diff --git a/cmake/libremidi.net.cmake b/cmake/libremidi.net.cmake
index 65561cc..2e4de1c 100644
--- a/cmake/libremidi.net.cmake
+++ b/cmake/libremidi.net.cmake
@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@ if(NOT TARGET Boost::boost)
   return()
 endif()
 
+if(NOT LIBREMIDI_HAS_STD_STOP_TOKEN)
+  return()
+endif()
+
 message(STATUS "libremidi: Network support using Boost.ASIO")
 set(LIBREMIDI_HAS_BOOST_ASIO 1)
 set(LIBREMIDI_HAS_NETWORK 1)
diff --git a/examples/network.cpp b/examples/network.cpp
index d901a41..82ccf0c 100644
--- a/examples/network.cpp
+++ b/examples/network.cpp
@@ -77,6 +77,41 @@ int main(int argc, const char** argv)
     if (auto err = midiout.send_ump(ump); err != stdx::error{})
       err.throw_exception();
 
-    ctx.run();
+    ctx.run_one();
+    ctx.run_one();
+  }
+
+  // MIDI 1 no context
+  {
+    libremidi::net::dgram_input_configuration in_apiconf{
+        .client_name = "libremidi",
+        .protocol = libremidi::net::protocol::OSC_MIDI,
+        .accept = "0.0.0.0",
+        .port = 5677};
+
+    libremidi::midi_in midiin{
+        {.on_message = [](const libremidi::message& m) { std::cerr << m << std::endl; }},
+        in_apiconf};
+    midiin.open_virtual_port("/midi");
+
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
+
+    libremidi::net::dgram_output_configuration out_apiconf{
+        .client_name = "libremidi",
+        .protocol = libremidi::net::protocol::OSC_MIDI,
+        .host = "127.0.0.1",
+        .port = 5677,
+        .broadcast = false,
+        .io_context = &ctx};
+
+    libremidi::midi_out midiout{{}, out_apiconf};
+
+    if (auto err = midiout.open_virtual_port("/midi"); err != stdx::error{})
+      err.throw_exception();
+
+    if (auto err = midiout.send_message(144, 127, 64); err != stdx::error{})
+      err.throw_exception();
+
+    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(10));
   }
 }
diff --git a/include/libremidi/backends/net/helpers.hpp b/include/libremidi/backends/net/helpers.hpp
index 067abc1..54d4879 100644
--- a/include/libremidi/backends/net/helpers.hpp
+++ b/include/libremidi/backends/net/helpers.hpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 #include <libremidi/config.hpp>
 
-#include <boost/asio.hpp>
+#include <boost/asio/ip/udp.hpp>
 
 #include <memory>
 namespace stdx
@@ -59,17 +59,14 @@ struct optionally_owned
 
   ~optionally_owned()
   {
-    if (ownership == owned)
-      std::destroy_at(storage.object);
+    if (is_owned())
+      std::destroy_at(reinterpret_cast<T*>(storage.object));
   }
 
-  T& get() noexcept
-  {
-    return *((ownership == owned) ? reinterpret_cast<T*>(&storage.object) : storage.ref);
-  }
+  T& get() noexcept { return *(is_owned() ? reinterpret_cast<T*>(&storage.object) : storage.ref); }
   const T& get() const noexcept
   {
-    return *((ownership == owned) ? reinterpret_cast<T*>(&storage.object) : storage.ref);
+    return *(is_owned() ? reinterpret_cast<T*>(&storage.object) : storage.ref);
   }
 
   optionally_owned(const optionally_owned&) = delete;
@@ -77,6 +74,8 @@ struct optionally_owned
   optionally_owned& operator=(const optionally_owned&) = delete;
   optionally_owned& operator=(optionally_owned&&) noexcept = delete;
 
+  bool is_owned() const noexcept { return ownership == owned; }
+
 private:
   union
   {
diff --git a/include/libremidi/backends/net/midi_in.hpp b/include/libremidi/backends/net/midi_in.hpp
index 57d833d..abf5c67 100644
--- a/include/libremidi/backends/net/midi_in.hpp
+++ b/include/libremidi/backends/net/midi_in.hpp
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 
 namespace libremidi
 {
-
 template <typename Impl, typename F>
 struct osc_parser
 {
@@ -150,8 +149,8 @@ class midi_in final
 
   explicit midi_in(input_configuration&& conf, dgram_input_configuration&& apiconf)
       : configuration{std::move(conf), std::move(apiconf)}
-      , ctx{configuration.io_context}
-      , m_socket{ctx.get()}
+      , m_ctx{configuration.io_context}
+      , m_socket{m_ctx.get()}
   {
     m_socket.open(boost::asio::ip::udp::v4());
     m_socket.set_option(boost::asio::ip::udp::socket::reuse_address(true));
@@ -171,7 +170,7 @@ class midi_in final
     client_open_ = stdx::error{};
   }
 
-  ~midi_in() override { }
+  ~midi_in() override { close_port(); }
 
   libremidi::API get_current_api() const noexcept override { return libremidi::API::NETWORK; }
 
@@ -186,6 +185,14 @@ class midi_in final
 
     receive();
 
+    if (m_ctx.is_owned())
+    {
+      m_thread = std::jthread{[this, &ctx = m_ctx.get()] {
+        auto wg = boost::asio::make_work_guard(m_ctx);
+        ctx.run();
+      }};
+    }
+
     return stdx::error{};
   }
 
@@ -247,10 +254,11 @@ class midi_in final
 
   midi1::input_state_machine m_processing{this->configuration};
 
-  libremidi::optionally_owned<boost::asio::io_context> ctx;
+  libremidi::optionally_owned<boost::asio::io_context> m_ctx;
   boost::asio::ip::udp::endpoint m_endpoint;
   boost::asio::ip::udp::socket m_socket;
-  bool m_owned_context{};
+
+  std::jthread m_thread;
 
   std::string m_portname;
   alignas(16) unsigned char m_data[65535];
@@ -314,8 +322,8 @@ class midi_in final
 
   explicit midi_in(ump_input_configuration&& conf, dgram_input_configuration&& apiconf)
       : configuration{std::move(conf), std::move(apiconf)}
-      , ctx{configuration.io_context}
-      , m_socket{ctx.get()}
+      , m_ctx{configuration.io_context}
+      , m_socket{m_ctx.get()}
   {
     m_socket.open(boost::asio::ip::udp::v4());
     m_socket.set_option(boost::asio::ip::udp::socket::reuse_address(true));
@@ -335,7 +343,7 @@ class midi_in final
     client_open_ = stdx::error{};
   }
 
-  ~midi_in() override { }
+  ~midi_in() override { close_port(); }
 
   libremidi::API get_current_api() const noexcept override { return libremidi::API::NETWORK_UMP; }
 
@@ -350,6 +358,13 @@ class midi_in final
 
     receive();
 
+    if (m_ctx.is_owned())
+    {
+      m_thread = std::jthread{[this, &ctx = m_ctx.get()] {
+        auto wg = boost::asio::make_work_guard(m_ctx);
+        ctx.run();
+      }};
+    }
     return stdx::error{};
   }
 
@@ -371,6 +386,9 @@ class midi_in final
   stdx::error close_port() override
   {
     // FIXME async close
+    if (m_ctx.is_owned())
+      m_ctx.get().stop();
+
     if (m_socket.is_open())
       m_socket.close();
     return {};
@@ -410,10 +428,11 @@ class midi_in final
 
   midi2::input_state_machine m_processing{this->configuration};
 
-  libremidi::optionally_owned<boost::asio::io_context> ctx;
+  libremidi::optionally_owned<boost::asio::io_context> m_ctx;
   boost::asio::ip::udp::endpoint m_endpoint;
   boost::asio::ip::udp::socket m_socket;
-  bool m_owned_context{};
+
+  std::jthread m_thread;
 
   std::string m_portname;
   alignas(16) unsigned char m_data[65535];
diff --git a/include/libremidi/backends/net/midi_out.hpp b/include/libremidi/backends/net/midi_out.hpp
index e6e3fa2..c77f2f1 100644
--- a/include/libremidi/backends/net/midi_out.hpp
+++ b/include/libremidi/backends/net/midi_out.hpp
@@ -77,8 +77,8 @@ class midi_out final
 
   midi_out(output_configuration&& conf, dgram_output_configuration&& apiconf)
       : configuration{std::move(conf), std::move(apiconf)}
-      , ctx{configuration.io_context ? configuration.io_context : new boost::asio::io_context}
-      , m_socket{*ctx}
+      , ctx{configuration.io_context}
+      , m_socket{ctx.get()}
   {
     m_socket.open(boost::asio::ip::udp::v4());
     m_socket.set_option(boost::asio::ip::udp::socket::reuse_address(true));
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class midi_out final
     return from_errc(ret);
   }
 
-  boost::asio::io_context* ctx{};
+  libremidi::optionally_owned<boost::asio::io_context> ctx;
   boost::asio::ip::udp::endpoint m_endpoint;
   boost::asio::ip::udp::socket m_socket;
 
@@ -219,8 +219,8 @@ class midi_out final
 
   midi_out(output_configuration&& conf, dgram_output_configuration&& apiconf)
       : configuration{std::move(conf), std::move(apiconf)}
-      , ctx{configuration.io_context ? configuration.io_context : new boost::asio::io_context}
-      , m_socket{*ctx}
+      , ctx{configuration.io_context}
+      , m_socket{ctx.get()}
   {
     m_socket.open(boost::asio::ip::udp::v4());
     m_socket.set_option(boost::asio::ip::udp::socket::reuse_address(true));
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ class midi_out final
     return from_errc(ret);
   }
 
-  boost::asio::io_context* ctx{};
+  libremidi::optionally_owned<boost::asio::io_context> ctx;
   boost::asio::ip::udp::endpoint m_endpoint;
   boost::asio::ip::udp::socket m_socket;