens'))) {
             $this->setOption('max_tokens', $this->client->defaultMaxTokens);
         }
-        $request = $this->fromRequest();
-        return $request;
+        return $this->fromRequest();
     }
 
     // INTERNAL ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
diff --git a/src/Data/Traits/Request/HandlesPrompts.php b/src/Data/Traits/Request/HandlesPrompts.php
index 26770657..637161ad 100644
--- a/src/Data/Traits/Request/HandlesPrompts.php
+++ b/src/Data/Traits/Request/HandlesPrompts.php
@@ -2,16 +2,15 @@
 
 namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Data\Traits\Request;
 
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\MessageBuilder;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Utils\MessageBuilder;
 use Cognesy\Instructor\Enums\Mode;
-use Cognesy\Instructor\Utils\Template;
 use Exception;
 
 trait HandlesPrompts
 {
     private array $defaultPrompts = [
-        Mode::MdJson->value => "\nRespond correctly with strict JSON object containing extracted data within a ```json {} ``` codeblock. Object must validate against this JSONSchema:\n{json_schema}\n",
-        Mode::Json->value => "\nRespond correctly with strict JSON object. Response must follow JSONSchema:\n{json_schema}\n",
+        Mode::MdJson->value => "\nRespond correctly with strict JSON object containing extracted data within a ```json {} ``` codeblock. Object must validate against this JSONSchema:\n<|json_schema|>\n",
+        Mode::Json->value => "\nRespond correctly with strict JSON object. Response must follow JSONSchema:\n<|json_schema|>\n",
         Mode::Tools->value => "\nExtract correct and accurate data from the input using provided tools. Response must be JSON object following provided tool schema.\n",
     ];
     private string $dataAcknowledgedPrompt = "Input acknowledged.";
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ public function withPrompt(string $prompt) : self {
     // INTERNAL ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
 
     protected function makeOptions() : array {
-        if (empty($this->messages)) {
+        if (empty($this->messages())) {
             throw new Exception('Messages cannot be empty - you have to provide the content for processing.');
         }
 
@@ -43,10 +42,9 @@ protected function makeOptions() : array {
             messages: $this->messages(),
             responseModel: $this->responseModel(),
             dataAcknowledgedPrompt: $this->dataAcknowledgedPrompt,
-            prompt: Template::render($this->prompt(), ['json_schema' => $this->jsonSchema()]),
+            prompt: $this->prompt(),
             examples: $this->examples(),
         );
-
         return array_merge(
             $this->options,
             $body,
diff --git a/src/Extras/Module/Addons/Predict/Predict.php b/src/Extras/Module/Addons/Predict/Predict.php
index df769178..b26a2040 100644
--- a/src/Extras/Module/Addons/Predict/Predict.php
+++ b/src/Extras/Module/Addons/Predict/Predict.php
@@ -19,14 +19,15 @@ class Predict extends DynamicModule
 {
     protected Instructor $instructor;
 
-    protected string $prompt;
+    protected string $predictionPrompt;
+    protected string $extractionPrompt;
     protected $options = [];
     protected $model = 'gpt-4o';
     protected $mode = Mode::Tools;
     protected array $examples = [];
     protected int $maxRetries = 3;
 
-    protected string $defaultPrompt = 'Your job is to infer output argument values in input data based on specification: {signature} {description}';
+    protected string $defaultPredictionPrompt = 'Your job is to infer output argument values in input data based on specification: {signature} {description}';
 
     protected string|Signature|HasSignature $defaultSignature;
 
@@ -35,12 +36,13 @@ class Predict extends DynamicModule
     public function __construct(
         string|Signature|HasSignature $signature,
         Instructor $instructor,
-        string $model = 'gpt-4o',
+        string $model = '',
         int $maxRetries = 3,
         array $options = [],
         array $examples = [],
-        string $prompt = '',
-        Mode $mode = Mode::Tools,
+        string $predictionPrompt = '',
+        string $extractionPrompt = '',
+        Mode $mode = Mode::Json,
     ) {
         if ($signature instanceof HasSignature) {
             $this->signatureCarrier = $signature;
@@ -54,7 +56,8 @@ public function __construct(
         $this->maxRetries = $maxRetries;
         $this->options = $options;
         $this->examples = $examples;
-        $this->prompt = $prompt;
+        $this->predictionPrompt = $predictionPrompt;
+        $this->extractionPrompt = $extractionPrompt;
         $this->mode = $mode;
     }
 
@@ -98,18 +101,18 @@ public function forward(array $args, object $targetObject): mixed {
             maxRetries: $this->maxRetries,
             options: $this->options,
             examples: $this->examples,
-            prompt: $this->prompt(),
+            prompt: $this->extractionPrompt,
             mode: $this->mode,
         );
 
         return $response;
     }
 
-    public function prompt() : string {
+    protected function predictionPrompt() : string {
         if (empty($this->prompt)) {
-            $this->prompt = $this->renderPrompt($this->defaultPrompt);
+            $this->predictionPrompt = $this->renderPrompt($this->defaultPredictionPrompt);
         }
-        return $this->prompt;
+        return $this->predictionPrompt;
     }
 
     // INTERNAL ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -123,7 +126,7 @@ private function toMessages(string|array|object $input) : array {
             default => json_encode($input), // wrap in json
         };
         return [
-            ['role' => 'user', 'content' => $this->prompt()],
+            ['role' => 'user', 'content' => $this->predictionPrompt()],
             ['role' => 'assistant', 'content' => 'Provide input data.'],
             ['role' => 'user', 'content' => $content]
         ];
diff --git a/src/Utils/Arrays.php b/src/Utils/Arrays.php
index 958602ac..c2f711ac 100644
--- a/src/Utils/Arrays.php
+++ b/src/Utils/Arrays.php
@@ -6,6 +6,15 @@
 
 class Arrays
 {
+    public static function mergeNull(?array $array1, ?array $array2): ?array {
+        return match(true) {
+            is_null($array1) && is_null($array2) => null,
+            is_null($array1) => $array2,
+            is_null($array2) => $array1,
+            default => array_merge($array1, $array2),
+        };
+    }
+
     public static function unset(array $array, array|string $fields) : array {
         if (!is_array($fields)) {
             $fields = [$fields];
diff --git a/src/Utils/Template.php b/src/Utils/Template.php
index 7f977e85..3b9e0310 100644
--- a/src/Utils/Template.php
+++ b/src/Utils/Template.php
@@ -2,18 +2,99 @@
 
 namespace Cognesy\Instructor\Utils;
 
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Message;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Messages;
+use InvalidArgumentException;
+
 class Template
 {
-    public static function render(string $template, array $data): string {
-        $keys = array_map(fn($key) => '{'.$key.'}', array_keys($data));
-        $normalized = [];
-        foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
-            $normalized[$key] = match (true) {
-                is_array($value) || is_object($value) => Json::encode($value),
+    private array $values = [];
+    private array $keys = [];
+
+    public function __construct(
+        array $context = []
+    ) {
+        if (empty($context)) {
+            return;
+        }
+        $materializedContext = $this->materializeContext($context);
+        $this->values = array_values($materializedContext);
+        $this->keys = array_map(
+            fn($key) => $this->varPattern($key),
+            array_keys($materializedContext)
+        );
+    }
+
+    public static function render(string $template, array $context) : string {
+        return (new Template($context))->renderString($template);
+    }
+
+    public function renderString(string $template): string {
+        // find all keys in the template
+        $keys = $this->findVars($template);
+        // find keys missing from $this->keys
+        $missingKeys = array_diff($keys, $this->keys);
+        // remove missing key strings from the template
+        $template = str_replace($missingKeys, '', $template);
+        return str_replace($this->keys, $this->values, $template);
+    }
+
+    public function renderArray(array $rows, string $field = 'content'): array {
+        return array_map(
+            fn($item) => $this->renderString($item[$field] ?? ''),
+            $rows
+        );
+    }
+
+    public function renderMessage(array|Message $message) : array {
+        $rendered = match(true) {
+            is_array($message) => ['role' => $message['role'], 'content' => $this->renderString($message['content'])],
+            $message instanceof Message => ['role' => $message->role, 'content' => $this->renderString($message->content)],
+            default => throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid message type'),
+        };
+        return $rendered;
+    }
+
+    public function renderMessages(array|Messages $messages) : array {
+        return array_map(
+            fn($message) => $this->renderMessage($message),
+            is_array($messages) ? $messages : $messages->toArray()
+        );
+    }
+
+    // OVERRIDEABLE //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    protected function varPattern(string $key) : string {
+        return '<|' . $key . '|>';
+    }
+
+    protected function findVars(string $template) : array {
+        $matches = [];
+        // replace {xxx} pattern with <|xxx|> pattern match
+        preg_match_all('/<\|([^|]+)\|>/', $template, $matches);
+        return $matches[0];
+    }
+
+    // INTERNAL //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+    private function materializeContext(array $context) : array {
+        $contextValues = [];
+        foreach ($context as $key => $value) {
+            $value = match (true) {
+                is_scalar($value) => $value,
+                is_array($value) => Json::encode($value),
+                is_callable($value) => $value($key, $context),
+                is_object($value) && method_exists($value, 'toString') => $value->toString(),
+                is_object($value) && method_exists($value, 'toJson') => $value->toJson(),
+                is_object($value) && method_exists($value, 'toArray') => Json::encode($value->toArray()),
+                is_object($value) && method_exists($value, 'toSchema') => Json::encode($value->toSchema()),
+                is_object($value) && method_exists($value, 'toOutputSchema') => Json::encode($value->toOutputSchema()),
+                is_object($value) && property_exists($value, 'value') => $value->value(),
+                is_object($value) => Json::encode($value),
                 default => $value,
             };
+            $contextValues[$key] = $value;
         }
-        $values = array_values($normalized);
-        return trim(str_replace($keys, $values, $template));
+        return $contextValues;
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Feature/Script/ScriptTest.php b/tests/Feature/Script/ScriptTest.php
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce7f590e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Feature/Script/ScriptTest.php
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+<?php
+namespace Tests;
+
+use Cognesy\Instructor\ApiClient\Enums\ClientType;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Script;
+use Cognesy\Instructor\Core\Messages\Section;
+
+it('creates messages from script', function () {
+    $script = new Script(
+        new Section('section-1'),
+        new Section('section-2'),
+    );
+    $script->setContext([
+        'key-1' => 'value-1',
+        'key-2' => 'value-2',
+    ]);
+
+    $script->section('section-1')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-1']);
+    $script->section('section-1')->add(['role' => 'assistant', 'content' => 'content-2']);
+    $script->section('section-1')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-3 {key-1}']);
+
+    $script->section('section-2')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-4']);
+    $script->section('section-2')->add(['role' => 'assistant', 'content' => 'content-5']);
+    $script->section('section-2')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-6 {key-2}']);
+
+    $messages = $script->toArray();
+
+    expect(count($messages))->toBe(6);
+    expect($messages[0]['role'])->toBe('user');
+    expect($messages[0]['content'])->toBe('content-1');
+    expect($messages[1]['role'])->toBe('assistant');
+    expect($messages[1]['content'])->toBe('content-2');
+    expect($messages[2]['role'])->toBe('user');
+    expect($messages[2]['content'])->toBe('content-3 value-1');
+    expect($messages[3]['role'])->toBe('user');
+    expect($messages[3]['content'])->toBe('content-4');
+    expect($messages[4]['role'])->toBe('assistant');
+    expect($messages[4]['content'])->toBe('content-5');
+    expect($messages[5]['role'])->toBe('user');
+    expect($messages[5]['content'])->toBe('content-6 value-2');
+});
+
+
+it('selects sections from script', function () {
+    $script = new Script(
+        new Section('section-1'),
+        new Section('section-2'),
+    );
+    $script->setContext([
+        'key-1' => 'value-1',
+        'key-2' => 'value-2',
+    ]);
+
+    $script->section('section-1')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-1']);
+    $script->section('section-1')->add(['role' => 'assistant', 'content' => 'content-2']);
+    $script->section('section-1')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-3 {key-1}']);
+
+    $script->section('section-2')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-4']);
+    $script->section('section-2')->add(['role' => 'assistant', 'content' => 'content-5']);
+    $script->section('section-2')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-6']);
+
+    $script->section('section-3')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-7']);
+    $script->section('section-3')->add(['role' => 'assistant', 'content' => 'content-8']);
+    $script->section('section-3')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-9 {key-2}']);
+
+    $messages = $script->select(['section-3', 'section-1'])->toArray();
+
+    expect(count($messages))->toBe(6);
+    expect($messages[0]['role'])->toBe('user');
+    expect($messages[0]['content'])->toBe('content-7');
+    expect($messages[1]['role'])->toBe('assistant');
+    expect($messages[1]['content'])->toBe('content-8');
+    expect($messages[2]['role'])->toBe('user');
+    expect($messages[2]['content'])->toBe('content-9 value-2');
+    expect($messages[3]['role'])->toBe('user');
+    expect($messages[3]['content'])->toBe('content-1');
+    expect($messages[4]['role'])->toBe('assistant');
+    expect($messages[4]['content'])->toBe('content-2');
+    expect($messages[5]['role'])->toBe('user');
+    expect($messages[5]['content'])->toBe('content-3 value-1');
+});
+
+
+it('translates messages to native format - Cohere', function () {
+    $script = new Script(
+        new Section('section-1'),
+        new Section('section-2'),
+    );
+    $script->setContext([
+        'key-1' => 'value-1',
+        'key-2' => 'value-2',
+    ]);
+    $script->section('section-1')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-1']);
+    $script->section('section-1')->add(['role' => 'assistant', 'content' => 'content-2']);
+    $script->section('section-1')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-3 {key-1}']);
+
+    $script->section('section-2')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-4']);
+    $script->section('section-2')->add(['role' => 'assistant', 'content' => 'content-5']);
+    $script->section('section-2')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-6 {key-2}']);
+
+    $messages = $script->select(['section-2', 'section-1'])->toNativeArray(ClientType::Cohere, ['section-2', 'section-1']);
+
+    expect(count($messages))->toBe(6);
+    expect($messages[0]['role'])->toBe('USER');
+    expect($messages[0]['message'])->toBe('content-4');
+    expect($messages[1]['role'])->toBe('CHATBOT');
+    expect($messages[1]['message'])->toBe('content-5');
+    expect($messages[2]['role'])->toBe('USER');
+    expect($messages[2]['message'])->toBe('content-6 value-2');
+    expect($messages[3]['role'])->toBe('USER');
+    expect($messages[3]['message'])->toBe('content-1');
+    expect($messages[4]['role'])->toBe('CHATBOT');
+    expect($messages[4]['message'])->toBe('content-2');
+    expect($messages[5]['role'])->toBe('USER');
+    expect($messages[5]['message'])->toBe('content-3 value-1');
+});
+
+it('translates messages to native format - Anthropic', function () {
+    $script = new Script(
+        new Section('section-1'),
+        new Section('section-2'),
+    );
+    $script->setContext([
+        'key-1' => 'value-1',
+        'key-2' => 'value-2',
+    ]);
+    $script->section('section-1')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-1']);
+    $script->section('section-1')->add(['role' => 'assistant', 'content' => 'content-2']);
+    $script->section('section-1')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-3 {key-1}']);
+
+    $script->section('section-2')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-4']);
+    $script->section('section-2')->add(['role' => 'assistant', 'content' => 'content-5']);
+    $script->section('section-2')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-6 {key-2}']);
+
+    $messages = $script->select(['section-2', 'section-1'])->toNativeArray(ClientType::Anthropic);
+
+    expect(count($messages))->toBe(6);
+    expect($messages[0]['role'])->toBe('user');
+    expect($messages[0]['content'])->toBe('content-4');
+    expect($messages[1]['role'])->toBe('assistant');
+    expect($messages[1]['content'])->toBe('content-5');
+    expect($messages[2]['role'])->toBe('user');
+    expect($messages[2]['content'])->toBe('content-6 value-2');
+    expect($messages[3]['role'])->toBe('user');
+    expect($messages[3]['content'])->toBe('content-1');
+    expect($messages[4]['role'])->toBe('assistant');
+    expect($messages[4]['content'])->toBe('content-2');
+    expect($messages[5]['role'])->toBe('user');
+    expect($messages[5]['content'])->toBe('content-3 value-1');
+});
+
+it('translates messages to string', function () {
+    $script = new Script(
+        new Section('section-1'),
+        new Section('section-2'),
+    );
+    $script->setContext([
+        'key-1' => 'value-1',
+        'key-2' => 'value-2',
+    ]);
+    $script->section('section-1')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-1']);
+    $script->section('section-1')->add(['role' => 'assistant', 'content' => 'content-2']);
+    $script->section('section-1')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-3 {key-1}']);
+
+    $script->section('section-2')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-4']);
+    $script->section('section-2')->add(['role' => 'assistant', 'content' => 'content-5']);
+    $script->section('section-2')->add(['role' => 'user', 'content' => 'content-6 {key-2}']);
+
+    $text = $script->select(['section-2', 'section-1'])->toString();
+    expect($text)->toBe("content-4\ncontent-5\ncontent-6 value-2\ncontent-1\ncontent-2\ncontent-3 value-1\n");
+
+    $text = $script->select('section-1')->toString();
+    expect($text)->toBe("content-1\ncontent-2\ncontent-3 value-1\n");
+});
\ No newline at end of file