diff --git a/e2e/go.mod b/e2e/go.mod
index 719c44825d..728ebd1528 100644
--- a/e2e/go.mod
+++ b/e2e/go.mod
@@ -5,35 +5,35 @@ go 1.23.1
 replace github.com/authzed/spicedb => ../
 
 require (
-	github.com/authzed/authzed-go v1.2.2-0.20250107172318-7fd4159ab2b7
+	github.com/authzed/authzed-go v1.3.0
 	github.com/authzed/grpcutil v0.0.0-20240123092924-129dc0a6a6e1
 	github.com/authzed/spicedb v1.29.5
 	github.com/brianvoe/gofakeit/v6 v6.23.2
 	github.com/ecordell/optgen v0.0.10-0.20230609182709-018141bf9698
 	github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.7.2
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.28.0
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.69.2
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.29.0
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.70.0
 	mvdan.cc/gofumpt v0.7.0
 )
 
 require (
 	github.com/antlr4-go/antlr/v4 v4.13.0 // indirect
 	github.com/authzed/cel-go v0.20.2 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.32.7 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.28.7 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.17.48 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.16.22 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/rds/auth v1.5.2 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.3.26 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.6.26 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.1 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.12.1 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.12.7 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.24.8 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.28.7 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.33.3 // indirect
-	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.1 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.36.0 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.29.4 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.17.57 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.16.27 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/rds/auth v1.5.7 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.3.31 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.6.31 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.2 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.12.2 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.12.12 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.24.14 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.28.13 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.33.12 // indirect
+	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.2 // indirect
 	github.com/benbjohnson/clock v1.3.5 // indirect
 	github.com/ccoveille/go-safecast v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/certifi/gocertifi v0.0.0-20210507211836-431795d63e8d // indirect
@@ -41,14 +41,14 @@ require (
 	github.com/dave/jennifer v1.6.1 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.2-0.20180830191138-d8f796af33cc // indirect
 	github.com/emirpasic/gods v1.18.1 // indirect
-	github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v1.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/fatih/structtag v1.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-errors/errors v1.5.1 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/go-grpc-middleware v1.4.0 // indirect
-	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.25.1 // indirect
+	github.com/grpc-ecosystem/grpc-gateway/v2 v2.26.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 // indirect
 	github.com/jzelinskie/stringz v0.0.3 // indirect
@@ -60,18 +60,18 @@ require (
 	github.com/shopspring/decimal v1.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/stoewer/go-strcase v1.3.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.33.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.33.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.33.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.31.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.34.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.34.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.34.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.32.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240909161429-701f63a606c0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/mod v0.22.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.33.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.34.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.10.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.28.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/text v0.21.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241219192143-6b3ec007d9bb // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241219192143-6b3ec007d9bb // indirect
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.1 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250124145028-65684f501c47 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250124145028-65684f501c47 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.4 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )
diff --git a/e2e/go.sum b/e2e/go.sum
index 9d0e904650..ca60e139a1 100644
--- a/e2e/go.sum
+++ b/e2e/go.sum
@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
-cel.dev/expr v0.16.2 h1:RwRhoH17VhAu9U5CMvMhH1PDVgf0tuz9FT+24AfMLfU=
-cel.dev/expr v0.16.2/go.mod h1:gXngZQMkWJoSbE8mOzehJlXQyubn/Vg0vR9/F3W7iw8=
+cel.dev/expr v0.19.0 h1:lXuo+nDhpyJSpWxpPVi5cPUwzKb+dsdOiw6IreM5yt0=
+cel.dev/expr v0.19.0/go.mod h1:MrpN08Q+lEBs+bGYdLxxHkZoUSsCp0nSKTs0nTymJgw=
 cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.116.0 h1:B3fRrSDkLRt5qSHWe40ERJvhvnQwdZiHu0bJOpldweE=
-cloud.google.com/go v0.116.0/go.mod h1:cEPSRWPzZEswwdr9BxE6ChEn01dWlTaF05LiC2Xs70U=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.13.0 h1:8Fu8TZy167JkW8Tj3q7dIkr2v4cndv41ouecJx0PAHs=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.13.0/go.mod h1:COOjD9gwfKNKz+IIduatIhYJQIc0mG3H102r/EMxX6Q=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.6 h1:V6a6XDu2lTwPZWOawrAa9HUK+DB2zfJyTuciBG5hFkU=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.6/go.mod h1:AlmsELtlEBnaNTL7jCj8VQFLy6mbZv0s4Q7NGBeQ5E8=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.118.0 h1:tvZe1mgqRxpiVa3XlIGMiPcEUbP1gNXELgD4y/IXmeQ=
+cloud.google.com/go v0.118.0/go.mod h1:zIt2pkedt/mo+DQjcT4/L3NDxzHPR29j5HcclNH+9PM=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.14.0 h1:A5C4dKV/Spdvxcl0ggWwWEzzP7AZMJSEIgrkngwhGYM=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.14.0/go.mod h1:CYsoRL1PdiDuqeQpZE0bP2pnPrGqFcOkI0nldEQis+A=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.7 h1:/Lc7xODdqcEw8IrZ9SvwnlLX6j9FHQM74z6cBk9Rw6M=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.7/go.mod h1:NTbTTzfvPl1Y3V1nPpOgl2w6d/FjO7NNUQaWSox6ZMc=
 cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.6.0 h1:A6hENjEsCDtC1k8byVsgwvVcioamEHvZ4j01OwKxG9I=
 cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.6.0/go.mod h1:FjyFAW1MW0C203CEOMDTu3Dk1FlqW3Rga40jzHL4hfg=
-cloud.google.com/go/iam v1.2.2 h1:ozUSofHUGf/F4tCNy/mu9tHLTaxZFLOUiKzjcgWHGIA=
-cloud.google.com/go/iam v1.2.2/go.mod h1:0Ys8ccaZHdI1dEUilwzqng/6ps2YB6vRsjIe00/+6JY=
-cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.6.2 h1:xjDfh1pQcWPEvnfjZmwjKQEcHnpz6lHjfy7Fo0MK+hc=
-cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.6.2/go.mod h1:k/vIs83RN4bE3YCswdXC5PFfWVILjm3hpEUlSko4PiI=
-cloud.google.com/go/monitoring v1.21.2 h1:FChwVtClH19E7pJ+e0xUhJPGksctZNVOk2UhMmblmdU=
-cloud.google.com/go/monitoring v1.21.2/go.mod h1:hS3pXvaG8KgWTSz+dAdyzPrGUYmi2Q+WFX8g2hqVEZU=
-cloud.google.com/go/spanner v1.73.0 h1:0bab8QDn6MNj9lNK6XyGAVFhMlhMU2waePPa6GZNoi8=
-cloud.google.com/go/spanner v1.73.0/go.mod h1:mw98ua5ggQXVWwp83yjwggqEmW9t8rjs9Po1ohcUGW4=
+cloud.google.com/go/iam v1.3.1 h1:KFf8SaT71yYq+sQtRISn90Gyhyf4X8RGgeAVC8XGf3E=
+cloud.google.com/go/iam v1.3.1/go.mod h1:3wMtuyT4NcbnYNPLMBzYRFiEfjKfJlLVLrisE7bwm34=
+cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.6.4 h1:3tyw9rO3E2XVXzSApn1gyEEnH2K9SynNQjMlBi3uHLg=
+cloud.google.com/go/longrunning v0.6.4/go.mod h1:ttZpLCe6e7EXvn9OxpBRx7kZEB0efv8yBO6YnVMfhJs=
+cloud.google.com/go/monitoring v1.23.0 h1:M3nXww2gn9oZ/qWN2bZ35CjolnVHM3qnSbu6srCPgjk=
+cloud.google.com/go/monitoring v1.23.0/go.mod h1:034NnlQPDzrQ64G2Gavhl0LUHZs9H3rRmhtnp7jiJgg=
+cloud.google.com/go/spanner v1.74.0 h1:ZGsOQoBvJ29G+PR+Q4F7SC/EMYP1O0Mwbz4y3+SR1kc=
+cloud.google.com/go/spanner v1.74.0/go.mod h1:+Xu4mrdcXZkgCewnpSlHN+o3E329QL+gLTOlI8azgkk=
 contrib.go.opencensus.io/exporter/prometheus v0.4.2 h1:sqfsYl5GIY/L570iT+l93ehxaWJs2/OwXtiWwew3oAg=
 contrib.go.opencensus.io/exporter/prometheus v0.4.2/go.mod h1:dvEHbiKmgvbr5pjaF9fpw1KeYcjrnC1J8B+JKjsZyRQ=
 filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0 h1:FNf4tywRC1HmFuKW5xopWpigGjJKiJSV0Cqo0cJWDaA=
 filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0/go.mod h1:BxyFTGdWcka3PhytdK4V28tE5sGfRvvvRV7EaN4VDT4=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
-github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/grpc-gcp-go/grpcgcp v1.5.0 h1:oVLqHXhnYtUwM89y9T1fXGaK9wTkXHgNp8/ZNMQzUxE=
-github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/grpc-gcp-go/grpcgcp v1.5.0/go.mod h1:dppbR7CwXD4pgtV9t3wD1812RaLDcBjtblcDF5f1vI0=
-github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/opentelemetry-operations-go/detectors/gcp v1.24.2 h1:cZpsGsWTIFKymTA0je7IIvi1O7Es7apb9CF3EQlOcfE=
-github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/opentelemetry-operations-go/detectors/gcp v1.24.2/go.mod h1:itPGVDKf9cC/ov4MdvJ2QZ0khw4bfoo9jzwTJlaxy2k=
+github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/grpc-gcp-go/grpcgcp v1.5.2 h1:DBjmt6/otSdULyJdVg2BlG0qGZO5tKL4VzOs0jpvw5Q=
+github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/grpc-gcp-go/grpcgcp v1.5.2/go.mod h1:dppbR7CwXD4pgtV9t3wD1812RaLDcBjtblcDF5f1vI0=
+github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/opentelemetry-operations-go/detectors/gcp v1.25.0 h1:3c8yed4lgqTt+oTQ+JNMDo+F4xprBf+O/il4ZC0nRLw=
+github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/opentelemetry-operations-go/detectors/gcp v1.25.0/go.mod h1:obipzmGjfSjam60XLwGfqUkJsfiheAl+TUjG+4yzyPM=
 github.com/IBM/pgxpoolprometheus v1.1.1 h1:xkWNUe87TIuBj/ypdSiDgNYktsuM7MoZCT8a+kjhh2s=
 github.com/IBM/pgxpoolprometheus v1.1.1/go.mod h1:GFJDkHbidFfB2APbhBTSy2X4PKH3bLWsEMBhmzK1ipo=
 github.com/Masterminds/semver v1.5.0 h1:H65muMkzWKEuNDnfl9d70GUjFniHKHRbFPGBuZ3QEww=
@@ -34,40 +34,40 @@ github.com/Masterminds/squirrel v1.5.4 h1:uUcX/aBc8O7Fg9kaISIUsHXdKuqehiXAMQTYX8
 github.com/Masterminds/squirrel v1.5.4/go.mod h1:NNaOrjSoIDfDA40n7sr2tPNZRfjzjA400rg+riTZj10=
 github.com/antlr4-go/antlr/v4 v4.13.0 h1:lxCg3LAv+EUK6t1i0y1V6/SLeUi0eKEKdhQAlS8TVTI=
 github.com/antlr4-go/antlr/v4 v4.13.0/go.mod h1:pfChB/xh/Unjila75QW7+VU4TSnWnnk9UTnmpPaOR2g=
-github.com/authzed/authzed-go v1.2.2-0.20250107172318-7fd4159ab2b7 h1:f99Iz0FoEyqPelojk1kWWgSDVJtDEMrLb+6qVdohoqs=
-github.com/authzed/authzed-go v1.2.2-0.20250107172318-7fd4159ab2b7/go.mod h1:/+NblSrzA6Lm6vUO3fqZyLh8MDCLUQq2AyJMlHb32DE=
+github.com/authzed/authzed-go v1.3.0 h1:jKIMpYDy+6WoOwl32HRURxLZxNGm+I7ObUlTntEPcXA=
+github.com/authzed/authzed-go v1.3.0/go.mod h1:MYkXImtFAxrM/bVZvmC/WO+gZC9RLlvpCM51SLaUZb0=
 github.com/authzed/cel-go v0.20.2 h1:GlmLecGry7Z8HU0k+hmaHHUV05ZHrsFxduXHtIePvck=
 github.com/authzed/cel-go v0.20.2/go.mod h1:pJHVFWbqUHV1J+klQoZubdKswlbxcsbojda3mye9kiU=
 github.com/authzed/grpcutil v0.0.0-20240123092924-129dc0a6a6e1 h1:zBfQzia6Hz45pJBeURTrv1b6HezmejB6UmiGuBilHZM=
 github.com/authzed/grpcutil v0.0.0-20240123092924-129dc0a6a6e1/go.mod h1:s3qC7V7XIbiNWERv7Lfljy/Lx25/V1Qlexb0WJuA8uQ=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.32.7 h1:ky5o35oENWi0JYWUZkB7WYvVPP+bcRF5/Iq7JWSb5Rw=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2 v1.32.7/go.mod h1:P5WJBrYqqbWVaOxgH0X/FYYD47/nooaPOZPlQdmiN2U=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.28.7 h1:GduUnoTXlhkgnxTD93g1nv4tVPILbdNQOzav+Wpg7AE=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/config v1.28.7/go.mod h1:vZGX6GVkIE8uECSUHB6MWAUsd4ZcG2Yq/dMa4refR3M=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.17.48 h1:IYdLD1qTJ0zanRavulofmqut4afs45mOWEI+MzZtTfQ=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.17.48/go.mod h1:tOscxHN3CGmuX9idQ3+qbkzrjVIx32lqDSU1/0d/qXs=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.16.22 h1:kqOrpojG71DxJm/KDPO+Z/y1phm1JlC8/iT+5XRmAn8=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/ec2/imds v1.16.22/go.mod h1:NtSFajXVVL8TA2QNngagVZmUtXciyrHOt7xgz4faS/M=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/rds/auth v1.5.2 h1:fo+GuZNME9oGDc7VY+EBT+oCrco6RjRgUp1bKTcaHrU=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/feature/rds/auth v1.5.2/go.mod h1:fnqb94UO6YCjBIic4WaqDYkNVAEFWOWiReVHitBBWW0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.3.26 h1:I/5wmGMffY4happ8NOCuIUEWGUvvFp5NSeQcXl9RHcI=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/configsources v1.3.26/go.mod h1:FR8f4turZtNy6baO0KJ5FJUmXH/cSkI9fOngs0yl6mA=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.6.26 h1:zXFLuEuMMUOvEARXFUVJdfqZ4bvvSgdGRq/ATcrQxzM=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/endpoints/v2 v2.6.26/go.mod h1:3o2Wpy0bogG1kyOPrgkXA8pgIfEEv0+m19O9D5+W8y8=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.1 h1:VaRN3TlFdd6KxX1x3ILT5ynH6HvKgqdiXoTxAF4HQcQ=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/internal/ini v1.8.1/go.mod h1:FbtygfRFze9usAadmnGJNc8KsP346kEe+y2/oyhGAGc=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.12.1 h1:iXtILhvDxB6kPvEXgsDhGaZCSC6LQET5ZHSdJozeI0Y=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/accept-encoding v1.12.1/go.mod h1:9nu0fVANtYiAePIBh2/pFUSwtJ402hLnp854CNoDOeE=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.12.7 h1:8eUsivBQzZHqe/3FE+cqwfH+0p5Jo8PFM/QYQSmeZ+M=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/internal/presigned-url v1.12.7/go.mod h1:kLPQvGUmxn/fqiCrDeohwG33bq2pQpGeY62yRO6Nrh0=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.24.8 h1:CvuUmnXI7ebaUAhbJcDy9YQx8wHR69eZ9I7q5hszt/g=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sso v1.24.8/go.mod h1:XDeGv1opzwm8ubxddF0cgqkZWsyOtw4lr6dxwmb6YQg=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.28.7 h1:F2rBfNAL5UyswqoeWv9zs74N/NanhK16ydHW1pahX6E=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.28.7/go.mod h1:JfyQ0g2JG8+Krq0EuZNnRwX0mU0HrwY/tG6JNfcqh4k=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.33.3 h1:Xgv/hyNgvLda/M9l9qxXc4UFSgppnRczLxlMs5Ae/QY=
-github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.33.3/go.mod h1:5Gn+d+VaaRgsjewpMvGazt0WfcFO+Md4wLOuBfGR9Bc=
-github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.1 h1:/HPHZQ0g7f4eUeK6HKglFz8uwVfZKgoI25rb/J+dnro=
-github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.1/go.mod h1:irrKGvNn1InZwb2d7fkIRNucdfwR8R+Ts3wxYa/cJHg=
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@@ -119,10 +119,10 @@ github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.4/go.mod h1:6rpuAdCZL397s3pYoYcLgu1m
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@@ -159,20 +159,20 @@ github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4/go.mod h1:lnTiLA8Wa4RWRcIUkrtSVa5nRhsEGBg48fD6
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@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.20.5/go.mod h1:PIEt8X02hGcP8JWbeHyeZ53Y/j
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@@ -243,14 +243,14 @@ github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.13.1/go.mod h1:uMEvuHeurkdAXX61udpOXGD/AzZDWN
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@@ -279,22 +279,22 @@ go.opencensus.io v0.24.0 h1:y73uSU6J157QMP2kn2r30vwW1A2W2WFwSCGnAVxeaD0=
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+go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.59.0/go.mod h1:ijPqXp5P6IRRByFVVg9DY8P5HkxkHE5ARIa+86aXPf4=
+go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.59.0 h1:CV7UdSGJt/Ao6Gp4CXckLxVRRsRgDHoI8XjbL3PDl8s=
+go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.59.0/go.mod h1:FRmFuRJfag1IZ2dPkHnEoSFVgTVPUd2qf5Vi69hLb8I=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.34.0 h1:zRLXxLCgL1WyKsPVrgbSdMN4c0FMkDAskSTQP+0hdUY=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.34.0/go.mod h1:OWFPOQ+h4G8xpyjgqo4SxJYdDQ/qmRH+wivy7zzx9oI=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.34.0 h1:+eTR3U0MyfWjRDhmFMxe2SsW64QrZ84AOhvqS7Y+PoQ=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.34.0/go.mod h1:CEDrp0fy2D0MvkXE+dPV7cMi8tWZwX3dmaIhwPOaqHE=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.34.0 h1:95zS4k/2GOy069d321O8jWgYsW3MzVV+KuSPKp7Wr1A=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.34.0/go.mod h1:0e/pNiaMAqaykJGKbi+tSjWfNNHMTxoC9qANsCzbyxU=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.32.0 h1:rZvFnvmvawYb0alrYkjraqJq0Z4ZUJAiyYCU9snn1CU=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.32.0/go.mod h1:PWeZlq0zt9YkYAp3gjKZ0eicRYvOh1Gd+X99x6GHpCQ=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.34.0 h1:+ouXS2V8Rd4hp4580a8q23bg0azF2nI8cqLYnC8mh/k=
+go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.34.0/go.mod h1:Svm7lSjQD7kG7KJ/MUHPVXSDGz2OX4h0M2jHBhmSfRE=
 go.uber.org/atomic v1.7.0/go.mod h1:fEN4uk6kAWBTFdckzkM89CLk9XfWZrxpCo0nPH17wJc=
 go.uber.org/goleak v1.1.10/go.mod h1:8a7PlsEVH3e/a/GLqe5IIrQx6GzcnRmZEufDUTk4A7A=
 go.uber.org/goleak v1.3.0 h1:2K3zAYmnTNqV73imy9J1T3WC+gmCePx2hEGkimedGto=
@@ -304,8 +304,8 @@ go.uber.org/zap v1.18.1/go.mod h1:xg/QME4nWcxGxrpdeYfq7UvYrLh66cuVKdrbD1XF/NI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPhUkYOs5KpL4U8rLKemX1yGLhDgUto=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.31.0 h1:ihbySMvVjLAeSH1IbfcRTkD/iNscyz8rGzjF/E5hV6U=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.31.0/go.mod h1:kDsLvtWBEx7MV9tJOj9bnXsPbxwJQ6csT/x4KIN4Ssk=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.32.0 h1:euUpcYgM8WcP71gNpTqQCn6rC2t6ULUPiOzfWaXVVfc=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.32.0/go.mod h1:ZnnJkOaASj8g0AjIduWNlq2NRxL0PlBrbKVyZ6V/Ugc=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240909161429-701f63a606c0 h1:e66Fs6Z+fZTbFBAxKfP3PALWBtpfqks2bwGcexMxgtk=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240909161429-701f63a606c0/go.mod h1:2TbTHSBQa924w8M6Xs1QcRcFwyucIwBGpK1p2f1YFFY=
@@ -325,11 +325,11 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190404232315-eb5bcb51f2a3/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190620200207-3b0461eec859/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200226121028-0de0cce0169b/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201021035429-f5854403a974/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
-golang.org/x/net v0.33.0 h1:74SYHlV8BIgHIFC/LrYkOGIwL19eTYXQ5wc6TBuO36I=
-golang.org/x/net v0.33.0/go.mod h1:HXLR5J+9DxmrqMwG9qjGCxZ+zKXxBru04zlTvWlWuN4=
+golang.org/x/net v0.34.0 h1:Mb7Mrk043xzHgnRM88suvJFwzVrRfHEHJEl5/71CKw0=
+golang.org/x/net v0.34.0/go.mod h1:di0qlW3YNM5oh6GqDGQr92MyTozJPmybPK4Ev/Gm31k=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
-golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.24.0 h1:KTBBxWqUa0ykRPLtV69rRto9TLXcqYkeswu48x/gvNE=
-golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.24.0/go.mod h1:XYTD2NtWslqkgxebSiOHnXEap4TF09sJSc7H1sXbhtI=
+golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.25.0 h1:CY4y7XT9v0cRI9oupztF8AgiIu99L/ksR/Xp/6jrZ70=
+golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.25.0/go.mod h1:XYTD2NtWslqkgxebSiOHnXEap4TF09sJSc7H1sXbhtI=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20180314180146-1d60e4601c6f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181108010431-42b317875d0f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
@@ -346,16 +346,16 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20211025201205-69cdffdb9359/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBc
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.12.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.28.0 h1:Fksou7UEQUWlKvIdsqzJmUmCX3cZuD2+P3XyyzwMhlA=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.28.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
-golang.org/x/term v0.27.0 h1:WP60Sv1nlK1T6SupCHbXzSaN0b9wUmsPoRS9b61A23Q=
-golang.org/x/term v0.27.0/go.mod h1:iMsnZpn0cago0GOrHO2+Y7u7JPn5AylBrcoWkElMTSM=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0 h1:TPYlXGxvx1MGTn2GiZDhnjPA9wZzZeGKHHmKhHYvgaU=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
+golang.org/x/term v0.28.0 h1:/Ts8HFuMR2E6IP/jlo7QVLZHggjKQbhu/7H0LJFr3Gg=
+golang.org/x/term v0.28.0/go.mod h1:Sw/lC2IAUZ92udQNf3WodGtn4k/XoLyZoh8v/8uiwek=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.21.0 h1:zyQAAkrwaneQ066sspRyJaG9VNi/YJ1NfzcGB3hZ/qo=
 golang.org/x/text v0.21.0/go.mod h1:4IBbMaMmOPCJ8SecivzSH54+73PCFmPWxNTLm+vZkEQ=
-golang.org/x/time v0.8.0 h1:9i3RxcPv3PZnitoVGMPDKZSq1xW1gK1Xy3ArNOGZfEg=
-golang.org/x/time v0.8.0/go.mod h1:3BpzKBy/shNhVucY/MWOyx10tF3SFh9QdLuxbVysPQM=
+golang.org/x/time v0.9.0 h1:EsRrnYcQiGH+5FfbgvV4AP7qEZstoyrHB0DzarOQ4ZY=
+golang.org/x/time v0.9.0/go.mod h1:3BpzKBy/shNhVucY/MWOyx10tF3SFh9QdLuxbVysPQM=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190114222345-bf090417da8b/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190226205152-f727befe758c/go.mod h1:9Yl7xja0Znq3iFh3HoIrodX9oNMXvdceNzlUR8zjMvY=
@@ -365,34 +365,34 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191108193012-7d206e10da11/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtn
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtnZ6UAqBI28+e2cm9otk0dWdXHAEo=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20200619180055-7c47624df98f/go.mod h1:EkVYQZoAsY45+roYkvgYkIh4xh/qjgUK9TdY2XT94GE=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20210106214847-113979e3529a/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4fOWvOPXz4eW1wZW4PmDk9uLelYpA=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.28.0 h1:WuB6qZ4RPCQo5aP3WdKZS7i595EdWqWR8vqJTlwTVK8=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.28.0/go.mod h1:dcIOrVd3mfQKTgrDVQHqCPMWy6lnhfhtX3hLXYVLfRw=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.29.0 h1:Xx0h3TtM9rzQpQuR4dKLrdglAmCEN5Oi+P74JdhdzXE=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.29.0/go.mod h1:KMQVMRsVxU6nHCFXrBPhDB8XncLNLM0lIy/F14RP588=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
-google.golang.org/api v0.209.0 h1:Ja2OXNlyRlWCWu8o+GgI4yUn/wz9h/5ZfFbKz+dQX+w=
-google.golang.org/api v0.209.0/go.mod h1:I53S168Yr/PNDNMi5yPnDc0/LGRZO6o7PoEbl/HY3CM=
+google.golang.org/api v0.218.0 h1:x6JCjEWeZ9PFCRe9z0FBrNwj7pB7DOAqT35N+IPnAUA=
+google.golang.org/api v0.218.0/go.mod h1:5VGHBAkxrA/8EFjLVEYmMUJ8/8+gWWQ3s4cFH0FxG2M=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EbEs0AVv82hx2wNQdGPgUI5lhzA/G0D9YwlJXL52JkM=
 google.golang.org/appengine v1.4.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20180817151627-c66870c02cf8/go.mod h1:JiN7NxoALGmiZfu7CAH4rXhgtRTLTxftemlI0sWmxmc=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20190819201941-24fa4b261c55/go.mod h1:DMBHOl98Agz4BDEuKkezgsaosCRResVns1a3J2ZsMNc=
 google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20200423170343-7949de9c1215/go.mod h1:55QSHmfGQM9UVYDPBsyGGes0y52j32PQ3BqQfXhyH3c=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20241113202542-65e8d215514f h1:zDoHYmMzMacIdjNe+P2XiTmPsLawi/pCbSPfxt6lTfw=
-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20241113202542-65e8d215514f/go.mod h1:Q5m6g8b5KaFFzsQFIGdJkSJDGeJiybVenoYFMMa3ohI=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241219192143-6b3ec007d9bb h1:B7GIB7sr443wZ/EAEl7VZjmh1V6qzkt5V+RYcUYtS1U=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20241219192143-6b3ec007d9bb/go.mod h1:E5//3O5ZIG2l71Xnt+P/CYUY8Bxs8E7WMoZ9tlcMbAY=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241219192143-6b3ec007d9bb h1:3oy2tynMOP1QbTC0MsNNAV+Se8M2Bd0A5+x1QHyw+pI=
-google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20241219192143-6b3ec007d9bb/go.mod h1:lcTa1sDdWEIHMWlITnIczmw5w60CF9ffkb8Z+DVmmjA=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250122153221-138b5a5a4fd4 h1:Pw6WnI9W/LIdRxqK7T6XGugGbHIRl5Q7q3BssH6xk4s=
+google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20250122153221-138b5a5a4fd4/go.mod h1:qbZzneIOXSq+KFAFut9krLfRLZiFLzZL5u2t8SV83EE=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250124145028-65684f501c47 h1:5iw9XJTD4thFidQmFVvx0wi4g5yOHk76rNRUxz1ZG5g=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/api v0.0.0-20250124145028-65684f501c47/go.mod h1:AfA77qWLcidQWywD0YgqfpJzf50w2VjzBml3TybHeJU=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250124145028-65684f501c47 h1:91mG8dNTpkC0uChJUQ9zCiRqx3GEEFOWaRZ0mI6Oj2I=
+google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250124145028-65684f501c47/go.mod h1:+2Yz8+CLJbIfL9z73EW45avw8Lmge3xVElCP9zEKi50=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.19.0/go.mod h1:mqu4LbDTu4XGKhr4mRzUsmM4RtVoemTSY81AxZiDr8c=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.23.0/go.mod h1:Y5yQAOtifL1yxbo5wqy6BxZv8vAUGQwXBOALyacEbxg=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.25.1/go.mod h1:c3i+UQWmh7LiEpx4sFZnkU36qjEYZ0imhYfXVyQciAY=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.27.0/go.mod h1:qbnxyOmOxrQa7FizSgH+ReBfzJrCY1pSN7KXBS8abTk=
 google.golang.org/grpc v1.29.1/go.mod h1:itym6AZVZYACWQqET3MqgPpjcuV5QH3BxFS3IjizoKk=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.69.2 h1:U3S9QEtbXC0bYNvRtcoklF3xGtLViumSYxWykJS+7AU=
-google.golang.org/grpc v1.69.2/go.mod h1:vyjdE6jLBI76dgpDojsFGNaHlxdjXN9ghpnd2o7JGZ4=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.1 h1:yBPeRvTftaleIgM3PZ/WBIZ7XM/eEYAaEyCwvyjq/gk=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.1/go.mod h1:9fA7Ob0pmnwhb644+1+CVWFRbNajQ6iRojtC/QF5bRE=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.70.0 h1:pWFv03aZoHzlRKHWicjsZytKAiYCtNS0dHbXnIdq7jQ=
+google.golang.org/grpc v1.70.0/go.mod h1:ofIJqVKDXx/JiXrwr2IG4/zwdH9txy3IlF40RmcJSQw=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.4 h1:6A3ZDJHn/eNqc1i+IdefRzy/9PokBTPvcqMySR7NNIM=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.4/go.mod h1:9fA7Ob0pmnwhb644+1+CVWFRbNajQ6iRojtC/QF5bRE=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
@@ -407,8 +407,8 @@ gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190102054323-c2f93a96b099/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190523083050-ea95bdfd59fc/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
-k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20240711033017-18e509b52bc8 h1:pUdcCO1Lk/tbT5ztQWOBi5HBgbBP1J8+AsQnQCKsi8A=
-k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20240711033017-18e509b52bc8/go.mod h1:OLgZIPagt7ERELqWJFomSt595RzquPNLL48iOWgYOg0=
+k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20241104100929-3ea5e8cea738 h1:M3sRQVHv7vB20Xc2ybTt7ODCeFj6JSWYFzOFnYeS6Ro=
+k8s.io/utils v0.0.0-20241104100929-3ea5e8cea738/go.mod h1:OLgZIPagt7ERELqWJFomSt595RzquPNLL48iOWgYOg0=
 mvdan.cc/gofumpt v0.7.0 h1:bg91ttqXmi9y2xawvkuMXyvAA/1ZGJqYAEGjXuP0JXU=
 mvdan.cc/gofumpt v0.7.0/go.mod h1:txVFJy/Sc/mvaycET54pV8SW8gWxTlUuGHVEcncmNUo=
 resenje.org/singleflight v0.4.3 h1:l7foFYg8X/VEHPxWs1K/Pw77807RMVzvXgWGb0J1sdM=
diff --git a/internal/datastore/crdb/crdb_test.go b/internal/datastore/crdb/crdb_test.go
index e874cced01..32e4830374 100644
--- a/internal/datastore/crdb/crdb_test.go
+++ b/internal/datastore/crdb/crdb_test.go
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ import (
 
 	crdbmigrations "github.com/authzed/spicedb/internal/datastore/crdb/migrations"
 	"github.com/authzed/spicedb/internal/datastore/crdb/pool"
+	"github.com/authzed/spicedb/internal/datastore/crdb/version"
 	"github.com/authzed/spicedb/internal/datastore/proxy"
 	"github.com/authzed/spicedb/internal/datastore/revisions"
 	"github.com/authzed/spicedb/internal/testfixtures"
@@ -54,9 +55,18 @@ func (cds *crdbDatastore) ExampleRetryableError() error {
 	}
 }
 
+func crdbTestVersion() string {
+	ver := os.Getenv("CRDB_TEST_VERSION")
+	if ver != "" {
+		return ver
+	}
+
+	return version.LatestTestedCockroachDBVersion
+}
+
 func TestCRDBDatastoreWithoutIntegrity(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
-	b := testdatastore.RunCRDBForTesting(t, "")
+	b := testdatastore.RunCRDBForTesting(t, "", crdbTestVersion())
 	test.All(t, test.DatastoreTesterFunc(func(revisionQuantization, gcInterval, gcWindow time.Duration, watchBufferLength uint16) (datastore.Datastore, error) {
 		ctx := context.Background()
 		ds := b.NewDatastore(t, func(engine, uri string) datastore.Datastore {
@@ -105,7 +115,7 @@ func TestCRDBDatastoreWithFollowerReads(t *testing.T) {
 	followerReadDelay := time.Duration(4.8 * float64(time.Second))
 	gcWindow := 100 * time.Second
 
-	engine := testdatastore.RunCRDBForTesting(t, "")
+	engine := testdatastore.RunCRDBForTesting(t, "", crdbTestVersion())
 
 	quantizationDurations := []time.Duration{
 		0 * time.Second,
@@ -163,7 +173,7 @@ var defaultKeyForTesting = proxy.KeyConfig{
 
 func TestCRDBDatastoreWithIntegrity(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
-	b := testdatastore.RunCRDBForTesting(t, "")
+	b := testdatastore.RunCRDBForTesting(t, "", crdbTestVersion())
 
 	test.All(t, test.DatastoreTesterFunc(func(revisionQuantization, gcInterval, gcWindow time.Duration, watchBufferLength uint16) (datastore.Datastore, error) {
 		ctx := context.Background()
@@ -409,7 +419,7 @@ func newCRDBWithUser(t *testing.T, pool *dockertest.Pool) (adminConn *pgx.Conn,
 
 	resource, err := pool.RunWithOptions(&dockertest.RunOptions{
 		Repository: "mirror.gcr.io/cockroachdb/cockroach",
-		Tag:        testdatastore.CRDBTestVersionTag,
+		Tag:        "v" + crdbTestVersion(),
 		Cmd:        []string{"start-single-node", "--certs-dir", "/certs", "--accept-sql-without-tls"},
 		Mounts:     []string{certDir + ":/certs"},
 	})
diff --git a/internal/datastore/crdb/pool_test.go b/internal/datastore/crdb/pool_test.go
index 2e440ec6c3..f3b199ced4 100644
--- a/internal/datastore/crdb/pool_test.go
+++ b/internal/datastore/crdb/pool_test.go
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ const (
 var testUserNS = namespace.Namespace(testUserNamespace)
 
 func TestTxReset(t *testing.T) {
-	b := testdatastore.RunCRDBForTesting(t, "")
+	b := testdatastore.RunCRDBForTesting(t, "", crdbTestVersion())
 
 	cases := []struct {
 		name        string
diff --git a/internal/datastore/crdb/version/version.go b/internal/datastore/crdb/version/version.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..393cba83fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/datastore/crdb/version/version.go
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package version
+
+// MinimumSupportedCockroachDBVersion is the minimum version of CockroachDB supported for this driver.
+//
+// NOTE: must match a tag on DockerHub for the `cockroachdb/cockroach` image, without the `v` prefix.
+const MinimumSupportedCockroachDBVersion = "23.1.30"
+
+// LatestTestedCockroachDBVersion is the latest version of CockroachDB that has been tested with this driver.
+//
+// NOTE: must match a tag on DockerHub for the `cockroachdb/cockroach` image, without the `v` prefix.
+const LatestTestedCockroachDBVersion = "24.2.9"
diff --git a/internal/testserver/datastore/crdb.go b/internal/testserver/datastore/crdb.go
index cb4596b276..a5308a98e5 100644
--- a/internal/testserver/datastore/crdb.go
+++ b/internal/testserver/datastore/crdb.go
@@ -21,8 +21,6 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	CRDBTestVersionTag = "v23.1.16"
-
 	enableRangefeeds = `SET CLUSTER SETTING kv.rangefeed.enabled = true;`
 )
 
@@ -34,7 +32,7 @@ type crdbTester struct {
 }
 
 // RunCRDBForTesting returns a RunningEngineForTest for CRDB
-func RunCRDBForTesting(t testing.TB, bridgeNetworkName string) RunningEngineForTest {
+func RunCRDBForTesting(t testing.TB, bridgeNetworkName string, crdbVersion string) RunningEngineForTest {
 	pool, err := dockertest.NewPool("")
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
@@ -42,7 +40,7 @@ func RunCRDBForTesting(t testing.TB, bridgeNetworkName string) RunningEngineForT
 	resource, err := pool.RunWithOptions(&dockertest.RunOptions{
 		Name:       name,
 		Repository: "mirror.gcr.io/cockroachdb/cockroach",
-		Tag:        CRDBTestVersionTag,
+		Tag:        "v" + crdbVersion,
 		Cmd:        []string{"start-single-node", "--insecure", "--max-offset=50ms"},
 		NetworkID:  bridgeNetworkName,
 	}, func(config *docker.HostConfig) {
diff --git a/internal/testserver/datastore/datastore.go b/internal/testserver/datastore/datastore.go
index c40066dbdb..8ecaf0d225 100644
--- a/internal/testserver/datastore/datastore.go
+++ b/internal/testserver/datastore/datastore.go
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
-	"github.com/authzed/spicedb/internal/datastore/postgres/version"
+	crdbversion "github.com/authzed/spicedb/internal/datastore/crdb/version"
+	pgversion "github.com/authzed/spicedb/internal/datastore/postgres/version"
 	"github.com/authzed/spicedb/pkg/datastore"
 	"github.com/authzed/spicedb/pkg/migrate"
 )
@@ -62,11 +63,15 @@ func RunDatastoreEngineWithBridge(t testing.TB, engine string, bridgeNetworkName
 		require.Equal(t, "", bridgeNetworkName, "memory datastore does not support bridge networking")
 		return RunMemoryForTesting(t)
 	case "cockroachdb":
-		return RunCRDBForTesting(t, bridgeNetworkName)
+		ver := os.Getenv("CRDB_TEST_VERSION")
+		if ver == "" {
+			ver = crdbversion.LatestTestedCockroachDBVersion
+		}
+		return RunCRDBForTesting(t, bridgeNetworkName, ver)
 	case "postgres":
 		ver := os.Getenv("POSTGRES_TEST_VERSION")
 		if ver == "" {
-			ver = version.LatestTestedPostgresVersion
+			ver = pgversion.LatestTestedPostgresVersion
 		}
 		return RunPostgresForTesting(t, bridgeNetworkName, migrate.Head, ver, false)
 	case "mysql":
diff --git a/magefiles/test.go b/magefiles/test.go
index fba434b6dd..2a3d3377ae 100644
--- a/magefiles/test.go
+++ b/magefiles/test.go
@@ -95,8 +95,18 @@ func (Test) Wasm() error {
 type Testds mg.Namespace
 
 // Crdb Run datastore tests for crdb
-func (Testds) Crdb() error {
-	return datastoreTest("crdb", emptyEnv)
+func (tds Testds) Crdb() error {
+	return tds.crdb("")
+}
+
+func (tds Testds) CrdbVer(version string) error {
+	return tds.crdb(version)
+}
+
+func (Testds) crdb(version string) error {
+	return datastoreTest("crdb", map[string]string{
+		"CRDB_TEST_VERSION": version,
+	})
 }
 
 // Spanner Run datastore tests for spanner
@@ -149,8 +159,18 @@ func datastoreTest(datastore string, env map[string]string, tags ...string) erro
 type Testcons mg.Namespace
 
 // Crdb Run consistency tests for crdb
-func (Testcons) Crdb() error {
-	return consistencyTest("cockroachdb", emptyEnv)
+func (tc Testcons) Crdb() error {
+	return tc.crdb("")
+}
+
+func (tc Testcons) CrdbVer(version string) error {
+	return tc.crdb(version)
+}
+
+func (Testcons) crdb(version string) error {
+	return consistencyTest("crdb", map[string]string{
+		"CRDB_TEST_VERSION": version,
+	})
 }
 
 // Spanner Run consistency tests for spanner
@@ -167,9 +187,9 @@ func (tc Testcons) PostgresVer(version string) error {
 }
 
 func (Testcons) postgres(version string) error {
-	return datastoreTest("postgres", map[string]string{
+	return consistencyTest("postgres", map[string]string{
 		"POSTGRES_TEST_VERSION": version,
-	}, "postgres")
+	})
 }
 
 // Pgbouncer Run consistency tests for postgres with pgbouncer
diff --git a/pkg/datastore/test/watch.go b/pkg/datastore/test/watch.go
index 44ef4c986b..e01d74f29d 100644
--- a/pkg/datastore/test/watch.go
+++ b/pkg/datastore/test/watch.go
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/authzed/spicedb/pkg/tuple"
 )
 
-const waitForChangesTimeout = 5 * time.Second
+const waitForChangesTimeout = 15 * time.Second
 
 // WatchTest tests whether or not the requirements for watching changes hold
 // for a particular datastore.
diff --git a/tools/analyzers/go.work.sum b/tools/analyzers/go.work.sum
index 7c0078e137..802685c42b 100644
--- a/tools/analyzers/go.work.sum
+++ b/tools/analyzers/go.work.sum
@@ -501,6 +501,7 @@ cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.28.0/go.mod h1:DEqZBtYrDnD5PvjsKwb3onnhX+qjdCVM7e
 cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.28.1 h1:XwPcZjgMCnU2tkwY10VleUjSAfpTj9RDn+kGrbYsi8o=
 cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.28.1/go.mod h1:b72iXMY4FucVry3NR3Li4kVyyTvbMDE7x5WsqvxjsYk=
 cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.28.3 h1:+b9s7mbJYe7yQ0qA9o6GS7Tb1Ubygnv6jCLxM0JnbQA=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute v1.31.1 h1:SObuy8Fs6woazArpXp1fsHCw+ZH4iJ/8dGGTxUhHZQA=
 cloud.google.com/go/contactcenterinsights v1.9.1 h1:hy4L0bc3fQNZZrhPjuoH62RiisD5B71/S1OZNunsTRk=
 cloud.google.com/go/contactcenterinsights v1.9.1/go.mod h1:bsg/R7zGLYMVxFFzfh9ooLTruLRCG9fnzhH9KznHhbM=
 cloud.google.com/go/contactcenterinsights v1.10.0 h1:YR2aPedGVQPpFBZXJnPkqRj8M//8veIZZH5ZvICoXnI=
@@ -2277,6 +2278,7 @@ github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin v0.2.3 h1:YX6ebbZCZP7VkM3scTTokDgBL2TY741X
 github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin v0.2.4 h1:Ugdm7cg7i6ZK6x3xDF1oEu1nfkyfH53EtKeQYTC3kyg=
 github.com/cyphar/filepath-securejoin v0.2.4/go.mod h1:aPGpWjXOXUn2NCNjFvBE6aRxGGx79pTxQpKOJNYHHl4=
 github.com/docopt/docopt-go v0.0.0-20180111231733-ee0de3bc6815 h1:bWDMxwH3px2JBh6AyO7hdCn/PkvCZXii8TGj7sbtEbQ=
+github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane/envoy v1.32.3 h1:hVEaommgvzTjTd4xCaFd+kEQ2iYBtGxP6luyLrx6uOk=
 github.com/esimonov/ifshort v1.0.4 h1:6SID4yGWfRae/M7hkVDVVyppy8q/v9OuxNdmjLQStBA=
 github.com/esimonov/ifshort v1.0.4/go.mod h1:Pe8zjlRrJ80+q2CxHLfEOfTwxCZ4O+MuhcHcfgNWTk0=
 github.com/flowstack/go-jsonschema v0.1.1 h1:dCrjGJRXIlbDsLAgTJZTjhwUJnnxVWl1OgNyYh5nyDc=
@@ -2581,6 +2583,7 @@ golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20210508222113-6edffad5e616 h1:VLliZ0d+/avPrXXH+OakdXhp
 golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20190719004257-d2bd2a29d028 h1:4+4C/Iv2U4fMZBiMCc98MG1In4gJY5YRhtpDNeDeHWs=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.11.0/go.mod h1:iBbtSCu2XBx23ZKBPSOrRkjjQPZFPuis4dIYUhu/chs=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.15.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.18.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.20.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
 golang.org/x/net v0.12.0/go.mod h1:zEVYFnQC7m/vmpQFELhcD1EWkZlX69l4oqgmer6hfKA=
 golang.org/x/net v0.20.0/go.mod h1:z8BVo6PvndSri0LbOE3hAn0apkU+1YvI6E70E9jsnvY=
@@ -2593,6 +2596,7 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.9.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.18.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.21.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.23.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.27.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20240208230135-b75ee8823808 h1:+Kc94D8UVEVxJnLXp/+FMfqQARZtWHfVrcRtcG8aT3g=
@@ -2600,6 +2604,7 @@ golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20240208230135-b75ee8823808/go.mod h1:KG1lNk5ZFNss
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20240228155512-f48c80bd79b2 h1:IRJeR9r1pYWsHKTRe/IInb7lYvbBVIqOgsX/u0mbOWY=
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20240228155512-f48c80bd79b2/go.mod h1:TeRTkGYfJXctD9OcfyVLyj2J3IxLnKwHJR8f4D8a3YE=
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20240521205824-bda55230c457/go.mod h1:pRgIJT+bRLFKnoM1ldnzKoxTIn14Yxz928LQRYYgIN0=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.22.0/go.mod h1:aCwcsjqvq7Yqt6TNyX7QMU2enbQ/Gt0bo6krSeEri+c=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20220907171357-04be3eba64a2 h1:H2TDz8ibqkAF6YGhCdN3jS9O0/s90v0rJh3X/OLHEUk=
 gonum.org/v1/netlib v0.0.0-20181029234149-ec6d1f5cefe6 h1:4WsZyVtkthqrHTbDCJfiTs8IWNYE4uvsSDgaV6xpp+o=
 gonum.org/v1/netlib v0.0.0-20190313105609-8cb42192e0e0 h1:OE9mWmgKkjJyEmDAAtGMPjXu+YNeGvK9VTSHY6+Qihc=
@@ -2638,6 +2643,7 @@ google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/bytestream v0.0.0-20241015192408-796eee8c2
 google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/bytestream v0.0.0-20241015192408-796eee8c2d53/go.mod h1:T8O3fECQbif8cez15vxAcjbwXxvL2xbnvbQ7ZfiMAMs=
 google.golang.org/grpc/cmd/protoc-gen-go-grpc v1.1.0 h1:M1YKkFIboKNieVO5DLUEVzQfGwJD30Nv2jfUgzb5UcE=
 gopkg.in/alecthomas/kingpin.v2 v2.2.6 h1:jMFz6MfLP0/4fUyZle81rXUoxOBFi19VUFKVDOQfozc=
+gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20200227125254-8fa46927fb4f/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/errgo.v2 v2.1.0 h1:0vLT13EuvQ0hNvakwLuFZ/jYrLp5F3kcWHXdRggjCE8=
 gopkg.in/mgo.v2 v2.0.0-20180705113604-9856a29383ce h1:xcEWjVhvbDy+nHP67nPDDpbYrY+ILlfndk4bRioVHaU=
 gopkg.in/natefinch/lumberjack.v2 v2.2.1 h1:bBRl1b0OH9s/DuPhuXpNl+VtCaJXFZ5/uEFST95x9zc=