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In pgjdbc, strings are always transmitted as UTF-8, regardless of any character set settings on the client or in the JDBC URL. The database still decodes the received bytes according to the client's client_encoding, and then converts them to its internal storage encoding.
Java Client String
│ encode (UTF-8, forced)
│ ← ignores client/JDBC character set settings
▼
Byte Stream (always UTF-8)
│
▼
PostgreSQL Server
│ decode using client_encoding
▼
Database Internal Storage Encoding