diff --git a/.github/actions/run-ee-server/action.yml b/.github/actions/run-ee-server/action.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0790508
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/actions/run-ee-server/action.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+name: 'Run EE Server'
+description: 'Run EE server. Returns once server is ready. Only tested on Linux and macOS'
+# NOTE: do not share this server container with others
+# since it's using the default admin / admin credentials
+inputs:
+  # All inputs in composite actions are strings
+  use-server-rc:
+    required: true
+    description: Deploy server release candidate?
+    default: 'false'
+  server-tag:
+    required: true
+    description: Specify Docker tag
+    default: 'latest'
+  # Github Composite Actions can't access secrets
+  # so we need to pass them in as inputs
+  docker-hub-username:
+    description: Required for using release candidates
+    required: false
+  docker-hub-password:
+    description: Required for using release candidates
+    required: false
+
+runs:
+  using: "composite"
+  steps:
+  - name: Log into Docker Hub to get server RC
+    if: ${{ inputs.use-server-rc == 'true' }}
+    run: docker login --username ${{ inputs.docker-hub-username }} --password ${{ inputs.docker-hub-password }}
+    shell: bash
+
+  - run: echo IMAGE_NAME=aerospike/aerospike-server-enterprise${{ inputs.use-server-rc == 'true' && '-rc' || '' }}:${{ inputs.server-tag }} >> $GITHUB_ENV
+    shell: bash
+
+  - run: echo NEW_IMAGE_NAME=${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}-security-and-sc >> $GITHUB_ENV
+    shell: bash
+
+  # macOS Github runners and Windows self-hosted runners don't have buildx installed by default
+  - if: ${{ runner.os == 'Windows' || runner.os == 'macOS' }}
+    uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
+
+  - name: Build and push
+    uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
+    with:
+      # Don't want to use default Git context or else it will clone the whole client repo again
+      context: .github/workflows/docker-build-context
+      build-args: |
+        server_image=${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}
+      tags: ${{ env.NEW_IMAGE_NAME }}
+      # setup-buildx-action configures Docker to use the docker-container build driver
+      # This driver doesn't publish an image locally by default
+      # so we have to manually enable it
+      load: true
+
+  - run: echo SERVER_CONTAINER_NAME="aerospike" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+    shell: bash
+
+  - run: docker run -d --name ${{ env.SERVER_CONTAINER_NAME }} -e DEFAULT_TTL=2592000 -p 3000:3000 ${{ env.NEW_IMAGE_NAME }}
+    shell: bash
+
+  - uses: ./.github/actions/wait-for-as-server-to-start
+    with:
+      container-name: ${{ env.SERVER_CONTAINER_NAME }}
+      is-security-enabled: false
+      is-strong-consistency-enabled: true
+
+  # All the partitions are assumed to be dead when reusing a roster file
+  - run: docker exec ${{ env.SERVER_CONTAINER_NAME }} asadm --enable --execute "manage revive ns test"
+    shell: bash
+
+  # Apply changes
+  - run: docker exec ${{ env.SERVER_CONTAINER_NAME }} asadm --enable --execute "manage recluster"
+    shell: bash
+
+  # For debugging
+  - run: docker logs aerospike
+    shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/actions/wait-for-as-server-to-start/action.yml b/.github/actions/wait-for-as-server-to-start/action.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..373c2697
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/actions/wait-for-as-server-to-start/action.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+name: 'Wait for Aerospike server to start'
+description: Only tested on Linux and macOS
+inputs:
+  container-name:
+    required: true
+  is-security-enabled:
+    required: false
+    default: 'false'
+  is-strong-consistency-enabled:
+    required: false
+    default: 'false'
+
+runs:
+  using: "composite"
+  steps:
+  - name: 'macOS: install timeout command'
+    if: ${{ runner.os == 'macOS' }}
+    run: brew install coreutils
+    shell: bash
+
+  # Composite actions doesn't support step-level timeout-minutes
+  # Use timeout command and store polling logic in file to make it easier to read
+  # Call bash shell explicitly since timeout uses "sh" shell by default, for some reason
+  # Also, we don't want to fail if we timeout in case the server *did* finish starting up but the script couldn't detect it due to a bug
+  # Effectively, this composite action is like calling "sleep" that is optimized to exit early when it detects an ok from the server
+  - name: Wait for EE server to start
+    run: timeout 30 bash ./.github/workflows/wait-for-as-server-to-start.bash ${{ inputs.container-name }} ${{ inputs.is-security-enabled }} ${{ inputs.is-strong-consistency-enabled }} || true
+    shell: bash
diff --git a/.github/workflows/build-artifacts.yml b/.github/workflows/build-artifacts.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ce0674d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/build-artifacts.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+name: Build artifacts
+run-name: Build artifacts (run_tests=${{ inputs.run_tests }}, use-server-rc=${{ inputs.use-server-rc }}, server-tag=${{ inputs.server-tag }})
+
+on:
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      run_tests:
+        description: "Run integration tests?"
+        required: true
+        type: boolean
+        default: false
+      use-server-rc:
+        type: boolean
+        required: true
+        default: false
+        description: 'Test against server release candidate? (e.g to test new server features)'
+      server-tag:
+        type: string
+        required: true
+        default: 'latest'
+        description: 'Server docker image tag (e.g to test a client backport version)'
+
+  workflow_call:
+    inputs:
+      # The "dev" tests test the artifacts against a server
+      run_tests:
+        required: false
+        type: boolean
+        default: false
+      # workflow_call hack
+      is_workflow_call:
+        type: boolean
+        default: true
+        required: false
+      # This input is only used in workflow_call events
+      sha-to-build-and-test:
+        description: A calling workflow may want to run this workflow on a different ref than the calling workflow's ref
+        type: string
+        # Make it required to make things simple
+        required: true
+      # A calling workflow doesn't actually set values to the inputs below
+      # But that workflow needs to have default values for these inputs
+      use-server-rc:
+        required: false
+        default: false
+        type: boolean
+      server-tag:
+        type: string
+        required: false
+        default: 'latest'
+    secrets:
+      DOCKER_HUB_BOT_USERNAME:
+        required: true
+      DOCKER_HUB_BOT_PW:
+        required: true
+      MAC_M1_SELF_HOSTED_RUNNER_PW:
+        required: true
+
+jobs:
+  dotnet:
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+    uses: ./.github/workflows/dotnet.yml
+    with:
+      # Can't use env context here, so just copy from build-sdist env var
+      sha-to-build-and-test: ${{ inputs.is_workflow_call == true && inputs.sha-to-build-and-test || github.sha }}
+      run_tests: ${{ inputs.run_tests }}
+      use-server-rc: ${{ inputs.use-server-rc }}
+      server-tag: ${{ inputs.server-tag }}
+    secrets: inherit
diff --git a/.github/workflows/docker-build-context/Dockerfile b/.github/workflows/docker-build-context/Dockerfile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f20cb51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker-build-context/Dockerfile
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+ARG server_image=aerospike/aerospike-server-enterprise
+ARG ROSTER_FILE_NAME=roster.smd
+# Temp file for passing node id from one build stage to another
+# Docker doesn't support command substitution for setting values for ARG variables, so we have to do this
+ARG NODE_ID_FILE_NAME=node_id
+
+FROM $server_image as configure-server
+
+WORKDIR /opt/aerospike/smd
+
+# Enable authentication
+
+ARG AEROSPIKE_CONF_TEMPLATE_PATH=/etc/aerospike/aerospike.template.conf
+
+# Enable strong consistency
+RUN sed -i "s/\(namespace.*{\)/\1\n\tstrong-consistency true/" $AEROSPIKE_CONF_TEMPLATE_PATH
+RUN sed -i "s/\(namespace.*{\)/\1\n\tstrong-consistency-allow-expunge true/" $AEROSPIKE_CONF_TEMPLATE_PATH
+ARG ROSTER_FILE_NAME
+COPY $ROSTER_FILE_NAME .
+
+# Fetch node id from roster.smd
+
+# There's no tag for the latest major version to prevent breaking changes in jq
+# This is the next best thing
+FROM ghcr.io/jqlang/jq:1.7 as get-jq
+# jq docker image doesn't have a shell
+# We need a shell to fetch and pass the node id to the next build stage
+FROM busybox as get-node-id
+COPY --from=get-jq /jq /bin/
+ARG ROSTER_FILE_NAME
+COPY $ROSTER_FILE_NAME .
+ARG NODE_ID_FILE_NAME
+RUN jq --raw-output '.[1].value' $ROSTER_FILE_NAME > $NODE_ID_FILE_NAME
+
+FROM configure-server as set-node-id
+ARG NODE_ID_FILE_NAME
+COPY --from=get-node-id $NODE_ID_FILE_NAME .
+RUN sed -i "s/\(^service {\)/\1\n\tnode-id $(cat $NODE_ID_FILE_NAME)/" $AEROSPIKE_CONF_TEMPLATE_PATH
+RUN rm $NODE_ID_FILE_NAME
diff --git a/.github/workflows/docker-build-context/roster.smd b/.github/workflows/docker-build-context/roster.smd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..66daed5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker-build-context/roster.smd
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+[
+   [
+      97107025374203,
+      1
+   ],
+   {
+      "key": "test",
+      "value": "a1",
+      "generation": 1,
+      "timestamp": 465602976982
+   }
+]
diff --git a/.github/workflows/docker-build-context/security.smd b/.github/workflows/docker-build-context/security.smd
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9c530d51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/docker-build-context/security.smd
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+[
+   [
+      162276881999406,
+      14
+   ],
+   {
+      "key": "admin|P",
+      "value": "$2a$10$7EqJtq98hPqEX7fNZaFWoO1mVO/4MLpGzsqojz6E9Gef6iXDjXdDa",
+      "generation": 1,
+      "timestamp": 0
+   },
+   {
+      "key": "admin|R|user-admin",
+      "value": "",
+      "generation": 1,
+      "timestamp": 0
+   },
+   {
+      "key": "superuser|P",
+      "value": "$2a$10$7EqJtq98hPqEX7fNZaFWoOZX0o4mZCBUwvzt/iecIcG4JaDOC41zK",
+      "generation": 3,
+      "timestamp": 458774922440
+   },
+   {
+      "key": "superuser|R|read-write-udf",
+      "value": "",
+      "generation": 3,
+      "timestamp": 458774922441
+   },
+   {
+      "key": "superuser|R|sys-admin",
+      "value": "",
+      "generation": 3,
+      "timestamp": 458774922442
+   },
+   {
+      "key": "superuser|R|user-admin",
+      "value": "",
+      "generation": 3,
+      "timestamp": 458774922442
+   },
+   {
+      "key": "superuser|R|data-admin",
+      "value": null,
+      "generation": 2,
+      "timestamp": 458774718056
+   }
+]
diff --git a/.github/workflows/tests.yml b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9cfaf6c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/tests.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+name: Run tests
+
+# Trigger test workflow whenever:
+# 1. A pull request is updated (e.g with new commits)
+# 2. Commits are pushed directly to the stage or master branch
+on:
+  push:
+    branches: ["stage*", "master*"]
+  pull_request:
+    branches: ["stage*", "master*"]
+    types: [
+      # Default triggers
+      opened,
+      synchronize,
+      reopened,
+      # Additional triggers
+      labeled,
+      unlabeled
+    ]
+  workflow_dispatch:
+    inputs:
+      test-server-rc:
+        type: boolean
+        default: false
+        required: true
+
+jobs:
+
+  test-ee:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
+
+    - uses: ./.github/actions/run-ee-server
+      with:
+        use-server-rc: ${{ contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'new-server-features') }}
+        docker-hub-username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_BOT_USERNAME }}
+        docker-hub-password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_BOT_PW }}
+    
+    - name: Setup .NET
+      uses: actions/setup-dotnet@v4
+      with:
+        dotnet-version: 6.0.x
+        
+    - name: Restore dependencies
+      run: dotnet restore /p:EnableWindowsTargeting=true
+
+    - name: Build
+      run: dotnet build --configuration Release --no-restore /p:EnableWindowsTargeting=true
+
+    - name: Run tests
+      run: dotnet test --configuration Release --no-build --verbosity normal
+
+    - name: Show logs if failed
+      if: ${{ failure() }}
+      run: |
+        docker container logs aerospike
+        cat ./configs/aerospike.conf
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wait-for-as-server-to-start.bash b/.github/workflows/wait-for-as-server-to-start.bash
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c43e17da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/wait-for-as-server-to-start.bash
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+
+set -x
+# Makes sure that if the "docker exec" command fails, it is not ignored
+set -o pipefail
+
+container_name=$1
+is_security_enabled=$2
+
+if [[ $is_security_enabled == true ]]; then
+    # We need to pass credentials to asinfo if server requires it
+    # TODO: passing in credentials via command line flags since I can't figure out how to use --instance with global astools.conf
+    user_credentials="--user=admin --password=admin"
+fi
+
+while true; do
+    # An unset variable will have a default empty value
+    # Intermediate step is to print docker exec command's output in case it fails
+    # Sometimes, errors only appear in stdout and not stderr, like if asinfo throws an error because of no credentials
+    # (This is a bug in asinfo since all error messages should be sent to stderr)
+    # But piping and passing stdin to grep will hide the first command's stdout.
+    # grep doesn't have a way to print all lines passed as input.
+    # ack does have an option but it doesn't come installed by default
+    # shellcheck disable=SC2086 # The flags in user credentials should be separate anyways. Not one string
+    echo "Checking if we can reach the server via the service port..."
+    if docker exec "$container_name" asinfo $user_credentials -v status | tee >(cat) | grep -qE "^ok"; then
+        # Server is ready when asinfo returns ok
+        echo "Can reach server now."
+        # docker container inspect "$container_name"
+        break
+    fi
+
+    echo "Server didn't return ok via the service port. Polling again..."
+done
+
+# Although the server may be reachable via the service port, the cluster may not be fully initialized yet.
+# If we try to connect too soon (e.g right after "status" returns ok), the client may throw error code -1
+while true; do
+    echo "Waiting for server to stabilize (i.e return a cluster key)..."
+    # We assume that when an ERROR is returned, the cluster is not stable yet (i.e not fully initialized)
+    if docker exec "$container_name" asinfo $user_credentials -v cluster-stable 2>&1 | (! grep -qE "^ERROR"); then
+        echo "Server is in a stable state."
+        break
+    fi
+
+    echo "Server did not return a cluster key. Polling again..."
+done
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Admin/Role.cs b/AerospikeClient/Admin/Role.cs
index feaa3130..2b8af1aa 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Admin/Role.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Admin/Role.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2022 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -49,22 +49,22 @@ public sealed class Role
 		public const string SIndexAdmin = "sindex-admin";
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Allow read transactions.
+		/// Allow read commands.
 		/// </summary>
 		public const string Read = "read";
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Allow read and write transactions.
+		/// Allow read and write commands.
 		/// </summary>
 		public const string ReadWrite = "read-write";
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Allow read and write transactions within user defined functions.
+		/// Allow read and write commands within user defined functions.
 		/// </summary>
 		public const string ReadWriteUdf = "read-write-udf";
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Allow write transactions.
+		/// Allow write commands.
 		/// </summary>
 		public const string Write = "write";
 
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncBatch.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncBatch.cs
index 8f3a7b75..4d6056e3 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncBatch.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncBatch.cs
@@ -1,1910 +1,2178 @@
-/* 
- * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
- *
- * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
- * license agreements.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
- * the License.
- */
-
-namespace Aerospike.Client
-{
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// ReadList
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public sealed class AsyncBatchReadListExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
-	{
-		private readonly BatchListListener listener;
-		private readonly List<BatchRead> records;
-
-		public AsyncBatchReadListExecutor
-		(
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			BatchListListener listener,
-			List<BatchRead> records
-		) : base(cluster, true)
-		{
-			this.listener = listener;
-			this.records = records;
-
-			// Create commands.
-			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, records, this);
-			AsyncBatchCommand[] commands = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-			int count = 0;
-
-			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-			{
-				commands[count++] = new AsyncBatchReadListCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, records);
-			}
-			// Dispatch commands to nodes.
-			Execute(commands);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
-		{
-			listener.OnSuccess(records);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
-		{
-			listener.OnFailure(ae);
-		}
-	}
-
-	sealed class AsyncBatchReadListCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
-	{
-		private readonly List<BatchRead> records;
-
-		public AsyncBatchReadListCommand
-		(
-			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
-			List<BatchRead> records
-		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, true)
-		{
-			this.records = records;
-		}
-
-		public AsyncBatchReadListCommand(AsyncBatchReadListCommand other) : base(other)
-		{
-			this.records = other.records;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			if (batch.node.HasBatchAny)
-			{
-				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, records, batch);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, records, batch);
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			BatchRead record = records[batchIndex];
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				record.SetError(resultCode, false);
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchReadListCommand(this);
-		}
-
-		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchReadListCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, records);
-		}
-
-		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, parent);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// ReadSequence
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	
-	public sealed class AsyncBatchReadSequenceExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
-	{
-		private readonly BatchSequenceListener listener;
-
-		public AsyncBatchReadSequenceExecutor
-		(
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			BatchSequenceListener listener,
-			List<BatchRead> records
-		) : base(cluster, true)
-		{
-			this.listener = listener;
-
-			// Create commands.
-			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, records, this);
-			AsyncBatchCommand[] commands = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-			int count = 0;
-
-			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-			{
-				commands[count++] = new AsyncBatchReadSequenceCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, listener, records);
-			}
-			// Dispatch commands to nodes.
-			Execute(commands);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
-		{
-			listener.OnSuccess();
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
-		{
-			listener.OnFailure(ae);
-		}
-	}
-
-	sealed class AsyncBatchReadSequenceCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
-	{
-		private readonly BatchSequenceListener listener;
-		private readonly List<BatchRead> records;
-
-		public AsyncBatchReadSequenceCommand
-		(
-			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
-			BatchSequenceListener listener,
-			List<BatchRead> records
-		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, true)
-		{
-			this.listener = listener;
-			this.records = records;
-		}
-
-		public AsyncBatchReadSequenceCommand(AsyncBatchReadSequenceCommand other) : base(other)
-		{
-			this.listener = other.listener;
-			this.records = other.records;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			if (batch.node.HasBatchAny)
-			{
-				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, records, batch);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, records, batch);
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			BatchRead record = records[batchIndex];
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				record.SetError(resultCode, false);
-			}
-			listener.OnRecord(record);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchReadSequenceCommand(this);
-		}
-
-		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchReadSequenceCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, listener, records);
-		}
-
-		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, parent);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// GetArray
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public sealed class AsyncBatchGetArrayExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
-	{
-		private readonly Key[] keys;
-		private readonly Record[] records;
-		private readonly RecordArrayListener listener;
-
-		public AsyncBatchGetArrayExecutor
-		(
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			RecordArrayListener listener,
-			Key[] keys,
-			string[] binNames,
-			Operation[] ops,
-			int readAttr,
-			bool isOperation
-		) : base(cluster, false)
-		{
-			this.keys = keys;
-			this.records = new Record[keys.Length];
-			this.listener = listener;
-
-			// Create commands.
-			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, this);
-			AsyncBatchCommand[] commands = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-			int count = 0;
-
-			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-			{
-				commands[count++] = new AsyncBatchGetArrayCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, binNames, ops, records, readAttr, isOperation);
-			}
-			// Dispatch commands to nodes.
-			Execute(commands);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
-		{
-			listener.OnSuccess(keys, records);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
-		{
-			listener.OnFailure(new AerospikeException.BatchRecords(records, ae));
-		}
-	}
-
-	sealed class AsyncBatchGetArrayCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
-	{
-		private readonly Key[] keys;
-		private readonly string[] binNames;
-		private readonly Operation[] ops;
-		private readonly Record[] records;
-		private readonly int readAttr;
-
-		public AsyncBatchGetArrayCommand
-		(
-			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			string[] binNames,
-			Operation[] ops,
-			Record[] records,
-			int readAttr,
-			bool isOperation
-		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, isOperation)
-		{
-			this.keys = keys;
-			this.binNames = binNames;
-			this.ops = ops;
-			this.records = records;
-			this.readAttr = readAttr;
-		}
-
-		public AsyncBatchGetArrayCommand(AsyncBatchGetArrayCommand other) : base(other)
-		{
-			this.keys = other.keys;
-			this.binNames = other.binNames;
-			this.ops = other.ops;
-			this.records = other.records;
-			this.readAttr = other.readAttr;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			if (batch.node.HasBatchAny)
-			{
-				BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr(batchPolicy, readAttr, ops);
-				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, binNames, ops, attr);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, keys, batch, binNames, ops, readAttr);
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				records[batchIndex] = ParseRecord();
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchGetArrayCommand(this);
-		}
-
-		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchGetArrayCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, binNames, ops, records, readAttr, isOperation);
-		}
-
-		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, false, parent);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// GetSequence
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public sealed class AsyncBatchGetSequenceExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
-	{
-		private readonly RecordSequenceListener listener;
-
-		public AsyncBatchGetSequenceExecutor
-		(
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			RecordSequenceListener listener,
-			Key[] keys,
-			string[] binNames,
-			Operation[] ops,
-			int readAttr,
-			bool isOperation
-		) : base(cluster, false)
-		{
-			this.listener = listener;
-
-			// Create commands.
-			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, this);
-			AsyncBatchCommand[] commands = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-			int count = 0;
-
-			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-			{
-				commands[count++] = new AsyncBatchGetSequenceCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, binNames, ops, listener, readAttr, isOperation);
-			}
-			// Dispatch commands to nodes.
-			Execute(commands);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
-		{
-			listener.OnSuccess();
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
-		{
-			listener.OnFailure(ae);
-		}
-	}
-
-	sealed class AsyncBatchGetSequenceCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
-	{
-		private readonly Key[] keys;
-		private readonly string[] binNames;
-		private readonly Operation[] ops;
-		private readonly RecordSequenceListener listener;
-		private readonly int readAttr;
-
-		public AsyncBatchGetSequenceCommand
-		(
-			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			string[] binNames,
-			Operation[] ops,
-			RecordSequenceListener listener,
-			int readAttr,
-			bool isOperation
-		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, isOperation)
-		{
-			this.keys = keys;
-			this.binNames = binNames;
-			this.ops = ops;
-			this.listener = listener;
-			this.readAttr = readAttr;
-		}
-
-		public AsyncBatchGetSequenceCommand(AsyncBatchGetSequenceCommand other) : base(other)
-		{
-			this.keys = other.keys;
-			this.binNames = other.binNames;
-			this.ops = other.ops;
-			this.listener = other.listener;
-			this.readAttr = other.readAttr;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			if (batch.node.HasBatchAny)
-			{
-				BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr(batchPolicy, readAttr, ops);
-				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, binNames, ops, attr);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, keys, batch, binNames, ops, readAttr);
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			Key keyOrig = keys[batchIndex];
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				Record record = ParseRecord();
-				listener.OnRecord(keyOrig, record);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				listener.OnRecord(keyOrig, null);
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchGetSequenceCommand(this);
-		}
-
-		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchGetSequenceCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, binNames, ops, listener, readAttr, isOperation);
-		}
-
-		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, false, parent);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// ExistsArray
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	
-	public sealed class AsyncBatchExistsArrayExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
-	{
-		private readonly Key[] keys;
-		private readonly bool[] existsArray;
-		private readonly ExistsArrayListener listener;
-
-		public AsyncBatchExistsArrayExecutor
-		(
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			ExistsArrayListener listener
-		) : base(cluster,false)
-		{
-			this.keys = keys;
-			this.existsArray = new bool[keys.Length];
-			this.listener = listener;
-
-			// Create commands.
-			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, this);
-			AsyncBatchCommand[] commands = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-			int count = 0;
-
-			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-			{
-				commands[count++] = new AsyncBatchExistsArrayCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, existsArray);
-			}
-			// Dispatch commands to nodes.
-			Execute(commands);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
-		{
-			listener.OnSuccess(keys, existsArray);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
-		{
-			listener.OnFailure(new AerospikeException.BatchExists(existsArray, ae));
-		}
-	}
-
-	sealed class AsyncBatchExistsArrayCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
-	{
-		private readonly Key[] keys;
-		private readonly bool[] existsArray;
-
-		public AsyncBatchExistsArrayCommand
-		(
-			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			bool[] existsArray
-		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, false)
-		{
-			this.keys = keys;
-			this.existsArray = existsArray;
-		}
-
-		public AsyncBatchExistsArrayCommand(AsyncBatchExistsArrayCommand other) : base(other)
-		{
-			this.keys = other.keys;
-			this.existsArray = other.existsArray;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			if (batch.node.HasBatchAny)
-			{
-				BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr(batchPolicy, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA);
-				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, null, attr);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, null, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA);
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			if (opCount > 0)
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException.Parse("Received bins that were not requested!");
-			}
-
-			existsArray[batchIndex] = resultCode == 0;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchExistsArrayCommand(this);
-		}
-
-		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchExistsArrayCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, existsArray);
-		}
-
-		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, false, parent);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// ExistsSequence
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public sealed class AsyncBatchExistsSequenceExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
-	{
-		private readonly ExistsSequenceListener listener;
-
-		public AsyncBatchExistsSequenceExecutor
-		(
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			ExistsSequenceListener listener
-		) : base(cluster, false)
-		{
-			this.listener = listener;
-
-			// Create commands.
-			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, this);
-			AsyncBatchCommand[] commands = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-			int count = 0;
-
-			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-			{
-				commands[count++] = new AsyncBatchExistsSequenceCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, listener);
-			}
-			// Dispatch commands to nodes.
-			Execute(commands);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
-		{
-			listener.OnSuccess();
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
-		{
-			listener.OnFailure(ae);
-		}
-
-	}
-
-	sealed class AsyncBatchExistsSequenceCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
-	{
-		private readonly Key[] keys;
-		private readonly ExistsSequenceListener listener;
-
-		public AsyncBatchExistsSequenceCommand
-		(
-			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			ExistsSequenceListener listener
-		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, false)
-		{
-			this.keys = keys;
-			this.listener = listener;
-		}
-
-		public AsyncBatchExistsSequenceCommand(AsyncBatchExistsSequenceCommand other) : base(other)
-		{
-			this.keys = other.keys;
-			this.listener = other.listener;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			if (batch.node.HasBatchAny)
-			{
-				BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr(batchPolicy, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA);
-				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, null, attr);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, null, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA);
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			if (opCount > 0)
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException.Parse("Received bins that were not requested!");
-			}
-
-			Key keyOrig = keys[batchIndex];
-			listener.OnExists(keyOrig, resultCode == 0);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchExistsSequenceCommand(this);
-		}
-
-		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchExistsSequenceCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, listener);
-		}
-
-		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, false, parent);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// OperateList
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public sealed class AsyncBatchOperateListExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
-	{
-		internal readonly BatchOperateListListener listener;
-		internal readonly List<BatchRecord> records;
-
-		public AsyncBatchOperateListExecutor
-		(
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			BatchOperateListListener listener,
-			List<BatchRecord> records
-		) : base(cluster, true)
-		{
-			this.listener = listener;
-			this.records = records;
-
-			// Create commands.
-			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, records, this);
-			AsyncBatchCommand[] tasks = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-			int count = 0;
-
-			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-			{
-				tasks[count++] = new AsyncBatchOperateListCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, records);
-			}
-			// Dispatch commands to nodes.
-			Execute(tasks);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
-		{
-			listener.OnSuccess(records, GetStatus());
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
-		{
-			listener.OnFailure(ae);
-		}
-	}
-
-	sealed class AsyncBatchOperateListCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
-	{
-		internal readonly List<BatchRecord> records;
-
-		public AsyncBatchOperateListCommand
-		(
-			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
-			List<BatchRecord> records
-		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, true)
-		{
-			this.records = records;
-		}
-
-		public AsyncBatchOperateListCommand(AsyncBatchOperateListCommand other) : base(other)
-		{
-			this.records = other.records;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
-		{
-			// This method is only called to set inDoubt on node level errors.
-			// SetError() will filter out reads when setting record level inDoubt.
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, records, batch);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (resultCode == ResultCode.UDF_BAD_RESPONSE)
-			{
-				Record r = ParseRecord();
-				string m = r.GetString("FAILURE");
-
-				if (m != null)
-				{
-					// Need to store record because failure bin contains an error message.
-					record.record = r;
-					record.resultCode = resultCode;
-					record.inDoubt = Command.BatchInDoubt(record.hasWrite, commandSentCounter);
-					parent.SetRowError();
-					return;
-				}
-			}
-
-			record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(record.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
-			parent.SetRowError();
-		}
-
-		internal override void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
-		{
-			if (!inDoubt)
-			{
-				return;
-			}
-
-			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
-			{
-				BatchRecord record = records[index];
-
-				if (record.resultCode == ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE)
-				{
-					record.inDoubt = record.hasWrite;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchOperateListCommand(this);
-		}
-
-		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchOperateListCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, records);
-		}
-
-		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, parent);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// OperateSequence
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public sealed class AsyncBatchOperateSequenceExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
-	{
-		internal readonly BatchRecordSequenceListener listener;
-
-		public AsyncBatchOperateSequenceExecutor
-		(
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			BatchRecordSequenceListener listener,
-			List<BatchRecord> records
-		) : base(cluster, true)
-		{
-			this.listener = listener;
-
-			// Create commands.
-			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, records, this);
-			AsyncBatchCommand[] tasks = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-			int count = 0;
-
-			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-			{
-				tasks[count++] = new AsyncBatchOperateSequenceCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, listener, records);
-			}
-			// Dispatch commands to nodes.
-			Execute(tasks);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
-		{
-			listener.OnSuccess();
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
-		{
-			listener.OnFailure(ae);
-		}
-	}
-
-	sealed class AsyncBatchOperateSequenceCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
-	{
-		internal readonly BatchRecordSequenceListener listener;
-		internal readonly List<BatchRecord> records;
-
-		public AsyncBatchOperateSequenceCommand
-		(
-			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
-			BatchRecordSequenceListener listener,
-			List<BatchRecord> records
-		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, true)
-		{
-			this.listener = listener;
-			this.records = records;
-		}
-
-		public AsyncBatchOperateSequenceCommand(AsyncBatchOperateSequenceCommand other) : base(other)
-		{
-			this.listener = other.listener;
-			this.records = other.records;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
-		{
-			// This method is only called to set inDoubt on node level errors.
-			// SetError() will filter out reads when setting record level inDoubt.
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, records, batch);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
-			}
-			else if (resultCode == ResultCode.UDF_BAD_RESPONSE)
-			{
-				Record r = ParseRecord();
-				string m = r.GetString("FAILURE");
-
-				if (m != null)
-				{
-					// Need to store record because failure bin contains an error message.
-					record.record = r;
-					record.resultCode = resultCode;
-					record.inDoubt = Command.BatchInDoubt(record.hasWrite, commandSentCounter);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(record.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
-				}
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(record.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
-			}
-			AsyncBatch.OnRecord(cluster, listener, record, batchIndex);
-		}
-
-		internal override void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
-		{
-			if (!inDoubt)
-			{
-				return;
-			}
-
-			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
-			{
-				BatchRecord record = records[index];
-
-				if (record.resultCode == ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE)
-				{
-					// Set inDoubt, but do not call OnRecord() because user already has access to full
-					// BatchRecord list and can examine each record for inDoubt when the exception occurs.
-					record.inDoubt = record.hasWrite;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchOperateSequenceCommand(this);
-		}
-
-		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchOperateSequenceCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, listener, records);
-		}
-
-		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, parent);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// OperateRecordArray
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public sealed class AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
-	{
-		internal readonly BatchRecordArrayListener listener;
-		internal readonly BatchRecord[] records;
-
-		public AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayExecutor
-		(
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			BatchRecordArrayListener listener,
-			Key[] keys,
-			Operation[] ops,
-			BatchAttr attr
-		) : base(cluster, true)
-		{
-			this.listener = listener;
-			this.records = new BatchRecord[keys.Length];
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
-			{
-				this.records[i] = new BatchRecord(keys[i], attr.hasWrite);
-			}
-
-			// Create commands.
-			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, records, attr.hasWrite, this);
-			AsyncBatchCommand[] tasks = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-			int count = 0;
-
-			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-			{
-				tasks[count++] = new AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, ops, records, attr);
-			}
-			// Dispatch commands to nodes.
-			Execute(tasks);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
-		{
-			listener.OnSuccess(records, GetStatus());
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
-		{
-			listener.OnFailure(records, ae);
-		}
-	}
-
-	sealed class AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
-	{
-		internal readonly Key[] keys;
-		internal readonly Operation[] ops;
-		internal readonly BatchRecord[] records;
-		internal readonly BatchAttr attr;
-
-		public AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayCommand
-		(
-			AsyncBatchExecutor parent, 
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			Operation[] ops,
-			BatchRecord[] records,
-			BatchAttr attr
-		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, ops != null)
-		{
-			this.keys = keys;
-			this.ops = ops;
-			this.records = records;
-			this.attr = attr;
-		}
-
-		public AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayCommand(AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayCommand other) : base(other)
-		{
-			this.keys = other.keys;
-			this.ops = other.ops;
-			this.records = other.records;
-			this.attr = other.attr;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
-		{
-			return attr.hasWrite;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, ops, attr);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
-				parent.SetRowError();
-			}
-		}
-
-		internal override void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
-		{
-			if (!inDoubt || !attr.hasWrite)
-			{
-				return;
-			}
-
-			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
-			{
-				BatchRecord record = records[index];
-
-				if (record.resultCode == ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE)
-				{
-					record.inDoubt = inDoubt;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayCommand(this);
-		}
-
-		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, ops, records, attr);
-		}
-
-		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, attr.hasWrite, parent);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// OperateRecordSequence
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public sealed class AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
-	{
-		internal readonly BatchRecordSequenceListener listener;
-		private readonly bool[] sent;
-
-		public AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceExecutor
-		(
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			BatchRecordSequenceListener listener,
-			Key[] keys,
-			Operation[] ops,
-			BatchAttr attr
-		) : base(cluster, true)
-		{
-			this.listener = listener;
-			this.sent = new bool[keys.Length];
-
-			// Create commands.
-			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, attr.hasWrite, this);
-			AsyncBatchCommand[] tasks = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-			int count = 0;
-
-			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-			{
-				tasks[count++] = new AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, ops, sent, listener, attr);
-			}
-			// Dispatch commands to nodes.
-			Execute(tasks);
-		}
-
-		public override void BatchKeyError(Cluster cluster, Key key, int index, AerospikeException ae, bool inDoubt, bool hasWrite)
-		{
-			BatchRecord record = new BatchRecord(key, null, ae.Result, inDoubt, hasWrite);
-			sent[index] = true;
-			AsyncBatch.OnRecord(cluster, listener, record, index);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
-		{
-			listener.OnSuccess();
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
-		{
-			listener.OnFailure(ae);
-		}
-	}
-
-	sealed class AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
-	{
-		internal readonly Key[] keys;
-		internal readonly Operation[] ops;
-		internal readonly bool[] sent;
-		internal readonly BatchRecordSequenceListener listener;
-		internal readonly BatchAttr attr;
-
-		public AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceCommand
-		(
-			AsyncBatchExecutor parent, 
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			Operation[] ops,
-			bool[] sent,
-			BatchRecordSequenceListener listener,
-			BatchAttr attr
-		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, ops != null)
-		{
-			this.keys = keys;
-			this.ops = ops;
-			this.sent = sent;
-			this.listener = listener;
-			this.attr = attr;
-		}
-
-		public AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceCommand(AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceCommand other) : base(other)
-		{
-			this.keys = other.keys;
-			this.ops = other.ops;
-			this.sent = other.sent;
-			this.listener = other.listener;
-			this.attr = other.attr;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
-		{
-			return attr.hasWrite;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, ops, attr);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			Key keyOrig = keys[batchIndex];
-			BatchRecord record;
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				record = new BatchRecord(keyOrig, ParseRecord(), attr.hasWrite);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				record = new BatchRecord(keyOrig, null, resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter), attr.hasWrite);
-			}
-			sent[batchIndex] = true;
-			AsyncBatch.OnRecord(cluster, listener, record, batchIndex);
-		}
-
-		internal override void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
-		{
-			// Set inDoubt for all unsent records, so the listener receives a full set of records.
-			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
-			{
-				if (!sent[index])
-				{
-					Key key = keys[index];
-					BatchRecord record = new BatchRecord(key, null, ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE, attr.hasWrite && inDoubt, attr.hasWrite);
-					sent[index] = true;
-					AsyncBatch.OnRecord(cluster, listener, record, index);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceCommand(this);
-		}
-
-		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, ops, sent, listener, attr);
-		}
-
-		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sent, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, attr.hasWrite, parent);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// UDFArray
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public sealed class AsyncBatchUDFArrayExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
-	{
-		internal readonly BatchRecordArrayListener listener;
-		internal readonly BatchRecord[] recordArray;
-
-		public AsyncBatchUDFArrayExecutor
-		(
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			BatchRecordArrayListener listener,
-			Key[] keys,
-			string packageName,
-			string functionName,
-			byte[] argBytes,
-			BatchAttr attr
-		) : base(cluster, true)
-		{
-			this.listener = listener;
-			this.recordArray = new BatchRecord[keys.Length];
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
-			{
-				this.recordArray[i] = new BatchRecord(keys[i], attr.hasWrite);
-			}
-
-			// Create commands.
-			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, recordArray, attr.hasWrite, this);
-			AsyncBatchCommand[] tasks = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-			int count = 0;
-
-			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-			{
-				tasks[count++] = new AsyncBatchUDFArrayCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, recordArray, attr);
-			}
-			// Dispatch commands to nodes.
-			Execute(tasks);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
-		{
-			listener.OnSuccess(recordArray, GetStatus());
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
-		{
-			listener.OnFailure(recordArray, ae);
-		}
-	}
-
-	public sealed class AsyncBatchUDFArrayCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
-	{
-		internal readonly Key[] keys;
-		internal readonly string packageName;
-		internal readonly string functionName;
-		internal readonly byte[] argBytes;
-		internal readonly BatchRecord[] records;
-		internal readonly BatchAttr attr;
-
-		public AsyncBatchUDFArrayCommand
-		(
-			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			string packageName,
-			string functionName,
-			byte[] argBytes,
-			BatchRecord[] records,
-			BatchAttr attr
-		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, false)
-		{
-			this.keys = keys;
-			this.packageName = packageName;
-			this.functionName = functionName;
-			this.argBytes = argBytes;
-			this.records = records;
-			this.attr = attr;
-		}
-
-		public AsyncBatchUDFArrayCommand(AsyncBatchUDFArrayCommand other) : base(other)
-		{
-			this.keys = other.keys;
-			this.packageName = other.packageName;
-			this.functionName = other.functionName;
-			this.argBytes = other.argBytes;
-			this.records = other.records;
-			this.attr = other.attr;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
-		{
-			return attr.hasWrite;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetBatchUDF(batchPolicy, keys, batch, packageName, functionName, argBytes, attr);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (resultCode == ResultCode.UDF_BAD_RESPONSE)
-			{
-				Record r = ParseRecord();
-				string m = r.GetString("FAILURE");
-
-				if (m != null)
-				{
-					// Need to store record because failure bin contains an error message.
-					record.record = r;
-					record.resultCode = resultCode;
-					record.inDoubt = Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter);
-					parent.SetRowError();
-					return;
-				}
-			}
-
-			record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
-			parent.SetRowError();
-		}
-
-		internal override void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
-		{
-			if (!inDoubt || !attr.hasWrite)
-			{
-				return;
-			}
-
-			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
-			{
-				BatchRecord record = records[index];
-
-				if (record.resultCode == ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE)
-				{
-					record.inDoubt = inDoubt;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchUDFArrayCommand(this);
-		}
-
-		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchUDFArrayCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, records, attr);
-		}
-
-		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, attr.hasWrite, parent);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// UDFSequence
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public sealed class AsyncBatchUDFSequenceExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
-	{
-		internal readonly BatchRecordSequenceListener listener;
-		private readonly bool[] sent;
-
-		public AsyncBatchUDFSequenceExecutor
-		(
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			BatchRecordSequenceListener listener,
-			Key[] keys,
-			string packageName,
-			string functionName,
-			byte[] argBytes,
-			BatchAttr attr
-		) : base(cluster, true)
-		{
-			this.listener = listener;
-			this.sent = new bool[keys.Length];
-
-			// Create commands.
-			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, attr.hasWrite, this);
-			AsyncBatchCommand[] tasks = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-			int count = 0;
-
-			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-			{
-				tasks[count++] = new AsyncBatchUDFSequenceCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, sent, listener, attr);
-			}
-			// Dispatch commands to nodes.
-			Execute(tasks);
-		}
-
-		public override void BatchKeyError(Cluster cluster, Key key, int index, AerospikeException ae, bool inDoubt, bool hasWrite)
-		{
-			BatchRecord record = new BatchRecord(key, null, ae.Result, inDoubt, hasWrite);
-			sent[index] = true;
-			AsyncBatch.OnRecord(cluster, listener, record, index);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
-		{
-			listener.OnSuccess();
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
-		{
-			listener.OnFailure(ae);
-		}
-	}
-
-	sealed class AsyncBatchUDFSequenceCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
-	{
-		internal readonly Key[] keys;
-		internal readonly string packageName;
-		internal readonly string functionName;
-		internal readonly byte[] argBytes;
-		internal readonly bool[] sent;
-		internal readonly BatchRecordSequenceListener listener;
-		internal readonly BatchAttr attr;
-
-		public AsyncBatchUDFSequenceCommand
-		(
-			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			string packageName,
-			string functionName,
-			byte[] argBytes,
-			bool[] sent,
-			BatchRecordSequenceListener listener,
-			BatchAttr attr
-		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, false)
-		{
-			this.keys = keys;
-			this.packageName = packageName;
-			this.functionName = functionName;
-			this.argBytes = argBytes;
-			this.sent = sent;
-			this.listener = listener;
-			this.attr = attr;
-		}
-
-		public AsyncBatchUDFSequenceCommand(AsyncBatchUDFSequenceCommand other) : base(other)
-		{
-			this.keys = other.keys;
-			this.packageName = other.packageName;
-			this.functionName = other.functionName;
-			this.argBytes = other.argBytes;
-			this.sent = other.sent;
-			this.listener = other.listener;
-			this.attr = other.attr;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
-		{
-			return attr.hasWrite;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetBatchUDF(batchPolicy, keys, batch, packageName, functionName, argBytes, attr);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			Key keyOrig = keys[batchIndex];
-			BatchRecord record;
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				record = new BatchRecord(keyOrig, ParseRecord(), attr.hasWrite);
-			}
-			else if (resultCode == ResultCode.UDF_BAD_RESPONSE)
-			{
-				Record r = ParseRecord();
-				string m = r.GetString("FAILURE");
-
-				if (m != null)
-				{
-					// Need to store record because failure bin contains an error message.
-					record = new BatchRecord(keyOrig, r, resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter), attr.hasWrite);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					record = new BatchRecord(keyOrig, null, resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter), attr.hasWrite);
-				}
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				record = new BatchRecord(keyOrig, null, resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter), attr.hasWrite);
-			}
-			sent[batchIndex] = true;
-			AsyncBatch.OnRecord(cluster, listener, record, batchIndex);
-		}
-
-		internal override void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
-		{
-			// Set inDoubt for all unsent records, so the listener receives a full set of records.
-			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
-			{
-				if (!sent[index])
-				{
-					Key key = keys[index];
-					BatchRecord record = new BatchRecord(key, null, ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE, attr.hasWrite && inDoubt, attr.hasWrite);
-					sent[index] = true;
-					AsyncBatch.OnRecord(cluster, listener, record, index);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchUDFSequenceCommand(this);
-		}
-
-		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new AsyncBatchUDFSequenceCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, sent, listener, attr);
-		}
-
-		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sent, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, attr.hasWrite, parent);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// Batch Base Executor
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public abstract class AsyncBatchExecutor : IBatchStatus
-	{
-		private AerospikeException exception;
-		private int max;
-		private int count;
-		private readonly bool hasResultCode;
-		private bool error;
-
-		public AsyncBatchExecutor(AsyncCluster cluster, bool hasResultCode)
-		{
-			this.hasResultCode = hasResultCode;
-			cluster.AddTran();
-		}
-
-		public void Execute(AsyncBatchCommand[] commands)
-		{
-			max = commands.Length;
-
-			foreach (AsyncBatchCommand command in commands)
-			{
-				command.Execute();
-			}
-		}
-
-		public void Retry(AsyncMultiCommand[] commands)
-		{
-			lock (this)
-			{
-				// Adjust max for new commands minus failed command.
-				max += commands.Length - 1;
-			}
-
-			foreach (AsyncBatchCommand command in commands)
-			{
-				command.ExecuteBatchRetry();
-			}
-		}
-
-		public void ChildSuccess(AsyncNode node)
-		{
-			bool complete;
-
-			lock (this)
-			{
-				complete = ++count == max;
-			}
-
-			if (complete)
-			{
-				Finish();
-			}
-		}
-
-		public void ChildFailure(AerospikeException ae)
-		{
-			bool complete;
-
-			lock (this)
-			{
-				if (exception == null)
-				{
-					exception = ae;
-				}
-				complete = ++count == max;
-			}
-
-			if (complete)
-			{
-				Finish();
-			}
-		}
-
-		private void Finish()
-		{
-			if (exception == null)
-			{
-				OnSuccess();
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				OnFailure(exception);
-			}
-		}
-
-		public virtual void BatchKeyError(Cluster cluster, Key key, int index, AerospikeException ae, bool inDoubt, bool hasWrite)
-		{
-			// Only used in executors with sequence listeners.
-			// These executors will override this method.
-		}
-
-		public void BatchKeyError(AerospikeException ae)
-		{
-			error = true;
-
-			if (!hasResultCode)
-			{
-				// Legacy batch read commands that do not store a key specific resultCode.
-				// Store exception which will be passed to the listener on batch completion.
-				if (exception == null)
-				{
-					exception = ae;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		public void SetRowError()
-		{
-			// Indicate that a key specific error occurred.
-			error = true;
-		}
-
-		public bool GetStatus()
-		{
-			return !error;
-		}
-
-		protected internal abstract void OnSuccess();
-		protected internal abstract void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae);
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// Batch Base Command
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public abstract class AsyncBatchCommand : AsyncMultiCommand
-	{
-		internal readonly AsyncBatchExecutor parent;
-		internal readonly BatchNode batch;
-		internal readonly BatchPolicy batchPolicy;
-		internal uint sequenceAP;
-		internal uint sequenceSC;
-
-		public AsyncBatchCommand(AsyncBatchExecutor parent, AsyncCluster cluster, BatchNode batch, BatchPolicy batchPolicy, bool isOperation)
-			: base(cluster, batchPolicy, (AsyncNode)batch.node, isOperation)
-		{
-			this.parent = parent;
-			this.batch = batch;
-			this.batchPolicy = batchPolicy;
-		}
-
-		public AsyncBatchCommand(AsyncBatchCommand other) : base(other)
-		{
-			this.parent = other.parent;
-			this.batch = other.batch;
-			this.batchPolicy = other.batchPolicy;
-			this.sequenceAP = other.sequenceAP;
-			this.sequenceSC = other.sequenceSC;
-		}
-
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return Latency.LatencyType.BATCH;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
-		{
-			if (!(policy.replica == Replica.SEQUENCE || policy.replica == Replica.PREFER_RACK))
-			{
-				// Perform regular retry to same node.
-				return true;
-			}
-
-			sequenceAP++;
-
-			if (! timeout || policy.readModeSC != ReadModeSC.LINEARIZE) {
-				sequenceSC++;
-			}
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool RetryBatch()
-		{
-			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = null;
-
-			try
-			{
-				// Retry requires keys for this node to be split among other nodes.
-				// This can cause an exponential number of commands.
-				batchNodes = GenerateBatchNodes();
-				
-				if (batchNodes.Count == 1 && batchNodes[0].node == batch.node)
-				{
-					// Batch node is the same.  Go through normal retry.
-					// Normal retries reuse eventArgs, so PutBackArgsOnError()
-					// should not be called here.
-					return false;
-				}
-
-				cluster.AddRetries(batchNodes.Count);
-			}
-			catch (Exception)
-			{
-				// Close original command.
-				base.ReleaseBuffer();
-				throw;
-			}
-
-			// Close original command.
-			base.ReleaseBuffer();
-			
-			// Execute new commands.
-			AsyncBatchCommand[] cmds = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-			int count = 0;
-
-			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-			{
-				AsyncBatchCommand cmd = CreateCommand(batchNode);
-				cmd.sequenceAP = sequenceAP;
-				cmd.sequenceSC = sequenceSC;
-				cmd.SetBatchRetry(this);
-				cmds[count++] = cmd;
-			}
-
-			// Retry new commands.
-			parent.Retry(cmds);
-
-			// Return true so original batch command is stopped.
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
-		{
-			parent.ChildSuccess(node);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
-		{
-			SetInDoubt(e.InDoubt);
-			parent.ChildFailure(e);
-		}
-
-		internal virtual void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
-		{
-			// Do nothing by default. Batch writes will override this method.
-		}
-
-		internal abstract AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode);
-		internal abstract List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes();
-	}
-
-	internal class AsyncBatch
-	{
-		internal static void OnRecord(Cluster cluster, BatchRecordSequenceListener listener, BatchRecord record, int index)
-		{
-			try
-			{
-				listener.OnRecord(record, index);
-			}
-			catch (Exception e)
-			{
-				Log.Error(cluster.context, "Unexpected exception from OnRecord(): " + Util.GetErrorMessage(e));
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// ReadList
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class AsyncBatchReadListExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
+	{
+		private readonly BatchListListener listener;
+		private readonly List<BatchRead> records;
+
+		public AsyncBatchReadListExecutor
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			BatchListListener listener,
+			List<BatchRead> records
+		) : base(cluster, true)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+			this.records = records;
+
+			// Create commands.
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, records, this);
+			AsyncBatchCommand[] commands = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				commands[count++] = new AsyncBatchReadListCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, records);
+			}
+			this.commands = commands;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			listener.OnSuccess(records);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			listener.OnFailure(ae);
+		}
+	}
+
+	sealed class AsyncBatchReadListCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
+	{
+		private readonly List<BatchRead> records;
+
+		public AsyncBatchReadListCommand
+		(
+			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			List<BatchRead> records
+		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, true)
+		{
+			this.records = records;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncBatchReadListCommand(AsyncBatchReadListCommand other) : base(other)
+		{
+			this.records = other.records;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			if (batch.node.HasBatchAny)
+			{
+				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, records, batch);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, records, batch);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseRow()
+		{
+			BatchRead record = records[batchIndex];
+
+			ParseFieldsRead(record.key);
+
+			if (resultCode == 0)
+			{
+				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				record.SetError(resultCode, false);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchReadListCommand(this);
+		}
+
+		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchReadListCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, records);
+		}
+
+		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, parent);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// ReadSequence
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	
+	public sealed class AsyncBatchReadSequenceExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
+	{
+		private readonly BatchSequenceListener listener;
+
+		public AsyncBatchReadSequenceExecutor
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			BatchSequenceListener listener,
+			List<BatchRead> records
+		) : base(cluster, true)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+
+			// Create commands.
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, records, this);
+			AsyncBatchCommand[] commands = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				commands[count++] = new AsyncBatchReadSequenceCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, listener, records);
+			}
+			this.commands = commands;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			listener.OnSuccess();
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			listener.OnFailure(ae);
+		}
+	}
+
+	sealed class AsyncBatchReadSequenceCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
+	{
+		private readonly BatchSequenceListener listener;
+		private readonly List<BatchRead> records;
+
+		public AsyncBatchReadSequenceCommand
+		(
+			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			BatchSequenceListener listener,
+			List<BatchRead> records
+		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, true)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+			this.records = records;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncBatchReadSequenceCommand(AsyncBatchReadSequenceCommand other) : base(other)
+		{
+			this.listener = other.listener;
+			this.records = other.records;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			if (batch.node.HasBatchAny)
+			{
+				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, records, batch);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, records, batch);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseRow()
+		{
+			BatchRead record = records[batchIndex];
+
+			ParseFieldsRead(record.key);
+
+			if (resultCode == 0)
+			{
+				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				record.SetError(resultCode, false);
+			}
+			listener.OnRecord(record);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchReadSequenceCommand(this);
+		}
+
+		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchReadSequenceCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, listener, records);
+		}
+
+		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, parent);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// GetArray
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class AsyncBatchGetArrayExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
+	{
+		private readonly Key[] keys;
+		private readonly Record[] records;
+		private readonly RecordArrayListener listener;
+
+		public AsyncBatchGetArrayExecutor
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			RecordArrayListener listener,
+			Key[] keys,
+			string[] binNames,
+			Operation[] ops,
+			int readAttr,
+			bool isOperation
+		) : base(cluster, false)
+		{
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.records = new Record[keys.Length];
+			this.listener = listener;
+
+			// Create commands.
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, this);
+			AsyncBatchCommand[] commands = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				commands[count++] = new AsyncBatchGetArrayCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, binNames, ops, records, readAttr, isOperation);
+			}
+			this.commands = commands;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			listener.OnSuccess(keys, records);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			listener.OnFailure(new AerospikeException.BatchRecords(records, ae));
+		}
+	}
+
+	sealed class AsyncBatchGetArrayCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
+	{
+		private readonly Key[] keys;
+		private readonly string[] binNames;
+		private readonly Operation[] ops;
+		private readonly Record[] records;
+		private readonly int readAttr;
+
+		public AsyncBatchGetArrayCommand
+		(
+			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			string[] binNames,
+			Operation[] ops,
+			Record[] records,
+			int readAttr,
+			bool isOperation
+		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, isOperation)
+		{
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.binNames = binNames;
+			this.ops = ops;
+			this.records = records;
+			this.readAttr = readAttr;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncBatchGetArrayCommand(AsyncBatchGetArrayCommand other) : base(other)
+		{
+			this.keys = other.keys;
+			this.binNames = other.binNames;
+			this.ops = other.ops;
+			this.records = other.records;
+			this.readAttr = other.readAttr;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			if (batch.node.HasBatchAny)
+			{
+				BatchAttr attr = new(batchPolicy, readAttr, ops);
+				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, binNames, ops, attr);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, keys, batch, binNames, ops, readAttr);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseRow()
+		{
+			ParseFieldsRead(keys[batchIndex]);
+
+			if (resultCode == 0)
+			{
+				records[batchIndex] = ParseRecord();
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchGetArrayCommand(this);
+		}
+
+		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchGetArrayCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, binNames, ops, records, readAttr, isOperation);
+		}
+
+		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, false, parent);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// GetSequence
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class AsyncBatchGetSequenceExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
+	{
+		private readonly RecordSequenceListener listener;
+
+		public AsyncBatchGetSequenceExecutor
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			RecordSequenceListener listener,
+			Key[] keys,
+			string[] binNames,
+			Operation[] ops,
+			int readAttr,
+			bool isOperation
+		) : base(cluster, false)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+
+			// Create commands.
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, this);
+			AsyncBatchCommand[] commands = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				commands[count++] = new AsyncBatchGetSequenceCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, binNames, ops, listener, readAttr, isOperation);
+			}
+			this.commands = commands;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			listener.OnSuccess();
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			listener.OnFailure(ae);
+		}
+	}
+
+	sealed class AsyncBatchGetSequenceCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
+	{
+		private readonly Key[] keys;
+		private readonly string[] binNames;
+		private readonly Operation[] ops;
+		private readonly RecordSequenceListener listener;
+		private readonly int readAttr;
+
+		public AsyncBatchGetSequenceCommand
+		(
+			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			string[] binNames,
+			Operation[] ops,
+			RecordSequenceListener listener,
+			int readAttr,
+			bool isOperation
+		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, isOperation)
+		{
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.binNames = binNames;
+			this.ops = ops;
+			this.listener = listener;
+			this.readAttr = readAttr;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncBatchGetSequenceCommand(AsyncBatchGetSequenceCommand other) : base(other)
+		{
+			this.keys = other.keys;
+			this.binNames = other.binNames;
+			this.ops = other.ops;
+			this.listener = other.listener;
+			this.readAttr = other.readAttr;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			if (batch.node.HasBatchAny)
+			{
+				BatchAttr attr = new(batchPolicy, readAttr, ops);
+				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, binNames, ops, attr);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, keys, batch, binNames, ops, readAttr);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseRow()
+		{
+			Key keyOrig = keys[batchIndex];
+
+			ParseFieldsRead(keyOrig);
+
+			if (resultCode == 0)
+			{
+				Record record = ParseRecord();
+				listener.OnRecord(keyOrig, record);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				listener.OnRecord(keyOrig, null);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchGetSequenceCommand(this);
+		}
+
+		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchGetSequenceCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, binNames, ops, listener, readAttr, isOperation);
+		}
+
+		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, false, parent);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// ExistsArray
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	
+	public sealed class AsyncBatchExistsArrayExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
+	{
+		private readonly Key[] keys;
+		private readonly bool[] existsArray;
+		private readonly ExistsArrayListener listener;
+
+		public AsyncBatchExistsArrayExecutor
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			ExistsArrayListener listener
+		) : base(cluster,false)
+		{
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.existsArray = new bool[keys.Length];
+			this.listener = listener;
+
+			// Create commands.
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, this);
+			AsyncBatchCommand[] commands = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				commands[count++] = new AsyncBatchExistsArrayCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, existsArray);
+			}
+			this.commands = commands;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			listener.OnSuccess(keys, existsArray);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			listener.OnFailure(new AerospikeException.BatchExists(existsArray, ae));
+		}
+	}
+
+	sealed class AsyncBatchExistsArrayCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
+	{
+		private readonly Key[] keys;
+		private readonly bool[] existsArray;
+
+		public AsyncBatchExistsArrayCommand
+		(
+			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			bool[] existsArray
+		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, false)
+		{
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.existsArray = existsArray;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncBatchExistsArrayCommand(AsyncBatchExistsArrayCommand other) : base(other)
+		{
+			this.keys = other.keys;
+			this.existsArray = other.existsArray;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			if (batch.node.HasBatchAny)
+			{
+				BatchAttr attr = new(batchPolicy, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA);
+				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, null, attr);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, null, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseRow()
+		{
+			ParseFieldsRead(keys[batchIndex]);
+			existsArray[batchIndex] = resultCode == 0;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchExistsArrayCommand(this);
+		}
+
+		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchExistsArrayCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, existsArray);
+		}
+
+		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, false, parent);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// ExistsSequence
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class AsyncBatchExistsSequenceExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
+	{
+		private readonly ExistsSequenceListener listener;
+
+		public AsyncBatchExistsSequenceExecutor
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			ExistsSequenceListener listener
+		) : base(cluster, false)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+
+			// Create commands.
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, this);
+			AsyncBatchCommand[] commands = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				commands[count++] = new AsyncBatchExistsSequenceCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, listener);
+			}
+			this.commands = commands;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			listener.OnSuccess();
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			listener.OnFailure(ae);
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	sealed class AsyncBatchExistsSequenceCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
+	{
+		private readonly Key[] keys;
+		private readonly ExistsSequenceListener listener;
+
+		public AsyncBatchExistsSequenceCommand
+		(
+			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			ExistsSequenceListener listener
+		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, false)
+		{
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.listener = listener;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncBatchExistsSequenceCommand(AsyncBatchExistsSequenceCommand other) : base(other)
+		{
+			this.keys = other.keys;
+			this.listener = other.listener;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			if (batch.node.HasBatchAny)
+			{
+				BatchAttr attr = new(batchPolicy, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA);
+				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, null, attr);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, null, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseRow()
+		{
+			Key keyOrig = keys[batchIndex];
+			ParseFieldsRead(keyOrig);
+			listener.OnExists(keyOrig, resultCode == 0);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchExistsSequenceCommand(this);
+		}
+
+		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchExistsSequenceCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, listener);
+		}
+
+		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, false, parent);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// OperateList
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class AsyncBatchOperateListExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
+	{
+		internal readonly BatchOperateListListener listener;
+		internal readonly List<BatchRecord> records;
+
+		public AsyncBatchOperateListExecutor
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			BatchOperateListListener listener,
+			List<BatchRecord> records
+		) : base(cluster, true)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+			this.records = records;
+
+			// Create commands.
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, records, this);
+			AsyncBatchCommand[] tasks = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				tasks[count++] = new AsyncBatchOperateListCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, records);
+			}
+			this.commands = tasks;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			listener.OnSuccess(records, GetStatus());
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			listener.OnFailure(ae);
+		}
+	}
+
+	sealed class AsyncBatchOperateListCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
+	{
+		internal readonly List<BatchRecord> records;
+
+		public AsyncBatchOperateListCommand
+		(
+			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			List<BatchRecord> records
+		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, true)
+		{
+			this.records = records;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncBatchOperateListCommand(AsyncBatchOperateListCommand other) : base(other)
+		{
+			this.records = other.records;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
+		{
+			// This method is only called to set inDoubt on node level errors.
+			// SetError() will filter out reads when setting record level inDoubt.
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, records, batch);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseRow()
+		{
+			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
+
+			ParseFields(record.key, record.hasWrite);
+
+			if (resultCode == 0)
+			{
+				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.UDF_BAD_RESPONSE)
+			{
+				Record r = ParseRecord();
+				string m = r.GetString("FAILURE");
+
+				if (m != null)
+				{
+					// Need to store record because failure bin contains an error message.
+					record.record = r;
+					record.resultCode = resultCode;
+					record.inDoubt = Command.BatchInDoubt(record.hasWrite, commandSentCounter);
+					parent.SetRowError();
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+
+			record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(record.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
+			parent.SetRowError();
+		}
+
+		internal override void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
+		{
+			if (!inDoubt)
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
+			{
+				BatchRecord record = records[index];
+
+				if (record.resultCode == ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE)
+				{
+					record.inDoubt = record.hasWrite;
+
+					if (record.inDoubt && policy.Txn != null)
+					{
+						policy.Txn.OnWriteInDoubt(record.key);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchOperateListCommand(this);
+		}
+
+		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchOperateListCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, records);
+		}
+
+		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, parent);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// OperateSequence
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class AsyncBatchOperateSequenceExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
+	{
+		internal readonly BatchRecordSequenceListener listener;
+
+		public AsyncBatchOperateSequenceExecutor
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			BatchRecordSequenceListener listener,
+			List<BatchRecord> records
+		) : base(cluster, true)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+
+			// Create commands.
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, records, this);
+			AsyncBatchCommand[] tasks = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				tasks[count++] = new AsyncBatchOperateSequenceCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, listener, records);
+			}
+			this.commands = tasks;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			listener.OnSuccess();
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			listener.OnFailure(ae);
+		}
+	}
+
+	sealed class AsyncBatchOperateSequenceCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
+	{
+		internal readonly BatchRecordSequenceListener listener;
+		internal readonly List<BatchRecord> records;
+
+		public AsyncBatchOperateSequenceCommand
+		(
+			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			BatchRecordSequenceListener listener,
+			List<BatchRecord> records
+		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, true)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+			this.records = records;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncBatchOperateSequenceCommand(AsyncBatchOperateSequenceCommand other) : base(other)
+		{
+			this.listener = other.listener;
+			this.records = other.records;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
+		{
+			// This method is only called to set inDoubt on node level errors.
+			// SetError() will filter out reads when setting record level inDoubt.
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, records, batch);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseRow()
+		{
+			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
+
+			ParseFields(record.key, record.hasWrite);
+
+			if (resultCode == 0)
+			{
+				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
+			}
+			else if (resultCode == ResultCode.UDF_BAD_RESPONSE)
+			{
+				Record r = ParseRecord();
+				string m = r.GetString("FAILURE");
+
+				if (m != null)
+				{
+					// Need to store record because failure bin contains an error message.
+					record.record = r;
+					record.resultCode = resultCode;
+					record.inDoubt = Command.BatchInDoubt(record.hasWrite, commandSentCounter);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(record.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(record.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
+			}
+			AsyncBatch.OnRecord(cluster, listener, record, batchIndex);
+		}
+
+		internal override void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
+		{
+			if (!inDoubt)
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
+			{
+				BatchRecord record = records[index];
+
+				if (record.resultCode == ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE)
+				{
+					// Set inDoubt, but do not call OnRecord() because user already has access to full
+					// BatchRecord list and can examine each record for inDoubt when the exception occurs.
+					record.inDoubt = record.hasWrite;
+
+					if (record.inDoubt && policy.Txn != null)
+					{
+						policy.Txn.OnWriteInDoubt(record.key);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchOperateSequenceCommand(this);
+		}
+
+		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchOperateSequenceCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, listener, records);
+		}
+
+		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, parent);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// OperateRecordArray
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
+	{
+		internal readonly BatchRecordArrayListener listener;
+		internal readonly BatchRecord[] records;
+
+		public AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayExecutor
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			BatchRecordArrayListener listener,
+			Key[] keys,
+			Operation[] ops,
+			BatchAttr attr
+		) : base(cluster, true)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+			this.records = new BatchRecord[keys.Length];
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
+			{
+				this.records[i] = new BatchRecord(keys[i], attr.hasWrite);
+			}
+
+			// Create commands.
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, records, attr.hasWrite, this);
+			AsyncBatchCommand[] tasks = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				tasks[count++] = new AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, ops, records, attr);
+			}
+			this.commands = tasks;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			listener.OnSuccess(records, GetStatus());
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			listener.OnFailure(records, ae);
+		}
+	}
+
+	sealed class AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
+	{
+		internal readonly Key[] keys;
+		internal readonly Operation[] ops;
+		internal readonly BatchRecord[] records;
+		internal readonly BatchAttr attr;
+
+		public AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayCommand
+		(
+			AsyncBatchExecutor parent, 
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			Operation[] ops,
+			BatchRecord[] records,
+			BatchAttr attr
+		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, ops != null)
+		{
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.ops = ops;
+			this.records = records;
+			this.attr = attr;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayCommand(AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayCommand other) : base(other)
+		{
+			this.keys = other.keys;
+			this.ops = other.ops;
+			this.records = other.records;
+			this.attr = other.attr;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
+		{
+			return attr.hasWrite;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, ops, attr);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseRow()
+		{
+			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
+
+			ParseFields(record.key, record.hasWrite);
+
+			if (resultCode == 0)
+			{
+				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
+				parent.SetRowError();
+			}
+		}
+
+		internal override void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
+		{
+			if (!inDoubt || !attr.hasWrite)
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
+			{
+				BatchRecord record = records[index];
+
+				if (record.resultCode == ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE)
+				{
+					record.inDoubt = true;
+
+					policy.Txn?.OnWriteInDoubt(record.key);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayCommand(this);
+		}
+
+		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, ops, records, attr);
+		}
+
+		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, attr.hasWrite, parent);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// OperateRecordSequence
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
+	{
+		internal readonly BatchRecordSequenceListener listener;
+		private readonly bool[] sent;
+
+		public AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceExecutor
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			BatchRecordSequenceListener listener,
+			Key[] keys,
+			Operation[] ops,
+			BatchAttr attr
+		) : base(cluster, true)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+			this.sent = new bool[keys.Length];
+
+			// Create commands.
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, attr.hasWrite, this);
+			AsyncBatchCommand[] tasks = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				tasks[count++] = new AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, ops, sent, listener, attr);
+			}
+			this.commands = tasks;
+		}
+
+		public override void BatchKeyError(Cluster cluster, Key key, int index, AerospikeException ae, bool inDoubt, bool hasWrite)
+		{
+			BatchRecord record = new(key, null, ae.Result, inDoubt, hasWrite);
+			sent[index] = true;
+			AsyncBatch.OnRecord(cluster, listener, record, index);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			listener.OnSuccess();
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			listener.OnFailure(ae);
+		}
+	}
+
+	sealed class AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
+	{
+		internal readonly Key[] keys;
+		internal readonly Operation[] ops;
+		internal readonly bool[] sent;
+		internal readonly BatchRecordSequenceListener listener;
+		internal readonly BatchAttr attr;
+
+		public AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceCommand
+		(
+			AsyncBatchExecutor parent, 
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			Operation[] ops,
+			bool[] sent,
+			BatchRecordSequenceListener listener,
+			BatchAttr attr
+		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, ops != null)
+		{
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.ops = ops;
+			this.sent = sent;
+			this.listener = listener;
+			this.attr = attr;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceCommand(AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceCommand other) : base(other)
+		{
+			this.keys = other.keys;
+			this.ops = other.ops;
+			this.sent = other.sent;
+			this.listener = other.listener;
+			this.attr = other.attr;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
+		{
+			return attr.hasWrite;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, ops, attr);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseRow()
+		{
+			Key keyOrig = keys[batchIndex];
+
+			ParseFields(keyOrig, attr.hasWrite);
+
+			BatchRecord record;
+
+			if (resultCode == 0)
+			{
+				record = new BatchRecord(keyOrig, ParseRecord(), attr.hasWrite);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				record = new BatchRecord(keyOrig, null, resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter), attr.hasWrite);
+			}
+			sent[batchIndex] = true;
+			AsyncBatch.OnRecord(cluster, listener, record, batchIndex);
+		}
+
+		internal override void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
+		{
+			// Set inDoubt for all unsent records, so the listener receives a full set of records.
+			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
+			{
+				if (!sent[index])
+				{
+					Key key = keys[index];
+					BatchRecord record = new(key, null, ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE, attr.hasWrite && inDoubt, attr.hasWrite);
+					sent[index] = true;
+
+					if (record.inDoubt && policy.Txn != null)
+					{
+						policy.Txn.OnWriteInDoubt(key);
+					}
+
+					AsyncBatch.OnRecord(cluster, listener, record, index);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceCommand(this);
+		}
+
+		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, ops, sent, listener, attr);
+		}
+
+		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sent, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, attr.hasWrite, parent);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// UDFArray
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class AsyncBatchUDFArrayExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
+	{
+		internal readonly BatchRecordArrayListener listener;
+		internal readonly BatchRecord[] recordArray;
+
+		public AsyncBatchUDFArrayExecutor
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			BatchRecordArrayListener listener,
+			Key[] keys,
+			string packageName,
+			string functionName,
+			byte[] argBytes,
+			BatchAttr attr
+		) : base(cluster, true)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+			this.recordArray = new BatchRecord[keys.Length];
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
+			{
+				this.recordArray[i] = new BatchRecord(keys[i], attr.hasWrite);
+			}
+
+			// Create commands.
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, recordArray, attr.hasWrite, this);
+			AsyncBatchCommand[] tasks = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				tasks[count++] = new AsyncBatchUDFArrayCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, recordArray, attr);
+			}
+			this.commands = tasks;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			listener.OnSuccess(recordArray, GetStatus());
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			listener.OnFailure(recordArray, ae);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public sealed class AsyncBatchUDFArrayCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
+	{
+		internal readonly Key[] keys;
+		internal readonly string packageName;
+		internal readonly string functionName;
+		internal readonly byte[] argBytes;
+		internal readonly BatchRecord[] records;
+		internal readonly BatchAttr attr;
+
+		public AsyncBatchUDFArrayCommand
+		(
+			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			string packageName,
+			string functionName,
+			byte[] argBytes,
+			BatchRecord[] records,
+			BatchAttr attr
+		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, false)
+		{
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.packageName = packageName;
+			this.functionName = functionName;
+			this.argBytes = argBytes;
+			this.records = records;
+			this.attr = attr;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncBatchUDFArrayCommand(AsyncBatchUDFArrayCommand other) : base(other)
+		{
+			this.keys = other.keys;
+			this.packageName = other.packageName;
+			this.functionName = other.functionName;
+			this.argBytes = other.argBytes;
+			this.records = other.records;
+			this.attr = other.attr;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
+		{
+			return attr.hasWrite;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetBatchUDF(batchPolicy, keys, batch, packageName, functionName, argBytes, attr);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseRow()
+		{
+			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
+
+			ParseFields(record.key, record.hasWrite);
+
+			if (resultCode == 0)
+			{
+				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.UDF_BAD_RESPONSE)
+			{
+				Record r = ParseRecord();
+				string m = r.GetString("FAILURE");
+
+				if (m != null)
+				{
+					// Need to store record because failure bin contains an error message.
+					record.record = r;
+					record.resultCode = resultCode;
+					record.inDoubt = Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter);
+					parent.SetRowError();
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+
+			record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
+			parent.SetRowError();
+		}
+
+		internal override void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
+		{
+			if (!inDoubt || !attr.hasWrite)
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
+			{
+				BatchRecord record = records[index];
+
+				if (record.resultCode == ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE)
+				{
+					record.inDoubt = true;
+
+					policy.Txn?.OnWriteInDoubt(record.key);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchUDFArrayCommand(this);
+		}
+
+		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchUDFArrayCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, records, attr);
+		}
+
+		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, attr.hasWrite, parent);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// UDFSequence
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class AsyncBatchUDFSequenceExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
+	{
+		internal readonly BatchRecordSequenceListener listener;
+		private readonly bool[] sent;
+
+		public AsyncBatchUDFSequenceExecutor
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			BatchRecordSequenceListener listener,
+			Key[] keys,
+			string packageName,
+			string functionName,
+			byte[] argBytes,
+			BatchAttr attr
+		) : base(cluster, true)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+			this.sent = new bool[keys.Length];
+
+			// Create commands.
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, attr.hasWrite, this);
+			AsyncBatchCommand[] tasks = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				tasks[count++] = new AsyncBatchUDFSequenceCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, sent, listener, attr);
+			}
+			this.commands = tasks;
+		}
+
+		public override void BatchKeyError(Cluster cluster, Key key, int index, AerospikeException ae, bool inDoubt, bool hasWrite)
+		{
+			BatchRecord record = new(key, null, ae.Result, inDoubt, hasWrite);
+			sent[index] = true;
+			AsyncBatch.OnRecord(cluster, listener, record, index);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			listener.OnSuccess();
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			listener.OnFailure(ae);
+		}
+	}
+
+	sealed class AsyncBatchUDFSequenceCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
+	{
+		internal readonly Key[] keys;
+		internal readonly string packageName;
+		internal readonly string functionName;
+		internal readonly byte[] argBytes;
+		internal readonly bool[] sent;
+		internal readonly BatchRecordSequenceListener listener;
+		internal readonly BatchAttr attr;
+
+		public AsyncBatchUDFSequenceCommand
+		(
+			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			string packageName,
+			string functionName,
+			byte[] argBytes,
+			bool[] sent,
+			BatchRecordSequenceListener listener,
+			BatchAttr attr
+		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, false)
+		{
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.packageName = packageName;
+			this.functionName = functionName;
+			this.argBytes = argBytes;
+			this.sent = sent;
+			this.listener = listener;
+			this.attr = attr;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncBatchUDFSequenceCommand(AsyncBatchUDFSequenceCommand other) : base(other)
+		{
+			this.keys = other.keys;
+			this.packageName = other.packageName;
+			this.functionName = other.functionName;
+			this.argBytes = other.argBytes;
+			this.sent = other.sent;
+			this.listener = other.listener;
+			this.attr = other.attr;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
+		{
+			return attr.hasWrite;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetBatchUDF(batchPolicy, keys, batch, packageName, functionName, argBytes, attr);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseRow()
+		{
+			Key keyOrig = keys[batchIndex];
+
+			ParseFields(keyOrig, attr.hasWrite);
+
+			BatchRecord record;
+
+			if (resultCode == 0)
+			{
+				record = new BatchRecord(keyOrig, ParseRecord(), attr.hasWrite);
+			}
+			else if (resultCode == ResultCode.UDF_BAD_RESPONSE)
+			{
+				Record r = ParseRecord();
+				string m = r.GetString("FAILURE");
+
+				if (m != null)
+				{
+					// Need to store record because failure bin contains an error message.
+					record = new BatchRecord(keyOrig, r, resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter), attr.hasWrite);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					record = new BatchRecord(keyOrig, null, resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter), attr.hasWrite);
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				record = new BatchRecord(keyOrig, null, resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter), attr.hasWrite);
+			}
+			sent[batchIndex] = true;
+			AsyncBatch.OnRecord(cluster, listener, record, batchIndex);
+		}
+
+		internal override void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
+		{
+			// Set inDoubt for all unsent records, so the listener receives a full set of records.
+			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
+			{
+				if (!sent[index])
+				{
+					Key key = keys[index];
+					BatchRecord record = new(key, null, ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE, attr.hasWrite && inDoubt, attr.hasWrite);
+					sent[index] = true;
+
+					if (record.inDoubt && policy.Txn != null)
+					{
+						policy.Txn.OnWriteInDoubt(record.key);
+					}
+
+					AsyncBatch.OnRecord(cluster, listener, record, index);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchUDFSequenceCommand(this);
+		}
+
+		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchUDFSequenceCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, sent, listener, attr);
+		}
+
+		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sent, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, attr.hasWrite, parent);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// MRT
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class AsyncBatchTxnVerifyExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
+	{
+		internal readonly BatchRecordArrayListener listener;
+		private readonly BatchRecord[] records;
+
+		public AsyncBatchTxnVerifyExecutor
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			BatchRecordArrayListener listener,
+			Key[] keys,
+			long?[] versions,
+			BatchRecord[] records
+		) : base(cluster, true)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+			this.records = records;
+
+			// Create commands.
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, records, false, this);
+			AsyncBatchCommand[] tasks = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				tasks[count++] = new AsyncBatchTxnVerifyCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, versions, records);
+			}
+			this.commands = tasks;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			listener.OnSuccess(records, GetStatus());
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			listener.OnFailure(records, ae);
+		}
+	}
+
+	sealed class AsyncBatchTxnVerifyCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
+	{
+		private readonly Key[] keys;
+		private readonly long?[] versions;
+		private readonly BatchRecord[] records;
+
+		public AsyncBatchTxnVerifyCommand(
+			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			long?[] versions,
+			BatchRecord[] records
+		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, false)
+		{
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.versions = versions;
+			this.records = records;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncBatchTxnVerifyCommand(AsyncBatchTxnVerifyCommand other) : base(other)
+		{
+			this.keys = other.keys;
+			this.versions = other.versions;
+			this.records = other.records;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetBatchTxnVerify(batchPolicy, keys, versions, batch);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseRow()
+		{
+			SkipKey(fieldCount);
+
+			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
+			{
+				record.resultCode = resultCode;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				record.SetError(resultCode, false);
+				parent.SetRowError();
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchTxnVerifyCommand(this);
+		}
+
+		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchTxnVerifyCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, versions, records);
+		}
+
+		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, false, parent);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public sealed class AsyncBatchTxnRollExecutor : AsyncBatchExecutor
+	{
+		internal readonly BatchRecordArrayListener listener;
+		private readonly BatchRecord[] records;
+
+		public AsyncBatchTxnRollExecutor
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			BatchRecordArrayListener listener,
+			Txn txn,
+			Key[] keys,
+			BatchRecord[] records,
+			BatchAttr attr
+		) : base(cluster, true)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+			this.records = records;
+
+			// Create commands.
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, records, true, this);
+			AsyncBatchCommand[] tasks = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				tasks[count++] = new AsyncBatchTxnRollCommand(this, cluster, batchNode, policy, txn, keys, records, attr);
+			}
+			this.commands = tasks;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			listener.OnSuccess(records, GetStatus());
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			listener.OnFailure(records, ae);
+		}
+	}
+
+	sealed class AsyncBatchTxnRollCommand : AsyncBatchCommand
+	{
+		private readonly Txn txn;
+		private readonly Key[] keys;
+		private readonly BatchRecord[] records;
+		private readonly BatchAttr attr;
+
+		public AsyncBatchTxnRollCommand(
+			AsyncBatchExecutor parent,
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			Txn txn,
+			Key[] keys,
+			BatchRecord[] records,
+			BatchAttr attr
+		) : base(parent, cluster, batch, batchPolicy, false)
+		{
+			this.txn = txn;
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.records = records;
+			this.attr = attr;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncBatchTxnRollCommand(AsyncBatchTxnRollCommand other) : base(other)
+		{
+			this.keys = other.keys;
+			this.attr = other.attr;
+			this.records = other.records;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetBatchTxnRoll(batchPolicy, txn, keys, batch, attr);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseRow()
+		{
+			SkipKey(fieldCount);
+
+			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
+			{
+				record.resultCode = resultCode;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
+				parent.SetRowError();
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchTxnRollCommand(this);
+		}
+
+		internal override AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new AsyncBatchTxnRollCommand(parent, cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, txn, keys, records, attr);
+		}
+
+		internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, true, parent);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// Batch Base Executor
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public abstract class AsyncBatchExecutor : IBatchStatus
+	{
+		private AerospikeException exception;
+		private int max;
+		private int count;
+		private readonly bool hasResultCode;
+		private bool error;
+		public AsyncBatchCommand[] commands;
+		public AsyncCluster cluster;
+
+		public AsyncBatchExecutor(AsyncCluster cluster, bool hasResultCode)
+		{
+			this.hasResultCode = hasResultCode;
+			this.cluster = cluster;
+			cluster.AddCommandCount();
+		}
+
+		public void Execute()
+		{
+			Execute(commands);
+		}
+
+		public void Execute(AsyncBatchCommand[] commands)
+		{
+			max = commands.Length;
+
+			foreach (AsyncBatchCommand command in commands)
+			{
+				command.Execute();
+			}
+		}
+
+		public void Retry(AsyncMultiCommand[] commands)
+		{
+			lock (this)
+			{
+				// Adjust max for new commands minus failed command.
+				max += commands.Length - 1;
+			}
+
+			foreach (AsyncBatchCommand command in commands.Cast<AsyncBatchCommand>())
+			{
+				command.ExecuteBatchRetry();
+			}
+		}
+
+		public void ChildSuccess(AsyncNode node)
+		{
+			bool complete;
+
+			lock (this)
+			{
+				complete = ++count == max;
+			}
+
+			if (complete)
+			{
+				Finish();
+			}
+		}
+
+		public void ChildFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			bool complete;
+
+			lock (this)
+			{
+				if (exception == null)
+				{
+					exception = ae;
+				}
+				complete = ++count == max;
+			}
+
+			if (complete)
+			{
+				Finish();
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void Finish()
+		{
+			if (exception == null)
+			{
+				OnSuccess();
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				OnFailure(exception);
+			}
+		}
+
+		public virtual void BatchKeyError(Cluster cluster, Key key, int index, AerospikeException ae, bool inDoubt, bool hasWrite)
+		{
+			// Only used in executors with sequence listeners.
+			// These executors will override this method.
+		}
+
+		public void BatchKeyError(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			error = true;
+
+			if (!hasResultCode)
+			{
+				// Legacy batch read commands that do not store a key specific resultCode.
+				// Store exception which will be passed to the listener on batch completion.
+				if (exception == null)
+				{
+					exception = ae;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		public void SetRowError()
+		{
+			// Indicate that a key specific error occurred.
+			error = true;
+		}
+
+		public bool GetStatus()
+		{
+			return !error;
+		}
+
+		protected internal abstract void OnSuccess();
+		protected internal abstract void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae);
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// Batch Base Command
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public abstract class AsyncBatchCommand : AsyncMultiCommand
+	{
+		internal readonly AsyncBatchExecutor parent;
+		internal readonly BatchNode batch;
+		internal readonly BatchPolicy batchPolicy;
+		internal uint sequenceAP;
+		internal uint sequenceSC;
+
+		public AsyncBatchCommand(AsyncBatchExecutor parent, AsyncCluster cluster, BatchNode batch, BatchPolicy batchPolicy, bool isOperation)
+			: base(cluster, batchPolicy, (AsyncNode)batch.node, isOperation)
+		{
+			this.parent = parent;
+			this.batch = batch;
+			this.batchPolicy = batchPolicy;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncBatchCommand(AsyncBatchCommand other) : base(other)
+		{
+			this.parent = other.parent;
+			this.batch = other.batch;
+			this.batchPolicy = other.batchPolicy;
+			this.sequenceAP = other.sequenceAP;
+			this.sequenceSC = other.sequenceSC;
+		}
+
+		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
+		{
+			return Latency.LatencyType.BATCH;
+		}
+
+		protected void ParseFieldsRead(Key key)
+		{
+			if (policy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				long? version = ParseVersion(fieldCount);
+				policy.Txn.OnRead(key, version);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				SkipKey(fieldCount);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected void ParseFields(Key key, bool hasWrite)
+		{
+			if (policy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				long? version = ParseVersion(fieldCount);
+
+				if (hasWrite)
+				{
+					policy.Txn.OnWrite(key, version, resultCode);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					policy.Txn.OnRead(key, version);
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				SkipKey(fieldCount);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
+		{
+			if (!(policy.replica == Replica.SEQUENCE || policy.replica == Replica.PREFER_RACK))
+			{
+				// Perform regular retry to same node.
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			sequenceAP++;
+
+			if (! timeout || policy.readModeSC != ReadModeSC.LINEARIZE) {
+				sequenceSC++;
+			}
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool RetryBatch()
+		{
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = null;
+
+			try
+			{
+				// Retry requires keys for this node to be split among other nodes.
+				// This can cause an exponential number of commands.
+				batchNodes = GenerateBatchNodes();
+				
+				if (batchNodes.Count == 1 && batchNodes[0].node == batch.node)
+				{
+					// Batch node is the same.  Go through normal retry.
+					// Normal retries reuse eventArgs, so PutBackArgsOnError()
+					// should not be called here.
+					return false;
+				}
+
+				cluster.AddRetries(batchNodes.Count);
+			}
+			catch (Exception)
+			{
+				// Close original command.
+				base.ReleaseBuffer();
+				throw;
+			}
+
+			// Close original command.
+			base.ReleaseBuffer();
+			
+			// Execute new commands.
+			AsyncBatchCommand[] cmds = new AsyncBatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				AsyncBatchCommand cmd = CreateCommand(batchNode);
+				cmd.sequenceAP = sequenceAP;
+				cmd.sequenceSC = sequenceSC;
+				cmd.SetBatchRetry(this);
+				cmds[count++] = cmd;
+			}
+
+			// Retry new commands.
+			parent.Retry(cmds);
+
+			// Return true so original batch command is stopped.
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			parent.ChildSuccess(node);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+		{
+			SetInDoubt(e.InDoubt);
+			parent.ChildFailure(e);
+		}
+
+		internal virtual void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
+		{
+			// Do nothing by default. Batch writes will override this method.
+		}
+
+		internal abstract AsyncBatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode);
+		internal abstract List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes();
+	}
+
+	internal class AsyncBatch
+	{
+		internal static void OnRecord(Cluster cluster, BatchRecordSequenceListener listener, BatchRecord record, int index)
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				listener.OnRecord(record, index);
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				Log.Error(cluster.context, "Unexpected exception from OnRecord(): " + Util.GetErrorMessage(e));
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncClient.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncClient.cs
index a60e2b70..e1647a5b 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncClient.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncClient.cs
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
  * the License.
  */
 
+using static Aerospike.Client.AsyncQueryValidate;
+
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
 	/// <summary>
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ public class AsyncClient : AerospikeClient, IAsyncClient
 		/// </list>
 		/// <para>
 		/// If the connection succeeds, the client is ready to process database requests.
-		/// If the connection fails, the cluster will remain in a disconnected state
+		/// If the connection fails, the cluster will remain in a disconnected State
 		/// until the server is activated.
 		/// </para>
 		/// </summary>
@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ public AsyncClient(string hostname, int port)
 		/// <para>
 		/// If the connection succeeds, the client is ready to process database requests.
 		/// If the connection fails and the policy's failOnInvalidHosts is true, a connection 
-		/// exception will be thrown. Otherwise, the cluster will remain in a disconnected state
+		/// exception will be thrown. Otherwise, the cluster will remain in a disconnected State
 		/// until the server is activated.
 		/// </para>
 		/// </summary>
@@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ public AsyncClient(AsyncClientPolicy policy, string hostname, int port)
 		/// <para>
 		/// If one connection succeeds, the client is ready to process database requests.
 		/// If all connections fail and the policy's failIfNotConnected is true, a connection 
-		/// exception will be thrown. Otherwise, the cluster will remain in a disconnected state
+		/// exception will be thrown. Otherwise, the cluster will remain in a disconnected State
 		/// until the server is activated.
 		/// </para>
 		/// </summary>
@@ -128,6 +130,112 @@ public AsyncClient(AsyncClientPolicy policy, params Host[] hosts)
 			base.cluster = this.cluster;
 		}
 
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Multi-Record Transactions
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Asynchronously attempt to commit the given multi-record transaction.
+		/// Create listener, call asynchronous commit and return task monitor.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="txn">multi-record transaction</param>
+		/// <param name="token">cancellation token</param>
+		public Task Commit(Txn txn, CancellationToken token)
+		{
+			var listener = new CommitListenerAdapter(token);
+			Commit(listener, txn);
+			return listener.Task;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Asynchronously attempt to commit the given multi-record transaction. First, the expected
+		/// record versions are sent to the server nodes for verification. If all nodes return success,
+		/// the transaction is committed. Otherwise, the transaction is aborted.
+		/// <para>
+		/// Schedules the commit command with a channel selector and return.
+		/// Another thread will process the command and send the results to the listener.
+		/// </para>
+		/// <para>
+		/// Requires server version 8.0+
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="listener">where to send results</param>
+		/// <param name="txn">multi-record transaction</param>
+		public void Commit(CommitListener listener, Txn txn)
+		{
+			AsyncTxnRoll atr = new(
+				cluster, txnVerifyPolicyDefault, txnRollPolicyDefault, txn
+				);
+
+			switch (txn.State)
+			{
+				default:
+				case Txn.TxnState.OPEN:
+					atr.Verify(listener);
+					break;
+
+				case Txn.TxnState.VERIFIED:
+					atr.Commit(listener);
+					break;
+
+				case Txn.TxnState.COMMITTED:
+					listener.OnSuccess(CommitStatus.CommitStatusType.ALREADY_COMMITTED);
+					break;
+
+				case Txn.TxnState.ABORTED:
+					listener.OnSuccess(CommitStatus.CommitStatusType.ALREADY_ABORTED);
+					break;
+
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Asynchronously attempt to abort and rollback the given multi-record transaction.
+		/// Create listener, call asynchronous commit and return task monitor.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="txn">multi-record transaction</param>
+		/// <param name="token">cancellation token</param>
+		public Task Abort(Txn txn, CancellationToken token)
+		{
+			var listener = new AbortListenerAdapter(token);
+			Abort(listener, txn);
+			return listener.Task;
+		}
+
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Asynchronously abort and rollback the given multi-record transaction.
+		/// <para>
+		/// Schedules the abort command with a channel selector and return.
+		/// Another thread will process the command and send the results to the listener.
+		/// </para><para>
+		/// Requires server version 8.0+
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="listener">where to send results</param>
+		/// <param name="txn">multi-record transaction</param>
+		public void Abort(AbortListener listener, Txn txn)
+		{
+			AsyncTxnRoll atr = new(cluster, null, txnRollPolicyDefault, txn);
+			
+			switch (txn.State)
+			{
+				default:
+				case Txn.TxnState.OPEN:
+				case Txn.TxnState.VERIFIED:
+					atr.Abort(listener);
+					break;
+
+				case Txn.TxnState.COMMITTED:
+					listener.OnSuccess(AbortStatus.AbortStatusType.ALREADY_COMMITTED);
+					break;
+
+				case Txn.TxnState.ABORTED:
+					listener.OnSuccess(AbortStatus.AbortStatusType.ALREADY_ABORTED);
+					break;
+			}
+		}
+
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
 		// Write Record Operations
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
@@ -136,7 +244,7 @@ public AsyncClient(AsyncClientPolicy policy, params Host[] hosts)
 		/// Asynchronously write record bin(s). 
 		/// Create listener, call asynchronous put and return task monitor.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// </para>
 		/// </summary>
@@ -151,13 +259,13 @@ public Task Put(WritePolicy policy, CancellationToken token, Key key, params Bin
 			Put(policy, listener, key, bins);
 			return listener.Task;
 		}
-		
+
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Asynchronously write record bin(s). 
 		/// Schedules the put command with a channel selector and return.
 		/// Another thread will process the command and send the results to the listener.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// </para>
 		/// </summary>
@@ -173,7 +281,7 @@ public void Put(WritePolicy policy, WriteListener listener, Key key, params Bin[
 				policy = writePolicyDefault;
 			}
 			AsyncWrite async = new AsyncWrite(cluster, policy, listener, key, bins, Operation.Type.WRITE);
-			async.Execute();
+			AsyncTxnMonitor.Execute(cluster, policy, async);
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
@@ -184,7 +292,7 @@ public void Put(WritePolicy policy, WriteListener listener, Key key, params Bin[
 		/// Asynchronously append bin string values to existing record bin values.
 		/// Create listener, call asynchronous append and return task monitor.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// This call only works for string values. 
 		/// </para>
@@ -206,7 +314,7 @@ public Task Append(WritePolicy policy, CancellationToken token, Key key, params
 		/// Schedule the append command with a channel selector and return.
 		/// Another thread will process the command and send the results to the listener.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// This call only works for string values. 
 		/// </para>
@@ -223,14 +331,14 @@ public void Append(WritePolicy policy, WriteListener listener, Key key, params B
 				policy = writePolicyDefault;
 			}
 			AsyncWrite async = new AsyncWrite(cluster, policy, listener, key, bins, Operation.Type.APPEND);
-			async.Execute();
+			AsyncTxnMonitor.Execute(cluster, policy, async);
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Asynchronously prepend bin string values to existing record bin values.
 		/// Create listener, call asynchronous prepend and return task monitor.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// This call works only for string values. 
 		/// </para>
@@ -252,7 +360,7 @@ public Task Prepend(WritePolicy policy, CancellationToken token, Key key, params
 		/// Schedule the prepend command with a channel selector and return.
 		/// Another thread will process the command and send the results to the listener.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// This call works only for string values. 
 		/// </para>
@@ -269,7 +377,7 @@ public void Prepend(WritePolicy policy, WriteListener listener, Key key, params
 				policy = writePolicyDefault;
 			}
 			AsyncWrite async = new AsyncWrite(cluster, policy, listener, key, bins, Operation.Type.PREPEND);
-			async.Execute();
+			AsyncTxnMonitor.Execute(cluster, policy, async);
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
@@ -280,7 +388,7 @@ public void Prepend(WritePolicy policy, WriteListener listener, Key key, params
 		/// Asynchronously add integer/double bin values to existing record bin values.
 		/// Create listener, call asynchronous add and return task monitor.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// </para>
 		/// </summary>
@@ -301,7 +409,7 @@ public Task Add(WritePolicy policy, CancellationToken token, Key key, params Bin
 		/// Schedule the add command with a channel selector and return.
 		/// Another thread will process the command and send the results to the listener.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// </para>
 		/// </summary>
@@ -317,7 +425,7 @@ public void Add(WritePolicy policy, WriteListener listener, Key key, params Bin[
 				policy = writePolicyDefault;
 			}
 			AsyncWrite async = new AsyncWrite(cluster, policy, listener, key, bins, Operation.Type.ADD);
-			async.Execute();
+			AsyncTxnMonitor.Execute(cluster, policy, async);
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
@@ -355,7 +463,7 @@ public void Delete(WritePolicy policy, DeleteListener listener, Key key)
 				policy = writePolicyDefault;
 			}
 			AsyncDelete async = new AsyncDelete(cluster, policy, key, listener);
-			async.Execute();
+			AsyncTxnMonitor.Execute(cluster, policy, async);
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -411,7 +519,8 @@ public void Delete(BatchPolicy batchPolicy, BatchDeletePolicy deletePolicy, Batc
 			BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr();
 			attr.SetDelete(deletePolicy);
 
-			new AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayExecutor(cluster, batchPolicy, listener, keys, null, attr);
+			AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayExecutor executor = new(cluster, batchPolicy, listener, keys, null, attr);
+			AsyncTxnMonitor.ExecuteBatch(batchPolicy, executor, keys);
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -451,7 +560,8 @@ public void Delete(BatchPolicy batchPolicy, BatchDeletePolicy deletePolicy, Batc
 			BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr();
 			attr.SetDelete(deletePolicy);
 
-			new AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceExecutor(cluster, batchPolicy, listener, keys, null, attr);
+			AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceExecutor executor = new(cluster, batchPolicy, listener, keys, null, attr);
+			AsyncTxnMonitor.ExecuteBatch(batchPolicy, executor, keys);
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
@@ -491,7 +601,7 @@ public void Touch(WritePolicy policy, WriteListener listener, Key key)
 				policy = writePolicyDefault;
 			}
 			AsyncTouch async = new AsyncTouch(cluster, policy, listener, key);
-			async.Execute();
+			AsyncTxnMonitor.Execute(cluster, policy, async);
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -531,7 +641,7 @@ public void Touched(WritePolicy policy, ExistsListener listener, Key key)
 				policy = writePolicyDefault;
 			}
 			AsyncTouch async = new(cluster, policy, listener, key);
-			async.Execute();
+			AsyncTxnMonitor.Execute(cluster, policy, async);
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
@@ -568,6 +678,9 @@ public void Exists(Policy policy, ExistsListener listener, Key key)
 			{
 				policy = readPolicyDefault;
 			}
+
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(key.ns);
+
 			AsyncExists async = new AsyncExists(cluster, policy, key, listener);
 			async.Execute();
 		}
@@ -607,7 +720,10 @@ public void Exists(BatchPolicy policy, ExistsArrayListener listener, Key[] keys)
 			{
 				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
 			}
-			new AsyncBatchExistsArrayExecutor(cluster, policy, keys, listener);
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(keys);
+
+			AsyncBatchExistsArrayExecutor executor = new(cluster, policy, keys, listener);
+			executor.Execute();
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -630,7 +746,10 @@ public void Exists(BatchPolicy policy, ExistsSequenceListener listener, Key[] ke
 			{
 				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
 			}
-			new AsyncBatchExistsSequenceExecutor(cluster, policy, keys, listener);
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(keys);
+
+			AsyncBatchExistsSequenceExecutor executor = new(cluster, policy, keys, listener);
+			executor.Execute();
 		}
 		
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
@@ -667,6 +786,9 @@ public void Get(Policy policy, RecordListener listener, Key key)
 			{
 				policy = readPolicyDefault;
 			}
+
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(key.ns);
+
 			AsyncRead async = new AsyncRead(cluster, policy, listener, key, (string[])null);
 			async.Execute();
 		}
@@ -703,6 +825,9 @@ public void Get(Policy policy, RecordListener listener, Key key, params string[]
 			{
 				policy = readPolicyDefault;
 			}
+
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(key.ns);
+
 			AsyncRead async = new AsyncRead(cluster, policy, listener, key, binNames);
 			async.Execute();
 		}
@@ -737,6 +862,9 @@ public void GetHeader(Policy policy, RecordListener listener, Key key)
 			{
 				policy = readPolicyDefault;
 			}
+
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(key.ns);
+
 			AsyncReadHeader async = new AsyncReadHeader(cluster, policy, listener, key);
 			async.Execute();
 		}
@@ -789,7 +917,10 @@ public void Get(BatchPolicy policy, BatchListListener listener, List<BatchRead>
 			{
 				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
 			}
-			new AsyncBatchReadListExecutor(cluster, policy, listener, records);
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(records);
+
+			AsyncBatchReadListExecutor executor = new(cluster, policy, listener, records);
+			executor.Execute();
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -817,7 +948,10 @@ public void Get(BatchPolicy policy, BatchSequenceListener listener, List<BatchRe
 			{
 				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
 			}
-			new AsyncBatchReadSequenceExecutor(cluster, policy, listener, records);
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(records);
+
+			AsyncBatchReadSequenceExecutor executor = new(cluster, policy, listener, records);
+			executor.Execute();
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -861,7 +995,10 @@ public void Get(BatchPolicy policy, RecordArrayListener listener, Key[] keys)
 			{
 				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
 			}
-			new AsyncBatchGetArrayExecutor(cluster, policy, listener, keys, null, null, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_GET_ALL, false);
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(keys);
+
+			AsyncBatchGetArrayExecutor executor = new(cluster, policy, listener, keys, null, null, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_GET_ALL, false);
+			executor.Execute();
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -887,7 +1024,10 @@ public void Get(BatchPolicy policy, RecordSequenceListener listener, Key[] keys)
 			{
 				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
 			}
-			new AsyncBatchGetSequenceExecutor(cluster, policy, listener, keys, null, null, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_GET_ALL, false);
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(keys);
+
+			AsyncBatchGetSequenceExecutor executor = new(cluster, policy, listener, keys, null, null, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_GET_ALL, false);
+			executor.Execute();
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -933,7 +1073,10 @@ public void Get(BatchPolicy policy, RecordArrayListener listener, Key[] keys, pa
 			{
 				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
 			}
-			new AsyncBatchGetArrayExecutor(cluster, policy, listener, keys, binNames, null, Command.INFO1_READ, false);
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(keys);
+
+			AsyncBatchGetArrayExecutor executor = new(cluster, policy, listener, keys, binNames, null, Command.INFO1_READ, false);
+			executor.Execute();
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -960,7 +1103,13 @@ public void Get(BatchPolicy policy, RecordSequenceListener listener, Key[] keys,
 			{
 				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
 			}
-			new AsyncBatchGetSequenceExecutor(cluster, policy, listener, keys, binNames, null, Command.INFO1_READ, false);
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(keys);
+
+			int readAttr = (binNames == null || binNames.Length == 0)?
+			Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_GET_ALL : Command.INFO1_READ;
+
+			AsyncBatchGetSequenceExecutor executor = new(cluster, policy, listener, keys, binNames, null, readAttr, false);
+			executor.Execute();
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -1008,7 +1157,11 @@ public void Get(BatchPolicy policy, RecordArrayListener listener, Key[] keys, pa
 			{
 				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
 			}
-			new AsyncBatchGetArrayExecutor(cluster, policy, listener, keys, null, ops, Command.INFO1_READ, true);
+
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(keys);
+
+			AsyncBatchGetArrayExecutor executor = new(cluster, policy, listener, keys, null, ops, Command.INFO1_READ, true);
+			executor.Execute();
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -1037,7 +1190,11 @@ public void Get(BatchPolicy policy, RecordSequenceListener listener, Key[] keys,
 			{
 				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
 			}
-			new AsyncBatchGetSequenceExecutor(cluster, policy, listener, keys, null, ops, Command.INFO1_READ, true);
+
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(keys);
+
+			AsyncBatchGetSequenceExecutor executor = new(cluster, policy, listener, keys, null, ops, Command.INFO1_READ, true);
+			executor.Execute();
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -1081,7 +1238,10 @@ public void GetHeader(BatchPolicy policy, RecordArrayListener listener, Key[] ke
 			{
 				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
 			}
-			new AsyncBatchGetArrayExecutor(cluster, policy, listener, keys, null, null, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA, false);
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(keys);
+
+			AsyncBatchGetArrayExecutor executor = new(cluster, policy, listener, keys, null, null, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA, false);
+			executor.Execute();
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -1107,7 +1267,10 @@ public void GetHeader(BatchPolicy policy, RecordSequenceListener listener, Key[]
 			{
 				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
 			}
-			new AsyncBatchGetSequenceExecutor(cluster, policy, listener, keys, null, null, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA, false);
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(keys);
+
+			AsyncBatchGetSequenceExecutor executor = new(cluster, policy, listener, keys, null, null, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA, false);
+			executor.Execute();
 		}
 		
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1155,9 +1318,21 @@ public Task<Record> Operate(WritePolicy policy, CancellationToken token, Key key
 		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if queue is full</exception>
 		public void Operate(WritePolicy policy, RecordListener listener, Key key, params Operation[] ops)
 		{
-			OperateArgs args = new OperateArgs(policy, writePolicyDefault, operatePolicyReadDefault, key, ops);
-			AsyncOperate async = new AsyncOperate(cluster, listener, key, args);
-			async.Execute();
+			OperateArgs args = new OperateArgs(policy, writePolicyDefault, operatePolicyReadDefault, ops);
+			policy = args.writePolicy;
+
+			if (args.hasWrite)
+			{
+				AsyncOperateWrite async = new(cluster, listener, key, args);
+				AsyncTxnMonitor.Execute(cluster, policy, async);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(key.ns);
+
+				AsyncOperateRead async = new(cluster, listener, key, args);
+				async.Execute();
+			}
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1211,7 +1386,8 @@ public void Operate(BatchPolicy policy, BatchOperateListListener listener, List<
 			{
 				policy = batchParentPolicyWriteDefault;
 			}
-			new AsyncBatchOperateListExecutor(cluster, policy, listener, records);
+			AsyncBatchOperateListExecutor executor = new(cluster, policy, listener, records);
+			AsyncTxnMonitor.ExecuteBatch(policy, executor, records);
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -1245,7 +1421,8 @@ public void Operate(BatchPolicy policy, BatchRecordSequenceListener listener, Li
 			{
 				policy = batchParentPolicyWriteDefault;
 			}
-			new AsyncBatchOperateSequenceExecutor(cluster, policy, listener, records);
+			AsyncBatchOperateSequenceExecutor executor = new(cluster, policy, listener, records);
+			AsyncTxnMonitor.ExecuteBatch(policy, executor, records);
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -1309,7 +1486,8 @@ public void Operate(BatchPolicy batchPolicy, BatchWritePolicy writePolicy, Batch
 			}
 
 			BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr(batchPolicy, writePolicy, ops);
-			new AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayExecutor(cluster, batchPolicy, listener, keys, ops, attr);
+			AsyncBatchOperateRecordArrayExecutor executor = new(cluster, batchPolicy, listener, keys, ops, attr);
+			AsyncTxnMonitor.ExecuteBatch(batchPolicy, executor, keys);
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -1352,7 +1530,8 @@ public void Operate(BatchPolicy batchPolicy, BatchWritePolicy writePolicy, Batch
 			}
 
 			BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr(batchPolicy, writePolicy, ops);
-			new AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceExecutor(cluster, batchPolicy, listener, keys, ops, attr);
+			AsyncBatchOperateRecordSequenceExecutor executor = new(cluster, batchPolicy, listener, keys, ops, attr);
+			AsyncTxnMonitor.ExecuteBatch(batchPolicy, executor, keys);
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1454,7 +1633,7 @@ public Task<object> Execute(WritePolicy policy, CancellationToken token, Key key
 		/// <param name="packageName">server package name where user defined function resides</param>
 		/// <param name="functionName">user defined function</param>
 		/// <param name="functionArgs">arguments passed in to user defined function</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if transaction fails</exception>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
 		public void Execute(WritePolicy policy, ExecuteListener listener, Key key, string packageName, string functionName, params Value[] functionArgs)
 		{
 			if (policy == null)
@@ -1462,7 +1641,7 @@ public void Execute(WritePolicy policy, ExecuteListener listener, Key key, strin
 				policy = writePolicyDefault;
 			}
 			AsyncExecute command = new AsyncExecute(cluster, policy, listener, key, packageName, functionName, functionArgs);
-			command.Execute();
+			AsyncTxnMonitor.Execute(cluster, policy, command);
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -1528,7 +1707,8 @@ public void Execute(BatchPolicy batchPolicy, BatchUDFPolicy udfPolicy, BatchReco
 			BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr();
 			attr.SetUDF(udfPolicy);
 
-			new AsyncBatchUDFArrayExecutor(cluster, batchPolicy, listener, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, attr);
+			AsyncBatchUDFArrayExecutor executor = new(cluster, batchPolicy, listener, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, attr);
+			AsyncTxnMonitor.ExecuteBatch(batchPolicy, executor, keys);
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -1575,7 +1755,8 @@ public void Execute(BatchPolicy batchPolicy, BatchUDFPolicy udfPolicy, BatchReco
 			BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr();
 			attr.SetUDF(udfPolicy);
 
-			new AsyncBatchUDFSequenceExecutor(cluster, batchPolicy, listener, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, attr);
+			AsyncBatchUDFSequenceExecutor executor = new(cluster, batchPolicy, listener, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, attr);
+			AsyncTxnMonitor.ExecuteBatch(batchPolicy, executor, keys);
 		}
 
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncClientPolicy.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncClientPolicy.cs
index 339ebc4f..0ff626f8 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncClientPolicy.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncClientPolicy.cs
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ public sealed class AsyncClientPolicy : ClientPolicy
 		public int asyncMinConnsPerNode;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Maximum number of asynchronous connections allowed per server node.  Transactions will go
+		/// Maximum number of asynchronous connections allowed per server node. Commands will go
 		/// through retry logic and potentially fail with "ResultCode.NO_MORE_CONNECTIONS" if the maximum
 		/// number of connections would be exceeded.
 		/// <para>
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncCluster.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncCluster.cs
index 213a2202..43190a16 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncCluster.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncCluster.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2022 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ public AsyncCluster(AsyncClientPolicy policy, Host[] hosts)
 					throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "Unsupported MaxCommandAction value: " + policy.asyncMaxCommandAction.ToString());
 			}
 
-			InitTendThread(policy.failIfNotConnected);
+			StartTendThread(policy);
 		}
 
 		protected internal override Node CreateNode(NodeValidator nv, bool createMinConn)
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncCommand.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncCommand.cs
index 4a295901..3221ac14 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncCommand.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncCommand.cs
@@ -180,14 +180,14 @@ private void ExecuteCore()
 		{
 			if (totalTimeout > 0)
 			{
-				// Timeout already added in Execute(). Verify state.
+				// Timeout already added in Execute(). Verify State.
 				if (state != IN_PROGRESS)
 				{
 					// Total timeout might have occurred if command was in the delay queue.
 					// Socket timeout should not be possible for commands in the delay queue.
 					if (state != FAIL_TOTAL_TIMEOUT)
 					{
-						Log.Error(cluster.context, "Unexpected state at async command start: " + state);
+						Log.Error(cluster.context, "Unexpected State at async command start: " + state);
 					}
 					// User has already been notified of the total timeout. Release buffer and 
 					// return for all error states.
@@ -431,7 +431,7 @@ public void ReceiveComplete()
 					{
 						// Authentication failed. Session token probably expired.
 						// Signal tend thread to perform node login, so future
-						// transactions do not fail.
+						// commands do not fail.
 						node.SignalLogin();
 
 						// This is a rare event because the client tracks session
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ public bool CheckTimeout()
 					node?.AddTimeout();
 
 					// Notify user immediately in this timeout thread.
-					// Transaction thread will cleanup eventArgs.
+					// Command thread will cleanup eventArgs.
 					NotifyFailure(new AerospikeException.Timeout(policy, true));
 				}
 				return false;  // Do not put back on timeout queue.
@@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ public bool CheckTimeout()
 				// Socket timeout has occurred.
 				if (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref state, FAIL_SOCKET_TIMEOUT, IN_PROGRESS) == IN_PROGRESS)
 				{
-					// User will be notified in transaction thread and this timeout thread.
+					// User will be notified in command thread and this timeout thread.
 					// Close connection. This will result in a socket error in the async callback thread
 					// and a possible retry.
 					if (node != null && conn != null)
@@ -775,14 +775,14 @@ protected internal void Finish()
 			}
 			else if (status == FAIL_TOTAL_TIMEOUT)
 			{
-				// Timeout thread closed connection, but transaction still completed.
+				// Timeout thread closed connection, but command still completed.
 				// User has already been notified with timeout. Release buffer and return.
 				ReleaseBuffer();
 				return;
 			}
 			else if (status == FAIL_SOCKET_TIMEOUT)
 			{
-				// Timeout thread closed connection, but transaction still completed.
+				// Timeout thread closed connection, but command still completed.
 				// User has not been notified of the timeout. Release buffer and let
 				// OnSuccess() be called.
 				ReleaseBuffer();
@@ -908,6 +908,12 @@ private void NotifyFailure(AerospikeException ae)
 				ae.Policy = policy;
 				ae.Iteration = iteration;
 				ae.SetInDoubt(IsWrite(), commandSentCounter);
+				
+				if (ae.InDoubt)
+				{
+					OnInDoubt();
+				}
+				
 				OnFailure(ae);
 			}
 			catch (Exception e)
@@ -943,6 +949,12 @@ internal void ReleaseBuffer()
 			}
 		}
 
+		// Do nothing by default. Write commands will override this method.
+		protected internal virtual void OnInDoubt()
+		{
+
+		}
+
 		protected internal virtual bool RetryBatch()
 		{
 			return false;
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncConnectionTls.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncConnectionTls.cs
index 1fa32aa1..80819d41 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncConnectionTls.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncConnectionTls.cs
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ private void ReceiveEvent(IAsyncResult result)
 			{
 				// Do not call command completed methods because that can result in a new 
 				// Send()/Receive() call before the current sync BeginRead() has completed.
-				// Instead, set the state which will be handled after BeginRead() is done.
+				// Instead, set the State which will be handled after BeginRead() is done.
 				try
 				{
 					int received = sslStream.EndRead(result);
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncConnector.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncConnector.cs
index 7bf07a6b..634dc0be 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncConnector.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncConnector.cs
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ public void ReceiveComplete()
 				{
 					// Authentication failed. Session token probably expired.
 					// Signal tend thread to perform node login, so future 
-					// transactions do not fail.
+					// commands do not fail.
 					node.SignalLogin();
 
 					// This is a rare event because the client tracks session
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncDelete.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncDelete.cs
index cd63221b..cafbd036 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncDelete.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncDelete.cs
@@ -1,123 +1,93 @@
-/* 
- * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
- *
- * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
- * license agreements.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
- * the License.
- */
-
-namespace Aerospike.Client
-{
-	public sealed class AsyncDelete : AsyncSingleCommand
-	{
-		private readonly WritePolicy writePolicy;
-		private readonly DeleteListener listener;
-		private readonly Key key;
-		private readonly Partition partition;
-		private bool existed;
-
-		public AsyncDelete(AsyncCluster cluster, WritePolicy writePolicy, Key key, DeleteListener listener)
-			: base(cluster, writePolicy)
-		{
-			this.writePolicy = writePolicy;
-			this.listener = listener;
-			this.key = key;
-			this.partition = Partition.Write(cluster, policy, key);
-			cluster.AddTran();
-		}
-
-		public AsyncDelete(AsyncDelete other)
-			: base(other)
-		{
-			this.writePolicy = other.writePolicy;
-			this.listener = other.listener;
-			this.key = other.key;
-			this.partition = other.partition;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
-		{
-			return new AsyncDelete(this);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override Node GetNode(Cluster cluster)
-		{
-			return partition.GetNodeWrite(cluster);
-		}
-
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return Latency.LatencyType.WRITE;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetDelete(writePolicy, key);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseResult()
-		{
-			int resultCode = dataBuffer[dataOffset + 5];
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				existed = true;
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (resultCode == ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR)
-			{
-				existed = false;
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
-			{
-				if (policy.failOnFilteredOut)
-				{
-					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-				}
-				existed = true;
-				return;
-			}
-
-			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
-		{
-			partition.PrepareRetryWrite(timeout);
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
-		{
-			if (listener != null)
-			{
-				listener.OnSuccess(key, existed);
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
-		{
-			if (listener != null)
-			{
-				listener.OnFailure(e);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class AsyncDelete : AsyncWriteBase
+	{
+		private readonly DeleteListener listener;
+		private bool existed;
+
+		public AsyncDelete(AsyncCluster cluster, WritePolicy writePolicy, Key key, DeleteListener listener)
+			: base(cluster, writePolicy, key)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncDelete(AsyncDelete other)
+			: base(other)
+		{
+			this.listener = other.listener;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncDelete(this);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetDelete(writePolicy, Key);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool ParseResult()
+		{
+			ParseHeader();
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, Key, true);
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
+			{
+				existed = true;
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR)
+			{
+				existed = false;
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
+			{
+				if (policy.failOnFilteredOut)
+				{
+					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+				}
+				existed = true;
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			if (listener != null)
+			{
+				listener.OnSuccess(Key, existed);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+		{
+			if (listener != null)
+			{
+				listener.OnFailure(e);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncExecute.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncExecute.cs
index d3cea1f3..01503c9d 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncExecute.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncExecute.cs
@@ -15,15 +15,17 @@
  * the License.
  */
 
+using System;
+
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
-	public sealed class AsyncExecute : AsyncRead
+	public sealed class AsyncExecute : AsyncWriteBase
 	{
-		private readonly WritePolicy writePolicy;
 		private readonly ExecuteListener executeListener;
 		private readonly string packageName;
 		private readonly string functionName;
 		private readonly Value[] args;
+		private Record record;
 
 		public AsyncExecute
 		(
@@ -36,7 +38,6 @@ public AsyncExecute
 			Value[] args
 		) : base(cluster, writePolicy, key)
 		{
-			this.writePolicy = writePolicy;
 			this.executeListener = listener;
 			this.packageName = packageName;
 			this.functionName = functionName;
@@ -46,7 +47,6 @@ Value[] args
 		public AsyncExecute(AsyncExecute other)
 			: base(other)
 		{
-			this.writePolicy = other.writePolicy;
 			this.executeListener = other.executeListener;
 			this.packageName = other.packageName;
 			this.functionName = other.functionName;
@@ -58,35 +58,66 @@ protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
 			return new AsyncExecute(this);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
 		{
-			return true;
+			SetUdf(writePolicy, Key, packageName, functionName, args);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override Node GetNode(Cluster cluster)
+		protected internal override bool ParseResult()
 		{
-			return partition.GetNodeWrite(cluster);
-		}
+			ParseHeader();
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, Key, true);
 
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return Latency.LatencyType.WRITE;
-		}
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
+			{
+				record = policy.recordParser.ParseRecord(dataBuffer, ref dataOffset, opCount, generation, expiration, false);
+				return true;
+			}
 
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetUdf(writePolicy, key, packageName, functionName, args);
-		}
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.UDF_BAD_RESPONSE)
+			{
+				record = policy.recordParser.ParseRecord(dataBuffer, ref dataOffset, opCount, generation, expiration, false);
+				HandleUdfError(resultCode);
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
+			{
+				if (policy.failOnFilteredOut)
+				{
+					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+				}
+				return true;
+			}
 
-		protected internal override void HandleNotFound(int resultCode)
-		{
 			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
+		private void HandleUdfError(int resultCode)
 		{
-			partition.PrepareRetryWrite(timeout);
-			return true;
+			string ret = (string)record.bins["FAILURE"];
+
+			if (ret == null)
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+			}
+
+			String message;
+			int code;
+
+			try
+			{
+				string[] list = ret.Split(":");
+				Int32.TryParse(list[2].Trim(), out code);
+				message = list[0] + ':' + list[1] + ' ' + list[3];
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				// Use generic exception if parse error occurs.
+				throw new AerospikeException(resultCode, ret);
+			}
+
+			throw new AerospikeException(code, message);
 		}
 
 		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
@@ -94,7 +125,7 @@ protected internal override void OnSuccess()
 			if (executeListener != null)
 			{
 				object obj = ParseEndResult();
-				executeListener.OnSuccess(key, obj);
+				executeListener.OnSuccess(Key, obj);
 			}
 		}
 
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncExists.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncExists.cs
index 4217acb5..4f1eea6a 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncExists.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncExists.cs
@@ -17,28 +17,21 @@
 
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
-	public sealed class AsyncExists : AsyncSingleCommand
+	public sealed class AsyncExists : AsyncReadBase
 	{
 		private readonly ExistsListener listener;
-		private readonly Key key;
-		private readonly Partition partition;
 		private bool exists;
 
 		public AsyncExists(AsyncCluster cluster, Policy policy, Key key, ExistsListener listener) 
-			: base(cluster, policy)
+			: base(cluster, policy, key)
 		{
 			this.listener = listener;
-			this.key = key;
-			this.partition = Partition.Read(cluster, policy, key);
-			cluster.AddTran();
 		}
 
 		public AsyncExists(AsyncExists other)
 			: base(other)
 		{
 			this.listener = other.listener;
-			this.key = other.key;
-			this.partition = other.partition;
 		}
 
 		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
@@ -46,35 +39,26 @@ protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
 			return new AsyncExists(this);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override Node GetNode(Cluster cluster)
-		{
-			return partition.GetNodeRead(cluster);
-		}
-
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return Latency.LatencyType.READ;
-		}
-
 		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
 		{
 			SetExists(policy, key);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override void ParseResult()
+		protected internal override bool ParseResult()
 		{
-			int resultCode = dataBuffer[dataOffset + 5];
+			ParseHeader();
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, key, false);
 
-			if (resultCode == 0)
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
 			{
 				exists = true;
-				return;
+				return true;
 			}
 
 			if (resultCode == ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR)
 			{
 				exists = false;
-				return;
+				return true;
 			}
 
 			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
@@ -84,18 +68,12 @@ protected internal override void ParseResult()
 					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
 				}
 				exists = true;
-				return;
+				return true;
 			}
 
 			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
-		{
-			partition.PrepareRetryRead(timeout);
-			return true;
-		}
-
 		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
 		{
 			if (listener != null)
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncMultiCommand.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncMultiCommand.cs
index a520d9f5..3af3225b 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncMultiCommand.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncMultiCommand.cs
@@ -1,142 +1,137 @@
-/* 
- * Copyright 2012-2022 Aerospike, Inc.
- *
- * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
- * license agreements.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
- * the License.
- */
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-
-namespace Aerospike.Client
-{
-	public abstract class AsyncMultiCommand : AsyncCommand
-	{
-		protected internal readonly AsyncNode serverNode;
-		protected internal int info3;
-		protected internal int resultCode;
-		protected internal int generation;
-		protected internal int expiration;
-		protected internal int batchIndex;
-		protected internal int fieldCount;
-		protected internal int opCount;
-		protected internal readonly bool isOperation;
-		protected internal volatile bool valid = true;
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Batch constructor.
-		/// </summary>
-		public AsyncMultiCommand(AsyncCluster cluster, Policy policy, AsyncNode node, bool isOperation)
-			: base(cluster, policy)
-		{
-			this.serverNode = node;
-			this.isOperation = isOperation;
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Scan/Query constructor.
-		/// </summary>
-		public AsyncMultiCommand(AsyncCluster cluster, Policy policy, AsyncNode node, int socketTimeout, int totalTimeout)
-			: base(cluster, policy, socketTimeout, totalTimeout)
-		{
-			this.serverNode = node;
-			this.isOperation = false;
-		}
-
-		public AsyncMultiCommand(AsyncMultiCommand other) : base(other)
-		{
-			this.serverNode = other.serverNode;
-			this.isOperation = other.isOperation;
-		}
-
-		protected internal sealed override void ParseCommand()
-		{
-			if (!valid)
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException.QueryTerminated();
-			}
-
-			if (ParseGroup())
-			{
-				Finish();
-				return;
-			}
-
-			// Prepare for next group.
-			ReceiveNext();
-		}
-
-		protected internal override Node GetNode(Cluster cluster)
-		{
-			return serverNode;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		private bool ParseGroup()
-		{
-			// Parse each message response and add it to the result array
-			while (dataOffset < dataLength)
-			{
-				dataOffset += 3;
-				info3 = dataBuffer[dataOffset];
-				dataOffset += 2;
-				resultCode = dataBuffer[dataOffset];
-
-				// If this is the end marker of the response, do not proceed further.
-				if ((info3 & Command.INFO3_LAST) != 0)
-				{
-					if (resultCode != 0)
-					{
-						// The server returned a fatal error.
-						throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-					}
-					return true;
-				}
-
-				dataOffset++;
-				generation = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-				dataOffset += 4;
-				expiration = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-				dataOffset += 4;
-				batchIndex = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-				dataOffset += 4;
-				fieldCount = ByteUtil.BytesToShort(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-				dataOffset += 2;
-				opCount = ByteUtil.BytesToShort(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-				dataOffset += 2;
-
-				ParseRow();
-			}
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		protected internal abstract void ParseRow();
-
-		protected internal Record ParseRecord()
-		{
-			if (opCount <= 0)
-			{
-				return new Record(null, generation, expiration);
-			}
-
-			return policy.recordParser.ParseRecord(dataBuffer, ref dataOffset, opCount, generation, expiration, isOperation);
-		}
-
-		protected internal void Stop()
-		{
-			valid = false;
-		}
-	}
-}
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2022 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public abstract class AsyncMultiCommand : AsyncCommand
+	{
+		protected internal readonly AsyncNode serverNode;
+		protected internal int info3;
+		protected internal int batchIndex;
+		protected internal readonly bool isOperation;
+		protected internal volatile bool valid = true;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Batch constructor.
+		/// </summary>
+		public AsyncMultiCommand(AsyncCluster cluster, Policy policy, AsyncNode node, bool isOperation)
+			: base(cluster, policy)
+		{
+			this.serverNode = node;
+			this.isOperation = isOperation;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Scan/Query constructor.
+		/// </summary>
+		public AsyncMultiCommand(AsyncCluster cluster, Policy policy, AsyncNode node, int socketTimeout, int totalTimeout)
+			: base(cluster, policy, socketTimeout, totalTimeout)
+		{
+			this.serverNode = node;
+			this.isOperation = false;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncMultiCommand(AsyncMultiCommand other) : base(other)
+		{
+			this.serverNode = other.serverNode;
+			this.isOperation = other.isOperation;
+		}
+
+		protected internal sealed override void ParseCommand()
+		{
+			if (!valid)
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException.QueryTerminated();
+			}
+
+			if (ParseGroup())
+			{
+				Finish();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Prepare for next group.
+			ReceiveNext();
+		}
+
+		protected internal override Node GetNode(Cluster cluster)
+		{
+			return serverNode;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
+		{
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		private bool ParseGroup()
+		{
+			// Parse each message response and add it to the result array
+			while (dataOffset < dataLength)
+			{
+				dataOffset += 3;
+				info3 = dataBuffer[dataOffset];
+				dataOffset += 2;
+				resultCode = dataBuffer[dataOffset];
+
+				// If this is the end marker of the response, do not proceed further.
+				if ((info3 & Command.INFO3_LAST) != 0)
+				{
+					if (resultCode != 0)
+					{
+						// The server returned a fatal error.
+						throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+					}
+					return true;
+				}
+
+				dataOffset++;
+				generation = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+				expiration = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+				batchIndex = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+				fieldCount = ByteUtil.BytesToShort(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 2;
+				opCount = ByteUtil.BytesToShort(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 2;
+
+				ParseRow();
+			}
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		protected internal abstract void ParseRow();
+
+		protected internal Record ParseRecord()
+		{
+			if (opCount <= 0)
+			{
+				return new Record(null, generation, expiration);
+			}
+
+			return policy.recordParser.ParseRecord(dataBuffer, ref dataOffset, opCount, generation, expiration, isOperation);
+		}
+
+		protected internal void Stop()
+		{
+			valid = false;
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncOperateRead.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncOperateRead.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..076fc4ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncOperateRead.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class AsyncOperateRead : AsyncRead
+	{
+		private readonly OperateArgs args;
+
+		public AsyncOperateRead(AsyncCluster cluster, RecordListener listener, Key key, OperateArgs args)
+			: base(cluster, args.writePolicy, listener, key, true)
+		{
+			this.args = args;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncOperateRead(AsyncOperateRead other)
+			: base(other)
+		{
+			this.args = other.args;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetOperate(args.writePolicy, key, args);
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncOperateWrite.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncOperateWrite.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11e7209a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncOperateWrite.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+using System;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class AsyncOperateWrite : AsyncWriteBase
+	{
+		private readonly RecordListener listener;
+		private readonly OperateArgs args;
+		private Record record;
+
+		public AsyncOperateWrite(AsyncCluster cluster, RecordListener listener, Key key, OperateArgs args)
+			: base(cluster, args.writePolicy, key)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+			this.args = args;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncOperateWrite(AsyncOperateWrite other)
+			: base(other)
+		{
+			this.args = other.args;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncOperateWrite(this);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetOperate(args.writePolicy, Key, args);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool ParseResult()
+		{
+			ParseHeader();
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, Key, true);
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
+			{
+				record = policy.recordParser.ParseRecord(dataBuffer, ref dataOffset, opCount, generation, expiration, true);
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
+			{
+				if (policy.failOnFilteredOut)
+				{
+					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+				}
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			if (listener != null)
+			{
+				listener.OnSuccess(Key, record);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+		{
+			if (listener != null)
+			{
+				listener.OnFailure(e);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncQueryPartitionExecutor.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncQueryPartitionExecutor.cs
index 65e4d5d5..68942fd1 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncQueryPartitionExecutor.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncQueryPartitionExecutor.cs
@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
  * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
  * the License.
  */
-using System;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
@@ -41,7 +39,7 @@ PartitionTracker tracker
 			this.statement = statement;
 			this.tracker = tracker;
 
-			cluster.AddTran();
+			cluster.AddCommandCount();
 			tracker.SleepBetweenRetries = 0;
 			taskId = statement.PrepareTaskId();
 			QueryPartitions();
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncRead.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncRead.cs
index 5cb5ebb8..b83b3a22 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncRead.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncRead.cs
@@ -17,59 +17,37 @@
 
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
-	public class AsyncRead : AsyncSingleCommand
+	public class AsyncRead : AsyncReadBase
 	{
 		private readonly RecordListener listener;
-		protected internal readonly Key key;
 		private readonly string[] binNames;
 		private readonly bool isOperation;
-		protected readonly Partition partition;
 		protected Record record;
 
 		// Read constructor.
 		public AsyncRead(AsyncCluster cluster, Policy policy, RecordListener listener, Key key, string[] binNames) 
-			: base(cluster, policy)
+			: base(cluster, policy, key)
 		{
 			this.listener = listener;
-			this.key = key;
 			this.binNames = binNames;
 			this.isOperation = false;
-			this.partition = Partition.Read(cluster, policy, key);
-			cluster.AddTran();
-		}
-
-		// UDF constructor.
-		public AsyncRead(AsyncCluster cluster, WritePolicy policy, Key key)
-			: base(cluster, policy)
-		{
-			this.listener = null;
-			this.key = key;
-			this.binNames = null;
-			this.isOperation = false;
-			this.partition = Partition.Write(cluster, policy, key);
-			cluster.AddTran();
 		}
 
 		// Operate constructor.
-		public AsyncRead(AsyncCluster cluster, Policy policy, RecordListener listener, Key key, Partition partition, bool isOperation)
-			: base(cluster, policy)
+		public AsyncRead(AsyncCluster cluster, Policy policy, RecordListener listener, Key key, bool isOperation)
+			: base(cluster, policy, key)
 		{
 			this.listener = listener;
-			this.key = key;
 			this.binNames = null;
 			this.isOperation = isOperation;
-			this.partition = partition;
-			cluster.AddTran();
 		}
 
 		public AsyncRead(AsyncRead other)
 			: base(other)
 		{
 			this.listener = other.listener;
-			this.key = other.key;
 			this.binNames = other.binNames;
 			this.isOperation = other.isOperation;
-			this.partition = other.partition;
 		}
 
 		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
@@ -77,47 +55,25 @@ protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
 			return new AsyncRead(this);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override Node GetNode(Cluster cluster)
-		{
-			return partition.GetNodeRead(cluster);
-		}
-
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return Latency.LatencyType.READ;
-		}
-
 		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
 		{
 			SetRead(policy, key, binNames);
 		}
 
-		protected internal sealed override void ParseResult()
+		protected internal sealed override bool ParseResult()
 		{
-			int resultCode = dataBuffer[dataOffset + 5];
-			int generation = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset + 6);
-			int expiration = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset + 10);
-			int fieldCount = ByteUtil.BytesToShort(dataBuffer, dataOffset + 18);
-			int opCount = ByteUtil.BytesToShort(dataBuffer, dataOffset + 20);
-			dataOffset += Command.MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE;
+			ParseHeader();
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, key, false);
 
-			if (resultCode == 0)
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
 			{
-				if (opCount == 0)
-				{
-					// Bin data was not returned.
-					record = new Record(null, generation, expiration);
-					return;
-				}
-				SkipKey(fieldCount);
 				record = policy.recordParser.ParseRecord(dataBuffer, ref dataOffset, opCount, generation, expiration, isOperation);
-				return;
+				return true;
 			}
 
 			if (resultCode == ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR)
 			{
-				HandleNotFound(resultCode);
-				return;
+				return true;
 			}
 
 			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
@@ -126,59 +82,12 @@ record = policy.recordParser.ParseRecord(dataBuffer, ref dataOffset, opCount, ge
 				{
 					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
 				}
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (resultCode == ResultCode.UDF_BAD_RESPONSE)
-			{
-				SkipKey(fieldCount);
-				record = policy.recordParser.ParseRecord(dataBuffer, ref dataOffset, opCount, generation, expiration, isOperation);
-				HandleUdfError(resultCode);
-				return;
+				return true;
 			}
 
 			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
-		{
-			partition.PrepareRetryRead(timeout);
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal virtual void HandleNotFound(int resultCode)
-		{
-			// Do nothing in default case. Record will be null.
-		}
-
-		private void HandleUdfError(int resultCode)
-		{
-			object obj;
-
-			if (!record.bins.TryGetValue("FAILURE", out obj))
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-			}
-
-			string ret = (string)obj;
-			string message;
-			int code;
-
-			try
-			{
-				string[] list = ret.Split(':');
-				code = Convert.ToInt32(list[2].Trim());
-				message = list[0] + ':' + list[1] + ' ' + list[3];
-			}
-			catch (Exception)
-			{
-				// Use generic exception if parse error occurs.
-				throw new AerospikeException(resultCode, ret);
-			}
-
-			throw new AerospikeException(code, message);
-		}
-
 		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
 		{
 			if (listener != null)
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncReadBase.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncReadBase.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ac55d47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncReadBase.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public abstract class AsyncReadBase : AsyncSingleCommand
+	{
+		protected internal readonly Key key;
+		protected readonly Partition partition;
+
+		public AsyncReadBase(AsyncCluster cluster, Policy policy, Key key) 
+			: base(cluster, policy)
+		{
+			this.key = key;
+			this.partition = Partition.Read(cluster, policy, key);
+			cluster.AddCommandCount();
+		}
+
+		public AsyncReadBase(AsyncReadBase other)
+			: base(other)
+		{
+			this.key = other.key;
+			this.partition = other.partition;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override Node GetNode(Cluster cluster)
+		{
+			return partition.GetNodeRead(cluster);
+		}
+
+		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
+		{
+			return Latency.LatencyType.READ;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
+		{
+			partition.PrepareRetryRead(timeout);
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal abstract override void WriteBuffer();
+
+		protected internal abstract override bool ParseResult();
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncReadHeader.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncReadHeader.cs
index f65f4e35..d46df6ea 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncReadHeader.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncReadHeader.cs
@@ -17,28 +17,22 @@
 
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
-	public sealed class AsyncReadHeader : AsyncSingleCommand
+	public sealed class AsyncReadHeader : AsyncReadBase
 	{
 		private readonly RecordListener listener;
-		private readonly Key key;
-		private readonly Partition partition;
 		private Record record;
 
 		public AsyncReadHeader(AsyncCluster cluster, Policy policy, RecordListener listener, Key key) 
-			: base(cluster, policy)
+			: base(cluster, policy, key)
 		{
 			this.listener = listener;
-			this.key = key;
-			this.partition = Partition.Read(cluster, policy, key);
-			cluster.AddTran();
+			cluster.AddCommandCount();
 		}
 
 		public AsyncReadHeader(AsyncReadHeader other)
 			: base(other)
 		{
 			this.listener = other.listener;
-			this.key = other.key;
-			this.partition = other.partition;
 		}
 
 		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
@@ -46,37 +40,25 @@ protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
 			return new AsyncReadHeader(this);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override Node GetNode(Cluster cluster)
-		{
-			return partition.GetNodeRead(cluster);
-		}
-
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return Latency.LatencyType.READ;
-		}
-
 		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
 		{
 			SetReadHeader(policy, key);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override void ParseResult()
+		protected internal override bool ParseResult()
 		{
-			int resultCode = dataBuffer[dataOffset + 5];
+			ParseHeader();
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, key, false);
 
-			if (resultCode == 0)
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
 			{
-				int generation = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset + 6);
-				int expiration = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset + 10);
-
 				record = new Record(null, generation, expiration);
-				return;
+				return true;
 			}
 
 			if (resultCode == ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR)
 			{
-				return;
+				return true;
 			}
 
 			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
@@ -85,18 +67,12 @@ protected internal override void ParseResult()
 				{
 					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
 				}
-				return;
+				return true;
 			}
 
 			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);			
 		}
 
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
-		{
-			partition.PrepareRetryRead(timeout);
-			return true;
-		}
-
 		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
 		{
 			if (listener != null)
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncScanPartitionExecutor.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncScanPartitionExecutor.cs
index fd43e5d9..704e25d8 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncScanPartitionExecutor.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncScanPartitionExecutor.cs
@@ -14,8 +14,6 @@
  * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
  * the License.
  */
-using System;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@ PartitionTracker tracker
 			this.binNames = binNames;
 			this.tracker = tracker;
 
-			cluster.AddTran();
+			cluster.AddCommandCount();
 			tracker.SleepBetweenRetries = 0;
 			ScanPartitions();
 		}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncSingleCommand.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncSingleCommand.cs
index 6ce6abf2..696b21eb 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncSingleCommand.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncSingleCommand.cs
@@ -1,40 +1,51 @@
-/* 
- * Copyright 2012-2023 Aerospike, Inc.
- *
- * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
- * license agreements.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
- * the License.
- */
-
-namespace Aerospike.Client
-{
-	public abstract class AsyncSingleCommand : AsyncCommand
-	{
-		public AsyncSingleCommand(AsyncCluster cluster, Policy policy) 
-			: base(cluster, policy)
-		{
-		}
-
-		public AsyncSingleCommand(AsyncSingleCommand other)
-			: base(other)
-		{
-		}
-		
-		protected internal sealed override void ParseCommand()
-		{
-			ParseResult();
-			Finish();
-		}
-
-		protected internal abstract void ParseResult();
-	}
-}
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2023 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public abstract class AsyncSingleCommand : AsyncCommand
+	{
+		public AsyncSingleCommand(AsyncCluster cluster, Policy policy) 
+			: base(cluster, policy)
+		{
+		}
+
+		public AsyncSingleCommand(AsyncSingleCommand other)
+			: base(other)
+		{
+		}
+		
+		protected internal sealed override void ParseCommand()
+		{
+			ParseResult();
+			Finish();
+		}
+
+		protected void ParseHeader()
+		{
+			resultCode = dataBuffer[dataOffset + 5];
+			generation = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset + 6);
+			expiration = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset + 10);
+			fieldCount = ByteUtil.BytesToShort(dataBuffer, dataOffset + 18);
+			opCount = ByteUtil.BytesToShort(dataBuffer, dataOffset + 20);
+			dataOffset += Command.MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE;
+		}
+
+		protected internal abstract bool ParseResult();
+	}
+}
+  
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTouch.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTouch.cs
index 6ca83d1b..0d0a64b8 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTouch.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTouch.cs
@@ -1,148 +1,114 @@
-/* 
- * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
- *
- * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
- * license agreements.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
- * the License.
- */
-
-namespace Aerospike.Client
-{
-	public sealed class AsyncTouch : AsyncSingleCommand
-	{
-		private readonly WritePolicy writePolicy;
-		private readonly WriteListener listener;
-		private readonly ExistsListener existsListener;
-		private readonly Key key;
-		private readonly Partition partition;
-		private bool touched;
-
-		public AsyncTouch(AsyncCluster cluster, WritePolicy writePolicy, WriteListener listener, Key key)
-			: base(cluster, writePolicy)
-		{
-			this.writePolicy = writePolicy;
-			this.listener = listener;
-			this.existsListener = null;
-			this.key = key;
-			this.partition = Partition.Write(cluster, policy, key);
-			cluster.AddTran();
-		}
-
-		public AsyncTouch(AsyncCluster cluster, WritePolicy writePolicy, ExistsListener listener, Key key)
-			: base(cluster, writePolicy)
-		{
-			this.writePolicy = writePolicy;
-			this.listener = null;
-			this.existsListener = listener;
-			this.key = key;
-			this.partition = Partition.Write(cluster, policy, key);
-			cluster.AddTran();
-		}
-
-		public AsyncTouch(AsyncTouch other)
-			: base(other)
-		{
-			this.writePolicy = other.writePolicy;
-			this.listener = other.listener;
-			this.existsListener = other.existsListener;
-			this.key = other.key;
-			this.partition = other.partition;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
-		{
-			return new AsyncTouch(this);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override Node GetNode(Cluster cluster)
-		{
-			return partition.GetNodeWrite(cluster);
-		}
-
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return Latency.LatencyType.WRITE;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetTouch(writePolicy, key);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseResult()
-		{
-			int resultCode = dataBuffer[dataOffset + 5];
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				touched = true;
-				return;
-			}
-
-			touched = false;
-			if (resultCode == ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR)
-			{
-				if (existsListener == null)
-				{
-					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-				}
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
-			{
-				if (policy.failOnFilteredOut)
-				{
-					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-				}
-				return;
-			}
-
-			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
-		{
-			partition.PrepareRetryWrite(timeout);
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
-		{
-			if (listener != null)
-			{
-				listener.OnSuccess(key);
-			}
-			else if (existsListener != null)
-			{
-				existsListener.OnSuccess(key, touched);
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
-		{
-			if (listener != null)
-			{
-				listener.OnFailure(e);
-			}
-			else if (existsListener != null)
-			{
-				existsListener.OnFailure(e);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class AsyncTouch : AsyncWriteBase
+	{
+		private readonly WriteListener listener;
+		private readonly ExistsListener existsListener;
+		private bool touched;
+
+		public AsyncTouch(AsyncCluster cluster, WritePolicy writePolicy, WriteListener listener, Key key)
+			: base(cluster, writePolicy, key)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+			this.existsListener = null;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncTouch(AsyncCluster cluster, WritePolicy writePolicy, ExistsListener listener, Key key)
+			: base(cluster, writePolicy, key)
+		{
+			this.listener = null;
+			this.existsListener = listener;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncTouch(AsyncTouch other)
+			: base(other)
+		{
+			this.listener = other.listener;
+			this.existsListener = other.existsListener;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncTouch(this);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetTouch(writePolicy, Key);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool ParseResult()
+		{
+			ParseHeader();
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, Key, true);
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
+			{
+				touched = true;
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			touched = false;
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR)
+			{
+				if (existsListener == null)
+				{
+					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+				}
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
+			{
+				if (policy.failOnFilteredOut)
+				{
+					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+				}
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			if (listener != null)
+			{
+				listener.OnSuccess(Key);
+			}
+			else if (existsListener != null)
+			{
+				existsListener.OnSuccess(Key, touched);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+		{
+			if (listener != null)
+			{
+				listener.OnFailure(e);
+			}
+			else if (existsListener != null)
+			{
+				existsListener.OnFailure(e);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncOperate.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTxnAddKeys.cs
similarity index 50%
rename from AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncOperate.cs
rename to AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTxnAddKeys.cs
index 736c7ec7..1f61021e 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncOperate.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTxnAddKeys.cs
@@ -17,68 +17,78 @@
 
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
-	public sealed class AsyncOperate : AsyncRead
+	public sealed class AsyncTxnAddKeys : AsyncWriteBase
 	{
+		private readonly RecordListener listener;
 		private readonly OperateArgs args;
+		private readonly Txn txn;
 
-		public AsyncOperate(AsyncCluster cluster, RecordListener listener, Key key, OperateArgs args)
-			: base(cluster, args.writePolicy, listener, key, args.GetPartition(cluster, key), true)
+		public AsyncTxnAddKeys
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			RecordListener listener,
+			Key key,
+			OperateArgs args,
+			Txn txn
+		) : base(cluster, args.writePolicy, key)
 		{
+			this.listener = listener;
 			this.args = args;
+			this.txn = txn;
 		}
 
-		public AsyncOperate(AsyncOperate other)
+		public AsyncTxnAddKeys(AsyncTxnAddKeys other)
 			: base(other)
 		{
+			this.listener = other.listener;
 			this.args = other.args;
+			this.txn = other.txn;
 		}
 
 		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
 		{
-			return new AsyncOperate(this);
+			return new AsyncTxnAddKeys(this);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
 		{
-			return args.hasWrite;
+			SetTxnAddKeys(args.writePolicy, Key, args);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override Node GetNode(Cluster cluster)
+		protected internal override bool ParseResult()
 		{
-			return args.hasWrite ? partition.GetNodeWrite(cluster) : partition.GetNodeRead(cluster);
-		}
+			ParseHeader();
+			ParseTxnDeadline(txn);
 
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return args.hasWrite ? Latency.LatencyType.WRITE : Latency.LatencyType.READ;
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
+			{
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
 		{
-			SetOperate(args.writePolicy, key, args);
+			partition.PrepareRetryWrite(timeout);
+			return true;
 		}
 
-		protected internal override void HandleNotFound(int resultCode)
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
 		{
-			// Only throw not found exception for command with write operations.
-			// Read-only command operations return a null record.
-			if (args.hasWrite)
+			if (listener != null)
 			{
-				throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+				listener.OnSuccess(Key, null);
 			}
 		}
 
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
 		{
-			if (args.hasWrite)
+			if (listener != null)
 			{
-				partition.PrepareRetryWrite(timeout);
+				listener.OnFailure(e);
 			}
-			else
-			{
-				partition.PrepareRetryRead(timeout);
-			}
-			return true;
 		}
 	}
 }
+
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTxnClose.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTxnClose.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..03c2376c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTxnClose.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class AsyncTxnClose : AsyncWriteBase
+	{
+		private readonly Txn txn;
+		private readonly DeleteListener listener;
+
+		public AsyncTxnClose
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			Txn txn,
+			DeleteListener listener,
+			WritePolicy writePolicy,
+			Key key
+		) : base(cluster, writePolicy, key)
+		{
+			this.txn = txn;
+			this.listener = listener;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncTxnClose(AsyncTxnClose other)
+			: base(other)
+		{
+			this.txn = other.txn;
+			this.listener = other.listener;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncTxnClose(this);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetTxnClose(txn, Key);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool ParseResult()
+		{
+			ParseHeader();
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, Key, true);
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK || resultCode == ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR)
+			{
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnInDoubt()
+		{
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			if (listener != null)
+			{
+				listener.OnSuccess(Key, true);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+		{
+			if (listener != null)
+			{
+				listener.OnFailure(e);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTxnMarkRollForward.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTxnMarkRollForward.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..33807800
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTxnMarkRollForward.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class AsyncTxnMarkRollForward : AsyncWriteBase
+	{
+		private readonly WriteListener listener;
+
+		public AsyncTxnMarkRollForward
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			WriteListener listener,
+			WritePolicy writePolicy,
+			Key key
+		) : base(cluster, writePolicy, key)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncTxnMarkRollForward(AsyncTxnMarkRollForward other)
+			: base(other)
+		{
+			this.listener = other.listener;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncTxnMarkRollForward(this);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetTxnMarkRollForward(Key);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool ParseResult()
+		{
+			ParseHeader();
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, Key, true);
+
+			// MRT_COMMITTED is considered a success because it means a previous attempt already
+			// succeeded in notifying the server that the MRT will be rolled forward.
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK || resultCode == ResultCode.MRT_COMMITTED)
+			{
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnInDoubt()
+		{
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			if (listener != null)
+			{
+				listener.OnSuccess(Key);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+		{
+			if (listener != null)
+			{
+				listener.OnFailure(e);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTxnMonitor.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTxnMonitor.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5901cac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTxnMonitor.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public abstract class AsyncTxnMonitor
+	{
+		public static void Execute(AsyncCluster cluster, WritePolicy policy, AsyncWriteBase command)
+		{
+			if (policy.Txn == null)
+			{
+				// Command is not run under a MRT monitor. Run original command.
+				command.Execute();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			Txn txn = policy.Txn;
+			Key cmdKey = command.Key;
+
+			if (txn.Writes.Contains(cmdKey))
+			{
+				// MRT monitor already contains this key. Run original command.
+				command.Execute();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Add key to MRT monitor and then run original command.
+			Operation[] ops = TxnMonitor.GetTxnOps(txn, cmdKey);
+			SingleTxnMonitor stm = new(cluster, command);
+			stm.Execute(cluster, policy, ops);
+		}
+
+		public static void ExecuteBatch(
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			AsyncBatchExecutor executor,
+			Key[] keys
+		)
+		{
+			if (policy.Txn == null)
+			{
+				// Command is not run under a MRT monitor. Run original command.
+				executor.Execute(executor.commands);
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Add write keys to MRT monitor and then run original command.
+			Operation[] ops = TxnMonitor.GetTxnOps(policy.Txn, keys);
+			BatchTxnMonitor ate = new(executor);
+			ate.Execute(executor.cluster, policy, ops);
+		}
+
+		public static void ExecuteBatch(
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			AsyncBatchExecutor executor,
+			List<BatchRecord> records
+		)
+		{
+			if (policy.Txn == null)
+			{
+				// Command is not run under a MRT monitor. Run original command.
+				executor.Execute();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Add write keys to MRT monitor and then run original command.
+			Operation[] ops = TxnMonitor.GetTxnOps(policy.Txn, records);
+
+			if (ops == null)
+			{
+				// Readonly batch does not need to add key digests. Run original command.
+				executor.Execute();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			BatchTxnMonitor ate = new(executor);
+			ate.Execute(executor.cluster, policy, ops);
+		}
+
+		public sealed class SingleTxnMonitor : AsyncTxnMonitor
+		{
+			public SingleTxnMonitor(AsyncCluster cluster, AsyncWriteBase command)
+				: base(command, cluster)
+			{
+			}
+
+			public override void RunCommand()
+			{
+				command.Execute();
+			}
+
+			public override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+			{
+				command.OnFailure(ae);
+			}
+		}
+
+		public sealed class BatchTxnMonitor : AsyncTxnMonitor
+		{
+			private readonly AsyncBatchExecutor executor;
+
+			public BatchTxnMonitor(AsyncBatchExecutor executor)
+				: base(null, null)
+			{
+				this.executor = executor;
+			}
+
+			public override void RunCommand()
+			{
+				executor.Execute();
+			}
+
+			public override void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+			{
+				executor.OnFailure(ae);
+			}
+		}
+
+		readonly AsyncCommand command;
+		readonly AsyncCluster cluster;
+
+		private AsyncTxnMonitor(AsyncCommand command, AsyncCluster cluster)
+		{
+			this.command = command;
+			this.cluster = cluster;
+		}
+
+		void Execute(AsyncCluster cluster, Policy policy, Operation[] ops)
+		{
+			Txn txn = policy.Txn;
+			Key txnKey = TxnMonitor.GetTxnMonitorKey(policy.Txn);
+			WritePolicy wp = TxnMonitor.CopyTimeoutPolicy(policy);
+
+			ExecuteRecordListener txnListener = new(this);
+
+			// Add write key(s) to MRT monitor.
+			OperateArgs args = new(wp, null, null, ops);
+			AsyncTxnAddKeys txnCommand = new(cluster, txnListener, txnKey, args, txn);
+			txnCommand.Execute();
+		}
+
+		private void NotifyFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				OnFailure(ae);
+			}
+			catch (Exception t)
+			{
+				Log.Error("notifyCommandFailure onFailure() failed: " + t.StackTrace);
+			}
+		}
+
+		public abstract void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae);
+		public abstract void RunCommand();
+
+		private sealed class ExecuteRecordListener : RecordListener
+		{
+			private readonly AsyncTxnMonitor monitor;
+
+			public ExecuteRecordListener(AsyncTxnMonitor monitor)
+			{
+				this.monitor = monitor;
+			}
+
+			public void OnSuccess(Key key, Record record)
+			{
+				try
+				{
+					// Run original command.
+					monitor.RunCommand();
+				}
+				catch (AerospikeException ae)
+				{
+					monitor.NotifyFailure(ae);
+				}
+				catch (Exception t)
+				{
+					monitor.NotifyFailure(new AerospikeException(t));
+				}
+			}
+
+			public void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+			{
+				monitor.NotifyFailure(new AerospikeException(ResultCode.TXN_FAILED, "Failed to add key(s) to MRT monitor", ae));
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTxnRoll.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTxnRoll.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1474e00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncTxnRoll.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,579 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using static Aerospike.Client.AbortStatus;
+using static Aerospike.Client.CommitError;
+using static Aerospike.Client.CommitStatus;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class AsyncTxnRoll
+	{
+		private readonly AsyncCluster cluster;
+		private readonly BatchPolicy verifyPolicy;
+		private readonly BatchPolicy rollPolicy;
+		private readonly WritePolicy writePolicy;
+		private readonly Txn txn;
+		private readonly Key txnKey;
+		private CommitListener commitListener;
+		private AbortListener abortListener;
+		private BatchRecord[] verifyRecords;
+		private BatchRecord[] rollRecords;
+		private AerospikeException verifyException;
+
+		public AsyncTxnRoll
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			BatchPolicy verifyPolicy,
+			BatchPolicy rollPolicy,
+			Txn txn
+		)
+		{
+			this.cluster = cluster;
+			this.verifyPolicy = verifyPolicy;
+			this.rollPolicy = rollPolicy;
+			this.writePolicy = new WritePolicy(rollPolicy);
+			this.txn = txn;
+			this.txnKey = TxnMonitor.GetTxnMonitorKey(txn);
+		}
+
+		public void Verify(CommitListener listener)
+		{
+			commitListener = listener;
+			Verify(new VerifyListener(this));
+		}
+
+		public void Commit(CommitListener listener)
+		{
+			commitListener = listener;
+			Commit();
+		}
+
+		private void Commit()
+		{
+			if (txn.MonitorExists())
+			{
+				MarkRollForward();
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				txn.State = Txn.TxnState.COMMITTED;
+				CloseOnCommit(true);
+			}
+		}
+
+		public void Abort(AbortListener listener)
+		{
+			abortListener = listener;
+			txn.State = Txn.TxnState.ABORTED;
+
+			Roll(new RollListener(this), Command.INFO4_MRT_ROLL_BACK);
+		}
+
+		private void Verify(BatchRecordArrayListener verifyListener)
+		{
+			// Validate record versions in a batch.
+			BatchRecord[] records = null;
+			Key[] keys = null;
+			long?[] versions = null;
+
+			bool actionPerformed = txn.Reads.PerformActionOnEachElement(max =>
+			{
+				if (max == 0) return false;
+
+				records = new BatchRecord[max];
+				keys = new Key[max];
+				versions = new long?[max];
+				return true;
+			},
+			(key, value, count) =>
+			{
+				keys[count] = key;
+				records[count] = new BatchRecord(key, false);
+				versions[count] = value;
+			});
+
+			if (!actionPerformed) // If no action was performed, there are no elements. Return.
+			{
+				verifyListener.OnSuccess(new BatchRecord[0], true);
+				return;
+			}
+
+			this.verifyRecords = records;
+
+			AsyncBatchTxnVerifyExecutor executor = new(cluster, verifyPolicy, verifyListener, keys, versions, records);
+			executor.Execute();
+		}
+
+		private void MarkRollForward()
+		{
+			// Tell MRT monitor that a roll-forward will commence.
+			try
+			{
+				MarkRollForwardListener writeListener = new(this);
+				AsyncTxnMarkRollForward command = new(cluster, writeListener, writePolicy, txnKey);
+				command.Execute();
+			}
+			catch (Exception e) 
+			{
+				NotifyMarkRollForwardFailure(CommitErrorType.MARK_ROLL_FORWARD_ABANDONED, e);
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void RollForward()
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				RollForwardListener rollListener = new(this);
+				Roll(rollListener, Command.INFO4_MRT_ROLL_FORWARD);
+			}
+			catch (Exception)
+			{
+				NotifyCommitSuccess(CommitStatusType.ROLL_FORWARD_ABANDONED);
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void RollBack()
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				RollBackListener rollListener = new(this);
+				Roll(rollListener, Command.INFO4_MRT_ROLL_BACK);
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				NotifyCommitFailure(CommitErrorType.VERIFY_FAIL_ABORT_ABANDONED, e);
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void Roll(BatchRecordArrayListener rollListener, int txnAttr)
+		{
+
+			BatchRecord[] records = null;
+			Key[] keys = null;
+
+			bool actionPerformed = txn.Writes.PerformActionOnEachElement(max =>
+			{
+				if (max == 0) return false;
+
+				records = new BatchRecord[max];
+				keys = new Key[max];
+				return true;
+			},
+			(item, count) =>
+			{
+				keys[count] = item;
+				records[count] = new BatchRecord(item, true);
+			});
+
+			if (!actionPerformed)
+			{
+				rollListener.OnSuccess(new BatchRecord[0], true);
+				return;
+			}
+
+			BatchAttr attr = new();
+			attr.SetTxn(txnAttr);
+
+			AsyncBatchTxnRollExecutor executor = new(cluster, rollPolicy, rollListener, txn, keys, records, attr);
+			executor.Execute();
+		}
+
+		private void CloseOnCommit(bool verified)
+		{
+			if (!txn.CloseMonitor())
+			{
+				if (verified)
+				{
+					NotifyCommitSuccess(CommitStatusType.OK);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					NotifyCommitFailure(CommitErrorType.VERIFY_FAIL, null);
+				}
+				return;
+			}
+
+			try
+			{
+				AsyncTxnClose command = new(cluster, txn, new CloseOnCommitListener(this, verified), writePolicy, txnKey);
+				command.Execute();
+			}
+			catch (Exception e) 
+			{
+				if (verified) 
+				{
+					NotifyCommitSuccess(CommitStatusType.CLOSE_ABANDONED);
+				}
+				else 
+				{
+					NotifyCommitFailure(CommitErrorType.VERIFY_FAIL_CLOSE_ABANDONED, e);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void CloseOnAbort()
+		{
+			if (!txn.CloseMonitor())
+			{
+				// There is no MRT monitor record to remove.
+				NotifyAbortSuccess(AbortStatusType.OK);
+				return;
+			}
+
+			try
+			{
+				CloseOnAbortListener deleteListener = new(this);
+				AsyncTxnClose command = new(cluster, txn, deleteListener, writePolicy, txnKey);
+				command.Execute();
+			}
+			catch (Exception) 
+			{
+				NotifyAbortSuccess(AbortStatusType.CLOSE_ABANDONED);
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void NotifyCommitSuccess(CommitStatusType status)
+		{
+			txn.Clear();
+
+			try
+			{
+				commitListener.OnSuccess(status);
+			}
+			catch (Exception t)
+			{
+				Log.Error("CommitListener OnSuccess() failed: " + t.StackTrace);
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void NotifyCommitFailure(CommitErrorType error, Exception cause)
+		{
+			AerospikeException.Commit aec = CreateCommitException(error, cause);
+
+			if (verifyException != null)
+			{
+				if (cause == null)
+				{
+					aec = new AerospikeException.Commit(error, verifyRecords, rollRecords, verifyException);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					aec = new AerospikeException.Commit(error, verifyRecords, rollRecords, new[] { cause, verifyException });
+				}
+			}
+			else if (cause != null)
+			{
+				aec = new AerospikeException.Commit(error, verifyRecords, rollRecords, cause);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				aec = new AerospikeException.Commit(error, verifyRecords, rollRecords);
+			}
+
+			NotifyCommitFailure(aec);
+		}
+
+		private void NotifyMarkRollForwardFailure(CommitErrorType error, Exception cause)
+		{
+			AerospikeException.Commit aec = CreateCommitException(error, cause);
+
+			if (cause is AerospikeException)
+			{
+				AerospikeException ae = (AerospikeException)cause;
+
+				if (ae.Result == ResultCode.MRT_ABORTED)
+				{
+					aec.SetInDoubt(false);
+					txn.InDoubt = false;
+					txn.State = Txn.TxnState.ABORTED;
+				}
+				else if (txn.InDoubt)
+				{
+					// The transaction was already InDoubt and just failed again,
+					// so the new exception should also be InDoubt.
+					aec.SetInDoubt(true);
+				}
+				else if (ae.InDoubt)
+				{
+					// The current exception is InDoubt.
+					aec.SetInDoubt(true);
+					txn.InDoubt = true;
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				if (txn.InDoubt)
+				{
+					aec.SetInDoubt(true);
+				}
+			}
+
+			NotifyCommitFailure(aec);
+		}
+
+		private AerospikeException.Commit CreateCommitException(CommitErrorType error, Exception cause)
+		{
+			if (cause != null)
+			{
+				AerospikeException.Commit aec = new(error, verifyRecords, rollRecords, cause);
+
+				if (cause is AerospikeException)
+				{
+					AerospikeException src = (AerospikeException)cause;
+					aec.Node = src.Node;
+					aec.Policy = src.Policy;
+					aec.Iteration = src.Iteration;
+					aec.SetInDoubt(src.InDoubt);
+				}
+				return aec;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				return new AerospikeException.Commit(error, verifyRecords, rollRecords);
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void NotifyCommitFailure(AerospikeException.Commit aec)
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				commitListener.OnFailure(aec);
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				Log.Error("CommitListener OnFailure() failed: " + e.StackTrace);
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void NotifyAbortSuccess(AbortStatusType status)
+		{
+			txn.Clear();
+
+			try
+			{
+				abortListener.OnSuccess(status);
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				Log.Error("AbortListener OnSuccess() failed: " + e.StackTrace);
+			}
+		}
+
+		private sealed class VerifyListener : BatchRecordArrayListener
+		{
+			private readonly AsyncTxnRoll command;
+			
+			public VerifyListener(AsyncTxnRoll command) 
+			{ 
+				this.command = command;
+			}
+			
+			public void OnSuccess(BatchRecord[] records, bool status)
+			{
+				command.verifyRecords = records;
+
+				if (status)
+				{
+					command.txn.State = Txn.TxnState.VERIFIED;
+					command.Commit();
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					command.txn.State = Txn.TxnState.ABORTED;
+					command.RollBack();
+				}
+			}
+
+			public void OnFailure(BatchRecord[] records, AerospikeException ae)
+			{
+				command.verifyRecords = records;
+				command.verifyException = ae;
+				command.txn.State = Txn.TxnState.ABORTED;
+				command.RollBack();
+			}
+		};
+
+		private sealed class RollListener : BatchRecordArrayListener 
+		{
+			private readonly AsyncTxnRoll command;
+
+			public RollListener(AsyncTxnRoll command)
+			{
+				this.command = command;
+			}
+
+			public void OnSuccess(BatchRecord[] records, bool status)
+			{
+				command.rollRecords = records;
+
+				if (status)
+				{
+					command.CloseOnAbort();
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					command.NotifyAbortSuccess(AbortStatusType.ROLL_BACK_ABANDONED);
+				}
+			}
+		
+			public void OnFailure(BatchRecord[] records, AerospikeException ae)
+			{
+				command.rollRecords = records;
+				command.NotifyAbortSuccess(AbortStatusType.ROLL_BACK_ABANDONED);
+			}
+		};
+
+		private sealed class MarkRollForwardListener : WriteListener
+		{
+			private readonly AsyncTxnRoll command;
+
+			public MarkRollForwardListener(AsyncTxnRoll command)
+			{
+				this.command = command;
+			}
+
+			public void OnSuccess(Key key)
+			{
+				command.txn.State = Txn.TxnState.COMMITTED;
+				command.txn.InDoubt = false;
+				command.RollForward();
+			}
+
+			public void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+			{
+				command.NotifyMarkRollForwardFailure(CommitErrorType.MARK_ROLL_FORWARD_ABANDONED, ae);
+			}
+		};
+
+		private sealed class RollForwardListener : BatchRecordArrayListener
+		{
+			private readonly AsyncTxnRoll command;
+
+			public RollForwardListener(AsyncTxnRoll command)
+			{
+				this.command = command;
+			}
+
+			public void OnSuccess(BatchRecord[] records, bool status)
+			{
+				command.rollRecords = records;
+
+				if (status)
+				{
+					command.CloseOnCommit(true);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					command.NotifyCommitSuccess(CommitStatusType.ROLL_FORWARD_ABANDONED);
+				}
+			}
+
+			public void OnFailure(BatchRecord[] records, AerospikeException ae)
+			{
+				command.rollRecords = records;
+				command.NotifyCommitSuccess(CommitStatusType.ROLL_FORWARD_ABANDONED);
+			}
+		};
+
+		private sealed class RollBackListener : BatchRecordArrayListener
+		{
+			private readonly AsyncTxnRoll command;
+
+			public RollBackListener(AsyncTxnRoll command)
+			{
+				this.command = command;
+			}
+
+			public void OnSuccess(BatchRecord[] records, bool status)
+			{
+				command.rollRecords = records;
+
+				if (status)
+				{
+					command.CloseOnCommit(false);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					command.NotifyCommitFailure(CommitErrorType.VERIFY_FAIL_ABORT_ABANDONED, null);
+				}
+			}
+
+			public void OnFailure(BatchRecord[] records, AerospikeException ae)
+			{
+				command.rollRecords = records;
+				command.NotifyCommitFailure(CommitErrorType.VERIFY_FAIL_ABORT_ABANDONED, ae);
+			}
+		};
+
+
+		private sealed class CloseOnCommitListener : DeleteListener
+		{
+			private readonly AsyncTxnRoll command;
+			private readonly bool verified;
+
+			public CloseOnCommitListener(AsyncTxnRoll command, bool verified)
+			{
+				this.command = command;
+				this.verified = verified;
+			}
+
+			public void OnSuccess(Key key, bool existed)
+			{
+				if (verified)
+				{
+					command.NotifyCommitSuccess(CommitStatusType.OK);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					command.NotifyCommitFailure(CommitErrorType.VERIFY_FAIL, null);
+				}
+			}
+
+			public void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+			{
+				if (verified)
+				{
+					command.NotifyCommitSuccess(CommitStatusType.CLOSE_ABANDONED);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					command.NotifyCommitFailure(CommitErrorType.VERIFY_FAIL_CLOSE_ABANDONED, ae);
+				}
+			}
+		};
+		private sealed class CloseOnAbortListener : DeleteListener
+		{
+			private readonly AsyncTxnRoll command;
+
+			public CloseOnAbortListener(AsyncTxnRoll command)
+			{
+				this.command = command;
+			}
+
+			public void OnSuccess(Key key, bool existed)
+			{
+				command.NotifyAbortSuccess(AbortStatusType.OK);
+			}
+
+			public void OnFailure(AerospikeException ae)
+			{
+				command.NotifyAbortSuccess(AbortStatusType.CLOSE_ABANDONED);
+			}
+		};
+	}
+}
+
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncWrite.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncWrite.cs
index f95ce6a1..0b2f03d0 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncWrite.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncWrite.cs
@@ -1,127 +1,98 @@
-/* 
- * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
- *
- * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
- * license agreements.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
- * the License.
- */
-
-namespace Aerospike.Client
-{
-	public sealed class AsyncWrite : AsyncSingleCommand
-	{
-		private readonly WritePolicy writePolicy;
-		private readonly WriteListener listener;
-		private readonly Key key;
-		private readonly Partition partition;
-		private readonly Bin[] bins;
-		private readonly Operation.Type operation;
-
-		public AsyncWrite
-		(
-			AsyncCluster cluster,
-			WritePolicy writePolicy,
-			WriteListener listener,
-			Key key,
-			Bin[] bins,
-			Operation.Type operation
-		) : base(cluster, writePolicy)
-		{
-			this.writePolicy = writePolicy;
-			this.listener = listener;
-			this.key = key;
-			this.partition = Partition.Write(cluster, policy, key);
-			this.bins = bins;
-			this.operation = operation;
-			cluster.AddTran();
-		}
-
-		public AsyncWrite(AsyncWrite other)
-			: base(other)
-		{
-			this.writePolicy = other.writePolicy;
-			this.listener = other.listener;
-			this.key = other.key;
-			this.partition = other.partition;
-			this.bins = other.bins;
-			this.operation = other.operation;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
-		{
-			return new AsyncWrite(this);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override Node GetNode(Cluster cluster)
-		{
-			return partition.GetNodeWrite(cluster);
-		}
-
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return Latency.LatencyType.WRITE;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetWrite(writePolicy, operation, key, bins);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseResult()
-		{
-			int resultCode = dataBuffer[dataOffset + 5];
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
-			{
-				if (policy.failOnFilteredOut)
-				{
-					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-				}
-				return;
-			}
-
-			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
-		{
-			partition.PrepareRetryWrite(timeout);
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
-		{
-			if (listener != null)
-			{
-				listener.OnSuccess(key);
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
-		{
-			if (listener != null)
-			{
-				listener.OnFailure(e);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class AsyncWrite : AsyncWriteBase
+	{
+		private readonly WriteListener listener;
+		private readonly Bin[] bins;
+		private readonly Operation.Type operation;
+
+		public AsyncWrite
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			WritePolicy writePolicy,
+			WriteListener listener,
+			Key key,
+			Bin[] bins,
+			Operation.Type operation
+		) : base(cluster, writePolicy, key)
+		{
+			this.listener = listener;
+			this.bins = bins;
+			this.operation = operation;
+		}
+
+		public AsyncWrite(AsyncWrite other)
+			: base(other)
+		{
+			this.listener = other.listener;
+			this.bins = other.bins;
+			this.operation = other.operation;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override AsyncCommand CloneCommand()
+		{
+			return new AsyncWrite(this);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetWrite(writePolicy, operation, Key, bins);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool ParseResult()
+		{
+			ParseHeader();
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, Key, true);
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
+			{
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
+			{
+				if (policy.failOnFilteredOut)
+				{
+					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+				}
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnSuccess()
+		{
+			if (listener != null)
+			{
+				listener.OnSuccess(Key);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+		{
+			if (listener != null)
+			{
+				listener.OnFailure(e);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncWriteBase.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncWriteBase.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..157ade10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/AsyncWriteBase.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public abstract class AsyncWriteBase : AsyncSingleCommand
+	{
+		protected readonly WritePolicy writePolicy;
+		public Key Key { get; private set; }
+		protected readonly Partition partition;
+
+		public AsyncWriteBase
+		(
+			AsyncCluster cluster,
+			WritePolicy writePolicy,
+			Key key
+		) : base(cluster, writePolicy)
+		{
+			this.writePolicy = writePolicy;
+			this.Key = key;
+			this.partition = Partition.Write(cluster, policy, key);
+			cluster.AddCommandCount();
+		}
+
+		public AsyncWriteBase(AsyncWriteBase other)
+			: base(other)
+		{
+			this.writePolicy = other.writePolicy;
+			this.Key = other.Key;
+			this.partition = other.partition;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
+		{
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override Node GetNode(Cluster cluster)
+		{
+			return partition.GetNodeWrite(cluster);
+		}
+
+		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
+		{
+			return Latency.LatencyType.WRITE;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
+		{
+			partition.PrepareRetryWrite(timeout);
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnInDoubt()
+		{
+			if (writePolicy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				writePolicy.Txn.OnWriteInDoubt(Key);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal abstract override void WriteBuffer();
+
+		protected internal abstract override bool ParseResult();
+	}
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Async/IAsyncClient.cs b/AerospikeClient/Async/IAsyncClient.cs
index 90153356..0cfd5b5d 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Async/IAsyncClient.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Async/IAsyncClient.cs
@@ -14,9 +14,6 @@
  * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
  * the License.
  */
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Threading;
-using System.Threading.Tasks;
 
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
@@ -39,7 +36,56 @@ namespace Aerospike.Client
     /// </para>
     /// </summary>
     public interface IAsyncClient : IAerospikeClient
-    {
+	{
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Multi-Record Transactions
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Asynchronously attempt to commit the given multi-record transaction.
+		/// Create listener, call asynchronous commit and return task monitor.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="txn">multi-record transaction</param>
+		/// <param name="token">cancellation token</param>
+		public Task Commit(Txn txn, CancellationToken token);
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Asynchronously attempt to commit the given multi-record transaction. First, the expected
+		/// record versions are sent to the server nodes for verification. If all nodes return success,
+		/// the transaction is committed. Otherwise, the transaction is aborted.
+		/// <para>
+		/// Schedules the commit command with a channel selector and return.
+		/// Another thread will process the command and send the results to the listener.
+		/// </para>
+		/// <para>
+		/// Requires server version 8.0+
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="listener">where to send results</param>
+		/// <param name="txn">multi-record transaction</param>
+		void Commit(CommitListener listener, Txn txn);
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Asynchronously attempt to abort and rollback the given multi-record transaction.
+		/// Create listener, call asynchronous commit and return task monitor.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="txn">multi-record transaction</param>
+		/// <param name="token">cancellation token</param>
+		public Task Abort(Txn txn, CancellationToken token);
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Asynchronously abort and rollback the given multi-record transaction.
+		/// <para>
+		/// Schedules the abort command with a channel selector and return.
+		/// Another thread will process the command and send the results to the listener.
+		/// </para><para>
+		/// Requires server version 8.0+
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="listener">where to send results</param>
+		/// <param name="txn">multi-record transaction</param>
+		void Abort(AbortListener listener, Txn txn);
+
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
 		// Write Record Operations
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
@@ -48,7 +94,7 @@ public interface IAsyncClient : IAerospikeClient
 		/// Asynchronously write record bin(s). 
 		/// Create listener, call asynchronous put and return task monitor.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// </para>
 		/// </summary>
@@ -64,7 +110,7 @@ public interface IAsyncClient : IAerospikeClient
 		/// Schedules the put command with a channel selector and return.
 		/// Another thread will process the command and send the results to the listener.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// </para>
 		/// </summary>
@@ -83,7 +129,7 @@ public interface IAsyncClient : IAerospikeClient
 		/// Asynchronously append bin string values to existing record bin values.
 		/// Create listener, call asynchronous append and return task monitor.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// This call only works for string values. 
 		/// </para>
@@ -100,7 +146,7 @@ public interface IAsyncClient : IAerospikeClient
 		/// Schedule the append command with a channel selector and return.
 		/// Another thread will process the command and send the results to the listener.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// This call only works for string values. 
 		/// </para>
@@ -116,7 +162,7 @@ public interface IAsyncClient : IAerospikeClient
 		/// Asynchronously prepend bin string values to existing record bin values.
 		/// Create listener, call asynchronous prepend and return task monitor.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// This call works only for string values. 
 		/// </para>
@@ -133,7 +179,7 @@ public interface IAsyncClient : IAerospikeClient
 		/// Schedule the prepend command with a channel selector and return.
 		/// Another thread will process the command and send the results to the listener.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// This call works only for string values. 
 		/// </para>
@@ -153,7 +199,7 @@ public interface IAsyncClient : IAerospikeClient
 		/// Asynchronously add integer bin values to existing record bin values.
 		/// Create listener, call asynchronous add and return task monitor.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// This call only works for integer values. 
 		/// </para>
@@ -170,7 +216,7 @@ public interface IAsyncClient : IAerospikeClient
 		/// Schedule the add command with a channel selector and return.
 		/// Another thread will process the command and send the results to the listener.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// </para>
 		/// </summary>
@@ -189,7 +235,7 @@ public interface IAsyncClient : IAerospikeClient
 		/// Asynchronously delete record for specified key.
 		/// Create listener, call asynchronous delete and return task monitor.
 		/// <para>
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout.
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout.
 		/// </para>
 		/// </summary>
 		/// <param name="policy">delete configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
@@ -880,7 +926,7 @@ public interface IAsyncClient : IAerospikeClient
 		/// <param name="packageName">server package name where user defined function resides</param>
 		/// <param name="functionName">user defined function</param>
 		/// <param name="functionArgs">arguments passed in to user defined function</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if transaction fails</exception>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
 		void Execute(WritePolicy policy, ExecuteListener listener, Key key, string packageName, string functionName, params Value[] functionArgs);
 
 		/// <summary>
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/AsyncTask/AbortListenerAdapter.cs b/AerospikeClient/AsyncTask/AbortListenerAdapter.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ce3de111
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/AsyncTask/AbortListenerAdapter.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using static Aerospike.Client.AbortStatus;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	internal sealed class AbortListenerAdapter : ListenerAdapter<AbortStatusType>, AbortListener
+	{
+		public AbortListenerAdapter(CancellationToken token)
+			: base(token)
+		{
+		}
+
+		public void OnSuccess(AbortStatusType status)
+		{
+			SetResult(status);
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/AsyncTask/BatchOperateListListenerAdapter.cs b/AerospikeClient/AsyncTask/BatchOperateListListenerAdapter.cs
index 6b2616fc..44c295f5 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/AsyncTask/BatchOperateListListenerAdapter.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/AsyncTask/BatchOperateListListenerAdapter.cs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ public BatchOperateListListenerAdapter(CancellationToken token)
 		public void OnSuccess(List<BatchRecord> records, bool status)
 		{
 			// records is an argument to the async call, so the user already has access to it.
-			// Set completion status: true if all batch sub-transactions were successful.
+			// Set completion status: true if all batch sub-commands were successful.
 			SetResult(status);
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/AsyncTask/CommitListenerAdapter.cs b/AerospikeClient/AsyncTask/CommitListenerAdapter.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11c5c46c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/AsyncTask/CommitListenerAdapter.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using static Aerospike.Client.CommitStatus;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	internal sealed class CommitListenerAdapter : ListenerAdapter<CommitStatusType>, CommitListener
+	{
+		public CommitListenerAdapter(CancellationToken token)
+			: base(token)
+		{
+		}
+
+		public void OnSuccess(CommitStatusType status)
+		{
+			SetResult(status);
+		}
+
+		public void OnFailure(AerospikeException.Commit exception)
+		{
+			base.OnFailure(exception);
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Cluster/Cluster.cs b/AerospikeClient/Cluster/Cluster.cs
index c6f35f6a..190c6b78 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Cluster/Cluster.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Cluster/Cluster.cs
@@ -14,10 +14,7 @@
  * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
  * the License.
  */
-using System;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Text;
-using System.Threading;
 
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
@@ -97,7 +94,7 @@ public class Cluster
 		// Login timeout.
 		protected internal readonly int loginTimeout;
 
-		// Maximum socket idle to validate connections in transactions.
+		// Maximum socket idle to validate connections in commands.
 		private readonly double maxSocketIdleMillisTran;
 
 		// Maximum socket idle to trim peak connections to min connections.
@@ -137,7 +134,7 @@ public class Cluster
 		public MetricsPolicy MetricsPolicy;
 		private volatile IMetricsListener metricsListener;
 		private volatile int retryCount;
-		private volatile int tranCount;
+		private volatile int commandCount;
 		private volatile int delayQueueTimeoutCount;
 
 		public Cluster(ClientPolicy policy, Host[] hosts)
@@ -274,6 +271,74 @@ public Cluster(ClientPolicy policy, Host[] hosts)
 			cancelToken = cancel.Token;
 		}
 
+		public void StartTendThread(ClientPolicy policy)
+		{
+			if (policy.forceSingleNode)
+			{
+				// Communicate with the first seed node only.
+				// Do not run cluster tend thread.
+				try
+				{
+					ForceSingleNode();
+				}
+				catch (Exception)
+				{
+					Close();
+					throw;
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				InitTendThread(policy.failIfNotConnected);
+			}
+		}
+
+		public void ForceSingleNode()
+		{
+			// Initialize tendThread, but do not start it.
+			tendValid = true;
+			tendThread = new Thread(new ThreadStart(this.Run));
+
+			// Validate first seed.
+			Host seed = seeds[0];
+			NodeValidator nv = new();
+			Node node = null;
+
+			try
+			{
+				node = nv.SeedNode(this, seed, null);
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException("Seed " + seed + " failed: " + e.Message, e);
+			}
+
+			node.CreateMinConnections();
+
+			// Add seed node to nodes.
+			Dictionary<string, Node> nodesToAdd = new(1);
+			nodesToAdd[node.Name] = node;
+			AddNodes(nodesToAdd);
+
+			// Initialize partitionMaps.
+			Peers peers = new(nodes.Length + 16);
+			node.RefreshPartitions(peers);
+
+			// Set partition maps for all namespaces to point to same node.
+			foreach (Partitions partitions in partitionMap.Values)
+			{
+				foreach (Node[] nodeArray in partitions.replicas)
+				{
+					int max = nodeArray.Length;
+
+					for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+					{
+						nodeArray[i] = node;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
 		public virtual void InitTendThread(bool failIfNotConnected)
 		{
 			// Tend cluster until all nodes identified.
@@ -1201,26 +1266,26 @@ private static bool SupportsPartitionQuery(Node[] nodes)
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Increment transaction count when metrics are enabled.
+		/// Increment command count when metrics are enabled.
 		/// </summary>
-		public void AddTran()
+		public void AddCommandCount()
 		{
 			if (MetricsEnabled)
 			{
-				Interlocked.Increment(ref tranCount);
+				Interlocked.Increment(ref commandCount);
 			}
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Return transaction count. The value is cumulative and not reset per metrics interval.
+		/// Return command count. The value is cumulative and not reset per metrics interval.
 		/// </summary>
-		public int GetTranCount()
+		public int GetCommandCount()
 		{
-			return tranCount;
+			return commandCount;
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Increment transaction retry count. There can be multiple retries for a single transaction.
+		/// Increment command retry count. There can be multiple retries for a single command.
 		/// </summary>
 		public void AddRetry()
 		{
@@ -1228,7 +1293,7 @@ public void AddRetry()
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Add transaction retry count. There can be multiple retries for a single transaction.
+		/// Add command retry count. There can be multiple retries for a single command.
 		/// </summary>
 		public void AddRetries(int count)
 		{
@@ -1236,7 +1301,7 @@ public void AddRetries(int count)
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Return transaction retry count. The value is cumulative and not reset per metrics interval.
+		/// Return command retry count. The value is cumulative and not reset per metrics interval.
 		/// </summary>
 		public int GetRetryCount()
 		{
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Cluster/ClusterStats.cs b/AerospikeClient/Cluster/ClusterStats.cs
index 0196fdf3..7e7f855f 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Cluster/ClusterStats.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Cluster/ClusterStats.cs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ public sealed class ClusterStats
 		public readonly int invalidNodeCount;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Count of transaction retires since cluster was started.
+		/// Count of command retries since cluster was started.
 		/// </summary>
 		public readonly long RetryCount;
 
@@ -126,14 +126,14 @@ public sealed class NodeStats
 		public readonly ConnectionStats asyncStats;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Transaction error count since node was initialized. If the error is retryable, multiple errors per
-		/// transaction may occur.
+		/// Command error count since node was initialized. If the error is retryable, multiple errors per
+		/// Command may occur.
 		/// </summary>
 		public readonly long ErrorCount;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Transaction timeout count since node was initialized. If the timeout is retryable (ie socketTimeout),
-		/// multiple timeouts per transaction may occur.
+		/// Command timeout count since node was initialized. If the timeout is retryable (ie socketTimeout),
+		/// multiple timeouts per Command may occur.
 		/// </summary>
 		public readonly long TimeoutCount;
 
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Cluster/ConnectionRecover.cs b/AerospikeClient/Cluster/ConnectionRecover.cs
index 4127e1cc..5d1ffe1e 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Cluster/ConnectionRecover.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Cluster/ConnectionRecover.cs
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ private void ParseProto(byte[] buf, int bytesRead)
 				if (compressed)
 				{
 					// Do not recover connections with compressed data because that would
-					// require saving large buffers with associated state and performing decompression
+					// require saving large buffers with associated State and performing decompression
 					// just to drain the connection.
 					throw new AerospikeException("Recovering connections with compressed multi-record data is not supported");
 				}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Cluster/Node.cs b/AerospikeClient/Cluster/Node.cs
index 2ac8712a..d9887d30 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Cluster/Node.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Cluster/Node.cs
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ public Connection GetConnection(int timeoutMillis, int timeoutDelay)
 							{
 								if (timeoutDelay > 0)
 								{
-									// The connection state is always STATE_READ_AUTH_HEADER here which does not reference
+									// The connection State is always STATE_READ_AUTH_HEADER here which does not reference
 									// isSingle, so just pass in true for isSingle in ConnectionRecover.
 									cluster.RecoverConnection(new ConnectionRecover(conn, this, timeoutDelay, crt, true));
 									conn = null;
@@ -993,8 +993,8 @@ public void ValidateErrorCount()
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Increment transaction error count. If the error is retryable, multiple errors per
-		/// transaction may occur.
+		/// Increment command error count. If the error is retryable, multiple errors per
+		/// command may occur.
 		/// </summary>
 
 		public void AddError()
@@ -1003,8 +1003,8 @@ public void AddError()
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Increment transaction timeout count. If the timeout is retryable (ie socketTimeout),
-		/// multiple timeouts per transaction may occur.
+		/// Increment command timeout count. If the timeout is retryable (ie socketTimeout),
+		/// multiple timeouts per command may occur.
 		/// </summary>
 		public void AddTimeout()
 		{
@@ -1012,7 +1012,7 @@ public void AddTimeout()
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Return transaction error count. The value is cumulative and not reset per metrics interval.
+		/// Return command error count. The value is cumulative and not reset per metrics interval.
 		/// </summary>
 		public int GetErrorCount()
 		{
@@ -1020,7 +1020,7 @@ public int GetErrorCount()
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Return transaction timeout count. The value is cumulative and not reset per metrics interval.
+		/// Return command timeout count. The value is cumulative and not reset per metrics interval.
 		/// </summary>
 		public int GetTimeoutCount()
 		{
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Cluster/NodeValidator.cs b/AerospikeClient/Cluster/NodeValidator.cs
index cf398ca7..d5599f61 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Cluster/NodeValidator.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Cluster/NodeValidator.cs
@@ -100,6 +100,11 @@ public Node SeedNode(Cluster cluster, Host host, Peers peers)
 
 		private bool ValidatePeers(Peers peers, Node node)
 		{
+			if (peers == null)
+			{
+				return true;
+			}
+			
 			try
 			{
 				peers.refreshCount = 0;
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/Batch.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/Batch.cs
index 4ecbb5c8..ac7d7b0a 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/Batch.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/Batch.cs
@@ -1,657 +1,842 @@
-/* 
- * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
- *
- * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
- * license agreements.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
- * the License.
- */
-using System.Collections;
-
-namespace Aerospike.Client
-{
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// ReadList
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public sealed class BatchReadListCommand : BatchCommand
-	{
-		private readonly List<BatchRead> records;
-
-		public BatchReadListCommand
-		(
-			Cluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			List<BatchRead> records,
-			BatchStatus status
-		) : base(cluster, batch, policy, status, true)
-		{
-			this.records = records;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			if (batch.node != null && batch.node.HasBatchAny)
-			{
-				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, records, batch);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, records, batch);
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			BatchRead record = records[batchIndex];
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				record.SetError(resultCode, false);
-				status.SetRowError();
-			}
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override BatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new BatchReadListCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, records, status);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, status);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// GetArray
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public sealed class BatchGetArrayCommand : BatchCommand
-	{
-		private readonly Key[] keys;
-		private readonly string[] binNames;
-		private readonly Operation[] ops;
-		private readonly Record[] records;
-		private readonly int readAttr;
-
-		public BatchGetArrayCommand
-		(
-			Cluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			string[] binNames,
-			Operation[] ops,
-			Record[] records,
-			int readAttr,
-			bool isOperation,
-			BatchStatus status
-		) : base(cluster, batch, policy, status, isOperation)
-		{
-			this.keys = keys;
-			this.binNames = binNames;
-			this.ops = ops;
-			this.records = records;
-			this.readAttr = readAttr;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			if (batch.node != null && batch.node.HasBatchAny)
-			{
-				BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr(policy, readAttr, ops);
-				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, binNames, ops, attr);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, keys, batch, binNames, ops, readAttr);
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				records[batchIndex] = ParseRecord();
-			}
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override BatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, binNames, ops, records, readAttr, isOperation, status);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, false, status);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// ExistsArray
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public sealed class BatchExistsArrayCommand : BatchCommand
-	{
-		private readonly Key[] keys;
-		private readonly bool[] existsArray;
-
-		public BatchExistsArrayCommand
-		(
-			Cluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			bool[] existsArray,
-			BatchStatus status
-		) : base(cluster, batch, policy, status, false)
-		{
-			this.keys = keys;
-			this.existsArray = existsArray;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			if (batch.node != null && batch.node.HasBatchAny)
-			{
-				BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr(policy, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA);
-				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, null, attr);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, null, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA);
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			if (opCount > 0)
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException.Parse("Received bins that were not requested!");
-			}
-
-			existsArray[batchIndex] = resultCode == 0;
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override BatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new BatchExistsArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, existsArray, status);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, false, status);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// OperateList
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public sealed class BatchOperateListCommand : BatchCommand
-	{
-		private readonly IList<BatchRecord> records;
-
-		public BatchOperateListCommand
-		(
-			Cluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			IList<BatchRecord> records,
-			BatchStatus status
-		) : base(cluster, batch, policy, status, true)
-		{
-			this.records = records;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
-		{
-			// This method is only called to set inDoubt on node level errors.
-			// SetError() will filter out reads when setting record level inDoubt.
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, (IList)records, batch);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
-				return true;
-			}
-
-			if (resultCode == ResultCode.UDF_BAD_RESPONSE)
-			{
-				Record r = ParseRecord();
-				string m = r.GetString("FAILURE");
-
-				if (m != null)
-				{
-					// Need to store record because failure bin contains an error message.
-					record.record = r;
-					record.resultCode = resultCode;
-					record.inDoubt = Command.BatchInDoubt(record.hasWrite, commandSentCounter);
-					status.SetRowError();
-					return true;
-				}
-			}
-
-			record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(record.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
-			status.SetRowError();
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
-		{
-			if (!inDoubt)
-			{
-				return;
-			}
-
-			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
-			{
-				BatchRecord record = records[index];
-
-				if (record.resultCode == ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE)
-				{
-					record.inDoubt = record.hasWrite;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override BatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new BatchOperateListCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, records, status);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, (IList)records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, status);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// OperateArray
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public sealed class BatchOperateArrayCommand : BatchCommand
-	{
-		private readonly Key[] keys;
-		private readonly Operation[] ops;
-		private readonly BatchRecord[] records;
-		private readonly BatchAttr attr;
-
-		public BatchOperateArrayCommand
-		(
-			Cluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			Operation[] ops,
-			BatchRecord[] records,
-			BatchAttr attr,
-			BatchStatus status
-		) : base(cluster, batch, batchPolicy, status, ops != null)
-		{
-			this.keys = keys;
-			this.ops = ops;
-			this.records = records;
-			this.attr = attr;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
-		{
-			return attr.hasWrite;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, ops, attr);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
-				status.SetRowError();
-			}
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
-		{
-			if (!inDoubt || !attr.hasWrite)
-			{
-				return;
-			}
-
-			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
-			{
-				BatchRecord record = records[index];
-
-				if (record.resultCode == ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE)
-				{
-					record.inDoubt = inDoubt;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override BatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new BatchOperateArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, ops, records, attr, status);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, attr.hasWrite, status);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// UDF
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public sealed class BatchUDFCommand : BatchCommand
-	{
-		private readonly Key[] keys;
-		private readonly string packageName;
-		private readonly string functionName;
-		private readonly byte[] argBytes;
-		private readonly BatchRecord[] records;
-		private readonly BatchAttr attr;
-
-		public BatchUDFCommand
-		(
-			Cluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			string packageName,
-			string functionName,
-			byte[] argBytes,
-			BatchRecord[] records,
-			BatchAttr attr,
-			BatchStatus status
-		) : base(cluster, batch, batchPolicy, status, false)
-		{
-			this.keys = keys;
-			this.packageName = packageName;
-			this.functionName = functionName;
-			this.argBytes = argBytes;
-			this.records = records;
-			this.attr = attr;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
-		{
-			return attr.hasWrite;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetBatchUDF(batchPolicy, keys, batch, packageName, functionName, argBytes, attr);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool ParseRow()
-		{
-			SkipKey(fieldCount);
-
-			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
-				return true;
-			}
-
-			if (resultCode == ResultCode.UDF_BAD_RESPONSE)
-			{
-				Record r = ParseRecord();
-				string m = r.GetString("FAILURE");
-
-				if (m != null)
-				{
-					// Need to store record because failure bin contains an error message.
-					record.record = r;
-					record.resultCode = resultCode;
-					record.inDoubt = Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter);
-					status.SetRowError();
-					return true;
-				}
-			}
-
-			record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
-			status.SetRowError();
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
-		{
-			if (!inDoubt || !attr.hasWrite)
-			{
-				return;
-			}
-
-			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
-			{
-				BatchRecord record = records[index];
-
-				if (record.resultCode == ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE)
-				{
-					record.inDoubt = inDoubt;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal override BatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
-		{
-			return new BatchUDFCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, records, attr, status);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
-		{
-			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, attr.hasWrite, status);
-		}
-	}
-
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-	// Batch Base Command
-	//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-	public abstract class BatchCommand : MultiCommand
-	{
-		internal readonly BatchNode batch;
-		internal readonly BatchPolicy batchPolicy;
-		internal readonly BatchStatus status;
-		internal BatchExecutor parent;
-		internal uint sequenceAP;
-		internal uint sequenceSC;
-		internal bool splitRetry;
-
-		public BatchCommand
-		(
-			Cluster cluster,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
-			BatchStatus status,
-			bool isOperation
-		) : base(cluster, batchPolicy, batch.node, isOperation)
-		{
-			this.batch = batch;
-			this.batchPolicy = batchPolicy;
-			this.status = status;
-		}
-
-		public void Run(object obj)
-		{
-			try
-			{
-				Execute();
-			}
-			catch (AerospikeException ae)
-			{
-				// Set error/inDoubt for keys associated this batch command when
-				// the command was not retried and split. If a split retry occurred,
-				// those new subcommands have already set error/inDoubt on the affected
-				// subset of keys.
-				if (!splitRetry)
-				{
-					SetInDoubt(ae.InDoubt);
-				}
-				status.SetException(ae);
-			}
-			catch (Exception e)
-			{
-				if (!splitRetry)
-				{
-					SetInDoubt(true);
-				}
-				status.SetException(e);
-			}
-			finally
-			{
-				parent.OnComplete();
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return Latency.LatencyType.BATCH;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
-		{
-			if (!((batchPolicy.replica == Replica.SEQUENCE || batchPolicy.replica == Replica.PREFER_RACK) &&
-				  (parent == null || !parent.IsDone())))
-			{
-				// Perform regular retry to same node.
-				return true;
-			}
-			sequenceAP++;
-
-			if (!timeout || batchPolicy.readModeSC != ReadModeSC.LINEARIZE)
-			{
-				sequenceSC++;
-			}
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool RetryBatch
-		(
-			Cluster cluster,
-			int socketTimeout,
-			int totalTimeout,
-			DateTime deadline,
-			int iteration,
-			int commandSentCounter
-		)
-		{
-			// Retry requires keys for this node to be split among other nodes.
-			// This is both recursive and exponential.
-			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = GenerateBatchNodes();
-
-			if (batchNodes.Count == 1 && batchNodes[0].node == batch.node)
-			{
-				// Batch node is the same.  Go through normal retry.
-				return false;
-			}
-
-			splitRetry = true;
-
-			// Run batch requests sequentially in same thread.
-			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-			{
-				BatchCommand command = CreateCommand(batchNode);
-				command.parent = parent;
-				command.sequenceAP = sequenceAP;
-				command.sequenceSC = sequenceSC;
-				command.socketTimeout = socketTimeout;
-				command.totalTimeout = totalTimeout;
-				command.iteration = iteration;
-				command.commandSentCounter = commandSentCounter;
-				command.deadline = deadline;
-
-				try
-				{
-					cluster.AddRetry();
-					command.ExecuteCommand();
-				}
-				catch (AerospikeException ae)
-				{
-					if (!command.splitRetry)
-					{
-						command.SetInDoubt(ae.InDoubt);
-					}
-					status.SetException(ae);
-
-					if (!batchPolicy.respondAllKeys)
-					{
-						throw;
-					}
-				}
-				catch (Exception e)
-				{
-					if (!command.splitRetry)
-					{
-						command.SetInDoubt(true);
-					}
-					status.SetException(e);
-
-					if (!batchPolicy.respondAllKeys)
-					{
-						throw;
-					}
-				}
-			}
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal virtual void SetInDoubt(bool inDoubt)
-		{
-			// Do nothing by default. Batch writes will override this method.
-		}
-
-		protected internal abstract BatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode);
-		protected internal abstract List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes();
-	}
-}
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using System.Collections;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// ReadList
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class BatchReadListCommand : BatchCommand
+	{
+		private readonly List<BatchRead> records;
+
+		public BatchReadListCommand
+		(
+			Cluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			List<BatchRead> records,
+			BatchStatus status
+		) : base(cluster, batch, policy, status, true)
+		{
+			this.records = records;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			if (batch.node != null && batch.node.HasBatchAny)
+			{
+				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, records, batch);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, records, batch);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool ParseRow()
+		{
+			BatchRead record = records[batchIndex];
+
+			ParseFieldsRead(record.key);
+
+			if (resultCode == 0)
+			{
+				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				record.SetError(resultCode, false);
+				status.SetRowError();
+			}
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override BatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new BatchReadListCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, records, status);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, status);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// GetArray
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class BatchGetArrayCommand : BatchCommand
+	{
+		private readonly Key[] keys;
+		private readonly string[] binNames;
+		private readonly Operation[] ops;
+		private readonly Record[] records;
+		private readonly int readAttr;
+
+		public BatchGetArrayCommand
+		(
+			Cluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			string[] binNames,
+			Operation[] ops,
+			Record[] records,
+			int readAttr,
+			bool isOperation,
+			BatchStatus status
+		) : base(cluster, batch, policy, status, isOperation)
+		{
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.binNames = binNames;
+			this.ops = ops;
+			this.records = records;
+			this.readAttr = readAttr;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			if (batch.node != null && batch.node.HasBatchAny)
+			{
+				BatchAttr attr = new(policy, readAttr, ops);
+				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, binNames, ops, attr);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, keys, batch, binNames, ops, readAttr);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool ParseRow()
+		{
+			ParseFieldsRead(keys[batchIndex]);
+
+			if (resultCode == 0)
+			{
+				records[batchIndex] = ParseRecord();
+			}
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override BatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, binNames, ops, records, readAttr, isOperation, status);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, false, status);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// ExistsArray
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class BatchExistsArrayCommand : BatchCommand
+	{
+		private readonly Key[] keys;
+		private readonly bool[] existsArray;
+
+		public BatchExistsArrayCommand
+		(
+			Cluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			bool[] existsArray,
+			BatchStatus status
+		) : base(cluster, batch, policy, status, false)
+		{
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.existsArray = existsArray;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			if (batch.node != null && batch.node.HasBatchAny)
+			{
+				BatchAttr attr = new(policy, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA);
+				SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, null, attr);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				SetBatchRead(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, null, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool ParseRow()
+		{
+			ParseFieldsRead(keys[batchIndex]);
+			existsArray[batchIndex] = resultCode == 0;
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override BatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new BatchExistsArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, existsArray, status);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, false, status);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// OperateList
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class BatchOperateListCommand : BatchCommand
+	{
+		private readonly IList<BatchRecord> records;
+
+		public BatchOperateListCommand
+		(
+			Cluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			IList<BatchRecord> records,
+			BatchStatus status
+		) : base(cluster, batch, policy, status, true)
+		{
+			this.records = records;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
+		{
+			// This method is only called to set inDoubt on node level errors.
+			// SetError() will filter out reads when setting record level inDoubt.
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, (IList)records, batch);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool ParseRow()
+		{
+			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
+
+			ParseFields(record);
+
+			if (resultCode == 0)
+			{
+				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.UDF_BAD_RESPONSE)
+			{
+				Record r = ParseRecord();
+				string m = r.GetString("FAILURE");
+
+				if (m != null)
+				{
+					// Need to store record because failure bin contains an error message.
+					record.record = r;
+					record.resultCode = resultCode;
+					record.inDoubt = Command.BatchInDoubt(record.hasWrite, commandSentCounter);
+					status.SetRowError();
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+
+			record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(record.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
+			status.SetRowError();
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void InDoubt()
+		{
+			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
+			{
+				BatchRecord record = records[index];
+
+				if (record.resultCode == ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE)
+				{
+					record.inDoubt = record.hasWrite;
+
+					if (record.inDoubt && policy.Txn != null) {
+						policy.Txn.OnWriteInDoubt(record.key);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override BatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new BatchOperateListCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, records, status);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, (IList)records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, status);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// OperateArray
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class BatchOperateArrayCommand : BatchCommand
+	{
+		private readonly Key[] keys;
+		private readonly Operation[] ops;
+		private readonly BatchRecord[] records;
+		private readonly BatchAttr attr;
+
+		public BatchOperateArrayCommand
+		(
+			Cluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			Operation[] ops,
+			BatchRecord[] records,
+			BatchAttr attr,
+			BatchStatus status
+		) : base(cluster, batch, batchPolicy, status, ops != null)
+		{
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.ops = ops;
+			this.records = records;
+			this.attr = attr;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
+		{
+			return attr.hasWrite;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetBatchOperate(batchPolicy, keys, batch, null, ops, attr);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool ParseRow()
+		{
+			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
+
+			ParseFields(record);
+
+			if (resultCode == 0)
+			{
+				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
+				status.SetRowError();
+			}
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void InDoubt()
+		{
+			if (!attr.hasWrite)
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
+			{
+				BatchRecord record = records[index];
+
+				if (record.resultCode == ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE)
+				{
+					record.inDoubt = true;
+
+					if (policy.Txn != null) {
+						policy.Txn.OnWriteInDoubt(record.key);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override BatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new BatchOperateArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, ops, records, attr, status);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, attr.hasWrite, status);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// UDF
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class BatchUDFCommand : BatchCommand
+	{
+		private readonly Key[] keys;
+		private readonly string packageName;
+		private readonly string functionName;
+		private readonly byte[] argBytes;
+		private readonly BatchRecord[] records;
+		private readonly BatchAttr attr;
+
+		public BatchUDFCommand
+		(
+			Cluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			string packageName,
+			string functionName,
+			byte[] argBytes,
+			BatchRecord[] records,
+			BatchAttr attr,
+			BatchStatus status
+		) : base(cluster, batch, batchPolicy, status, false)
+		{
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.packageName = packageName;
+			this.functionName = functionName;
+			this.argBytes = argBytes;
+			this.records = records;
+			this.attr = attr;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
+		{
+			return attr.hasWrite;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetBatchUDF(batchPolicy, keys, batch, packageName, functionName, argBytes, attr);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool ParseRow()
+		{
+			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
+
+			ParseFields(record);
+
+			if (resultCode == 0)
+			{
+				record.SetRecord(ParseRecord());
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.UDF_BAD_RESPONSE)
+			{
+				Record r = ParseRecord();
+				string m = r.GetString("FAILURE");
+
+				if (m != null)
+				{
+					// Need to store record because failure bin contains an error message.
+					record.record = r;
+					record.resultCode = resultCode;
+					record.inDoubt = Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter);
+					status.SetRowError();
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+
+			record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
+			status.SetRowError();
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void InDoubt()
+		{
+			if (!attr.hasWrite)
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			foreach (int index in batch.offsets)
+			{
+				BatchRecord record = records[index];
+
+				if (record.resultCode == ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE)
+				{
+					record.inDoubt = true;
+
+					if (policy.Txn != null) {
+						policy.Txn.OnWriteInDoubt(record.key);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override BatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new BatchUDFCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, records, attr, status);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, attr.hasWrite, status);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// MRT
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public sealed class BatchTxnVerify : BatchCommand
+	{
+		private readonly Key[] keys;
+		private readonly long?[] versions;
+		private readonly BatchRecord[] records;
+
+		public BatchTxnVerify(
+			Cluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			long?[] versions,
+			BatchRecord[] records,
+			BatchStatus status
+		) : base(cluster, batch, batchPolicy, status, false)
+		{
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.versions = versions;
+			this.records = records;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetBatchTxnVerify(batchPolicy, keys, versions, batch);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool ParseRow()
+		{
+			SkipKey(fieldCount);
+
+			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
+			{
+				record.resultCode = resultCode;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				record.SetError(resultCode, false);
+				status.SetRowError();
+			}
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override BatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new BatchTxnVerify(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, versions, records, status);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, false, status);
+		}
+	}
+
+	public sealed class BatchTxnRoll : BatchCommand
+	{
+		private readonly Txn txn;
+		private readonly Key[] keys;
+		private readonly BatchRecord[] records;
+		private readonly BatchAttr attr;
+
+		public  BatchTxnRoll(
+			Cluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			Txn txn,
+			Key[] keys,
+			BatchRecord[] records,
+			BatchAttr attr,
+			BatchStatus status
+		) : base(cluster, batch, batchPolicy, status, false)
+		{
+			this.txn = txn;
+			this.keys = keys;
+			this.records = records;
+			this.attr = attr;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
+		{
+			return attr.hasWrite;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetBatchTxnRoll(batchPolicy, txn, keys, batch, attr);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool ParseRow()
+		{
+			SkipKey(fieldCount);
+
+			BatchRecord record = records[batchIndex];
+
+			if (resultCode == 0)
+			{
+				record.resultCode = resultCode;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				record.SetError(resultCode, Command.BatchInDoubt(attr.hasWrite, commandSentCounter));
+				status.SetRowError();
+			}
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void InDoubt()
+		{
+			if (!attr.hasWrite)
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			foreach (int index in batch.offsets) 
+			{
+				BatchRecord record = records[index];
+
+				if (record.resultCode == ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE)
+				{
+					record.inDoubt = true;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal override BatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode)
+		{
+			return new BatchTxnRoll(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, txn, keys, records, attr, status);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes()
+		{
+			return BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, records, sequenceAP, sequenceSC, batch, attr.hasWrite, status);
+		}
+	}
+
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+	// Batch Base Command
+	//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+	public abstract class BatchCommand : MultiCommand
+	{
+		internal readonly BatchNode batch;
+		internal readonly BatchPolicy batchPolicy;
+		internal readonly BatchStatus status;
+		internal BatchExecutor parent;
+		internal uint sequenceAP;
+		internal uint sequenceSC;
+		internal bool splitRetry;
+
+		public BatchCommand
+		(
+			Cluster cluster,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchPolicy batchPolicy,
+			BatchStatus status,
+			bool isOperation
+		) : base(cluster, batchPolicy, batch.node, isOperation)
+		{
+			this.batch = batch;
+			this.batchPolicy = batchPolicy;
+			this.status = status;
+		}
+
+		public void Run(object obj)
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				Execute();
+			}
+			catch (AerospikeException ae)
+			{
+				if (ae.InDoubt)
+				{
+					SetInDoubt();
+				}
+				status.SetException(ae);
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				SetInDoubt();
+				status.SetException(e);
+			}
+			finally
+			{
+				parent.OnComplete();
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected void ParseFieldsRead(Key key)
+		{
+			if (policy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				long? version = ParseVersion(fieldCount);
+				policy.Txn.OnRead(key, version);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				SkipKey(fieldCount);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected void ParseFields(BatchRecord br)
+		{
+			if (policy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				long? version = ParseVersion(fieldCount);
+
+				if (br.hasWrite)
+				{
+					policy.Txn.OnWrite(br.key, version, resultCode);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					policy.Txn.OnRead(br.key, version);
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				SkipKey(fieldCount);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
+		{
+			return Latency.LatencyType.BATCH;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
+		{
+			if (!((batchPolicy.replica == Replica.SEQUENCE || batchPolicy.replica == Replica.PREFER_RACK) &&
+				  (parent == null || !parent.IsDone())))
+			{
+				// Perform regular retry to same node.
+				return true;
+			}
+			sequenceAP++;
+
+			if (!timeout || batchPolicy.readModeSC != ReadModeSC.LINEARIZE)
+			{
+				sequenceSC++;
+			}
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool RetryBatch
+		(
+			Cluster cluster,
+			int socketTimeout,
+			int totalTimeout,
+			DateTime deadline,
+			int iteration,
+			int commandSentCounter
+		)
+		{
+			// Retry requires keys for this node to be split among other nodes.
+			// This is both recursive and exponential.
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = GenerateBatchNodes();
+
+			if (batchNodes.Count == 1 && batchNodes[0].node == batch.node)
+			{
+				// Batch node is the same.  Go through normal retry.
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			splitRetry = true;
+
+			// Run batch requests sequentially in same thread.
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				BatchCommand command = CreateCommand(batchNode);
+				command.parent = parent;
+				command.sequenceAP = sequenceAP;
+				command.sequenceSC = sequenceSC;
+				command.socketTimeout = socketTimeout;
+				command.totalTimeout = totalTimeout;
+				command.iteration = iteration;
+				command.commandSentCounter = commandSentCounter;
+				command.deadline = deadline;
+
+				try
+				{
+					cluster.AddRetry();
+					command.ExecuteCommand();
+				}
+				catch (AerospikeException ae)
+				{
+					if (ae.InDoubt)
+					{
+						SetInDoubt();
+					}
+					status.SetException(ae);
+
+					if (!batchPolicy.respondAllKeys)
+					{
+						throw;
+					}
+				}
+				catch (Exception e)
+				{
+					if (!command.splitRetry)
+					{
+						SetInDoubt();
+					}
+					status.SetException(e);
+
+					if (!batchPolicy.respondAllKeys)
+					{
+						throw;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal void SetInDoubt()
+		{
+			// Set error/inDoubt for keys associated this batch command when
+			// the command was not retried and split. If a split retry occurred,
+			// those new subcommands have already set inDoubt on the affected
+			// subset of keys.
+			if (!splitRetry)
+			{
+				InDoubt();
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal virtual void InDoubt()
+		{
+			// Do nothing by default. Batch writes will override this method.
+		}
+
+		protected internal abstract BatchCommand CreateCommand(BatchNode batchNode);
+		protected internal abstract List<BatchNode> GenerateBatchNodes();
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/BatchAttr.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/BatchAttr.cs
index 65c13b13..b58f03bb 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/BatchAttr.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/BatchAttr.cs
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ public sealed class BatchAttr
 		public int readAttr;
 		public int writeAttr;
 		public int infoAttr;
+		public int txnAttr;
 		public int expiration;
+		public int opSize;
 		public short generation;
 		public bool hasWrite;
 		public bool sendKey;
@@ -394,5 +396,30 @@ public void SetDelete(BatchDeletePolicy dp)
 				infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_COMMIT_MASTER;
 			}
 		}
+
+		public void SetOpSize(Operation[] ops)
+		{
+			int dataOffset = 0;
+
+			foreach (Operation op in ops)
+			{
+				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(op.binName) + Command.OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE;
+				dataOffset += op.value.EstimateSize();
+			}
+			opSize = dataOffset;
+		}
+
+		public void SetTxn(int attr)
+		{
+			filterExp = null;
+			readAttr = 0;
+			writeAttr = Command.INFO2_WRITE | Command.INFO2_RESPOND_ALL_OPS | Command.INFO2_DURABLE_DELETE;
+			infoAttr = 0;
+			txnAttr = attr;
+			expiration = 0;
+			generation = 0;
+			hasWrite = true;
+			sendKey = false;
+		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/BatchExecutor.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/BatchExecutor.cs
index 7fc82ac4..cd508292 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/BatchExecutor.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/BatchExecutor.cs
@@ -1,167 +1,170 @@
-/* 
- * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
- *
- * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
- * license agreements.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
- * the License.
- */
-using System;
-using System.Threading;
-
-namespace Aerospike.Client
-{
-	public sealed class BatchExecutor
-	{
-		public static void Execute(Cluster cluster, BatchPolicy policy, BatchCommand[] commands, BatchStatus status)
-		{
-			cluster.AddTran();
-
-			if (policy.maxConcurrentThreads == 1 || commands.Length <= 1)
-			{
-				// Run batch requests sequentially in same thread.
-				foreach (BatchCommand command in commands)
-				{
-					try
-					{
-						command.Execute();
-					}
-					catch (AerospikeException ae)
-					{
-						// Set error/inDoubt for keys associated this batch command when
-						// the command was not retried and split. If a split retry occurred,
-						// those new subcommands have already set error/inDoubt on the affected
-						// subset of keys.
-						if (!command.splitRetry)
-						{
-							command.SetInDoubt(ae.InDoubt);
-						}
-						status.SetException(ae);
-
-						if (!policy.respondAllKeys)
-						{
-							throw;
-						}
-					}
-					catch (Exception e)
-					{
-						if (!command.splitRetry)
-						{
-							command.SetInDoubt(true);
-						}
-						status.SetException(e);
-
-						if (!policy.respondAllKeys)
-						{
-							throw;
-						}
-					}
-				}
-				status.CheckException();
-				return;
-			}
-
-			// Run batch requests in parallel in separate threads.
-			BatchExecutor executor = new BatchExecutor(policy, commands, status);
-			executor.Execute();
-		}
-
-		public static void Execute(BatchCommand command, BatchStatus status)
-		{
-			command.Execute();
-			status.CheckException();
-		}
-
-		private readonly BatchStatus status;
-		private readonly int maxConcurrentThreads;
-		private readonly BatchCommand[] commands;
-		private int completedCount;
-		private volatile int done;
-		private bool completed;
-
-		private BatchExecutor(BatchPolicy policy, BatchCommand[] commands, BatchStatus status)
-		{
-			this.commands = commands;
-			this.status = status;
-			this.maxConcurrentThreads = (policy.maxConcurrentThreads == 0 || policy.maxConcurrentThreads >= commands.Length) ? commands.Length : policy.maxConcurrentThreads;
-		}
-
-		internal void Execute()
-		{
-			// Start threads.
-			for (int i = 0; i < maxConcurrentThreads; i++)
-			{
-				BatchCommand cmd = commands[i];
-				cmd.parent = this;
-				ThreadPool.UnsafeQueueUserWorkItem(cmd.Run, null);
-			}
-
-			// Multiple threads write to the batch record array/list, so one might think that memory barriers
-			// are needed. That should not be necessary because of this synchronized waitTillComplete().
-			WaitTillComplete();
-
-			// Throw an exception if an error occurred.
-			status.CheckException();
-		}
-
-		internal void OnComplete()
-		{
-			int finished = Interlocked.Increment(ref completedCount);
-
-			if (finished < commands.Length)
-			{
-				int nextThread = finished + maxConcurrentThreads - 1;
-
-				// Determine if a new thread needs to be started.
-				if (nextThread < commands.Length && done == 0)
-				{
-					// Start new thread.
-					BatchCommand cmd = commands[nextThread];
-					cmd.parent = this;
-					ThreadPool.UnsafeQueueUserWorkItem(cmd.Run, null);
-				}
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				// Ensure executor succeeds or fails exactly once.
-				if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref done, 1) == 0)
-				{
-					NotifyCompleted();
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		internal bool IsDone()
-		{
-			return done != 0;
-		}
-
-		private void WaitTillComplete()
-		{
-			lock (this)
-			{
-				while (!completed)
-				{
-					Monitor.Wait(this);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		private void NotifyCompleted()
-		{
-			lock (this)
-			{
-				completed = true;
-				Monitor.Pulse(this);
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using System;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class BatchExecutor
+	{
+		public static void Execute(Cluster cluster, BatchPolicy policy, BatchCommand[] commands, BatchStatus status)
+		{
+			cluster.AddCommandCount();
+
+			if (policy.maxConcurrentThreads == 1 || commands.Length <= 1)
+			{
+				// Run batch requests sequentially in same thread.
+				foreach (BatchCommand command in commands)
+				{
+					try
+					{
+						command.Execute();
+					}
+					catch (AerospikeException ae)
+					{
+						// Set error/inDoubt for keys associated this batch command when
+						// the command was not retried and split. If a split retry occurred,
+						// those new subcommands have already set error/inDoubt on the affected
+						// subset of keys.
+						if (!command.splitRetry)
+						{
+							if (ae.InDoubt)
+							{
+								command.SetInDoubt();
+							}
+						}
+						status.SetException(ae);
+
+						if (!policy.respondAllKeys)
+						{
+							throw;
+						}
+					}
+					catch (Exception e)
+					{
+						if (!command.splitRetry)
+						{
+							command.SetInDoubt();
+						}
+						status.SetException(e);
+
+						if (!policy.respondAllKeys)
+						{
+							throw;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				status.CheckException();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Run batch requests in parallel in separate threads.
+			BatchExecutor executor = new BatchExecutor(policy, commands, status);
+			executor.Execute();
+		}
+
+		public static void Execute(BatchCommand command, BatchStatus status)
+		{
+			command.Execute();
+			status.CheckException();
+		}
+
+		private readonly BatchStatus status;
+		private readonly int maxConcurrentThreads;
+		private readonly BatchCommand[] commands;
+		private int completedCount;
+		private volatile int done;
+		private bool completed;
+
+		private BatchExecutor(BatchPolicy policy, BatchCommand[] commands, BatchStatus status)
+		{
+			this.commands = commands;
+			this.status = status;
+			this.maxConcurrentThreads = (policy.maxConcurrentThreads == 0 || policy.maxConcurrentThreads >= commands.Length) ? commands.Length : policy.maxConcurrentThreads;
+		}
+
+		internal void Execute()
+		{
+			// Start threads.
+			for (int i = 0; i < maxConcurrentThreads; i++)
+			{
+				BatchCommand cmd = commands[i];
+				cmd.parent = this;
+				ThreadPool.UnsafeQueueUserWorkItem(cmd.Run, null);
+			}
+
+			// Multiple threads write to the batch record array/list, so one might think that memory barriers
+			// are needed. That should not be necessary because of this synchronized waitTillComplete().
+			WaitTillComplete();
+
+			// Throw an exception if an error occurred.
+			status.CheckException();
+		}
+
+		internal void OnComplete()
+		{
+			int finished = Interlocked.Increment(ref completedCount);
+
+			if (finished < commands.Length)
+			{
+				int nextThread = finished + maxConcurrentThreads - 1;
+
+				// Determine if a new thread needs to be started.
+				if (nextThread < commands.Length && done == 0)
+				{
+					// Start new thread.
+					BatchCommand cmd = commands[nextThread];
+					cmd.parent = this;
+					ThreadPool.UnsafeQueueUserWorkItem(cmd.Run, null);
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// Ensure executor succeeds or fails exactly once.
+				if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref done, 1) == 0)
+				{
+					NotifyCompleted();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		internal bool IsDone()
+		{
+			return done != 0;
+		}
+
+		private void WaitTillComplete()
+		{
+			lock (this)
+			{
+				while (!completed)
+				{
+					Monitor.Wait(this);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void NotifyCompleted()
+		{
+			lock (this)
+			{
+				completed = true;
+				Monitor.Pulse(this);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/ByteUtil.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/ByteUtil.cs
index fbb2a2e5..456fcd1d 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/ByteUtil.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/ByteUtil.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2012-2023 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ public static Value BytesToKeyValue(ParticleType type, byte[] buf, int offset, i
                 case ParticleType.BLOB:
                     byte[] dest = new byte[len];
                     Array.Copy(buf, offset, dest, 0, len);
-                    return Value.Get(dest);
+					return Value.Get(dest);
 
                 default:
                     return null;
@@ -424,15 +424,52 @@ public static long LittleBytesToLong(byte[] buf, int offset)
                );
         }
 
-        //-------------------------------------------------------
-        // 32 bit number conversions.
-        //-------------------------------------------------------
-
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Convert int to big endian 32 bits.
-        /// The bit pattern will be the same regardless of sign.
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Transaction version conversions.
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Convert long to a 7 byte record version for MRT.
+		/// </summary>
+		public static void LongToVersionBytes(long v, byte[] buf, int offset)
+		{
+			buf[offset++] = (byte)(v >> 0);
+			buf[offset++] = (byte)(v >> 8);
+			buf[offset++] = (byte)(v >> 16);
+			buf[offset++] = (byte)(v >> 24);
+			buf[offset++] = (byte)(v >> 32);
+			buf[offset++] = (byte)(v >> 40);
+			buf[offset] = (byte)(v >> 48);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+        /// Convert 7 byte record version to a long for MRT.
         /// </summary>
-        public static int IntToBytes(uint v, byte[] buf, int offset)
+        /// <param name="buf"></param>
+        /// <param name="offset"></param>
+        /// <returns></returns>
+		public static long VersionBytesToLong(byte[] buf, int offset)
+		{
+			return (
+				((long)(buf[offset] & 0xFF) << 0) |
+				((long)(buf[offset + 1] & 0xFF) << 8) |
+				((long)(buf[offset + 2] & 0xFF) << 16) |
+				((long)(buf[offset + 3] & 0xFF) << 24) |
+				((long)(buf[offset + 4] & 0xFF) << 32) |
+				((long)(buf[offset + 5] & 0xFF) << 40) |
+				((long)(buf[offset + 6] & 0xFF) << 48)
+			);
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// 32 bit number conversions.
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Convert int to big endian 32 bits.
+		/// The bit pattern will be the same regardless of sign.
+		/// </summary>
+		public static int IntToBytes(uint v, byte[] buf, int offset)
         {
             // Benchmarks show that custom conversion is faster than System.BitConverter.GetBytes().
             // Assume little endian machine and reverse/convert in one pass.
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/Command.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/Command.cs
index 0f0fe138..7c38a9e8 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/Command.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/Command.cs
@@ -1,2362 +1,3311 @@
-/* 
- * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
- *
- * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
- * license agreements.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
- * the License.
- */
-using System.Collections;
-
-#pragma warning disable 0618
-
-namespace Aerospike.Client
-{
-	public abstract class Command
-	{
-		public static readonly int INFO1_READ              = (1 << 0); // Contains a read operation.
-		public static readonly int INFO1_GET_ALL           = (1 << 1); // Get all bins.
-		public static readonly int INFO1_SHORT_QUERY       = (1 << 2); // Short query.
-		public static readonly int INFO1_BATCH             = (1 << 3); // Batch read or exists.
-		public static readonly int INFO1_NOBINDATA         = (1 << 5); // Do not read the bins.
-		public static readonly int INFO1_READ_MODE_AP_ALL  = (1 << 6); // Involve all replicas in read operation.
-		public static readonly int INFO1_COMPRESS_RESPONSE = (1 << 7); // Tell server to compress it's response.
-
-		public static readonly int INFO2_WRITE             = (1 << 0); // Create or update record
-		public static readonly int INFO2_DELETE            = (1 << 1); // Fling a record into the belly of Moloch.
-		public static readonly int INFO2_GENERATION        = (1 << 2); // Update if expected generation == old.
-		public static readonly int INFO2_GENERATION_GT     = (1 << 3); // Update if new generation >= old, good for restore.
-		public static readonly int INFO2_DURABLE_DELETE    = (1 << 4); // Transaction resulting in record deletion leaves tombstone (Enterprise only).
-		public static readonly int INFO2_CREATE_ONLY       = (1 << 5); // Create only. Fail if record already exists.
-		public static readonly int INFO2_RELAX_AP_LONG_QUERY = (1 << 6); // Treat as long query, but relac read consistency
-		public static readonly int INFO2_RESPOND_ALL_OPS   = (1 << 7); // Return a result for every operation.
-
-		public static readonly int INFO3_LAST              = (1 << 0); // This is the last of a multi-part message.
-		public static readonly int INFO3_COMMIT_MASTER     = (1 << 1); // Commit to master only before declaring success.
-		// On send: Do not return partition done in scan/query.
-		// On receive: Specified partition is done in scan/query.
-		public static readonly int INFO3_PARTITION_DONE    = (1 << 2);
-		public static readonly int INFO3_UPDATE_ONLY       = (1 << 3); // Update only. Merge bins.
-		public static readonly int INFO3_CREATE_OR_REPLACE = (1 << 4); // Create or completely replace record.
-		public static readonly int INFO3_REPLACE_ONLY      = (1 << 5); // Completely replace existing record only.
-		public static readonly int INFO3_SC_READ_TYPE      = (1 << 6); // See below.
-		public static readonly int INFO3_SC_READ_RELAX     = (1 << 7); // See below.
-
-		// Interpret SC_READ bits in info3.
-		//
-		// RELAX   TYPE
-		//	              strict
-		//	              ------
-		//   0      0     sequential (default)
-		//   0      1     linearize
-		//
-		//	              relaxed
-		//	              -------
-		//   1      0     allow replica
-		//   1      1     allow unavailable
-
-		public const byte STATE_READ_AUTH_HEADER = 1;
-		public const byte STATE_READ_HEADER = 2;
-		public const byte STATE_READ_DETAIL = 3;
-		public const byte STATE_COMPLETE = 4;
-
-		public const byte BATCH_MSG_READ = 0x0;
-		public const byte BATCH_MSG_REPEAT = 0x1;
-		public const byte BATCH_MSG_INFO = 0x2;
-		public const byte BATCH_MSG_GEN = 0x4;
-		public const byte BATCH_MSG_TTL = 0x8;
-
-		public const int MSG_TOTAL_HEADER_SIZE = 30;
-		public const int FIELD_HEADER_SIZE = 5;
-		public const int OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE = 8;
-		public const int MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE = 22;
-		public const int DIGEST_SIZE = 20;
-		public const int COMPRESS_THRESHOLD = 128;
-		public const ulong CL_MSG_VERSION = 2UL;
-		public const ulong AS_MSG_TYPE = 3UL;
-		public const ulong MSG_TYPE_COMPRESSED = 4UL;
-
-		internal byte[] dataBuffer;
-		internal int dataOffset;
-		internal readonly int maxRetries;
-		internal readonly int serverTimeout;
-		internal int socketTimeout;
-		internal int totalTimeout;
-
-		public Command(int socketTimeout, int totalTimeout, int maxRetries)
-		{
-			this.maxRetries = maxRetries;
-			this.totalTimeout = totalTimeout;
-
-			if (totalTimeout > 0)
-			{
-				this.socketTimeout = (socketTimeout < totalTimeout && socketTimeout > 0) ? socketTimeout : totalTimeout;
-				this.serverTimeout = this.socketTimeout;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				this.socketTimeout = socketTimeout;
-				this.serverTimeout = 0;
-			}
-		}
-
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-		// Writes
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-
-		public virtual void SetWrite(WritePolicy policy, Operation.Type operation, Key key, Bin[] bins)
-		{
-			Begin();
-			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			foreach (Bin bin in bins)
-			{
-				EstimateOperationSize(bin);
-			}
-			
-			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
-
-			WriteHeaderWrite(policy, Command.INFO2_WRITE, fieldCount, bins.Length);
-			WriteKey(policy, key);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				policy.filterExp.Write(this);
-			}
-
-			foreach (Bin bin in bins)
-			{
-				WriteOperation(bin, operation);
-			}
-			End(compress);
-		}
-
-		public virtual void SetDelete(WritePolicy policy, Key key)
-		{
-			Begin();
-			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-			SizeBuffer();
-			WriteHeaderWrite(policy, Command.INFO2_WRITE | Command.INFO2_DELETE, fieldCount, 0);
-			WriteKey(policy, key);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				policy.filterExp.Write(this);
-			}
-			End();
-		}
-
-		public virtual void SetTouch(WritePolicy policy, Key key)
-		{
-			Begin();
-			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-			EstimateOperationSize();
-			SizeBuffer();
-			WriteHeaderWrite(policy, Command.INFO2_WRITE, fieldCount, 1);
-			WriteKey(policy, key);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				policy.filterExp.Write(this);
-			}
-			WriteOperation(Operation.Type.TOUCH);
-			End();
-		}
-
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-		// Reads
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-
-		public virtual void SetExists(Policy policy, Key key)
-		{
-			Begin();
-			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-			SizeBuffer();
-			WriteHeaderReadHeader(policy, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA, fieldCount, 0);
-			WriteKey(policy, key);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				policy.filterExp.Write(this);
-			}
-			End();
-		}
-
-		public virtual void SetRead(Policy policy, Key key)
-		{
-			Begin();
-			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-			SizeBuffer();
-			WriteHeaderRead(policy, serverTimeout, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_GET_ALL, 0, 0, fieldCount, 0);
-			WriteKey(policy, key);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				policy.filterExp.Write(this);
-			}
-			End();
-		}
-
-		public virtual void SetRead(Policy policy, Key key, string[] binNames)
-		{
-			if (binNames != null)
-			{
-				Begin();
-				int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key);
-
-				if (policy.filterExp != null)
-				{
-					dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
-					fieldCount++;
-				}
-
-				foreach (string binName in binNames)
-				{
-					EstimateOperationSize(binName);
-				}
-				SizeBuffer();
-				WriteHeaderRead(policy, serverTimeout, Command.INFO1_READ, 0, 0, fieldCount, binNames.Length);
-				WriteKey(policy, key);
-
-				if (policy.filterExp != null)
-				{
-					policy.filterExp.Write(this);
-				}
-
-				foreach (string binName in binNames)
-				{
-					WriteOperation(binName, Operation.Type.READ);
-				}
-				End();
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				SetRead(policy, key);
-			}
-		}
-
-		public virtual void SetReadHeader(Policy policy, Key key)
-		{
-			Begin();
-			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-			EstimateOperationSize((string)null);
-			SizeBuffer();
-			WriteHeaderReadHeader(policy, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA, fieldCount, 0);
-			WriteKey(policy, key);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				policy.filterExp.Write(this);
-			}
-			End();
-		}
-
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-		// Operate
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-
-		public virtual void SetOperate(WritePolicy policy, Key key, OperateArgs args)
-		{
-			Begin();
-			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-			dataOffset += args.size;
-
-			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
-
-			WriteHeaderReadWrite(policy, args, fieldCount);
-			WriteKey(policy, key);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				policy.filterExp.Write(this);
-			}
-
-			foreach (Operation operation in args.operations)
-			{
-				WriteOperation(operation);
-			}
-			End(compress);
-		}
-
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-		// UDF
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-
-		public virtual void SetUdf(WritePolicy policy, Key key, string packageName, string functionName, Value[] args)
-		{
-			Begin();
-			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-			byte[] argBytes = Packer.Pack(args);
-			fieldCount += EstimateUdfSize(packageName, functionName, argBytes);
-
-			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
-
-			WriteHeaderWrite(policy, Command.INFO2_WRITE, fieldCount, 0);
-			WriteKey(policy, key);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				policy.filterExp.Write(this);
-			}
-			WriteField(packageName, FieldType.UDF_PACKAGE_NAME);
-			WriteField(functionName, FieldType.UDF_FUNCTION);
-			WriteField(argBytes, FieldType.UDF_ARGLIST);
-			End(compress);
-		}
-
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-		// Batch Read Only
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-
-		public virtual void SetBatchRead(BatchPolicy policy, List<BatchRead> records, BatchNode batch)
-		{
-			// Estimate full row size
-			int[] offsets = batch.offsets;
-			int max = batch.offsetsSize;
-			BatchRead prev = null;
-
-			Begin();
-			int fieldCount = 1;
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 5;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
-			{
-				BatchRead record = records[offsets[i]];
-				Key key = record.key;
-				string[] binNames = record.binNames;
-				Operation[] ops = record.ops;
-
-				dataOffset += key.digest.Length + 4;
-
-				// Avoid relatively expensive full equality checks for performance reasons.
-				// Use reference equality only in hope that common namespaces/bin names are set from 
-				// fixed variables.  It's fine if equality not determined correctly because it just 
-				// results in more space used. The batch will still be correct.
-				if (prev != null && prev.key.ns == key.ns && prev.key.setName == key.setName &&
-					prev.binNames == binNames && prev.readAllBins == record.readAllBins &&
-					prev.ops == ops)
-				{
-					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
-					dataOffset++;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					// Estimate full header, namespace and bin names.
-					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 6;
-					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-
-					if (binNames != null)
-					{
-						foreach (string binName in binNames)
-						{
-							EstimateOperationSize(binName);
-						}
-					}
-					else if (ops != null)
-					{
-						foreach (Operation op in ops)
-						{
-							EstimateReadOperationSize(op);
-						}
-					}
-					prev = record;
-				}
-			}
-
-			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
-
-			int readAttr = Command.INFO1_READ;
-
-			if (policy.readModeAP == ReadModeAP.ALL)
-			{
-				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_READ_MODE_AP_ALL;
-			}
-
-			WriteHeaderRead(policy, totalTimeout, readAttr | Command.INFO1_BATCH, 0, 0, fieldCount, 0);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				policy.filterExp.Write(this);
-			}
-
-			int fieldSizeOffset = dataOffset;
-			WriteFieldHeader(0, FieldType.BATCH_INDEX); // Need to update size at end
-
-			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)max, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += 4;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (policy.allowInline) ? (byte)1 : (byte)0;
-			prev = null;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
-			{
-				int index = offsets[i];
-				ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)index, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-				dataOffset += 4;
-
-				BatchRead record = records[index];
-				Key key = record.key;
-				string[] binNames = record.binNames;
-				Operation[] ops = record.ops;
-				byte[] digest = key.digest;
-				Array.Copy(digest, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, digest.Length);
-				dataOffset += digest.Length;
-
-				// Avoid relatively expensive full equality checks for performance reasons.
-				// Use reference equality only in hope that common namespaces/bin names are set from 
-				// fixed variables.  It's fine if equality not determined correctly because it just 
-				// results in more space used. The batch will still be correct.		
-				if (prev != null && prev.key.ns == key.ns && prev.key.setName == key.setName &&
-					prev.binNames == binNames && prev.readAllBins == record.readAllBins &&
-					prev.ops == ops)
-				{
-					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
-					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = BATCH_MSG_REPEAT;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					// Write full header, namespace and bin names.
-					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = BATCH_MSG_READ;
-
-					if (binNames != null && binNames.Length != 0)
-					{
-						dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)readAttr;
-						WriteBatchFields(key, 0, binNames.Length);
-
-						foreach (string binName in binNames)
-						{
-							WriteOperation(binName, Operation.Type.READ);
-						}
-					}
-					else if (ops != null)
-					{
-						int offset = dataOffset++;
-						WriteBatchFields(key, 0, ops.Length);
-						dataBuffer[offset] = (byte)WriteReadOnlyOperations(ops, readAttr);
-					}
-					else
-					{
-						dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)(readAttr | (record.readAllBins ? Command.INFO1_GET_ALL : Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA));
-						WriteBatchFields(key, 0, 0);
-					}
-					prev = record;
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Write real field size.
-			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)(dataOffset - MSG_TOTAL_HEADER_SIZE - 4), dataBuffer, fieldSizeOffset);
-			End(compress);
-		}
-
-		public virtual void SetBatchRead
-		(
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			string[] binNames,
-			Operation[] ops,
-			int readAttr
-		)
-		{
-			// Estimate full row size
-			int[] offsets = batch.offsets;
-			int max = batch.offsetsSize;
-
-			// Estimate dataBuffer size.
-			Begin();
-			int fieldCount = 1;
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-			dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 5;
-
-			Key prev = null;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
-			{
-				Key key = keys[offsets[i]];
-
-				dataOffset += key.digest.Length + 4;
-
-				// Try reference equality in hope that namespace for all keys is set from a fixed variable.
-				if (prev != null && prev.ns == key.ns && prev.setName == key.setName) 
-				{	
-					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
-					dataOffset++;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					// Estimate full header, namespace and bin names.
-					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 6;
-					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-
-					if (binNames != null)
-					{
-						foreach (String binName in binNames)
-						{
-							EstimateOperationSize(binName);
-						}
-					}
-					else if (ops != null)
-					{
-						foreach (Operation op in ops)
-						{
-							EstimateReadOperationSize(op);
-						}
-					}
-					prev = key;
-				}
-			}
-
-			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
-
-			if (policy.readModeAP == ReadModeAP.ALL)
-			{
-				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_READ_MODE_AP_ALL;
-			}
-
-			WriteHeaderRead(policy, totalTimeout, readAttr | Command.INFO1_BATCH, 0, 0, fieldCount, 0);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				policy.filterExp.Write(this);
-			}
-
-			int fieldSizeOffset = dataOffset;
-			WriteFieldHeader(0, FieldType.BATCH_INDEX); // Need to update size at end
-
-			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)max, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += 4;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (policy.allowInline) ? (byte)1 : (byte)0;
-			prev = null;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
-			{
-				int index = offsets[i];
-				ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)index, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-				dataOffset += 4;
-
-				Key key = keys[index];
-				byte[] digest = key.digest;
-				Array.Copy(digest, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, digest.Length);
-				dataOffset += digest.Length;
-
-				// Try reference equality in hope that namespace for all keys is set from a fixed variable.
-				if (prev != null && prev.ns == key.ns && prev.setName == key.setName)
-				{
-					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
-					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = BATCH_MSG_REPEAT;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					// Write full header, namespace and bin names.
-					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = BATCH_MSG_READ;
-
-					if (binNames != null && binNames.Length != 0)
-					{
-						dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)readAttr;
-						WriteBatchFields(key, 0, binNames.Length);
-
-						foreach (String binName in binNames)
-						{
-							WriteOperation(binName, Operation.Type.READ);
-						}
-					}
-					else if (ops != null)
-					{
-						int offset = dataOffset++;
-						WriteBatchFields(key, 0, ops.Length);
-						dataBuffer[offset] = (byte)WriteReadOnlyOperations(ops, readAttr);
-					}
-					else
-					{
-						dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)readAttr;
-						WriteBatchFields(key, 0, 0);
-					}
-					prev = key;
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Write real field size.
-			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)(dataOffset - MSG_TOTAL_HEADER_SIZE - 4), dataBuffer, fieldSizeOffset);
-			End(compress);
-		}
-
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-		// Batch Read/Write Operations
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-
-		public virtual void SetBatchOperate(BatchPolicy policy, IList records, BatchNode batch)
-		{
-			// Estimate full row size
-			int[] offsets = batch.offsets;
-			int max = batch.offsetsSize;
-			BatchRecord prev = null;
-
-			Begin();
-			int fieldCount = 1;
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 5;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
-			{
-				BatchRecord record = (BatchRecord)records[offsets[i]];
-				Key key = record.key;
-
-				dataOffset += key.digest.Length + 4;
-
-				// Avoid relatively expensive full equality checks for performance reasons.
-				// Use reference equality only in hope that common namespaces/bin names are set from
-				// fixed variables.  It's fine if equality not determined correctly because it just
-				// results in more space used. The batch will still be correct.
-				if (!policy.sendKey && prev != null && prev.key.ns == key.ns && 
-					prev.key.setName == key.setName && record.Equals(prev))
-				{
-					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
-					dataOffset++;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					// Estimate full header, namespace and bin names.
-					dataOffset += 12;
-					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-					dataOffset += record.Size(policy);
-					prev = record;
-				}
-			}
-
-			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
-
-			WriteBatchHeader(policy, totalTimeout, fieldCount);
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				policy.filterExp.Write(this);
-			}
-
-			int fieldSizeOffset = dataOffset;
-			WriteFieldHeader(0, FieldType.BATCH_INDEX); // Need to update size at end
-
-			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)max, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += 4;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = GetBatchFlags(policy);
-
-			BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr();
-			prev = null;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
-			{
-				int index = offsets[i];
-				ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)index, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-				dataOffset += 4;
-
-				BatchRecord record = (BatchRecord)records[index];
-				Key key = record.key;
-				byte[] digest = key.digest;
-				Array.Copy(digest, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, digest.Length);
-				dataOffset += digest.Length;
-
-				// Avoid relatively expensive full equality checks for performance reasons.
-				// Use reference equality only in hope that common namespaces/bin names are set from
-				// fixed variables.  It's fine if equality not determined correctly because it just
-				// results in more space used. The batch will still be correct.
-				if (!policy.sendKey && prev != null && prev.key.ns == key.ns &&
-					prev.key.setName == key.setName && record.Equals(prev))
-				{
-					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
-					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = BATCH_MSG_REPEAT;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					// Write full message.
-					switch (record.GetBatchType())
-					{
-						case BatchRecord.Type.BATCH_READ:
-						{
-							BatchRead br = (BatchRead)record;
-
-							if (br.policy != null)
-							{
-								attr.SetRead(br.policy);
-							}
-							else
-							{
-								attr.SetRead(policy);
-							}
-
-							if (br.binNames != null)
-							{
-								WriteBatchBinNames(key, br.binNames, attr, attr.filterExp);
-							}
-							else if (br.ops != null)
-							{
-								attr.AdjustRead(br.ops);
-								WriteBatchOperations(key, br.ops, attr, attr.filterExp);
-							}
-							else
-							{
-								attr.AdjustRead(br.readAllBins);
-								WriteBatchRead(key, attr, attr.filterExp, 0);
-							}
-							break;
-						}
-
-						case BatchRecord.Type.BATCH_WRITE:
-						{
-							BatchWrite bw = (BatchWrite)record;
-
-							if (bw.policy != null)
-							{
-								attr.SetWrite(bw.policy);
-							}
-							else
-							{
-								attr.SetWrite(policy);
-							}
-							attr.AdjustWrite(bw.ops);
-							WriteBatchOperations(key, bw.ops, attr, attr.filterExp);
-							break;
-						}
-
-						case BatchRecord.Type.BATCH_UDF:
-						{
-							BatchUDF bu = (BatchUDF)record;
-
-							if (bu.policy != null)
-							{
-								attr.SetUDF(bu.policy);
-							}
-							else
-							{
-								attr.SetUDF(policy);
-							}
-							WriteBatchWrite(key, attr, attr.filterExp, 3, 0);
-							WriteField(bu.packageName, FieldType.UDF_PACKAGE_NAME);
-							WriteField(bu.functionName, FieldType.UDF_FUNCTION);
-							WriteField(bu.argBytes, FieldType.UDF_ARGLIST);
-							break;
-						}
-
-						case BatchRecord.Type.BATCH_DELETE:
-						{
-							BatchDelete bd = (BatchDelete)record;
-
-							if (bd.policy != null)
-							{
-								attr.SetDelete(bd.policy);
-							}
-							else
-							{
-								attr.SetDelete(policy);
-							}
-							WriteBatchWrite(key, attr, attr.filterExp, 0, 0);
-							break;
-						}
-					}
-					prev = record;
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Write real field size.
-			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)(dataOffset - MSG_TOTAL_HEADER_SIZE - 4), dataBuffer, fieldSizeOffset);
-			End(compress);
-		}
-
-		public virtual void SetBatchOperate
-		(
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			string[] binNames,
-			Operation[] ops,
-			BatchAttr attr
-		)
-		{
-			// Estimate full row size
-			int[] offsets = batch.offsets;
-			int max = batch.offsetsSize;
-
-			// Estimate dataBuffer size.
-			Begin();
-			int fieldCount = 1;
-			Expression exp = GetBatchExpression(policy, attr);
-
-			if (exp != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += exp.Size();
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 5;
-
-			Key prev = null;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
-			{
-				Key key = keys[offsets[i]];
-
-				dataOffset += key.digest.Length + 4;
-
-				// Try reference equality in hope that namespace/set for all keys is set from fixed variables.
-				if (!attr.sendKey && prev != null && prev.ns == key.ns && 
-					prev.setName == key.setName)
-				{
-					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
-					dataOffset++;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					// Write full header and namespace/set/bin names.
-					dataOffset += 12; // header(4) + ttl(4) + fielCount(2) + opCount(2) = 12
-					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-
-					if (attr.sendKey)
-					{
-						dataOffset += key.userKey.EstimateSize() + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 1;
-					}
-
-					if (binNames != null)
-					{
-						foreach (string binName in binNames)
-						{
-							EstimateOperationSize(binName);
-						}
-					}
-					else if (ops != null)
-					{
-						foreach (Operation op in ops)
-						{
-							if (Operation.IsWrite(op.type))
-							{
-								if (!attr.hasWrite)
-								{
-									throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "Write operations not allowed in batch read");
-								}
-								dataOffset += 2; // Extra write specific fields.
-							}
-							EstimateOperationSize(op);
-						}
-					}
-					else if ((attr.writeAttr & Command.INFO2_DELETE) != 0)
-					{
-						dataOffset += 2; // Extra write specific fields.
-					}
-					prev = key;
-				}
-			}
-
-			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
-
-			WriteBatchHeader(policy, totalTimeout, fieldCount);
-
-			if (exp != null)
-			{
-				exp.Write(this);
-			}
-
-			int fieldSizeOffset = dataOffset;
-			WriteFieldHeader(0, FieldType.BATCH_INDEX); // Need to update size at end
-
-			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)max, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += 4;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = GetBatchFlags(policy);
-			prev = null;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
-			{
-				int index = offsets[i];
-				ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)index, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-				dataOffset += 4;
-
-				Key key = keys[index];
-				byte[] digest = key.digest;
-				Array.Copy(digest, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, digest.Length);
-				dataOffset += digest.Length;
-
-				// Try reference equality in hope that namespace/set for all keys is set from fixed variables.
-				if (!attr.sendKey && prev != null && prev.ns == key.ns && 
-					prev.setName == key.setName)
-				{
-					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
-					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = BATCH_MSG_REPEAT;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					// Write full message.
-					if (binNames != null)
-					{
-						WriteBatchBinNames(key, binNames, attr, null);
-					}
-					else if (ops != null)
-					{
-						WriteBatchOperations(key, ops, attr, null);
-					}
-					else if ((attr.writeAttr & Command.INFO2_DELETE) != 0)
-					{
-						WriteBatchWrite(key, attr, null, 0, 0);
-					}
-					else
-					{
-						WriteBatchRead(key, attr, null, 0);
-					}
-					prev = key;
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Write real field size.
-			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)(dataOffset - MSG_TOTAL_HEADER_SIZE - 4), dataBuffer, fieldSizeOffset);
-			End(compress);
-		}
-
-		public virtual void SetBatchUDF
-		(
-			BatchPolicy policy,
-			Key[] keys,
-			BatchNode batch,
-			string packageName,
-			string functionName,
-			byte[] argBytes,
-			BatchAttr attr
-		)
-		{
-			// Estimate full row size
-			int[] offsets = batch.offsets;
-			int max = batch.offsetsSize;
-
-			// Estimate dataBuffer size.
-			Begin();
-			int fieldCount = 1;
-			Expression exp = GetBatchExpression(policy, attr);
-
-			if (exp != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += exp.Size();
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 5;
-
-			Key prev = null;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
-			{
-				Key key = keys[offsets[i]];
-
-				dataOffset += key.digest.Length + 4;
-
-				// Try reference equality in hope that namespace/set for all keys is set from fixed variables.
-				if (!attr.sendKey && prev != null && prev.ns == key.ns && 
-					prev.setName == key.setName)
-				{
-					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
-					dataOffset++;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					// Write full header and namespace/set/bin names.
-					dataOffset += 12; // header(4) + ttl(4) + fielCount(2) + opCount(2) = 12
-					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-
-					if (attr.sendKey)
-					{
-						dataOffset += key.userKey.EstimateSize() + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 1;
-					}
-					dataOffset += 2; // gen(2) = 6
-					EstimateUdfSize(packageName, functionName, argBytes);
-					prev = key;
-				}
-			}
-
-			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
-
-			WriteBatchHeader(policy, totalTimeout, fieldCount);
-
-			if (exp != null)
-			{
-				exp.Write(this);
-			}
-
-			int fieldSizeOffset = dataOffset;
-			WriteFieldHeader(0, FieldType.BATCH_INDEX); // Need to update size at end
-
-			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)max, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += 4;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = GetBatchFlags(policy);
-			prev = null;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
-			{
-				int index = offsets[i];
-				ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)index, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-				dataOffset += 4;
-
-				Key key = keys[index];
-				byte[] digest = key.digest;
-				Array.Copy(digest, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, digest.Length);
-				dataOffset += digest.Length;
-
-				// Try reference equality in hope that namespace/set for all keys is set from fixed variables.
-				if (!attr.sendKey && prev != null && prev.ns == key.ns && 
-					prev.setName == key.setName)
-				{
-					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
-					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = BATCH_MSG_REPEAT;
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					// Write full message.
-					WriteBatchWrite(key, attr, null, 3, 0);
-					WriteField(packageName, FieldType.UDF_PACKAGE_NAME);
-					WriteField(functionName, FieldType.UDF_FUNCTION);
-					WriteField(argBytes, FieldType.UDF_ARGLIST);
-					prev = key;
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Write real field size.
-			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)(dataOffset - MSG_TOTAL_HEADER_SIZE - 4), dataBuffer, fieldSizeOffset);
-			End(compress);
-		}
-
-		private static Expression GetBatchExpression(Policy policy, BatchAttr attr)
-		{
-			return (attr.filterExp != null) ? attr.filterExp : policy.filterExp;
-		}
-
-		private static byte GetBatchFlags(BatchPolicy policy)
-		{
-			byte flags = 0x8;
-
-			if (policy.allowInline)
-			{
-				flags |= 0x1;
-			}
-
-			if (policy.allowInlineSSD)
-			{
-				flags |= 0x2;
-			}
-
-			if (policy.respondAllKeys)
-			{
-				flags |= 0x4;
-			}
-			return flags;
-		}
-
-		private void WriteBatchHeader(Policy policy, int timeout, int fieldCount)
-		{
-			int readAttr = Command.INFO1_BATCH;
-
-			if (policy.compress)
-			{
-				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_COMPRESS_RESPONSE;
-			}
-
-			// Write all header data except total size which must be written last.
-			dataOffset += 8;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE; // Message header length.
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)readAttr;
-
-			Array.Clear(dataBuffer, dataOffset, 12);
-			dataOffset += 12;
-
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)timeout, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes(0, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-		}
-
-		private void WriteBatchBinNames(Key key, string[] binNames, BatchAttr attr, Expression filter)
-		{
-			WriteBatchRead(key, attr, filter, binNames.Length);
-
-			foreach (string binName in binNames)
-			{
-				WriteOperation(binName, Operation.Type.READ);
-			}
-		}
-
-		private void WriteBatchOperations(Key key, Operation[] ops, BatchAttr attr, Expression filter)
-		{
-			if (attr.hasWrite)
-			{
-				WriteBatchWrite(key, attr, filter, 0, ops.Length);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				WriteBatchRead(key, attr, filter, ops.Length);
-			}
-
-			foreach (Operation op in ops)
-			{
-				WriteOperation(op);
-			}
-		}
-
-		private void WriteBatchRead(Key key, BatchAttr attr, Expression filter, int opCount)
-		{
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)(BATCH_MSG_INFO | BATCH_MSG_TTL);
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.readAttr;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.writeAttr;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.infoAttr;
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)attr.expiration, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			WriteBatchFields(key, filter, 0, opCount);
-		}
-
-		private void WriteBatchWrite(Key key, BatchAttr attr, Expression filter, int fieldCount, int opCount)
-		{
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)(BATCH_MSG_INFO | BATCH_MSG_GEN | BATCH_MSG_TTL);
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.readAttr;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.writeAttr;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.infoAttr;
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)attr.generation, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)attr.expiration, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-
-			if (attr.sendKey)
-			{
-				fieldCount++;
-				WriteBatchFields(key, filter, fieldCount, opCount);
-				WriteField(key.userKey, FieldType.KEY);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				WriteBatchFields(key, filter, fieldCount, opCount);
-			}
-		}
-
-		private void WriteBatchFields(Key key, Expression filter, int fieldCount, int opCount)
-		{
-			if (filter != null)
-			{
-				fieldCount++;
-				WriteBatchFields(key, fieldCount, opCount);
-				filter.Write(this);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				WriteBatchFields(key, fieldCount, opCount);
-			}
-		}
-
-		private void WriteBatchFields(Key key, int fieldCount, int opCount)
-		{
-			fieldCount += 2;
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)opCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			WriteField(key.ns, FieldType.NAMESPACE);
-			WriteField(key.setName, FieldType.TABLE);
-		}
-
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-		// Scan
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-
-		public virtual void SetScan
-		(
-			Cluster cluster,
-			ScanPolicy policy,
-			string ns,
-			string setName,
-			string[] binNames,
-			ulong taskId,
-			NodePartitions nodePartitions
-		)
-		{
-			Begin();
-			int fieldCount = 0;
-			int partsFullSize = nodePartitions.partsFull.Count * 2;
-			int partsPartialSize = nodePartitions.partsPartial.Count * 20;
-			long maxRecords = nodePartitions.recordMax;
-
-			if (ns != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			if (setName != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			if (partsFullSize > 0)
-			{
-				dataOffset += partsFullSize + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			if (partsPartialSize > 0)
-			{
-				dataOffset += partsPartialSize + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			if (maxRecords > 0)
-			{
-				dataOffset += 8 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			if (policy.recordsPerSecond > 0)
-			{
-				dataOffset += 4 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			// Estimate scan timeout size.
-			dataOffset += 4 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-			fieldCount++;
-
-			// Estimate taskId size.
-			dataOffset += 8 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-			fieldCount++;
-
-			if (binNames != null)
-			{
-				foreach (string binName in binNames)
-				{
-					EstimateOperationSize(binName);
-				}
-			}
-
-			SizeBuffer();
-			int readAttr = Command.INFO1_READ;
-
-			if (!policy.includeBinData)
-			{
-				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA;
-			}
-
-			// Clusters that support partition queries also support not sending partition done messages.
-			int operationCount = (binNames == null) ? 0 : binNames.Length;
-			WriteHeaderRead(policy, totalTimeout, readAttr, 0, Command.INFO3_PARTITION_DONE, fieldCount, operationCount);
-
-			if (ns != null)
-			{
-				WriteField(ns, FieldType.NAMESPACE);
-			}
-
-			if (setName != null)
-			{
-				WriteField(setName, FieldType.TABLE);
-			}
-
-			if (partsFullSize > 0)
-			{
-				WriteFieldHeader(partsFullSize, FieldType.PID_ARRAY);
-
-				foreach (PartitionStatus part in nodePartitions.partsFull)
-				{
-					ByteUtil.ShortToLittleBytes((ushort)part.id, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-					dataOffset += 2;
-				}
-			}
-
-			if (partsPartialSize > 0)
-			{
-				WriteFieldHeader(partsPartialSize, FieldType.DIGEST_ARRAY);
-
-				foreach (PartitionStatus part in nodePartitions.partsPartial) {
-					Array.Copy(part.digest, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, 20); 
-					dataOffset += 20;
-				}
-			}
-
-			if (maxRecords > 0)
-			{
-				WriteField((ulong)maxRecords, FieldType.MAX_RECORDS);
-			}
-
-			if (policy.recordsPerSecond > 0)
-			{
-				WriteField(policy.recordsPerSecond, FieldType.RECORDS_PER_SECOND);
-			}
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				policy.filterExp.Write(this);
-			}
-
-			// Write scan timeout
-			WriteField(policy.socketTimeout, FieldType.SOCKET_TIMEOUT);
-
-			// Write taskId field
-			WriteField(taskId, FieldType.TRAN_ID);
-
-			if (binNames != null)
-			{
-				foreach (string binName in binNames)
-				{
-					WriteOperation(binName, Operation.Type.READ);
-				}
-			}
-			End();
-		}
-
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-		// Query
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-
-		protected virtual internal void SetQuery
-		(
-			Cluster cluster,
-			Policy policy,
-			Statement statement,
-			ulong taskId,
-			bool background,
-			NodePartitions nodePartitions
-		)
-		{
-			byte[] functionArgBuffer = null;
-			int fieldCount = 0;
-			int filterSize = 0;
-			int binNameSize = 0;
-			bool isNew = cluster.hasPartitionQuery;
-
-			Begin();
-
-			if (statement.ns != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(statement.ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			if (statement.setName != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(statement.setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			// Estimate recordsPerSecond field size. This field is used in new servers and not used
-			// (but harmless to add) in old servers.
-			if (statement.recordsPerSecond > 0)
-			{
-				dataOffset += 4 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			// Estimate socket timeout field size. This field is used in new servers and not used
-			// (but harmless to add) in old servers.
-			dataOffset += 4 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-			fieldCount++;
-
-			// Estimate taskId field.
-			dataOffset += 8 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-			fieldCount++;
-
-			byte[] packedCtx = null;
-
-			if (statement.filter != null)
-			{
-				IndexCollectionType type = statement.filter.CollectionType;
-
-				// Estimate INDEX_TYPE field.
-				if (type != IndexCollectionType.DEFAULT)
-				{
-					dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 1;
-					fieldCount++;
-				}
-
-				// Estimate INDEX_RANGE field.
-				dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				filterSize++; // num filters
-				filterSize += statement.filter.EstimateSize();
-				dataOffset += filterSize;
-				fieldCount++;
-
-				if (!isNew)
-				{
-					// Query bin names are specified as a field (Scan bin names are specified later as operations)
-					// in old servers. Estimate size for selected bin names.
-					if (statement.binNames != null && statement.binNames.Length > 0)
-					{
-						dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-						binNameSize++; // num bin names
-
-						foreach (string binName in statement.binNames)
-						{
-							binNameSize += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(binName) + 1;
-						}
-						dataOffset += binNameSize;
-						fieldCount++;
-					}
-				}
-
-				packedCtx = statement.filter.PackedCtx;
-
-				if (packedCtx != null)
-				{
-					dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + packedCtx.Length;
-					fieldCount++;
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Estimate aggregation/background function size.
-			if (statement.functionName != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 1; // udf type
-				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(statement.packageName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(statement.functionName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-
-				if (statement.functionArgs.Length > 0)
-				{
-					functionArgBuffer = Packer.Pack(statement.functionArgs);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					functionArgBuffer = new byte[0];
-				}
-				dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + functionArgBuffer.Length;
-				fieldCount += 4;
-			}
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			long maxRecords = 0;
-			int partsFullSize = 0;
-			int partsPartialDigestSize = 0;
-			int partsPartialBValSize = 0;
-
-			if (nodePartitions != null)
-			{
-				partsFullSize = nodePartitions.partsFull.Count * 2;
-				partsPartialDigestSize = nodePartitions.partsPartial.Count * 20;
-
-				if (statement.filter != null)
-				{
-					partsPartialBValSize = nodePartitions.partsPartial.Count * 8;
-				}
-				maxRecords = nodePartitions.recordMax;
-			}
-
-			if (partsFullSize > 0)
-			{
-				dataOffset += partsFullSize + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			if (partsPartialDigestSize > 0)
-			{
-				dataOffset += partsPartialDigestSize + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			if (partsPartialBValSize > 0)
-			{
-				dataOffset += partsPartialBValSize + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			// Estimate max records field size. This field is used in new servers and not used
-			// (but harmless to add) in old servers.
-			if (maxRecords > 0)
-			{
-				dataOffset += 8 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			// Operations (used in query execute) and bin names (used in scan/query) are mutually exclusive.
-			int operationCount = 0;
-
-			if (statement.operations != null)
-			{
-				// Estimate size for background operations.
-				if (!background)
-				{
-					throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "Operations not allowed in foreground query");
-				}
-
-				foreach (Operation operation in statement.operations)
-				{
-					if (!Operation.IsWrite(operation.type))
-					{
-						throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "Read operations not allowed in background query");
-					}
-					EstimateOperationSize(operation);
-				}
-				operationCount = statement.operations.Length;
-			}
-			else if (statement.binNames != null && (isNew || statement.filter == null))
-			{
-				// Estimate size for selected bin names (query bin names already handled for old servers).
-				foreach (string binName in statement.binNames)
-				{
-					EstimateOperationSize(binName);
-				}
-				operationCount = statement.binNames.Length;
-			}
-
-			SizeBuffer();
-
-			if (background)
-			{
-				WriteHeaderWrite((WritePolicy)policy, Command.INFO2_WRITE, fieldCount, operationCount);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				QueryPolicy qp = (QueryPolicy)policy;
-				int readAttr = Command.INFO1_READ;
-				int writeAttr = 0;
-
-				if (!qp.includeBinData)
-				{
-					readAttr |= Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA;
-				}
-
-				if (qp.shortQuery || qp.expectedDuration == QueryDuration.SHORT)
-				{
-					readAttr |= Command.INFO1_SHORT_QUERY;
-				}
-				else if (qp.expectedDuration == QueryDuration.LONG_RELAX_AP)
-				{
-					writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_RELAX_AP_LONG_QUERY;
-				}
-
-				int infoAttr = (isNew || statement.filter == null) ? Command.INFO3_PARTITION_DONE : 0;
-
-				WriteHeaderRead(policy, totalTimeout, readAttr, writeAttr, infoAttr, fieldCount, operationCount);
-			}
-
-			if (statement.ns != null)
-			{
-				WriteField(statement.ns, FieldType.NAMESPACE);
-			}
-
-			if (statement.setName != null)
-			{
-				WriteField(statement.setName, FieldType.TABLE);
-			}
-
-			// Write records per second.
-			if (statement.recordsPerSecond > 0)
-			{
-				WriteField(statement.recordsPerSecond, FieldType.RECORDS_PER_SECOND);
-			}
-
-			// Write socket idle timeout.
-			WriteField(policy.socketTimeout, FieldType.SOCKET_TIMEOUT);
-
-			// Write taskId field
-			WriteField(taskId, FieldType.TRAN_ID);
-
-			if (statement.filter != null)
-			{
-				IndexCollectionType type = statement.filter.CollectionType;
-
-				if (type != IndexCollectionType.DEFAULT)
-				{
-					WriteFieldHeader(1, FieldType.INDEX_TYPE);
-					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)type;
-				}
-
-				WriteFieldHeader(filterSize, FieldType.INDEX_RANGE);
-				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)1;
-				dataOffset = statement.filter.Write(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-
-				if (!isNew)
-				{
-					// Query bin names are specified as a field (Scan bin names are specified later as operations)
-					// in old servers.
-					if (statement.binNames != null && statement.binNames.Length > 0)
-					{
-						WriteFieldHeader(binNameSize, FieldType.QUERY_BINLIST);
-						dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)statement.binNames.Length;
-
-						foreach (string binName in statement.binNames)
-						{
-							int len = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(binName, dataBuffer, dataOffset + 1);
-							dataBuffer[dataOffset] = (byte)len;
-							dataOffset += len + 1;
-						}
-					}
-				}
-
-				if (packedCtx != null)
-				{
-					WriteFieldHeader(packedCtx.Length, FieldType.INDEX_CONTEXT);
-					Array.Copy(packedCtx, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, packedCtx.Length);
-					dataOffset += packedCtx.Length;
-				}
-			}
-
-			if (statement.functionName != null)
-			{
-				WriteFieldHeader(1, FieldType.UDF_OP);
-				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = background ? (byte)2 : (byte)1;
-				WriteField(statement.packageName, FieldType.UDF_PACKAGE_NAME);
-				WriteField(statement.functionName, FieldType.UDF_FUNCTION);
-				WriteField(functionArgBuffer, FieldType.UDF_ARGLIST);
-			}
-
-			if (policy.filterExp != null)
-			{
-				policy.filterExp.Write(this);
-			}
-
-			if (partsFullSize > 0)
-			{
-				WriteFieldHeader(partsFullSize, FieldType.PID_ARRAY);
-
-				foreach (PartitionStatus part in nodePartitions.partsFull)
-				{
-					ByteUtil.ShortToLittleBytes((ushort)part.id, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-					dataOffset += 2;
-				}
-			}
-
-			if (partsPartialDigestSize > 0)
-			{
-				WriteFieldHeader(partsPartialDigestSize, FieldType.DIGEST_ARRAY);
-
-				foreach (PartitionStatus part in nodePartitions.partsPartial)
-				{
-					Array.Copy(part.digest, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, 20);
-					dataOffset += 20;
-				}
-			}
-
-			if (partsPartialBValSize > 0)
-			{
-				WriteFieldHeader(partsPartialBValSize, FieldType.BVAL_ARRAY);
-
-				foreach (PartitionStatus part in nodePartitions.partsPartial)
-				{
-					ByteUtil.LongToLittleBytes(part.bval, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-					dataOffset += 8;
-				}
-			}
-
-			if (maxRecords > 0)
-			{
-				WriteField((ulong)maxRecords, FieldType.MAX_RECORDS);
-			}
-
-			if (statement.operations != null)
-			{
-				foreach (Operation operation in statement.operations)
-				{
-					WriteOperation(operation);
-				}
-			}
-			else if (statement.binNames != null && (isNew || statement.filter == null))
-			{
-				foreach (string binName in statement.binNames)
-				{
-					WriteOperation(binName, Operation.Type.READ);
-				}
-			}
-			End();
-		}
-
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-		// Command Sizing
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-
-		private int EstimateKeySize(Policy policy, Key key)
-		{
-			int fieldCount = 0;
-
-			if (key.ns != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			if (key.setName != null)
-			{
-				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-
-			dataOffset += key.digest.Length + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-			fieldCount++;
-
-			if (policy.sendKey)
-			{
-				dataOffset += key.userKey.EstimateSize() + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 1;
-				fieldCount++;
-			}
-			return fieldCount;
-		}
-
-		private int EstimateUdfSize(string packageName, string functionName, byte[] bytes)
-		{
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(packageName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(functionName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-			dataOffset += bytes.Length + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-			return 3;
-		}
-
-		private void EstimateOperationSize(Bin bin)
-		{
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(bin.name) + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE;
-			dataOffset += bin.value.EstimateSize();
-		}
-
-		private void EstimateOperationSize(Operation operation)
-		{
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(operation.binName) + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE;
-			dataOffset += operation.value.EstimateSize();
-		}
-
-		private void EstimateReadOperationSize(Operation operation)
-		{
-			if (Operation.IsWrite(operation.type))
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "Write operations not allowed in batch read");
-			}
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(operation.binName) + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE;
-			dataOffset += operation.value.EstimateSize();
-		}
-
-		private void EstimateOperationSize(string binName)
-		{
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(binName) + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE;
-		}
-
-		private void EstimateOperationSize()
-		{
-			dataOffset += OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE;
-		}
-
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-		// Command Writes
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Header write for write commands.
-		/// </summary>
-		private void WriteHeaderWrite(WritePolicy policy, int writeAttr, int fieldCount, int operationCount)
-		{
-			// Set flags.
-			int generation = 0;
-			int infoAttr = 0;
-
-			switch (policy.recordExistsAction)
-			{
-			case RecordExistsAction.UPDATE:
-				break;
-			case RecordExistsAction.UPDATE_ONLY:
-				infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_UPDATE_ONLY;
-				break;
-			case RecordExistsAction.REPLACE:
-				infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_CREATE_OR_REPLACE;
-				break;
-			case RecordExistsAction.REPLACE_ONLY:
-				infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_REPLACE_ONLY;
-				break;
-			case RecordExistsAction.CREATE_ONLY:
-				writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_CREATE_ONLY;
-				break;
-			}
-
-			switch (policy.generationPolicy)
-			{
-			case GenerationPolicy.NONE:
-				break;
-			case GenerationPolicy.EXPECT_GEN_EQUAL:
-				generation = policy.generation;
-				writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_GENERATION;
-				break;
-			case GenerationPolicy.EXPECT_GEN_GT:
-				generation = policy.generation;
-				writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_GENERATION_GT;
-				break;
-			}
-
-			if (policy.commitLevel == CommitLevel.COMMIT_MASTER)
-			{
-				infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_COMMIT_MASTER;
-			}
-
-			if (policy.durableDelete)
-			{
-				writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_DURABLE_DELETE;
-			}
-
-			dataOffset += 8;
-
-			// Write all header data except total size which must be written last. 
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE; // Message header length.
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)0;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)writeAttr;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)infoAttr;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0; // unused
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0; // clear the result code
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)generation, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)policy.expiration, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)serverTimeout, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)operationCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Header write for operate command.
-		/// </summary>
-		private void WriteHeaderReadWrite
-		(
-			WritePolicy policy,
-			OperateArgs args,
-			int fieldCount
-		)
-		{
-			// Set flags.
-			int generation = 0;
-			int ttl = args.hasWrite ? policy.expiration : policy.readTouchTtlPercent;
-			int readAttr = args.readAttr;
-			int writeAttr = args.writeAttr;
-			int infoAttr = 0;
-			int operationCount = args.operations.Length;
-
-			switch (policy.recordExistsAction)
-			{
-				case RecordExistsAction.UPDATE:
-					break;
-				case RecordExistsAction.UPDATE_ONLY:
-					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_UPDATE_ONLY;
-					break;
-				case RecordExistsAction.REPLACE:
-					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_CREATE_OR_REPLACE;
-					break;
-				case RecordExistsAction.REPLACE_ONLY:
-					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_REPLACE_ONLY;
-					break;
-				case RecordExistsAction.CREATE_ONLY:
-					writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_CREATE_ONLY;
-					break;
-			}
-
-			switch (policy.generationPolicy)
-			{
-				case GenerationPolicy.NONE:
-					break;
-				case GenerationPolicy.EXPECT_GEN_EQUAL:
-					generation = policy.generation;
-					writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_GENERATION;
-					break;
-				case GenerationPolicy.EXPECT_GEN_GT:
-					generation = policy.generation;
-					writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_GENERATION_GT;
-					break;
-			}
-
-			if (policy.commitLevel == CommitLevel.COMMIT_MASTER)
-			{
-				infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_COMMIT_MASTER;
-			}
-
-			if (policy.durableDelete)
-			{
-				writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_DURABLE_DELETE;
-			}
-
-			switch (policy.readModeSC)
-			{
-				case ReadModeSC.SESSION:
-					break;
-				case ReadModeSC.LINEARIZE:
-					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_TYPE;
-					break;
-				case ReadModeSC.ALLOW_REPLICA:
-					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_RELAX;
-					break;
-				case ReadModeSC.ALLOW_UNAVAILABLE:
-					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_TYPE | Command.INFO3_SC_READ_RELAX;
-					break;
-			}
-
-			if (policy.readModeAP == ReadModeAP.ALL)
-			{
-				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_READ_MODE_AP_ALL;
-			}
-
-			if (policy.compress)
-			{
-				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_COMPRESS_RESPONSE;
-			}
-
-			dataOffset += 8;
-
-			// Write all header data except total size which must be written last. 
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE; // Message header length.
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)readAttr;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)writeAttr;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)infoAttr;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0; // unused
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0; // clear the result code
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)generation, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)ttl, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)serverTimeout, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)operationCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Header write for read commands.
-		/// </summary>
-		private void WriteHeaderRead
-		(
-			Policy policy,
-			int timeout,
-			int readAttr,
-			int writeAttr,
-			int infoAttr,
-			int fieldCount,
-			int operationCount
-		)
-		{
-			switch (policy.readModeSC)
-			{
-				case ReadModeSC.SESSION:
-					break;
-				case ReadModeSC.LINEARIZE:
-					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_TYPE;
-					break;
-				case ReadModeSC.ALLOW_REPLICA:
-					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_RELAX;
-					break;
-				case ReadModeSC.ALLOW_UNAVAILABLE:
-					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_TYPE | Command.INFO3_SC_READ_RELAX;
-					break;
-			}
-
-			if (policy.readModeAP == ReadModeAP.ALL)
-			{
-				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_READ_MODE_AP_ALL;
-			}
-
-			if (policy.compress)
-			{
-				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_COMPRESS_RESPONSE;
-			}
-
-			dataOffset += 8;
-
-			// Write all header data except total size which must be written last. 
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE; // Message header length.
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)readAttr;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)writeAttr;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)infoAttr;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
-			{
-				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0;
-			}
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)policy.readTouchTtlPercent, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)timeout, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)operationCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Header write for read header commands.
-		/// </summary>
-		private void WriteHeaderReadHeader(Policy policy, int readAttr, int fieldCount, int operationCount)
-		{
-			int infoAttr = 0;
-
-			switch (policy.readModeSC)
-			{
-				case ReadModeSC.SESSION:
-					break;
-				case ReadModeSC.LINEARIZE:
-					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_TYPE;
-					break;
-				case ReadModeSC.ALLOW_REPLICA:
-					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_RELAX;
-					break;
-				case ReadModeSC.ALLOW_UNAVAILABLE:
-					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_TYPE | Command.INFO3_SC_READ_RELAX;
-					break;
-			}
-
-			if (policy.readModeAP == ReadModeAP.ALL)
-			{
-				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_READ_MODE_AP_ALL;
-			}
-
-			dataOffset += 8;
-
-			// Write all header data except total size which must be written last. 
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE; // Message header length.
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)readAttr;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)0;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)infoAttr;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
-			{
-				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0;
-			}
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)policy.readTouchTtlPercent, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)serverTimeout, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)operationCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-		}
-
-		private void WriteKey(Policy policy, Key key)
-		{
-			// Write key into dataBuffer.
-			if (key.ns != null)
-			{
-				WriteField(key.ns, FieldType.NAMESPACE);
-			}
-
-			if (key.setName != null)
-			{
-				WriteField(key.setName, FieldType.TABLE);
-			}
-
-			WriteField(key.digest, FieldType.DIGEST_RIPE);
-
-			if (policy.sendKey)
-			{
-				WriteField(key.userKey, FieldType.KEY);
-			}
-		}
-
-		private int WriteReadOnlyOperations(Operation[] ops, int readAttr)
-		{
-			bool readBin = false;
-			bool readHeader = false;
-
-			foreach (Operation op in ops)
-			{
-				switch (op.type)
-				{
-					case Operation.Type.READ:
-						// Read all bins if no bin is specified.
-						if (op.binName == null)
-						{
-							readAttr |= Command.INFO1_GET_ALL;
-						}
-						readBin = true;
-						break;
-
-					case Operation.Type.READ_HEADER:
-						readHeader = true;
-						break;
-
-					default:
-						break;
-				}
-				WriteOperation(op);
-			}
-
-			if (readHeader && !readBin)
-			{
-				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA;
-			}
-			return readAttr;
-		}
-
-		private void WriteOperation(Bin bin, Operation.Type operationType)
-		{
-			int nameLength = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(bin.name, dataBuffer, dataOffset + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE);
-			int valueLength = bin.value.Write(dataBuffer, dataOffset + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE + nameLength);
-
-			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)(nameLength + valueLength + 4), dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += 4;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = Operation.GetProtocolType(operationType);
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte) bin.value.Type;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte) 0;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte) nameLength;
-			dataOffset += nameLength + valueLength;
-		}
-
-		private void WriteOperation(Operation operation)
-		{
-			int nameLength = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(operation.binName, dataBuffer, dataOffset + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE);
-			int valueLength = operation.value.Write(dataBuffer, dataOffset + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE + nameLength);
-
-			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)(nameLength + valueLength + 4), dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += 4;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = Operation.GetProtocolType(operation.type);
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte) operation.value.Type;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte) 0;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte) nameLength;
-			dataOffset += nameLength + valueLength;
-		}
-
-		private void WriteOperation(string name, Operation.Type operationType)
-		{
-			int nameLength = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(name, dataBuffer, dataOffset + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE);
-
-			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)(nameLength + 4), dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += 4;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = Operation.GetProtocolType(operationType);
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte) 0;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte) 0;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte) nameLength;
-			dataOffset += nameLength;
-		}
-
-		private void WriteOperation(Operation.Type operationType)
-		{
-			ByteUtil.IntToBytes(4, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += 4;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = Operation.GetProtocolType(operationType);
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0;
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0;
-		}
-
-		private void WriteField(Value value, int type)
-		{
-			int offset = dataOffset + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
-			dataBuffer[offset++] = (byte)value.Type;
-			int len = value.Write(dataBuffer, offset) + 1;
-			WriteFieldHeader(len, type);
-			dataOffset += len;
-		}
-
-		private void WriteField(string str, int type)
-		{
-			int len = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(str, dataBuffer, dataOffset + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE);
-			WriteFieldHeader(len, type);
-			dataOffset += len;
-		}
-
-		private void WriteField(byte[] bytes, int type)
-		{
-			Array.Copy(bytes, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE, bytes.Length);
-			WriteFieldHeader(bytes.Length, type);
-			dataOffset += bytes.Length;
-		}
-
-		private void WriteField(int val, int type)
-		{
-			WriteFieldHeader(4, type);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)val, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-		}
-
-		private void WriteField(ulong val, int type)
-		{
-			WriteFieldHeader(8, type);
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.LongToBytes(val, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-		}
-
-		private void WriteFieldHeader(int size, int type)
-		{
-			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)size + 1, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)type;
-		}
-
-		internal virtual void WriteExpHeader(int size)
-		{
-			WriteFieldHeader(size, FieldType.FILTER_EXP);
-		}
-
-		private void Begin()
-		{
-			dataOffset = MSG_TOTAL_HEADER_SIZE;
-		}
-
-		private bool SizeBuffer(Policy policy)
-		{
-			if (policy.compress && dataOffset > COMPRESS_THRESHOLD)
-			{
-				// Command will be compressed. First, write uncompressed command
-				// into separate dataBuffer. Save normal dataBuffer for compressed command.
-				// Normal dataBuffer in async mode is from dataBuffer pool that is used to
-				// minimize memory pinning during socket operations.
-				dataBuffer = new byte[dataOffset];
-				dataOffset = 0;
-				return true;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				// Command will be uncompressed.
-				SizeBuffer();
-				return false;
-			}
-		}
-
-		private void End(bool compress)
-		{
-			if (!compress)
-			{
-				End();
-				return;
-			}
-
-			// Write proto header.
-			ulong size = ((ulong)dataOffset - 8) | (CL_MSG_VERSION << 56) | (AS_MSG_TYPE << 48);
-			ByteUtil.LongToBytes(size, dataBuffer, 0);
-
-			byte[] srcBuf = dataBuffer;
-			int srcSize = dataOffset;
-
-			// Increase requested dataBuffer size in case compressed dataBuffer size is
-			// greater than the uncompressed dataBuffer size.
-			dataOffset += 16 + 100;
-
-			// This method finds dataBuffer of requested size, resets dataOffset to segment offset
-			// and returns dataBuffer max size;
-			int trgBufSize = SizeBuffer();
-
-			// Compress to target starting at new dataOffset plus new header.
-			int trgSize = ByteUtil.Compress(srcBuf, srcSize, dataBuffer, dataOffset + 16, trgBufSize - 16) + 16;
-
-			ulong proto = ((ulong)trgSize - 8) | (CL_MSG_VERSION << 56) | (MSG_TYPE_COMPRESSED << 48);
-			ByteUtil.LongToBytes(proto, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			ByteUtil.LongToBytes((ulong)srcSize, dataBuffer, dataOffset + 8);
-			SetLength(trgSize);
-		}
-
-		protected internal abstract int SizeBuffer();
-		protected internal abstract void End();
-		protected internal abstract void SetLength(int length);
-
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-		// Response Parsing
-		//--------------------------------------------------
-
-		internal virtual void SkipKey(int fieldCount)
-		{
-			// There can be fields in the response (setname etc).
-			// But for now, ignore them. Expose them to the API if needed in the future.
-			for (int i = 0; i < fieldCount; i++)
-			{
-				int fieldlen = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-				dataOffset += 4 + fieldlen;
-			}
-		}
-
-		internal virtual Key ParseKey(int fieldCount, out ulong bval)
-		{
-			byte[] digest = null;
-			string ns = null;
-			string setName = null;
-			Value userKey = null;
-			bval = 0;
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < fieldCount; i++)
-			{
-				int fieldlen = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-				dataOffset += 4;
-
-				int fieldtype = dataBuffer[dataOffset++];
-				int size = fieldlen - 1;
-
-				switch (fieldtype)
-				{
-					case FieldType.DIGEST_RIPE:
-						digest = new byte[size];
-						Array.Copy(dataBuffer, dataOffset, digest, 0, size);
-						break;
-
-					case FieldType.NAMESPACE:
-						ns = ByteUtil.Utf8ToString(dataBuffer, dataOffset, size);
-						break;
-
-					case FieldType.TABLE:
-						setName = ByteUtil.Utf8ToString(dataBuffer, dataOffset, size);
-						break;
-
-					case FieldType.KEY:
-						int type = dataBuffer[dataOffset++];
-						size--;
-						userKey = ByteUtil.BytesToKeyValue((ParticleType)type, dataBuffer, dataOffset, size);
-						break;
-
-					case FieldType.BVAL_ARRAY:
-						bval = (ulong)ByteUtil.LittleBytesToLong(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-						break;
-				}
-				dataOffset += size;
-			}
-			return new Key(ns, digest, setName, userKey);
-		}
-
-		public static bool BatchInDoubt(bool isWrite, int commandSentCounter)
-		{
-			return isWrite && commandSentCounter > 1;
-		}
-	}
-}
-#pragma warning restore 0618
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using System.Collections;
+
+#pragma warning disable 0618
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public abstract class Command
+	{
+		public static readonly int INFO1_READ = (1 << 0); // Contains a read operation.
+		public static readonly int INFO1_GET_ALL = (1 << 1); // Get all bins.
+		public static readonly int INFO1_SHORT_QUERY = (1 << 2); // Short query.
+		public static readonly int INFO1_BATCH = (1 << 3); // Batch read or exists.
+		public static readonly int INFO1_NOBINDATA = (1 << 5); // Do not read the bins.
+		public static readonly int INFO1_READ_MODE_AP_ALL = (1 << 6); // Involve all replicas in read operation.
+		public static readonly int INFO1_COMPRESS_RESPONSE = (1 << 7); // Tell server to compress it's response.
+
+		public static readonly int INFO2_WRITE = (1 << 0); // Create or update record
+		public static readonly int INFO2_DELETE = (1 << 1); // Fling a record into the belly of Moloch.
+		public static readonly int INFO2_GENERATION = (1 << 2); // Update if expected generation == old.
+		public static readonly int INFO2_GENERATION_GT = (1 << 3); // Update if new generation >= old, good for restore.
+		public static readonly int INFO2_DURABLE_DELETE = (1 << 4); // Command resulting in record deletion leaves tombstone (Enterprise only).
+		public static readonly int INFO2_CREATE_ONLY = (1 << 5); // Create only. Fail if record already exists.
+		public static readonly int INFO2_RELAX_AP_LONG_QUERY = (1 << 6); // Treat as long query, but relac read consistency
+		public static readonly int INFO2_RESPOND_ALL_OPS = (1 << 7); // Return a result for every operation.
+
+		public static readonly int INFO3_LAST = (1 << 0); // This is the last of a multi-part message.
+		public static readonly int INFO3_COMMIT_MASTER = (1 << 1); // Commit to master only before declaring success.
+																   // On send: Do not return partition done in scan/query.
+																   // On receive: Specified partition is done in scan/query.
+		public static readonly int INFO3_PARTITION_DONE = (1 << 2);
+		public static readonly int INFO3_UPDATE_ONLY = (1 << 3); // Update only. Merge bins.
+		public static readonly int INFO3_CREATE_OR_REPLACE = (1 << 4); // Create or completely replace record.
+		public static readonly int INFO3_REPLACE_ONLY = (1 << 5); // Completely replace existing record only.
+		public static readonly int INFO3_SC_READ_TYPE = (1 << 6); // See below.
+		public static readonly int INFO3_SC_READ_RELAX = (1 << 7); // See below.
+
+		// Interpret SC_READ bits in info3.
+		//
+		// RELAX   TYPE
+		//	              strict
+		//	              ------
+		//   0      0     sequential (default)
+		//   0      1     linearize
+		//
+		//	              relaxed
+		//	              -------
+		//   1      0     allow replica
+		//   1      1     allow unavailable
+
+		public static readonly int INFO4_MRT_VERIFY_READ = (1 << 0); // Send MRT version to the server to be verified.
+		public static readonly int INFO4_MRT_ROLL_FORWARD = (1 << 1); // Roll forward MRT.
+		public static readonly int INFO4_MRT_ROLL_BACK = (1 << 2); // Roll back MRT.
+
+		public const byte STATE_READ_AUTH_HEADER = 1;
+		public const byte STATE_READ_HEADER = 2;
+		public const byte STATE_READ_DETAIL = 3;
+		public const byte STATE_COMPLETE = 4;
+
+		public const byte BATCH_MSG_READ = 0x0;
+		public const byte BATCH_MSG_REPEAT = 0x1;
+		public const byte BATCH_MSG_INFO = 0x2;
+		public const byte BATCH_MSG_GEN = 0x4;
+		public const byte BATCH_MSG_TTL = 0x8;
+		public const byte BATCH_MSG_INFO4 = 0x10;
+
+		public const int MSG_TOTAL_HEADER_SIZE = 30;
+		public const int FIELD_HEADER_SIZE = 5;
+		public const int OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE = 8;
+		public const int MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE = 22;
+		public const int COMPRESS_THRESHOLD = 128;
+		public const ulong CL_MSG_VERSION = 2UL;
+		public const ulong AS_MSG_TYPE = 3UL;
+		public const ulong MSG_TYPE_COMPRESSED = 4UL;
+
+		internal byte[] dataBuffer;
+		internal int dataOffset;
+		internal readonly int maxRetries;
+		internal readonly int serverTimeout;
+		internal int socketTimeout;
+		internal int totalTimeout;
+		internal long? Version;
+
+		protected int resultCode;
+		protected int generation;
+		protected int expiration;
+		protected int fieldCount;
+		protected int opCount;
+
+		public Command(int socketTimeout, int totalTimeout, int maxRetries)
+		{
+			this.maxRetries = maxRetries;
+			this.totalTimeout = totalTimeout;
+
+			if (totalTimeout > 0)
+			{
+				this.socketTimeout = (socketTimeout < totalTimeout && socketTimeout > 0) ? socketTimeout : totalTimeout;
+				this.serverTimeout = this.socketTimeout;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				this.socketTimeout = socketTimeout;
+				this.serverTimeout = 0;
+			}
+
+			resultCode = 0;
+			generation = 0;
+			expiration = 0;
+			fieldCount = 0;
+			opCount = 0;
+		}
+
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+		// Multi-record Transactions
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+
+		public void SetTxnAddKeys(WritePolicy policy, Key key, OperateArgs args)
+		{
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(key);
+			dataOffset += args.size;
+
+			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
+
+			dataOffset += 8;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)args.readAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)args.writeAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0;
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes(0, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)policy.expiration, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)serverTimeout, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)args.operations.Length, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+
+			WriteKey(key);
+
+			foreach (Operation operation in args.operations)
+			{
+				WriteOperation(operation);
+			}
+
+			End(compress);
+		}
+
+		public void SetTxnVerify(Key key, long ver)
+		{
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(key);
+
+			// Version field.
+			dataOffset += 7 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+			fieldCount++;
+
+			SizeBuffer();
+			dataOffset += 8;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)(Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA);
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)Command.INFO3_SC_READ_TYPE;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)Command.INFO4_MRT_VERIFY_READ;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0;
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes(0, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes(0, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)serverTimeout, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes(0, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+
+			WriteKey(key);
+			WriteFieldVersion(ver);
+			End();
+		}
+
+		public void SetBatchTxnVerify(
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			long?[] versions,
+			BatchNode batch
+		)
+		{
+			BatchOffsetsNative offsets = new(batch);
+			SetBatchTxnVerify(policy, keys, versions, offsets);
+		}
+
+		public void SetBatchTxnVerify(
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			long?[] versions,
+			BatchOffsets offsets
+		)
+		{
+			// Estimate buffer size.
+			Begin();
+
+			// Batch field
+			dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 5;
+
+			Key keyPrev = null;
+			long? verPrev = null;
+			int max = offsets.Size();
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+			{
+				int offset = offsets.Get(i);
+				Key key = keys[offset];
+				long? ver = versions[offset];
+
+				dataOffset += key.digest.Length + 4;
+
+				if (CanRepeat(key, keyPrev, ver, verPrev))
+				{
+					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
+					dataOffset++;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// Write full header and namespace/set/bin names.
+					dataOffset += 9; // header(4) + info4(1) + fieldCount(2) + opCount(2) = 9
+					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+
+					if (ver.HasValue)
+					{
+						dataOffset += 7 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+					}
+					keyPrev = key;
+					verPrev = ver;
+				}
+			}
+
+			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
+
+			WriteBatchHeader(policy, totalTimeout, 1);
+
+			int fieldSizeOffset = dataOffset;
+			WriteFieldHeader(0, FieldType.BATCH_INDEX);  // Need to update size at end
+
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)max, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 4;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = GetBatchFlags(policy);
+			keyPrev = null;
+			verPrev = null;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+			{
+				int offset = offsets.Get(i);
+				Key key = keys[offset];
+				long? ver = versions[offset];
+
+				ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)offset, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+
+				byte[] digest = key.digest;
+				Array.Copy(digest, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, digest.Length);
+				dataOffset += digest.Length;
+
+				if (CanRepeat(key, keyPrev, ver, verPrev))
+				{
+					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
+					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = BATCH_MSG_REPEAT;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// Write full message.
+					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)(BATCH_MSG_INFO | BATCH_MSG_INFO4);
+					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)(Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA);
+					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)0;
+					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)Command.INFO3_SC_READ_TYPE;
+					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)Command.INFO4_MRT_VERIFY_READ;
+
+					int fieldCount = 0;
+
+					if (ver.HasValue)
+					{
+						fieldCount++;
+					}
+
+					WriteBatchFields(key, fieldCount, 0);
+
+					if (ver.HasValue)
+					{
+						WriteFieldVersion(ver.Value);
+					}
+
+					keyPrev = key;
+					verPrev = ver;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Write real field size.
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)dataOffset - MSG_TOTAL_HEADER_SIZE - 4, dataBuffer, fieldSizeOffset);
+			End(compress);
+		}
+
+		public void SetTxnMarkRollForward(Key key)
+		{
+			Bin bin = new("fwd", true);
+
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(key);
+			EstimateOperationSize(bin);
+			//SizeBuffer();
+			WriteTxnMonitor(key, 0, Command.INFO2_WRITE, fieldCount, 1);
+			WriteOperation(bin, Operation.Type.WRITE);
+			End();
+		}
+
+		public void SetTxnRoll(Key key, Txn txn, int txnAttr)
+		{
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(key);
+
+			fieldCount += SizeTxn(key, txn, false);
+
+			SizeBuffer();
+			dataOffset += 8;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)(Command.INFO2_WRITE | Command.INFO2_DURABLE_DELETE);
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)txnAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0; // clear the result code
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes(0, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes(0, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)serverTimeout, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes(0, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+
+			WriteKey(key);
+			WriteTxn(txn, false);
+			End();
+		}
+
+		public void SetBatchTxnRoll(
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			Txn txn,
+			Key[] keys,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			BatchAttr attr
+		)
+		{
+			BatchOffsetsNative offsets = new(batch);
+			SetBatchTxnRoll(policy, txn, keys, attr, offsets);
+		}
+
+		public void SetBatchTxnRoll(
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			Txn txn,
+			Key[] keys,
+			BatchAttr attr,
+			BatchOffsets offsets
+		)
+		{
+			// Estimate buffer size.
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = 1;
+			int max = offsets.Size();
+			long?[] versions = new long?[max];
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+			{
+				int offset = offsets.Get(i);
+				Key key = keys[offset];
+				versions[i] = txn.GetReadVersion(key);
+			}
+
+			// Batch field
+			dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 5;
+
+			Key keyPrev = null;
+			long? verPrev = null;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+			{
+				int offset = offsets.Get(i);
+				Key key = keys[offset];
+				long? ver = versions[i];
+
+				dataOffset += key.digest.Length + 4;
+
+				if (CanRepeat(key, keyPrev, ver, verPrev))
+				{
+					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
+					dataOffset++;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// Write full header and namespace/set/bin names.
+					dataOffset += 12; // header(4) + ttl(4) + fieldCount(2) + opCount(2) = 12
+					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+					SizeTxnBatch(txn, ver, attr.hasWrite);
+					dataOffset += 2; // gen(2) = 2
+					keyPrev = key;
+					verPrev = ver;
+				}
+			}
+
+			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
+
+			WriteBatchHeader(policy, totalTimeout, fieldCount);
+
+			int fieldSizeOffset = dataOffset;
+			WriteFieldHeader(0, FieldType.BATCH_INDEX);  // Need to update size at end
+
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)max, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 4;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = GetBatchFlags(policy);
+			keyPrev = null;
+			verPrev = null;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+			{
+				int offset = offsets.Get(i);
+				Key key = keys[offset];
+				long? ver = versions[i];
+
+				ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)offset, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+
+				byte[] digest = key.digest;
+				Array.Copy(digest, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, digest.Length);
+				dataOffset += digest.Length;
+
+				if (CanRepeat(key, keyPrev, ver, verPrev))
+				{
+					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
+					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = BATCH_MSG_REPEAT;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// Write full message.
+					WriteBatchWrite(key, txn, ver, attr, null, 0, 0);
+					keyPrev = key;
+					verPrev = ver;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Write real field size.
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)dataOffset - MSG_TOTAL_HEADER_SIZE - 4, dataBuffer, fieldSizeOffset);
+			End(compress);
+		}
+
+		public void SetTxnClose(Txn txn, Key key)
+		{
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(key);
+			//SizeBuffer();
+			WriteTxnMonitor(key, 0, Command.INFO2_WRITE | Command.INFO2_DELETE | Command.INFO2_DURABLE_DELETE,
+				fieldCount, 0);
+			End();
+		}
+
+		private void WriteTxnMonitor(Key key, int readAttr, int writeAttr, int fieldCount, int opCount)
+		{
+			SizeBuffer();
+			dataOffset += 8;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)readAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)writeAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0;
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes(0, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes(0, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)serverTimeout, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)opCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+
+			WriteKey(key);
+		}
+
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+		// Writes
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+
+		public virtual void SetWrite(WritePolicy policy, Operation.Type operation, Key key, Bin[] bins)
+		{
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key, true);
+
+			if (policy.filterExp != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			foreach (Bin bin in bins)
+			{
+				EstimateOperationSize(bin);
+			}
+
+			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
+
+			WriteHeaderWrite(policy, Command.INFO2_WRITE, fieldCount, bins.Length);
+			WriteKey(policy, key, true);
+
+			policy.filterExp?.Write(this);
+
+			foreach (Bin bin in bins)
+			{
+				WriteOperation(bin, operation);
+			}
+			End(compress);
+		}
+
+		public virtual void SetDelete(WritePolicy policy, Key key)
+		{
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key, true);
+
+			if (policy.filterExp != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+			SizeBuffer();
+			WriteHeaderWrite(policy, Command.INFO2_WRITE | Command.INFO2_DELETE, fieldCount, 0);
+			WriteKey(policy, key, true);
+
+			policy.filterExp?.Write(this);
+			End();
+		}
+
+		public void SetDelete(Policy policy, Key key, BatchAttr attr)
+		{
+			Begin();
+			Expression exp = GetBatchExpression(policy, attr);
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeyAttrSize(policy, key, attr, exp);
+			SizeBuffer();
+			WriteKeyAttr(policy, key, attr, exp, fieldCount, 0);
+			End();
+		}
+
+		public virtual void SetTouch(WritePolicy policy, Key key)
+		{
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key, true);
+
+			if (policy.filterExp != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+			EstimateOperationSize();
+			SizeBuffer();
+			WriteHeaderWrite(policy, Command.INFO2_WRITE, fieldCount, 1);
+			WriteKey(policy, key, true);
+
+			policy.filterExp?.Write(this);
+			WriteOperation(Operation.Type.TOUCH);
+			End();
+		}
+
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+		// Reads
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+
+		public virtual void SetExists(Policy policy, Key key)
+		{
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key, false);
+
+			if (policy.filterExp != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+			SizeBuffer();
+			WriteHeaderReadHeader(policy, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA, fieldCount, 0);
+			WriteKey(policy, key, false);
+
+			policy.filterExp?.Write(this);
+			End();
+		}
+
+		public virtual void SetRead(Policy policy, Key key, string[] binNames)
+		{
+			int readAttr = Command.INFO1_READ;
+			int opCount = 0;
+
+			if (binNames != null && binNames.Length > 0)
+			{
+				opCount = binNames.Length;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_GET_ALL;
+			}
+
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key, false);
+
+			if (policy.filterExp != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			if (opCount != 0)
+			{
+				foreach (string binName in binNames)
+				{
+					EstimateOperationSize(binName);
+				}
+			}
+
+			SizeBuffer();
+			WriteHeaderRead(policy, serverTimeout, readAttr, 0, 0, fieldCount, opCount);
+			WriteKey(policy, key, false);
+
+			policy.filterExp?.Write(this);
+
+			if (opCount != 0)
+			{
+				foreach (string binName in binNames)
+				{
+					WriteOperation(binName, Operation.Type.READ);
+				}
+			}
+			End();
+		}
+
+		public void SetRead(Policy policy, BatchRead br)
+		{
+			Begin();
+
+			BatchReadPolicy rp = br.policy;
+			BatchAttr attr = new();
+			Expression exp;
+			int opCount;
+
+			if (rp != null)
+			{
+				attr.SetRead(rp);
+				exp = rp.filterExp ?? policy.filterExp;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				attr.SetRead(policy);
+				exp = policy.filterExp;
+			}
+
+			if (br.binNames != null)
+			{
+				opCount = br.binNames.Length;
+
+				foreach (string binName in br.binNames)
+				{
+					EstimateOperationSize(binName);
+				}
+			}
+			else if (br.ops != null)
+			{
+				attr.AdjustRead(br.ops);
+				opCount = br.ops.Length;
+
+				foreach (Operation op in br.ops)
+				{
+					if (Operation.IsWrite(op.type))
+					{
+						throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "Write operations not allowed in read");
+					}
+					EstimateOperationSize(op);
+				}
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				attr.AdjustRead(br.readAllBins);
+				opCount = 0;
+			}
+
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeyAttrSize(policy, br.key, attr, exp);
+
+			SizeBuffer();
+			WriteKeyAttr(policy, br.key, attr, exp, fieldCount, opCount);
+
+			if (br.binNames != null)
+			{
+				foreach (string binName in br.binNames)
+				{
+					WriteOperation(binName, Operation.Type.READ);
+				}
+			}
+			else if (br.ops != null)
+			{
+				foreach (Operation op in br.ops)
+				{
+					WriteOperation(op);
+				}
+			}
+			End();
+		}
+
+		public void SetRead(Policy policy, Key key, Operation[] ops)
+		{
+			Begin();
+
+			BatchAttr attr = new();
+			attr.SetRead(policy);
+			attr.AdjustRead(ops);
+
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeyAttrSize(policy, key, attr, policy.filterExp);
+
+			foreach (Operation op in ops)
+			{
+				if (Operation.IsWrite(op.type))
+				{
+					throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "Write operations not allowed in read");
+				}
+				EstimateOperationSize(op);
+			}
+
+			SizeBuffer();
+			WriteKeyAttr(policy, key, attr, policy.filterExp, fieldCount, ops.Length);
+
+			foreach (Operation op in ops)
+			{
+				WriteOperation(op);
+			}
+			End();
+		}
+
+		public virtual void SetReadHeader(Policy policy, Key key)
+		{
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key, false);
+
+			if (policy.filterExp != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+			SizeBuffer();
+			WriteHeaderReadHeader(policy, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA, fieldCount, 0);
+			WriteKey(policy, key, false);
+
+			policy.filterExp?.Write(this);
+			End();
+		}
+
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+		// Operate
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+
+		public virtual void SetOperate(WritePolicy policy, Key key, OperateArgs args)
+		{
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key, args.hasWrite);
+
+			if (policy.filterExp != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+			dataOffset += args.size;
+
+			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
+
+			WriteHeaderReadWrite(policy, args, fieldCount);
+			WriteKey(policy, key, args.hasWrite);
+
+			policy.filterExp?.Write(this);
+
+			foreach (Operation operation in args.operations)
+			{
+				WriteOperation(operation);
+			}
+			End(compress);
+		}
+
+		public void SetOperate(Policy policy, BatchAttr attr, Key key, Operation[] ops)
+		{
+			Begin();
+			Expression exp = GetBatchExpression(policy, attr);
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeyAttrSize(policy, key, attr, exp);
+
+			dataOffset += attr.opSize;
+			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
+			WriteKeyAttr(policy, key, attr, exp, fieldCount, ops.Length);
+
+			foreach (Operation op in ops)
+			{
+				WriteOperation(op);
+			}
+			End(compress);
+		}
+
+
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+		// UDF
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+
+		public virtual void SetUdf(WritePolicy policy, Key key, string packageName, string functionName, Value[] args)
+		{
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key, true);
+
+			if (policy.filterExp != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+			byte[] argBytes = Packer.Pack(args);
+			fieldCount += EstimateUdfSize(packageName, functionName, argBytes);
+
+			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
+
+			WriteHeaderWrite(policy, Command.INFO2_WRITE, fieldCount, 0);
+			WriteKey(policy, key, true);
+
+			policy.filterExp?.Write(this);
+			WriteField(packageName, FieldType.UDF_PACKAGE_NAME);
+			WriteField(functionName, FieldType.UDF_FUNCTION);
+			WriteField(argBytes, FieldType.UDF_ARGLIST);
+			End(compress);
+		}
+
+		public void SetUdf(Policy policy, BatchAttr attr, Key key, string packageName, string functionName, Value[] args)
+		{
+			byte[] argBytes = Packer.Pack(args);
+			SetUdf(policy, attr, key, packageName, functionName, argBytes);
+		}
+
+		public void SetUdf(Policy policy, BatchAttr attr, Key key, string packageName, string functionName, byte[] argBytes)
+		{
+			Begin();
+			Expression exp = GetBatchExpression(policy, attr);
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeyAttrSize(policy, key, attr, exp);
+			fieldCount += EstimateUdfSize(packageName, functionName, argBytes);
+
+			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
+			WriteKeyAttr(policy, key, attr, exp, fieldCount, 0);
+			WriteField(packageName, FieldType.UDF_PACKAGE_NAME);
+			WriteField(functionName, FieldType.UDF_FUNCTION);
+			WriteField(argBytes, FieldType.UDF_ARGLIST);
+			End(compress);
+		}
+
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+		// Batch Read Only
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+
+		public virtual void SetBatchRead(BatchPolicy policy, List<BatchRead> records, BatchNode batch)
+		{
+			// Estimate full row size
+			int[] offsets = batch.offsets;
+			int max = batch.offsetsSize;
+			BatchRead prev = null;
+
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = 1;
+
+			if (policy.filterExp != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 5;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+			{
+				BatchRead record = records[offsets[i]];
+				Key key = record.key;
+				string[] binNames = record.binNames;
+				Operation[] ops = record.ops;
+
+				dataOffset += key.digest.Length + 4;
+
+				// Avoid relatively expensive full equality checks for performance reasons.
+				// Use reference equality only in hope that common namespaces/bin names are set from 
+				// fixed variables.  It's fine if equality not determined correctly because it just 
+				// results in more space used. The batch will still be correct.
+				if (prev != null && prev.key.ns == key.ns && prev.key.setName == key.setName &&
+					prev.binNames == binNames && prev.readAllBins == record.readAllBins &&
+					prev.ops == ops)
+				{
+					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
+					dataOffset++;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// Estimate full header, namespace and bin names.
+					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 6;
+					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+
+					if (binNames != null)
+					{
+						foreach (string binName in binNames)
+						{
+							EstimateOperationSize(binName);
+						}
+					}
+					else if (ops != null)
+					{
+						foreach (Operation op in ops)
+						{
+							EstimateReadOperationSize(op);
+						}
+					}
+					prev = record;
+				}
+			}
+
+			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
+
+			int readAttr = Command.INFO1_READ;
+
+			if (policy.readModeAP == ReadModeAP.ALL)
+			{
+				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_READ_MODE_AP_ALL;
+			}
+
+			WriteHeaderRead(policy, totalTimeout, readAttr | Command.INFO1_BATCH, 0, 0, fieldCount, 0);
+
+			policy.filterExp?.Write(this);
+
+			int fieldSizeOffset = dataOffset;
+			WriteFieldHeader(0, FieldType.BATCH_INDEX); // Need to update size at end
+
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)max, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 4;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (policy.allowInline) ? (byte)1 : (byte)0;
+			prev = null;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+			{
+				int index = offsets[i];
+				ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)index, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+
+				BatchRead record = records[index];
+				Key key = record.key;
+				string[] binNames = record.binNames;
+				Operation[] ops = record.ops;
+				byte[] digest = key.digest;
+				Array.Copy(digest, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, digest.Length);
+				dataOffset += digest.Length;
+
+				// Avoid relatively expensive full equality checks for performance reasons.
+				// Use reference equality only in hope that common namespaces/bin names are set from 
+				// fixed variables.  It's fine if equality not determined correctly because it just 
+				// results in more space used. The batch will still be correct.		
+				if (prev != null && prev.key.ns == key.ns && prev.key.setName == key.setName &&
+					prev.binNames == binNames && prev.readAllBins == record.readAllBins &&
+					prev.ops == ops)
+				{
+					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
+					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = BATCH_MSG_REPEAT;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// Write full header, namespace and bin names.
+					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = BATCH_MSG_READ;
+
+					if (binNames != null && binNames.Length != 0)
+					{
+						dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)readAttr;
+						WriteBatchFields(key, 0, binNames.Length);
+
+						foreach (string binName in binNames)
+						{
+							WriteOperation(binName, Operation.Type.READ);
+						}
+					}
+					else if (ops != null)
+					{
+						int offset = dataOffset++;
+						WriteBatchFields(key, 0, ops.Length);
+						dataBuffer[offset] = (byte)WriteReadOnlyOperations(ops, readAttr);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)(readAttr | (record.readAllBins ? Command.INFO1_GET_ALL : Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA));
+						WriteBatchFields(key, 0, 0);
+					}
+					prev = record;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Write real field size.
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)(dataOffset - MSG_TOTAL_HEADER_SIZE - 4), dataBuffer, fieldSizeOffset);
+			End(compress);
+		}
+
+		public virtual void SetBatchRead
+		(
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			string[] binNames,
+			Operation[] ops,
+			int readAttr
+		)
+		{
+			// Estimate full row size
+			int[] offsets = batch.offsets;
+			int max = batch.offsetsSize;
+
+			// Estimate dataBuffer size.
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = 1;
+
+			if (policy.filterExp != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+			dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 5;
+
+			Key prev = null;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+			{
+				Key key = keys[offsets[i]];
+
+				dataOffset += key.digest.Length + 4;
+
+				// Try reference equality in hope that namespace for all keys is set from a fixed variable.
+				if (prev != null && prev.ns == key.ns && prev.setName == key.setName)
+				{
+					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
+					dataOffset++;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// Estimate full header, namespace and bin names.
+					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 6;
+					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+
+					if (binNames != null)
+					{
+						foreach (String binName in binNames)
+						{
+							EstimateOperationSize(binName);
+						}
+					}
+					else if (ops != null)
+					{
+						foreach (Operation op in ops)
+						{
+							EstimateReadOperationSize(op);
+						}
+					}
+					prev = key;
+				}
+			}
+
+			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
+
+			if (policy.readModeAP == ReadModeAP.ALL)
+			{
+				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_READ_MODE_AP_ALL;
+			}
+
+			WriteHeaderRead(policy, totalTimeout, readAttr | Command.INFO1_BATCH, 0, 0, fieldCount, 0);
+
+			policy.filterExp?.Write(this);
+
+			int fieldSizeOffset = dataOffset;
+			WriteFieldHeader(0, FieldType.BATCH_INDEX); // Need to update size at end
+
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)max, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 4;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (policy.allowInline) ? (byte)1 : (byte)0;
+			prev = null;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+			{
+				int index = offsets[i];
+				ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)index, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+
+				Key key = keys[index];
+				byte[] digest = key.digest;
+				Array.Copy(digest, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, digest.Length);
+				dataOffset += digest.Length;
+
+				// Try reference equality in hope that namespace for all keys is set from a fixed variable.
+				if (prev != null && prev.ns == key.ns && prev.setName == key.setName)
+				{
+					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
+					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = BATCH_MSG_REPEAT;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// Write full header, namespace and bin names.
+					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = BATCH_MSG_READ;
+
+					if (binNames != null && binNames.Length != 0)
+					{
+						dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)readAttr;
+						WriteBatchFields(key, 0, binNames.Length);
+
+						foreach (String binName in binNames)
+						{
+							WriteOperation(binName, Operation.Type.READ);
+						}
+					}
+					else if (ops != null)
+					{
+						int offset = dataOffset++;
+						WriteBatchFields(key, 0, ops.Length);
+						dataBuffer[offset] = (byte)WriteReadOnlyOperations(ops, readAttr);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)readAttr;
+						WriteBatchFields(key, 0, 0);
+					}
+					prev = key;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Write real field size.
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)(dataOffset - MSG_TOTAL_HEADER_SIZE - 4), dataBuffer, fieldSizeOffset);
+			End(compress);
+		}
+
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+		// Batch Read/Write Operations
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+
+		public virtual void SetBatchOperate(
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			IList records,
+			BatchNode batch)
+		{
+			BatchOffsetsNative offsets = new(batch);
+			SetBatchOperate(policy, records, offsets);
+		}
+
+		public void SetBatchOperate(
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			IList records,
+			BatchOffsets offsets)
+		{
+			Begin();
+			int max = offsets.Size();
+			Txn txn = policy.Txn;
+			long?[] versions = null;
+
+			if (txn != null)
+			{
+				versions = new long?[max];
+
+				for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+				{
+					int offset = offsets.Get(i);
+					BatchRecord record = (BatchRecord)records[offset];
+					versions[i] = txn.GetReadVersion(record.key);
+				}
+			}
+
+			int fieldCount = 1;
+
+			if (policy.filterExp != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 5;
+
+			BatchRecord prev = null;
+			long? verPrev = null;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+			{
+				int offset = offsets.Get(i);
+				BatchRecord record = (BatchRecord)records[offset];
+				Key key = record.key;
+				long? ver = versions?[i];
+
+				dataOffset += key.digest.Length + 4;
+
+				if (CanRepeat(policy, key, record, prev, ver, verPrev))
+				{
+					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
+					dataOffset++;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// Estimate full header, namespace and bin names.
+					dataOffset += 12;
+					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+					SizeTxnBatch(txn, ver, record.hasWrite);
+					dataOffset += record.Size(policy);
+					prev = record;
+					verPrev = ver;
+				}
+			}
+			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
+
+			WriteBatchHeader(policy, totalTimeout, fieldCount);
+
+			policy.filterExp?.Write(this);
+
+			int fieldSizeOffset = dataOffset;
+			WriteFieldHeader(0, FieldType.BATCH_INDEX); // Need to update size at end
+
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)max, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 4;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = GetBatchFlags(policy);
+
+			BatchAttr attr = new();
+			prev = null;
+			verPrev = null;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+			{
+				int offset = offsets.Get(i);
+				BatchRecord record = (BatchRecord)records[offset];
+				long? ver = versions?[i];
+				ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)offset, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+
+				Key key = record.key;
+				byte[] digest = key.digest;
+				Array.Copy(digest, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, digest.Length);
+				dataOffset += digest.Length;
+
+				if (CanRepeat(policy, key, record, prev, ver, verPrev))
+				{
+					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
+					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = BATCH_MSG_REPEAT;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// Write full message.
+					switch (record.GetBatchType())
+					{
+						case BatchRecord.Type.BATCH_READ:
+							{
+								BatchRead br = (BatchRead)record;
+
+								if (br.policy != null)
+								{
+									attr.SetRead(br.policy);
+								}
+								else
+								{
+									attr.SetRead(policy);
+								}
+
+								if (br.binNames != null)
+								{
+									if (br.binNames.Length > 0)
+									{
+										WriteBatchBinNames(key, txn, ver, br.binNames, attr, attr.filterExp);
+									}
+									else
+									{
+										attr.AdjustRead(true);
+										WriteBatchRead(key, txn, ver, attr, attr.filterExp, 0);
+									}
+								}
+								else if (br.ops != null)
+								{
+									attr.AdjustRead(br.ops);
+									WriteBatchOperations(key, txn, ver, br.ops, attr, attr.filterExp);
+								}
+								else
+								{
+									attr.AdjustRead(br.readAllBins);
+									WriteBatchRead(key, txn, ver, attr, attr.filterExp, 0);
+								}
+								break;
+							}
+
+						case BatchRecord.Type.BATCH_WRITE:
+							{
+								BatchWrite bw = (BatchWrite)record;
+
+								if (bw.policy != null)
+								{
+									attr.SetWrite(bw.policy);
+								}
+								else
+								{
+									attr.SetWrite(policy);
+								}
+								attr.AdjustWrite(bw.ops);
+								WriteBatchOperations(key, txn, ver, bw.ops, attr, attr.filterExp);
+								break;
+							}
+
+						case BatchRecord.Type.BATCH_UDF:
+							{
+								BatchUDF bu = (BatchUDF)record;
+
+								if (bu.policy != null)
+								{
+									attr.SetUDF(bu.policy);
+								}
+								else
+								{
+									attr.SetUDF(policy);
+								}
+								WriteBatchWrite(key, txn, ver, attr, attr.filterExp, 3, 0);
+								WriteField(bu.packageName, FieldType.UDF_PACKAGE_NAME);
+								WriteField(bu.functionName, FieldType.UDF_FUNCTION);
+								WriteField(bu.argBytes, FieldType.UDF_ARGLIST);
+								break;
+							}
+
+						case BatchRecord.Type.BATCH_DELETE:
+							{
+								BatchDelete bd = (BatchDelete)record;
+
+								if (bd.policy != null)
+								{
+									attr.SetDelete(bd.policy);
+								}
+								else
+								{
+									attr.SetDelete(policy);
+								}
+								WriteBatchWrite(key, txn, ver, attr, attr.filterExp, 0, 0);
+								break;
+							}
+					}
+					prev = record;
+					verPrev = ver;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Write real field size.
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)(dataOffset - MSG_TOTAL_HEADER_SIZE - 4), dataBuffer, fieldSizeOffset);
+			End(compress);
+		}
+
+		public virtual void SetBatchOperate
+		(
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			string[] binNames,
+			Operation[] ops,
+			BatchAttr attr
+		)
+		{
+			BatchOffsetsNative offsets = new(batch);
+			SetBatchOperate(policy, keys, binNames, ops, attr, offsets);
+		}
+
+		public void SetBatchOperate(
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			string[] binNames,
+			Operation[] ops,
+			BatchAttr attr,
+			BatchOffsets offsets
+		)
+		{
+			// Estimate full row size
+			int max = offsets.Size();
+			Txn txn = policy.Txn;
+			long?[] versions = null;
+
+			Begin();
+
+			if (txn != null)
+			{
+				versions = new long?[max];
+
+				for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+				{
+					int offset = offsets.Get(i);
+					Key key = keys[offset];
+					versions[i] = txn.GetReadVersion(key);
+				}
+			}
+
+			Expression exp = GetBatchExpression(policy, attr);
+			int fieldCount = 1;
+
+			if (exp != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += exp.Size();
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 5;
+
+			Key keyPrev = null;
+			long? verPrev = null;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+			{
+				int offset = offsets.Get(i);
+				Key key = keys[offset];
+				long? ver = versions?[i];
+
+				dataOffset += key.digest.Length + 4;
+
+				if (CanRepeat(attr, key, keyPrev, ver, verPrev))
+				{
+					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
+					dataOffset++;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// Write full header and namespace/set/bin names.
+					dataOffset += 12; // header(4) + ttl(4) + fieldCount(2) + opCount(2) = 12
+					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+					SizeTxnBatch(txn, ver, attr.hasWrite);
+
+					if (attr.sendKey)
+					{
+						dataOffset += key.userKey.EstimateSize() + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 1;
+					}
+
+					if (binNames != null)
+					{
+						foreach (string binName in binNames)
+						{
+							EstimateOperationSize(binName);
+						}
+					}
+					else if (ops != null)
+					{
+						foreach (Operation op in ops)
+						{
+							if (Operation.IsWrite(op.type))
+							{
+								if (!attr.hasWrite)
+								{
+									throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "Write operations not allowed in batch read");
+								}
+								dataOffset += 2; // Extra write specific fields.
+							}
+							EstimateOperationSize(op);
+						}
+					}
+					else if ((attr.writeAttr & Command.INFO2_DELETE) != 0)
+					{
+						dataOffset += 2; // Extra write specific fields.
+					}
+					keyPrev = key;
+					verPrev = ver;
+				}
+			}
+
+			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
+
+			WriteBatchHeader(policy, totalTimeout, fieldCount);
+
+			exp?.Write(this);
+
+			int fieldSizeOffset = dataOffset;
+			WriteFieldHeader(0, FieldType.BATCH_INDEX);  // Need to update size at end
+
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)max, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 4;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = GetBatchFlags(policy);
+			keyPrev = null;
+			verPrev = null;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+			{
+				int offset = offsets.Get(i);
+				Key key = keys[offset];
+				long? ver = versions?[i];
+
+				ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)offset, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+
+				byte[] digest = key.digest;
+				Array.Copy(digest, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, digest.Length);
+				dataOffset += digest.Length;
+
+				if (CanRepeat(attr, key, keyPrev, ver, verPrev))
+				{
+					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
+					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = BATCH_MSG_REPEAT;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// Write full message.
+					if (binNames != null)
+					{
+						WriteBatchBinNames(key, txn, ver, binNames, attr, null);
+					}
+					else if (ops != null)
+					{
+						WriteBatchOperations(key, txn, ver, ops, attr, null);
+					}
+					else if ((attr.writeAttr & Command.INFO2_DELETE) != 0)
+					{
+						WriteBatchWrite(key, txn, ver, attr, null, 0, 0);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						WriteBatchRead(key, txn, ver, attr, null, 0);
+					}
+					keyPrev = key;
+					verPrev = ver;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Write real field size.
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)dataOffset - MSG_TOTAL_HEADER_SIZE - 4, dataBuffer, fieldSizeOffset);
+			End(compress);
+		}
+
+		public virtual void SetBatchUDF(
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			BatchNode batch,
+			string packageName,
+			string functionName,
+			byte[] argBytes,
+			BatchAttr attr
+		)
+		{
+			BatchOffsetsNative offsets = new(batch);
+			SetBatchUDF(policy, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, attr, offsets);
+		}
+
+		public virtual void SetBatchUDF
+		(
+			BatchPolicy policy,
+			Key[] keys,
+			string packageName,
+			string functionName,
+			byte[] argBytes,
+			BatchAttr attr,
+			BatchOffsets offsets
+		)
+		{
+			// Estimate buffer size.
+			Begin();
+			int max = offsets.Size();
+			Txn txn = policy.Txn;
+			long?[] versions = null;
+
+			if (txn != null)
+			{
+				versions = new long?[max];
+
+				for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+				{
+					int offset = offsets.Get(i);
+					Key key = keys[offset];
+					versions[i] = txn.GetReadVersion(key);
+				}
+			}
+
+			Expression exp = GetBatchExpression(policy, attr);
+			int fieldCount = 1;
+
+			if (exp != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += exp.Size();
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 5;
+
+			Key keyPrev = null;
+			long? verPrev = null;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+			{
+				int offset = offsets.Get(i);
+				Key key = keys[offset];
+				long? ver = versions?[i];
+
+				dataOffset += key.digest.Length + 4;
+
+				if (CanRepeat(attr, key, keyPrev, ver, verPrev))
+				{
+					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
+					dataOffset++;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// Write full header and namespace/set/bin names.
+					dataOffset += 12; // header(4) + ttl(4) + fieldCount(2) + opCount(2) = 12
+					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+					dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+					SizeTxnBatch(txn, ver, attr.hasWrite);
+
+					if (attr.sendKey)
+					{
+						dataOffset += key.userKey.EstimateSize() + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 1;
+					}
+					dataOffset += 2; // gen(2) = 2
+					EstimateUdfSize(packageName, functionName, argBytes);
+					keyPrev = key;
+					verPrev = ver;
+				}
+			}
+
+			bool compress = SizeBuffer(policy);
+
+			WriteBatchHeader(policy, totalTimeout, fieldCount);
+
+			exp?.Write(this);
+
+			int fieldSizeOffset = dataOffset;
+			WriteFieldHeader(0, FieldType.BATCH_INDEX);  // Need to update size at end
+
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)max, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 4;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = GetBatchFlags(policy);
+			keyPrev = null;
+			verPrev = null;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < max; i++)
+			{
+				int offset = offsets.Get(i);
+				Key key = keys[offset];
+				long? ver = versions?[i];
+
+				ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)offset, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+
+				byte[] digest = key.digest;
+				Array.Copy(digest, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, digest.Length);
+				dataOffset += digest.Length;
+
+				if (CanRepeat(attr, key, keyPrev, ver, verPrev))
+				{
+					// Can set repeat previous namespace/bin names to save space.
+					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = BATCH_MSG_REPEAT;
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					// Write full message.
+					WriteBatchWrite(key, txn, ver, attr, null, 3, 0);
+					WriteField(packageName, FieldType.UDF_PACKAGE_NAME);
+					WriteField(functionName, FieldType.UDF_FUNCTION);
+					WriteField(argBytes, FieldType.UDF_ARGLIST);
+					keyPrev = key;
+					verPrev = ver;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Write real field size.
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)dataOffset - MSG_TOTAL_HEADER_SIZE - 4, dataBuffer, fieldSizeOffset);
+			End(compress);
+		}
+
+		private static bool CanRepeat(
+			Policy policy,
+			Key key,
+			BatchRecord record,
+			BatchRecord prev,
+			long? ver,
+			long? verPrev
+		)
+		{
+			// Avoid relatively expensive full equality checks for performance reasons.
+			// Use reference equality only in hope that common namespaces/bin names are set from
+			// fixed variables.  It's fine if equality not determined correctly because it just
+			// results in more space used. The batch will still be correct.
+			// Same goes for ver reference equality check.
+			return !policy.sendKey && verPrev == ver && prev != null && prev.key.ns == key.ns &&
+				prev.key.setName == key.setName && record.Equals(prev);
+		}
+
+		private static bool CanRepeat(BatchAttr attr, Key key, Key keyPrev, long? ver, long? verPrev)
+		{
+			return !attr.sendKey && verPrev == ver && keyPrev != null && keyPrev.ns == key.ns &&
+					keyPrev.setName == key.setName;
+		}
+
+		private static bool CanRepeat(Key key, Key keyPrev, long? ver, long? verPrev)
+		{
+			return verPrev == ver && keyPrev != null && keyPrev.ns == key.ns &&
+					keyPrev.setName == key.setName;
+		}
+
+		private static Expression GetBatchExpression(Policy policy, BatchAttr attr)
+		{
+			return attr.filterExp ?? policy.filterExp;
+		}
+
+		private static byte GetBatchFlags(BatchPolicy policy)
+		{
+			byte flags = 0x8;
+
+			if (policy.allowInline)
+			{
+				flags |= 0x1;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.allowInlineSSD)
+			{
+				flags |= 0x2;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.respondAllKeys)
+			{
+				flags |= 0x4;
+			}
+			return flags;
+		}
+
+		private void SizeTxnBatch(Txn txn, long? ver, bool hasWrite)
+		{
+			if (txn != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset++; // Add info4 byte for MRT.
+				dataOffset += 8 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+
+				if (ver.HasValue)
+				{
+					dataOffset += 7 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				}
+
+				if (hasWrite && txn.Deadline != 0)
+				{
+					dataOffset += 4 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void WriteBatchHeader(Policy policy, int timeout, int fieldCount)
+		{
+			int readAttr = Command.INFO1_BATCH;
+
+			if (policy.compress)
+			{
+				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_COMPRESS_RESPONSE;
+			}
+
+			// Write all header data except total size which must be written last.
+			dataOffset += 8;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE; // Message header length.
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)readAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)0;
+
+			Array.Clear(dataBuffer, dataOffset, 10);
+			dataOffset += 10;
+
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)timeout, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes(0, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+		}
+
+		private void WriteBatchBinNames(Key key, Txn txn, long? ver, string[] binNames, BatchAttr attr, Expression filter)
+		{
+			WriteBatchRead(key, txn, ver, attr, filter, binNames.Length);
+
+			foreach (string binName in binNames)
+			{
+				WriteOperation(binName, Operation.Type.READ);
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void WriteBatchOperations(Key key, Txn txn, long? ver, Operation[] ops, BatchAttr attr, Expression filter)
+		{
+			if (attr.hasWrite)
+			{
+				WriteBatchWrite(key, txn, ver, attr, filter, 0, ops.Length);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				WriteBatchRead(key, txn, ver, attr, filter, ops.Length);
+			}
+
+			foreach (Operation op in ops)
+			{
+				WriteOperation(op);
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void WriteBatchRead(Key key, Txn txn, long? ver, BatchAttr attr, Expression filter, int opCount)
+		{
+			if (txn != null)
+			{
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)(BATCH_MSG_INFO | BATCH_MSG_INFO4 | BATCH_MSG_TTL);
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.readAttr;
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.writeAttr;
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.infoAttr;
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.txnAttr;
+				ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)attr.expiration, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+				WriteBatchFieldsTxn(key, txn, ver, attr, filter, 0, opCount);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)(BATCH_MSG_INFO | BATCH_MSG_TTL);
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.readAttr;
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.writeAttr;
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.infoAttr;
+				ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)attr.expiration, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+				WriteBatchFieldsReg(key, attr, filter, 0, opCount);
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void WriteBatchWrite(Key key, Txn txn, long? ver, BatchAttr attr, Expression filter, int fieldCount, int opCount)
+		{
+			if (txn != null)
+			{
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)(BATCH_MSG_INFO | BATCH_MSG_INFO4 | BATCH_MSG_GEN | BATCH_MSG_TTL);
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.readAttr;
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.writeAttr;
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.infoAttr;
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.txnAttr;
+				ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)attr.generation, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 2;
+				ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)attr.expiration, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+				WriteBatchFieldsTxn(key, txn, ver, attr, filter, fieldCount, opCount);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)(BATCH_MSG_INFO | BATCH_MSG_GEN | BATCH_MSG_TTL);
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.readAttr;
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.writeAttr;
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.infoAttr;
+				ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)attr.generation, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 2;
+				ByteUtil.IntToBytes((ushort)attr.expiration, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+				WriteBatchFieldsReg(key, attr, filter, fieldCount, opCount);
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void WriteBatchFieldsTxn(Key key, Txn txn, long? ver, BatchAttr attr, Expression filter, int fieldCount, int opCount)
+		{
+			fieldCount++;
+
+			if (ver.HasValue)
+			{
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			if (attr.hasWrite && txn.Deadline != 0)
+			{
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			if (filter != null)
+			{
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			if (attr.sendKey)
+			{
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			WriteBatchFields(key, fieldCount, opCount);
+
+			WriteFieldLE(txn.Id, FieldType.MRT_ID);
+
+			if (ver.HasValue)
+			{
+				WriteFieldVersion(ver.Value);
+			}
+
+			if (attr.hasWrite && txn.Deadline != 0)
+			{
+				WriteFieldLE(txn.Deadline, FieldType.MRT_DEADLINE);
+			}
+
+			filter?.Write(this);
+
+			if (attr.sendKey)
+			{
+				WriteField(key.userKey, FieldType.KEY);
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void WriteBatchFieldsReg(
+			Key key,
+			BatchAttr attr,
+			Expression filter,
+			int fieldCount,
+			int opCount
+		)
+		{
+			if (filter != null)
+			{
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			if (attr.sendKey)
+			{
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			WriteBatchFields(key, fieldCount, opCount);
+
+			filter?.Write(this);
+
+			if (attr.sendKey)
+			{
+				WriteField(key.userKey, FieldType.KEY);
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void WriteBatchFields(Key key, int fieldCount, int opCount)
+		{
+			fieldCount += 2;
+			ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 2;
+			ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)opCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 2;
+			WriteField(key.ns, FieldType.NAMESPACE);
+			WriteField(key.setName, FieldType.TABLE);
+		}
+
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+		// Scan
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+
+		public virtual void SetScan
+		(
+			Cluster cluster,
+			ScanPolicy policy,
+			string ns,
+			string setName,
+			string[] binNames,
+			ulong taskId,
+			NodePartitions nodePartitions
+		)
+		{
+			Begin();
+			int fieldCount = 0;
+			int partsFullSize = nodePartitions.partsFull.Count * 2;
+			int partsPartialSize = nodePartitions.partsPartial.Count * 20;
+			long maxRecords = nodePartitions.recordMax;
+
+			if (ns != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			if (setName != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			if (partsFullSize > 0)
+			{
+				dataOffset += partsFullSize + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			if (partsPartialSize > 0)
+			{
+				dataOffset += partsPartialSize + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			if (maxRecords > 0)
+			{
+				dataOffset += 8 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.recordsPerSecond > 0)
+			{
+				dataOffset += 4 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.filterExp != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			// Estimate scan timeout size.
+			dataOffset += 4 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+			fieldCount++;
+
+			// Estimate taskId size.
+			dataOffset += 8 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+			fieldCount++;
+
+			if (binNames != null)
+			{
+				foreach (string binName in binNames)
+				{
+					EstimateOperationSize(binName);
+				}
+			}
+
+			SizeBuffer();
+			int readAttr = Command.INFO1_READ;
+
+			if (!policy.includeBinData)
+			{
+				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA;
+			}
+
+			// Clusters that support partition queries also support not sending partition done messages.
+			int operationCount = (binNames == null) ? 0 : binNames.Length;
+			WriteHeaderRead(policy, totalTimeout, readAttr, 0, Command.INFO3_PARTITION_DONE, fieldCount, operationCount);
+
+			if (ns != null)
+			{
+				WriteField(ns, FieldType.NAMESPACE);
+			}
+
+			if (setName != null)
+			{
+				WriteField(setName, FieldType.TABLE);
+			}
+
+			if (partsFullSize > 0)
+			{
+				WriteFieldHeader(partsFullSize, FieldType.PID_ARRAY);
+
+				foreach (PartitionStatus part in nodePartitions.partsFull)
+				{
+					ByteUtil.ShortToLittleBytes((ushort)part.id, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+					dataOffset += 2;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (partsPartialSize > 0)
+			{
+				WriteFieldHeader(partsPartialSize, FieldType.DIGEST_ARRAY);
+
+				foreach (PartitionStatus part in nodePartitions.partsPartial)
+				{
+					Array.Copy(part.digest, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, 20);
+					dataOffset += 20;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (maxRecords > 0)
+			{
+				WriteField((ulong)maxRecords, FieldType.MAX_RECORDS);
+			}
+
+			if (policy.recordsPerSecond > 0)
+			{
+				WriteField(policy.recordsPerSecond, FieldType.RECORDS_PER_SECOND);
+			}
+
+			policy.filterExp?.Write(this);
+
+			// Write scan timeout
+			WriteField(policy.socketTimeout, FieldType.SOCKET_TIMEOUT);
+
+			// Write taskId field
+			WriteField(taskId, FieldType.QUERY_ID);
+
+			if (binNames != null)
+			{
+				foreach (string binName in binNames)
+				{
+					WriteOperation(binName, Operation.Type.READ);
+				}
+			}
+			End();
+		}
+
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+		// Query
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+
+		protected virtual internal void SetQuery
+		(
+			Cluster cluster,
+			Policy policy,
+			Statement statement,
+			ulong taskId,
+			bool background,
+			NodePartitions nodePartitions
+		)
+		{
+			byte[] functionArgBuffer = null;
+			int fieldCount = 0;
+			int filterSize = 0;
+			int binNameSize = 0;
+			bool isNew = cluster.hasPartitionQuery;
+
+			Begin();
+
+			if (statement.ns != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(statement.ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			if (statement.setName != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(statement.setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			// Estimate recordsPerSecond field size. This field is used in new servers and not used
+			// (but harmless to add) in old servers.
+			if (statement.recordsPerSecond > 0)
+			{
+				dataOffset += 4 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			// Estimate socket timeout field size. This field is used in new servers and not used
+			// (but harmless to add) in old servers.
+			dataOffset += 4 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+			fieldCount++;
+
+			// Estimate taskId field.
+			dataOffset += 8 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+			fieldCount++;
+
+			byte[] packedCtx = null;
+
+			if (statement.filter != null)
+			{
+				IndexCollectionType type = statement.filter.CollectionType;
+
+				// Estimate INDEX_TYPE field.
+				if (type != IndexCollectionType.DEFAULT)
+				{
+					dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 1;
+					fieldCount++;
+				}
+
+				// Estimate INDEX_RANGE field.
+				dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				filterSize++; // num filters
+				filterSize += statement.filter.EstimateSize();
+				dataOffset += filterSize;
+				fieldCount++;
+
+				if (!isNew)
+				{
+					// Query bin names are specified as a field (Scan bin names are specified later as operations)
+					// in old servers. Estimate size for selected bin names.
+					if (statement.binNames != null && statement.binNames.Length > 0)
+					{
+						dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+						binNameSize++; // num bin names
+
+						foreach (string binName in statement.binNames)
+						{
+							binNameSize += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(binName) + 1;
+						}
+						dataOffset += binNameSize;
+						fieldCount++;
+					}
+				}
+
+				packedCtx = statement.filter.PackedCtx;
+
+				if (packedCtx != null)
+				{
+					dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + packedCtx.Length;
+					fieldCount++;
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Estimate aggregation/background function size.
+			if (statement.functionName != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 1; // udf type
+				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(statement.packageName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(statement.functionName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+
+				if (statement.functionArgs.Length > 0)
+				{
+					functionArgBuffer = Packer.Pack(statement.functionArgs);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					functionArgBuffer = Array.Empty<byte>();
+				}
+				dataOffset += FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + functionArgBuffer.Length;
+				fieldCount += 4;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.filterExp != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += policy.filterExp.Size();
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			long maxRecords = 0;
+			int partsFullSize = 0;
+			int partsPartialDigestSize = 0;
+			int partsPartialBValSize = 0;
+
+			if (nodePartitions != null)
+			{
+				partsFullSize = nodePartitions.partsFull.Count * 2;
+				partsPartialDigestSize = nodePartitions.partsPartial.Count * 20;
+
+				if (statement.filter != null)
+				{
+					partsPartialBValSize = nodePartitions.partsPartial.Count * 8;
+				}
+				maxRecords = nodePartitions.recordMax;
+			}
+
+			if (partsFullSize > 0)
+			{
+				dataOffset += partsFullSize + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			if (partsPartialDigestSize > 0)
+			{
+				dataOffset += partsPartialDigestSize + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			if (partsPartialBValSize > 0)
+			{
+				dataOffset += partsPartialBValSize + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			// Estimate max records field size. This field is used in new servers and not used
+			// (but harmless to add) in old servers.
+			if (maxRecords > 0)
+			{
+				dataOffset += 8 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			// Operations (used in query execute) and bin names (used in scan/query) are mutually exclusive.
+			int operationCount = 0;
+
+			if (statement.operations != null)
+			{
+				// Estimate size for background operations.
+				if (!background)
+				{
+					throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "Operations not allowed in foreground query");
+				}
+
+				foreach (Operation operation in statement.operations)
+				{
+					if (!Operation.IsWrite(operation.type))
+					{
+						throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "Read operations not allowed in background query");
+					}
+					EstimateOperationSize(operation);
+				}
+				operationCount = statement.operations.Length;
+			}
+			else if (statement.binNames != null && (isNew || statement.filter == null))
+			{
+				// Estimate size for selected bin names (query bin names already handled for old servers).
+				foreach (string binName in statement.binNames)
+				{
+					EstimateOperationSize(binName);
+				}
+				operationCount = statement.binNames.Length;
+			}
+
+			SizeBuffer();
+
+			if (background)
+			{
+				WriteHeaderWrite((WritePolicy)policy, Command.INFO2_WRITE, fieldCount, operationCount);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				QueryPolicy qp = (QueryPolicy)policy;
+				int readAttr = Command.INFO1_READ;
+				int writeAttr = 0;
+
+				if (!qp.includeBinData)
+				{
+					readAttr |= Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA;
+				}
+
+				if (qp.shortQuery || qp.expectedDuration == QueryDuration.SHORT)
+				{
+					readAttr |= Command.INFO1_SHORT_QUERY;
+				}
+				else if (qp.expectedDuration == QueryDuration.LONG_RELAX_AP)
+				{
+					writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_RELAX_AP_LONG_QUERY;
+				}
+
+				int infoAttr = (isNew || statement.filter == null) ? Command.INFO3_PARTITION_DONE : 0;
+
+				WriteHeaderRead(policy, totalTimeout, readAttr, writeAttr, infoAttr, fieldCount, operationCount);
+			}
+
+			if (statement.ns != null)
+			{
+				WriteField(statement.ns, FieldType.NAMESPACE);
+			}
+
+			if (statement.setName != null)
+			{
+				WriteField(statement.setName, FieldType.TABLE);
+			}
+
+			// Write records per second.
+			if (statement.recordsPerSecond > 0)
+			{
+				WriteField(statement.recordsPerSecond, FieldType.RECORDS_PER_SECOND);
+			}
+
+			// Write socket idle timeout.
+			WriteField(policy.socketTimeout, FieldType.SOCKET_TIMEOUT);
+
+			// Write taskId field
+			WriteField(taskId, FieldType.QUERY_ID);
+
+			if (statement.filter != null)
+			{
+				IndexCollectionType type = statement.filter.CollectionType;
+
+				if (type != IndexCollectionType.DEFAULT)
+				{
+					WriteFieldHeader(1, FieldType.INDEX_TYPE);
+					dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)type;
+				}
+
+				WriteFieldHeader(filterSize, FieldType.INDEX_RANGE);
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)1;
+				dataOffset = statement.filter.Write(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+
+				if (!isNew)
+				{
+					// Query bin names are specified as a field (Scan bin names are specified later as operations)
+					// in old servers.
+					if (statement.binNames != null && statement.binNames.Length > 0)
+					{
+						WriteFieldHeader(binNameSize, FieldType.QUERY_BINLIST);
+						dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)statement.binNames.Length;
+
+						foreach (string binName in statement.binNames)
+						{
+							int len = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(binName, dataBuffer, dataOffset + 1);
+							dataBuffer[dataOffset] = (byte)len;
+							dataOffset += len + 1;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				if (packedCtx != null)
+				{
+					WriteFieldHeader(packedCtx.Length, FieldType.INDEX_CONTEXT);
+					Array.Copy(packedCtx, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, packedCtx.Length);
+					dataOffset += packedCtx.Length;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (statement.functionName != null)
+			{
+				WriteFieldHeader(1, FieldType.UDF_OP);
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = background ? (byte)2 : (byte)1;
+				WriteField(statement.packageName, FieldType.UDF_PACKAGE_NAME);
+				WriteField(statement.functionName, FieldType.UDF_FUNCTION);
+				WriteField(functionArgBuffer, FieldType.UDF_ARGLIST);
+			}
+
+			policy.filterExp?.Write(this);
+
+			if (partsFullSize > 0)
+			{
+				WriteFieldHeader(partsFullSize, FieldType.PID_ARRAY);
+
+				foreach (PartitionStatus part in nodePartitions.partsFull)
+				{
+					ByteUtil.ShortToLittleBytes((ushort)part.id, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+					dataOffset += 2;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (partsPartialDigestSize > 0)
+			{
+				WriteFieldHeader(partsPartialDigestSize, FieldType.DIGEST_ARRAY);
+
+				foreach (PartitionStatus part in nodePartitions.partsPartial)
+				{
+					Array.Copy(part.digest, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset, 20);
+					dataOffset += 20;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (partsPartialBValSize > 0)
+			{
+				WriteFieldHeader(partsPartialBValSize, FieldType.BVAL_ARRAY);
+
+				foreach (PartitionStatus part in nodePartitions.partsPartial)
+				{
+					ByteUtil.LongToLittleBytes(part.bval, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+					dataOffset += 8;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (maxRecords > 0)
+			{
+				WriteField((ulong)maxRecords, FieldType.MAX_RECORDS);
+			}
+
+			if (statement.operations != null)
+			{
+				foreach (Operation operation in statement.operations)
+				{
+					WriteOperation(operation);
+				}
+			}
+			else if (statement.binNames != null && (isNew || statement.filter == null))
+			{
+				foreach (string binName in statement.binNames)
+				{
+					WriteOperation(binName, Operation.Type.READ);
+				}
+			}
+			End();
+		}
+
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+		// Command Sizing
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+
+		private int EstimateKeyAttrSize(Policy policy, Key key, BatchAttr attr, Expression filterExp)
+		{
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(policy, key, attr.hasWrite);
+
+			if (filterExp != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += filterExp.Size();
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+			return fieldCount;
+		}
+
+		private int EstimateKeySize(Policy policy, Key key, bool hasWrite)
+		{
+			int fieldCount = EstimateKeySize(key);
+
+			fieldCount += SizeTxn(key, policy.Txn, hasWrite);
+
+			if (policy.sendKey)
+			{
+				dataOffset += key.userKey.EstimateSize() + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE + 1;
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+			return fieldCount;
+		}
+
+		private int EstimateKeySize(Key key)
+		{
+			int fieldCount = 0;
+
+			if (key.ns != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.ns) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			if (key.setName != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(key.setName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				fieldCount++;
+			}
+
+			dataOffset += key.digest.Length + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+			fieldCount++;
+
+			return fieldCount;
+		}
+
+		private int EstimateUdfSize(string packageName, string functionName, byte[] bytes)
+		{
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(packageName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(functionName) + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+			dataOffset += bytes.Length + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+			return 3;
+		}
+
+		private void EstimateOperationSize(Bin bin)
+		{
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(bin.name) + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE;
+			dataOffset += bin.value.EstimateSize();
+		}
+
+		private void EstimateOperationSize(Operation operation)
+		{
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(operation.binName) + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE;
+			dataOffset += operation.value.EstimateSize();
+		}
+
+		private void EstimateReadOperationSize(Operation operation)
+		{
+			if (Operation.IsWrite(operation.type))
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "Write operations not allowed in batch read");
+			}
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(operation.binName) + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE;
+			dataOffset += operation.value.EstimateSize();
+		}
+
+		private void EstimateOperationSize(string binName)
+		{
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.EstimateSizeUtf8(binName) + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE;
+		}
+
+		private void EstimateOperationSize()
+		{
+			dataOffset += OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE;
+		}
+
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+		// Command Writes
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Header write for write commands.
+		/// </summary>
+		private void WriteHeaderWrite(WritePolicy policy, int writeAttr, int fieldCount, int operationCount)
+		{
+			// Set flags.
+			int generation = 0;
+			int infoAttr = 0;
+
+			switch (policy.recordExistsAction)
+			{
+				case RecordExistsAction.UPDATE:
+					break;
+				case RecordExistsAction.UPDATE_ONLY:
+					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_UPDATE_ONLY;
+					break;
+				case RecordExistsAction.REPLACE:
+					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_CREATE_OR_REPLACE;
+					break;
+				case RecordExistsAction.REPLACE_ONLY:
+					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_REPLACE_ONLY;
+					break;
+				case RecordExistsAction.CREATE_ONLY:
+					writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_CREATE_ONLY;
+					break;
+			}
+
+			switch (policy.generationPolicy)
+			{
+				case GenerationPolicy.NONE:
+					break;
+				case GenerationPolicy.EXPECT_GEN_EQUAL:
+					generation = policy.generation;
+					writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_GENERATION;
+					break;
+				case GenerationPolicy.EXPECT_GEN_GT:
+					generation = policy.generation;
+					writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_GENERATION_GT;
+					break;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.commitLevel == CommitLevel.COMMIT_MASTER)
+			{
+				infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_COMMIT_MASTER;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.durableDelete)
+			{
+				writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_DURABLE_DELETE;
+			}
+
+			dataOffset += 8;
+
+			// Write all header data except total size which must be written last. 
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE; // Message header length.
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)writeAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)infoAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0; // clear the result code
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)generation, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)policy.expiration, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)serverTimeout, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)operationCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Header write for operate command.
+		/// </summary>
+		private void WriteHeaderReadWrite
+		(
+			WritePolicy policy,
+			OperateArgs args,
+			int fieldCount
+		)
+		{
+			// Set flags.
+			int generation = 0;
+			int ttl = args.hasWrite ? policy.expiration : policy.readTouchTtlPercent;
+			int readAttr = args.readAttr;
+			int writeAttr = args.writeAttr;
+			int infoAttr = 0;
+			int operationCount = args.operations.Length;
+
+			switch (policy.recordExistsAction)
+			{
+				case RecordExistsAction.UPDATE:
+					break;
+				case RecordExistsAction.UPDATE_ONLY:
+					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_UPDATE_ONLY;
+					break;
+				case RecordExistsAction.REPLACE:
+					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_CREATE_OR_REPLACE;
+					break;
+				case RecordExistsAction.REPLACE_ONLY:
+					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_REPLACE_ONLY;
+					break;
+				case RecordExistsAction.CREATE_ONLY:
+					writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_CREATE_ONLY;
+					break;
+			}
+
+			switch (policy.generationPolicy)
+			{
+				case GenerationPolicy.NONE:
+					break;
+				case GenerationPolicy.EXPECT_GEN_EQUAL:
+					generation = policy.generation;
+					writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_GENERATION;
+					break;
+				case GenerationPolicy.EXPECT_GEN_GT:
+					generation = policy.generation;
+					writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_GENERATION_GT;
+					break;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.commitLevel == CommitLevel.COMMIT_MASTER)
+			{
+				infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_COMMIT_MASTER;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.durableDelete)
+			{
+				writeAttr |= Command.INFO2_DURABLE_DELETE;
+			}
+			switch (policy.readModeSC)
+			{
+				case ReadModeSC.SESSION:
+					break;
+				case ReadModeSC.LINEARIZE:
+					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_TYPE;
+					break;
+				case ReadModeSC.ALLOW_REPLICA:
+					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_RELAX;
+					break;
+				case ReadModeSC.ALLOW_UNAVAILABLE:
+					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_TYPE | Command.INFO3_SC_READ_RELAX;
+					break;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.readModeAP == ReadModeAP.ALL)
+			{
+				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_READ_MODE_AP_ALL;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.compress)
+			{
+				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_COMPRESS_RESPONSE;
+			}
+
+			dataOffset += 8;
+
+			// Write all header data except total size which must be written last. 
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE; // Message header length.
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)readAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)writeAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)infoAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0; // unused
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0; // clear the result code
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)generation, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)ttl, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)serverTimeout, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)operationCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Header write for read commands.
+		/// </summary>
+		private void WriteHeaderRead
+		(
+			Policy policy,
+			int timeout,
+			int readAttr,
+			int writeAttr,
+			int infoAttr,
+			int fieldCount,
+			int operationCount
+		)
+		{
+			switch (policy.readModeSC)
+			{
+				case ReadModeSC.SESSION:
+					break;
+				case ReadModeSC.LINEARIZE:
+					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_TYPE;
+					break;
+				case ReadModeSC.ALLOW_REPLICA:
+					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_RELAX;
+					break;
+				case ReadModeSC.ALLOW_UNAVAILABLE:
+					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_TYPE | Command.INFO3_SC_READ_RELAX;
+					break;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.readModeAP == ReadModeAP.ALL)
+			{
+				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_READ_MODE_AP_ALL;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.compress)
+			{
+				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_COMPRESS_RESPONSE;
+			}
+
+			dataOffset += 8;
+
+			// Write all header data except total size which must be written last. 
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE; // Message header length.
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)readAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)writeAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)infoAttr;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
+			{
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0;
+			}
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)policy.readTouchTtlPercent, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)timeout, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)operationCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Header write for read header commands.
+		/// </summary>
+		private void WriteHeaderReadHeader(Policy policy, int readAttr, int fieldCount, int operationCount)
+		{
+			int infoAttr = 0;
+
+			switch (policy.readModeSC)
+			{
+				case ReadModeSC.SESSION:
+					break;
+				case ReadModeSC.LINEARIZE:
+					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_TYPE;
+					break;
+				case ReadModeSC.ALLOW_REPLICA:
+					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_RELAX;
+					break;
+				case ReadModeSC.ALLOW_UNAVAILABLE:
+					infoAttr |= Command.INFO3_SC_READ_TYPE | Command.INFO3_SC_READ_RELAX;
+					break;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.readModeAP == ReadModeAP.ALL)
+			{
+				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_READ_MODE_AP_ALL;
+			}
+
+			dataOffset += 8;
+
+			// Write all header data except total size which must be written last. 
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE; // Message header length.
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)readAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)infoAttr;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < 6; i++)
+			{
+				dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0;
+			}
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)policy.readTouchTtlPercent, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)serverTimeout, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)operationCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Header write for batch single commands.
+		/// </summary>
+		private void WriteKeyAttr(
+			Policy policy,
+			Key key,
+			BatchAttr attr,
+			Expression filterExp,
+			int fieldCount,
+			int operationCount
+		)
+		{
+			dataOffset += 8;
+
+			// Write all header data except total size which must be written last.
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = MSG_REMAINING_HEADER_SIZE; // Message header length.
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.readAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.writeAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)attr.infoAttr;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0; // unused
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0; // clear the result code
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)attr.generation, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)attr.expiration, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)serverTimeout, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)fieldCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += ByteUtil.ShortToBytes((ushort)operationCount, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+
+			WriteKey(policy, key, attr.hasWrite);
+
+			filterExp?.Write(this);
+		}
+
+		private void WriteKey(Policy policy, Key key, bool sendDeadline)
+		{
+			WriteKey(key);
+			WriteTxn(policy.Txn, sendDeadline);
+
+			if (policy.sendKey)
+			{
+				WriteField(key.userKey, FieldType.KEY);
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void WriteKey(Key key)
+		{
+			// Write key into dataBuffer.
+			if (key.ns != null)
+			{
+				WriteField(key.ns, FieldType.NAMESPACE);
+			}
+
+			if (key.setName != null)
+			{
+				WriteField(key.setName, FieldType.TABLE);
+			}
+
+			WriteField(key.digest, FieldType.DIGEST_RIPE);
+		}
+
+		private int WriteReadOnlyOperations(Operation[] ops, int readAttr)
+		{
+			bool readBin = false;
+			bool readHeader = false;
+
+			foreach (Operation op in ops)
+			{
+				switch (op.type)
+				{
+					case Operation.Type.READ:
+						// Read all bins if no bin is specified.
+						if (op.binName == null)
+						{
+							readAttr |= Command.INFO1_GET_ALL;
+						}
+						readBin = true;
+						break;
+
+					case Operation.Type.READ_HEADER:
+						readHeader = true;
+						break;
+
+					default:
+						break;
+				}
+				WriteOperation(op);
+			}
+
+			if (readHeader && !readBin)
+			{
+				readAttr |= Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA;
+			}
+			return readAttr;
+		}
+
+		private void WriteOperation(Bin bin, Operation.Type operationType)
+		{
+			int nameLength = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(bin.name, dataBuffer, dataOffset + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE);
+			int valueLength = bin.value.Write(dataBuffer, dataOffset + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE + nameLength);
+
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)(nameLength + valueLength + 4), dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 4;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = Operation.GetProtocolType(operationType);
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)bin.value.Type;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)nameLength;
+			dataOffset += nameLength + valueLength;
+		}
+
+		private void WriteOperation(Operation operation)
+		{
+			int nameLength = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(operation.binName, dataBuffer, dataOffset + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE);
+			int valueLength = operation.value.Write(dataBuffer, dataOffset + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE + nameLength);
+
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)(nameLength + valueLength + 4), dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 4;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = Operation.GetProtocolType(operation.type);
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)operation.value.Type;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)nameLength;
+			dataOffset += nameLength + valueLength;
+		}
+
+		private void WriteOperation(string name, Operation.Type operationType)
+		{
+			int nameLength = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(name, dataBuffer, dataOffset + OPERATION_HEADER_SIZE);
+
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)(nameLength + 4), dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 4;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = Operation.GetProtocolType(operationType);
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)nameLength;
+			dataOffset += nameLength;
+		}
+
+		private void WriteOperation(Operation.Type operationType)
+		{
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes(4, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 4;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = Operation.GetProtocolType(operationType);
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = 0;
+		}
+
+		private int SizeTxn(Key key, Txn txn, bool hasWrite)
+		{
+			int fieldCount = 0;
+
+			if (txn != null)
+			{
+				dataOffset += 8 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+				fieldCount++;
+
+				Version = txn.GetReadVersion(key);
+
+				if (Version.HasValue)
+				{
+					dataOffset += 7 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+					fieldCount++;
+				}
+
+				if (hasWrite && txn.Deadline != 0)
+				{
+					dataOffset += 4 + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+					fieldCount++;
+				}
+			}
+			return fieldCount;
+		}
+
+		private void WriteTxn(Txn txn, bool sendDeadline)
+		{
+			if (txn != null)
+			{
+				WriteFieldLE(txn.Id, FieldType.MRT_ID);
+
+				if (Version.HasValue)
+				{
+					WriteFieldVersion(Version.Value);
+				}
+
+				if (sendDeadline && txn.Deadline != 0)
+				{
+					WriteFieldLE(txn.Deadline, FieldType.MRT_DEADLINE);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void WriteFieldVersion(long ver)
+		{
+			WriteFieldHeader(7, FieldType.RECORD_VERSION);
+			ByteUtil.LongToVersionBytes(ver, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 7;
+		}
+
+		private void WriteField(Value value, int type)
+		{
+			int offset = dataOffset + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE;
+			dataBuffer[offset++] = (byte)value.Type;
+			int len = value.Write(dataBuffer, offset) + 1;
+			WriteFieldHeader(len, type);
+			dataOffset += len;
+		}
+
+		private void WriteField(string str, int type)
+		{
+			int len = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(str, dataBuffer, dataOffset + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE);
+			WriteFieldHeader(len, type);
+			dataOffset += len;
+		}
+
+		private void WriteField(byte[] bytes, int type)
+		{
+			Array.Copy(bytes, 0, dataBuffer, dataOffset + FIELD_HEADER_SIZE, bytes.Length);
+			WriteFieldHeader(bytes.Length, type);
+			dataOffset += bytes.Length;
+		}
+
+		private void WriteField(int val, int type)
+		{
+			WriteFieldHeader(4, type);
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)val, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 4;
+		}
+
+		private void WriteFieldLE(int val, int type)
+		{
+			WriteFieldHeader(4, type);
+			ByteUtil.IntToLittleBytes((uint)val, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 4;
+		}
+
+		private void WriteField(ulong val, int type)
+		{
+			WriteFieldHeader(8, type);
+			ByteUtil.LongToBytes(val, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 8;
+		}
+
+		private void WriteFieldLE(long val, int type)
+		{
+			WriteFieldHeader(8, type);
+			ByteUtil.LongToLittleBytes((ulong)val, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 8;
+		}
+
+		private void WriteFieldHeader(int size, int type)
+		{
+			ByteUtil.IntToBytes((uint)size + 1, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 4;
+			dataBuffer[dataOffset++] = (byte)type;
+		}
+
+		internal virtual void WriteExpHeader(int size)
+		{
+			WriteFieldHeader(size, FieldType.FILTER_EXP);
+		}
+
+		private void Begin()
+		{
+			dataOffset = MSG_TOTAL_HEADER_SIZE;
+		}
+
+		private bool SizeBuffer(Policy policy)
+		{
+			if (policy.compress && dataOffset > COMPRESS_THRESHOLD)
+			{
+				// Command will be compressed. First, write uncompressed command
+				// into separate dataBuffer. Save normal dataBuffer for compressed command.
+				// Normal dataBuffer in async mode is from dataBuffer pool that is used to
+				// minimize memory pinning during socket operations.
+				dataBuffer = new byte[dataOffset];
+				dataOffset = 0;
+				return true;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// Command will be uncompressed.
+				SizeBuffer();
+				return false;
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void End(bool compress)
+		{
+			if (!compress)
+			{
+				End();
+				return;
+			}
+
+			// Write proto header.
+			ulong size = ((ulong)dataOffset - 8) | (CL_MSG_VERSION << 56) | (AS_MSG_TYPE << 48);
+			ByteUtil.LongToBytes(size, dataBuffer, 0);
+
+			byte[] srcBuf = dataBuffer;
+			int srcSize = dataOffset;
+
+			// Increase requested dataBuffer size in case compressed dataBuffer size is
+			// greater than the uncompressed dataBuffer size.
+			dataOffset += 16 + 100;
+
+			// This method finds dataBuffer of requested size, resets dataOffset to segment offset
+			// and returns dataBuffer max size;
+			int trgBufSize = SizeBuffer();
+
+			// Compress to target starting at new dataOffset plus new header.
+			int trgSize = ByteUtil.Compress(srcBuf, srcSize, dataBuffer, dataOffset + 16, trgBufSize - 16) + 16;
+
+			ulong proto = ((ulong)trgSize - 8) | (CL_MSG_VERSION << 56) | (MSG_TYPE_COMPRESSED << 48);
+			ByteUtil.LongToBytes(proto, dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			ByteUtil.LongToBytes((ulong)srcSize, dataBuffer, dataOffset + 8);
+			SetLength(trgSize);
+		}
+
+		protected internal abstract int SizeBuffer();
+		protected internal abstract void End();
+		protected internal abstract void SetLength(int length);
+
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+		// Response Parsing
+		//--------------------------------------------------
+
+		internal virtual void SkipKey(int fieldCount)
+		{
+			// There can be fields in the response (setname etc).
+			// But for now, ignore them. Expose them to the API if needed in the future.
+			for (int i = 0; i < fieldCount; i++)
+			{
+				int fieldlen = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4 + fieldlen;
+			}
+		}
+
+		internal virtual Key ParseKey(int fieldCount, out ulong bval)
+		{
+			byte[] digest = null;
+			string ns = null;
+			string setName = null;
+			Value userKey = null;
+			bval = 0;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < fieldCount; i++)
+			{
+				int fieldlen = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+
+				int fieldtype = dataBuffer[dataOffset++];
+				int size = fieldlen - 1;
+
+				switch (fieldtype)
+				{
+					case FieldType.DIGEST_RIPE:
+						digest = new byte[size];
+						Array.Copy(dataBuffer, dataOffset, digest, 0, size);
+						break;
+
+					case FieldType.NAMESPACE:
+						ns = ByteUtil.Utf8ToString(dataBuffer, dataOffset, size);
+						break;
+
+					case FieldType.TABLE:
+						setName = ByteUtil.Utf8ToString(dataBuffer, dataOffset, size);
+						break;
+
+					case FieldType.KEY:
+						int type = dataBuffer[dataOffset++];
+						size--;
+						userKey = ByteUtil.BytesToKeyValue((ParticleType)type, dataBuffer, dataOffset, size);
+						break;
+
+					case FieldType.BVAL_ARRAY:
+						bval = (ulong)ByteUtil.LittleBytesToLong(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+						break;
+				}
+				dataOffset += size;
+			}
+			return new Key(ns, digest, setName, userKey);
+		}
+
+		public long? ParseVersion(int fieldCount)
+		{
+			long? version = null;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < fieldCount; i++)
+			{
+				int len = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+
+				int type = dataBuffer[dataOffset++];
+				int size = len - 1;
+
+				if (type == FieldType.RECORD_VERSION && size == 7)
+				{
+					version = ByteUtil.VersionBytesToLong(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				}
+				dataOffset += size;
+			}
+			return version;
+		}
+
+		protected void ParseFields(Txn txn, Key key, bool hasWrite)
+		{
+			if (txn == null)
+			{
+				SkipFields(fieldCount);
+				return;
+			}
+
+			long? version = null;
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < fieldCount; i++)
+			{
+				int len = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+
+				int type = dataBuffer[dataOffset++];
+				int size = len - 1;
+
+				if (type == FieldType.RECORD_VERSION)
+				{
+					if (size == 7)
+					{
+						version = ByteUtil.VersionBytesToLong(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						throw new AerospikeException("Record version field has invalid size: " + size);
+					}
+				}
+				dataOffset += size;
+			}
+
+			if (hasWrite)
+			{
+				txn.OnWrite(key, version, resultCode);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				txn.OnRead(key, version);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected void ParseTxnDeadline(Txn txn)
+		{
+			for (int i = 0; i < fieldCount; i++)
+			{
+				int len = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4;
+
+				int type = dataBuffer[dataOffset++];
+				int size = len - 1;
+
+				if (type == FieldType.MRT_DEADLINE)
+				{
+					int deadline = ByteUtil.LittleBytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+					txn.Deadline = deadline;
+				}
+				dataOffset += size;
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected void SkipFields(int fieldCount)
+		{
+			// There can be fields in the response (setname etc).
+			// But for now, ignore them. Expose them to the API if needed in the future.
+			for (int i = 0; i < fieldCount; i++)
+			{
+				int fieldlen = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+				dataOffset += 4 + fieldlen;
+			}
+		}
+
+		public static bool BatchInDoubt(bool isWrite, int commandSentCounter)
+		{
+			return isWrite && commandSentCounter > 1;
+		}
+
+		public interface BatchOffsets
+		{
+			int Size();
+			int Get(int i);
+		}
+
+		private class BatchOffsetsNative : BatchOffsets
+		{
+			private int size;
+			private int[] offsets;
+
+			public BatchOffsetsNative(BatchNode batch)
+			{
+				this.size = batch.offsetsSize;
+				this.offsets = batch.offsets;
+			}
+
+			public int Size()
+			{
+				return size;
+			}
+
+			public int Get(int i)
+			{
+				return offsets[i];
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+#pragma warning restore 0618
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/DeleteCommand.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/DeleteCommand.cs
index de56574e..ce1a005e 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/DeleteCommand.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/DeleteCommand.cs
@@ -1,96 +1,71 @@
-/* 
- * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
- *
- * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
- * license agreements.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
- * the License.
- */
-
-namespace Aerospike.Client
-{
-	public sealed class DeleteCommand : SyncCommand
-	{
-		private readonly WritePolicy writePolicy;
-		private readonly Key key;
-		private readonly Partition partition;
-		private bool existed;
-
-		public DeleteCommand(Cluster cluster, WritePolicy writePolicy, Key key)
-			: base(cluster, writePolicy)
-		{
-			this.writePolicy = writePolicy;
-			this.key = key;
-			this.partition = Partition.Write(cluster, writePolicy, key);
-			cluster.AddTran();
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override Node GetNode()
-		{
-			return partition.GetNodeWrite(cluster);
-		}
-
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return Latency.LatencyType.WRITE;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetDelete(writePolicy, key);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseResult(Connection conn)
-		{
-			ParseHeader(conn);
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				existed = true;
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (resultCode == ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR)
-			{
-				existed = false;
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
-			{
-				if (writePolicy.failOnFilteredOut)
-				{
-					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-				}
-				existed = true;
-				return;
-			}
-
-			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
-		{
-			partition.PrepareRetryWrite(timeout);
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		public bool Existed()
-		{
-			return existed;
-		}
-	}
-}
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+using System;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class DeleteCommand : SyncWriteCommand
+	{
+		private bool existed;
+
+		public DeleteCommand(Cluster cluster, WritePolicy writePolicy, Key key)
+			: base(cluster, writePolicy, key)
+		{
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetDelete(writePolicy, key);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseResult(Connection conn)
+		{
+			ParseHeader(conn);
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, key, true);
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
+			{
+				existed = true;
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR)
+			{
+				existed = false;
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
+			{
+				if (writePolicy.failOnFilteredOut)
+				{
+					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+				}
+				existed = true;
+				return;
+			}
+
+			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+		}
+
+		public bool Existed()
+		{
+			return existed;
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/ExecuteCommand.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/ExecuteCommand.cs
index a92bfe3b..6637d24a 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/ExecuteCommand.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/ExecuteCommand.cs
@@ -15,14 +15,16 @@
  * the License.
  */
 
+using Aerospike.Client;
+
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
-	public sealed class ExecuteCommand : ReadCommand
+	public sealed class ExecuteCommand : SyncWriteCommand
 	{
-		private readonly WritePolicy writePolicy;
 		private readonly string packageName;
 		private readonly string functionName;
 		private readonly Value[] args;
+		public Record Record { get; private set; }
 
 		public ExecuteCommand
 		(
@@ -32,43 +34,73 @@ public ExecuteCommand
 			string packageName,
 			string functionName,
 			Value[] args
-		) : base(cluster, writePolicy, key, Partition.Write(cluster, writePolicy, key), false)
+		) : base(cluster, writePolicy, key)
 		{
-			this.writePolicy = writePolicy;
 			this.packageName = packageName;
 			this.functionName = functionName;
 			this.args = args;
 		}
 
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
 		{
-			return true;
+			SetUdf(writePolicy, key, packageName, functionName, args);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override Node GetNode()
+		protected internal override void ParseResult(Connection conn)
 		{
-			return partition.GetNodeWrite(cluster);
-		}
+			ParseHeader(conn);
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, key, true);
 
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return Latency.LatencyType.WRITE;
-		}
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
+			{
+				Record = policy.recordParser.ParseRecord(dataBuffer, ref dataOffset, opCount, generation, expiration, false);
+				return;
+			}
 
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetUdf(writePolicy, key, packageName, functionName, args);
-		}
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.UDF_BAD_RESPONSE)
+			{
+				Record = policy.recordParser.ParseRecord(dataBuffer, ref dataOffset, opCount, generation, expiration, false);
+				HandleUdfError(resultCode);
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
+			{
+				if (policy.failOnFilteredOut)
+				{
+					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+				}
+				return;
+			}
 
-		protected internal override void HandleNotFound(int resultCode)
-		{
 			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
+		private void HandleUdfError(int resultCode)
 		{
-			partition.PrepareRetryWrite(timeout);
-			return true;
+			string ret = (string)Record.bins["FAILURE"];
+
+			if (ret == null)
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+			}
+
+			string message;
+			int code;
+
+			try
+			{
+				string[] list = ret.Split(":");
+				Int32.TryParse(list[2].Trim(), out code);
+				message = list[0] + ':' + list[1] + ' ' + list[3];
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				// Use generic exception if parse error occurs.
+				throw new AerospikeException(resultCode, ret);
+			}
+
+			throw new AerospikeException(code, message);
 		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/ExistsCommand.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/ExistsCommand.cs
index 64b734d6..24158b0c 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/ExistsCommand.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/ExistsCommand.cs
@@ -17,28 +17,13 @@
 
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
-	public sealed class ExistsCommand : SyncCommand
+	public sealed class ExistsCommand : SyncReadCommand
 	{
-		private readonly Key key;
-		private readonly Partition partition;
 		private bool exists;
 
 		public ExistsCommand(Cluster cluster, Policy policy, Key key)
-			: base(cluster, policy)
+			: base(cluster, policy, key)
 		{
-			this.key = key;
-			this.partition = Partition.Read(cluster, policy, key);
-			cluster.AddTran();
-		}
-
-		protected internal override Node GetNode()
-		{
-			return partition.GetNodeRead(cluster);
-		}
-
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return Latency.LatencyType.READ;
 		}
 
 		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
@@ -49,8 +34,9 @@ protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
 		protected internal override void ParseResult(Connection conn)
 		{
 			ParseHeader(conn);
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, key, false);
 
-			if (resultCode == 0)
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
 			{
 				exists = true;
 				return;
@@ -75,12 +61,6 @@ protected internal override void ParseResult(Connection conn)
 			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
-		{
-			partition.PrepareRetryRead(timeout);
-			return true;
-		}
-
 		public bool Exists()
 		{
 			return exists;
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/FieldType.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/FieldType.cs
index 75cd5fa3..7b4b01d0 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/FieldType.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/FieldType.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2022 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -21,8 +21,11 @@ public sealed class FieldType
 		public const int NAMESPACE = 0;
 		public const int TABLE = 1;
 		public const int KEY = 2;
+		public const int RECORD_VERSION = 3;
 		public const int DIGEST_RIPE = 4;
-		public const int TRAN_ID = 7; // user supplied transaction id, which is simply passed back
+		public const int MRT_ID = 5;
+		public const int MRT_DEADLINE = 6;
+		public const int QUERY_ID = 7;
 		public const int SOCKET_TIMEOUT = 9;
 		public const int RECORDS_PER_SECOND = 10;
 		public const int PID_ARRAY = 11;
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/MultiCommand.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/MultiCommand.cs
index c95ceabb..f2178cfe 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/MultiCommand.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/MultiCommand.cs
@@ -27,12 +27,7 @@ public abstract class MultiCommand : SyncCommand
 		protected internal readonly String ns;
 		private readonly ulong clusterKey;
 		protected internal int info3;
-		protected internal int resultCode;
-		protected internal int generation;
-		protected internal int expiration;
 		protected internal int batchIndex;
-		protected internal int fieldCount;
-		protected internal int opCount;
 		protected internal readonly bool isOperation;
 		private readonly bool first;
 		protected internal volatile bool valid = true;
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/OperateArgs.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/OperateArgs.cs
index c13edab7..bdf42800 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/OperateArgs.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/OperateArgs.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2023 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ public OperateArgs
 			WritePolicy policy,
 			WritePolicy writeDefault,
 			WritePolicy readDefault,
-			Key key,
 			Operation[] operations
 		)
 		{
@@ -131,17 +130,5 @@ Operation[] operations
 			}
 			writeAttr = wattr;
 		}
-
-		public Partition GetPartition(Cluster cluster, Key key)
-		{
-			if (hasWrite)
-			{
-				return Partition.Write(cluster, writePolicy, key);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				return Partition.Read(cluster, writePolicy, key);
-			}
-		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/OperateCommandRead.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/OperateCommandRead.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f20f2ec7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/OperateCommandRead.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class OperateCommandRead : ReadCommand
+	{
+		private readonly OperateArgs args;
+
+		public OperateCommandRead(Cluster cluster, Key key, OperateArgs args)
+			: base(cluster, args.writePolicy, key, true)
+		{
+			this.args = args;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetOperate(args.writePolicy, key, args);
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/OperateCommandWrite.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/OperateCommandWrite.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2eec1e56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/OperateCommandWrite.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+using Aerospike.Client;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class OperateCommandWrite : SyncWriteCommand
+	{
+		private readonly OperateArgs args;
+		public Record Record { get; private set; }
+
+		public OperateCommandWrite(Cluster cluster, Key key, OperateArgs args)
+			: base(cluster, args.writePolicy, key)
+		{
+			this.args = args;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetOperate(args.writePolicy, key, args);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseResult(Connection conn)
+		{
+			ParseHeader(conn);
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, key, true);
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK) {
+				Record = policy.recordParser.ParseRecord(dataBuffer, ref dataOffset, opCount, generation, expiration, true);
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
+			{
+				if (policy.failOnFilteredOut)
+				{
+					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+				}
+				return;
+			}
+
+			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+		}
+		
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/ReadCommand.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/ReadCommand.cs
index 8dfc8a57..28d40570 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/ReadCommand.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/ReadCommand.cs
@@ -17,52 +17,31 @@
 
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
-	public class ReadCommand : SyncCommand
+	public class ReadCommand : SyncReadCommand
 	{
-		protected readonly Key key;
-		protected readonly Partition partition;
 		private readonly string[] binNames;
 		private readonly bool isOperation;
 		private Record record;
 
 		public ReadCommand(Cluster cluster, Policy policy, Key key)
-			: base(cluster, policy)
+			: base(cluster, policy, key)
 		{
-			this.key = key;
 			this.binNames = null;
-			this.partition = Partition.Read(cluster, policy, key);
 			this.isOperation = false;
-			cluster.AddTran();
 		}
 
 		public ReadCommand(Cluster cluster, Policy policy, Key key, String[] binNames)
-			: base(cluster, policy)
+			: base(cluster, policy, key)
 		{
-			this.key = key;
 			this.binNames = binNames;
-			this.partition = Partition.Read(cluster, policy, key);
 			this.isOperation = false;
-			cluster.AddTran();
 		}
 
-		public ReadCommand(Cluster cluster, Policy policy, Key key, Partition partition, bool isOperation)
-			: base(cluster, policy)
+		public ReadCommand(Cluster cluster, Policy policy, Key key, bool isOperation)
+			: base(cluster, policy, key)
 		{
-			this.key = key;
 			this.binNames = null;
-			this.partition = partition;
 			this.isOperation = isOperation;
-			cluster.AddTran();
-		}
-
-		protected internal override Node GetNode()
-		{
-			return partition.GetNodeRead(cluster);
-		}
-
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return Latency.LatencyType.READ;
 		}
 
 		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
@@ -73,23 +52,16 @@ protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
 		protected internal override void ParseResult(Connection conn)
 		{
 			ParseHeader(conn);
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, key, false);
 
-			if (resultCode == 0)
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
 			{
-				if (opCount == 0)
-				{
-					// Bin data was not returned.
-					record = new Record(null, generation, expiration);
-					return;
-				}
-				SkipKey(fieldCount);
-				record = policy.recordParser.ParseRecord(dataBuffer, ref dataOffset, opCount, generation, expiration, isOperation);
+				this.record = policy.recordParser.ParseRecord(dataBuffer, ref dataOffset, opCount, generation, expiration, isOperation);
 				return;
 			}
 
 			if (resultCode == ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR)
 			{
-				HandleNotFound(resultCode);
 				return;
 			}
 
@@ -102,56 +74,8 @@ record = policy.recordParser.ParseRecord(dataBuffer, ref dataOffset, opCount, ge
 				return;
 			}
 
-			if (resultCode == ResultCode.UDF_BAD_RESPONSE)
-			{
-				SkipKey(fieldCount);
-				record = policy.recordParser.ParseRecord(dataBuffer, ref dataOffset, opCount, generation, expiration, isOperation);
-				HandleUdfError(resultCode);
-				return;
-			}
-
 			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
 		}
-
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
-		{
-			partition.PrepareRetryRead(timeout);
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal virtual void HandleNotFound(int resultCode)
-		{
-			// Do nothing in default case. Record will be null.
-		}
-
-		private void HandleUdfError(int resultCode)
-		{
-			object obj;
-
-			if (!record.bins.TryGetValue("FAILURE", out obj))
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-			}
-
-			string ret = (string)obj;
-			string message;
-			int code;
-
-			try
-			{
-				string[] list = ret.Split(':');
-				code = Convert.ToInt32(list[2].Trim());
-				message = list[0] + ':' + list[1] + ' ' + list[3];
-			}
-			catch (Exception e)
-			{
-				// Use generic exception if parse error occurs.
-				throw new AerospikeException(resultCode, ret, e);
-			}
-
-			throw new AerospikeException(code, message);
-		}
-
 		public Record Record
 		{
 			get
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/ReadHeaderCommand.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/ReadHeaderCommand.cs
index 6fde67f9..dfeceb15 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/ReadHeaderCommand.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/ReadHeaderCommand.cs
@@ -17,28 +17,13 @@
 
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
-	public sealed class ReadHeaderCommand : SyncCommand
+	public sealed class ReadHeaderCommand : SyncReadCommand
 	{
-		private readonly Key key;
-		private readonly Partition partition;
 		private Record record;
 
 		public ReadHeaderCommand(Cluster cluster, Policy policy, Key key)
-			: base(cluster, policy)
+			: base(cluster, policy, key)
 		{
-			this.key = key;
-			this.partition = Partition.Read(cluster, policy, key);
-			cluster.AddTran();
-		}
-
-		protected internal override Node GetNode()
-		{
-			return partition.GetNodeRead(cluster);
-		}
-
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return Latency.LatencyType.READ;
 		}
 
 		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
@@ -49,8 +34,8 @@ protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
 		protected internal override void ParseResult(Connection conn)
 		{
 			ParseHeader(conn);
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, key, false);
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
 			{
 				record = new Record(null, generation, expiration);
 				return;
@@ -73,12 +58,6 @@ protected internal override void ParseResult(Connection conn)
 			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
 		}
 
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
-		{
-			partition.PrepareRetryRead(timeout);
-			return true;
-		}
-
 		public Record Record
 		{
 			get
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/ScanExecutor.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/ScanExecutor.cs
index 8380d849..a50db933 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/ScanExecutor.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/ScanExecutor.cs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ public sealed class ScanExecutor
 	{
 		public static void ScanPartitions(Cluster cluster, ScanPolicy policy, string ns, string setName, string[] binNames, ScanCallback callback, PartitionTracker tracker)
 		{
-			cluster.AddTran();
+			cluster.AddCommandCount();
 			
 			while (true)
 			{
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/SyncCommand.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/SyncCommand.cs
index 356b92eb..08cca1ac 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/SyncCommand.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/SyncCommand.cs
@@ -1,439 +1,442 @@
-/* 
- * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
- *
- * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
- * license agreements.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
- * the License.
- */
-using System.Net.Sockets;
-using static Aerospike.Client.Latency;
-
-namespace Aerospike.Client
-{
-	public abstract class SyncCommand : Command
-	{
-		protected readonly Cluster cluster;
-		protected readonly Policy policy;
-		internal int iteration = 1;
-		internal int commandSentCounter;
-		internal DateTime deadline;
-		protected int resultCode;
-		protected int generation;
-		protected int expiration;
-		protected int fieldCount;
-		protected int opCount;
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default constructor.
-		/// </summary>
-		public SyncCommand(Cluster cluster, Policy policy)
-			: base(policy.socketTimeout, policy.totalTimeout, policy.maxRetries)
-		{
-			this.cluster = cluster;
-			this.policy = policy;
-			this.deadline = DateTime.MinValue;
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Scan/Query constructor.
-		/// </summary>
-		public SyncCommand(Cluster cluster, Policy policy, int socketTimeout, int totalTimeout)
-			: base(socketTimeout, totalTimeout, 0)
-		{
-			this.cluster = cluster;
-			this.policy = policy;
-			this.deadline = DateTime.MinValue;
-		}
-
-		public virtual void Execute()
-		{
-			if (totalTimeout > 0)
-			{
-				deadline = DateTime.UtcNow.AddMilliseconds(totalTimeout);
-			}
-			ExecuteCommand();
-		}
-
-		public void ExecuteCommand()
-		{
-			Node node;
-			AerospikeException exception = null;
-			ValueStopwatch metricsWatch = new();
-			LatencyType latencyType = cluster.MetricsEnabled ? GetLatencyType() : LatencyType.NONE;
-			bool isClientTimeout;
-
-			// Execute command until successful, timed out or maximum iterations have been reached.
-			while (true)
-			{
-				try
-				{
-					node = GetNode();
-				}
-				catch (AerospikeException ae)
-				{
-					ae.Policy = policy;
-					ae.Iteration = iteration;
-					ae.SetInDoubt(IsWrite(), commandSentCounter);
-					throw;
-				}
-
-				try
-				{
-					node.ValidateErrorCount();
-					if (latencyType != LatencyType.NONE)
-					{
-						metricsWatch = ValueStopwatch.StartNew();
-					}
-					Connection conn = node.GetConnection(socketTimeout, policy.TimeoutDelay);
-
-					try
-					{
-						// Set command buffer.
-						WriteBuffer();
-
-						// Send command.
-						conn.Write(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-						commandSentCounter++;
-
-						// Parse results.
-						ParseResult(conn);
-
-						// Put connection back in pool.
-						node.PutConnection(conn);
-
-						if (latencyType != LatencyType.NONE)
-						{ 
-							node.AddLatency(latencyType, metricsWatch.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds);
-						}
-
-						// Command has completed successfully.  Exit method.
-						return;
-					}
-					catch (AerospikeException ae)
-					{
-						if (ae.KeepConnection())
-						{
-							// Put connection back in pool.
-							node.PutConnection(conn);
-						}
-						else
-						{
-							// Close socket to flush out possible garbage.  Do not put back in pool.
-							node.CloseConnectionOnError(conn);
-						}
-
-						if (ae.Result == ResultCode.TIMEOUT)
-						{
-							// Retry on server timeout.
-							exception = new AerospikeException.Timeout(policy, false);
-							isClientTimeout = false;
-							node.IncrErrorRate();
-							node.AddTimeout();
-						}
-						else if (ae.Result == ResultCode.DEVICE_OVERLOAD)
-						{
-							// Add to circuit breaker error count and retry.
-							exception = ae;
-							isClientTimeout = false;
-							node.IncrErrorRate();
-							node.AddError();
-						}
-						else
-						{
-							node.AddError();
-							throw;
-						}
-					}
-					catch (Connection.ReadTimeout crt)
-					{
-						if (policy.TimeoutDelay > 0)
-						{
-							cluster.RecoverConnection(new ConnectionRecover(conn, node, policy.TimeoutDelay, crt, IsSingle()));
-							conn = null;
-						}
-						else
-						{
-							node.CloseConnection(conn);
-						}
-						exception = new AerospikeException.Timeout(policy, true);
-						isClientTimeout = true;
-						node.AddTimeout();
-					}
-					catch (SocketException se)
-					{
-						// Socket errors are considered temporary anomalies.
-						// Retry after closing connection.
-						node.CloseConnectionOnError(conn);
-
-						if (se.SocketErrorCode == SocketError.TimedOut)
-						{
-							isClientTimeout = true;
-							node.AddTimeout();
-						}
-						else
-						{
-							exception = new AerospikeException.Connection(se);
-							isClientTimeout = false;
-							node.AddError();
-						}
-					}
-					catch (IOException ioe)
-					{
-						// IO errors are considered temporary anomalies.  Retry.
-						// Log.info("IOException: " + tranId + ',' + node + ',' + sequence + ',' + iteration);
-						node.CloseConnection(conn);
-						exception = new AerospikeException.Connection(ioe);
-						isClientTimeout = false;
-						node.AddError();
-					}
-					catch (Exception)
-					{
-						// All other exceptions are considered fatal.  Do not retry.
-						// Close socket to flush out possible garbage.  Do not put back in pool.
-						node.CloseConnectionOnError(conn);
-						node.AddError();
-						throw;
-					}
-				}
-				catch (SocketException se)
-				{
-					// This exception might happen after initial connection succeeded, but
-					// user login failed with a socket error.  Retry.
-					if (se.SocketErrorCode == SocketError.TimedOut)
-					{
-						isClientTimeout = true;
-						node.AddTimeout();
-					}
-					else
-					{
-						exception = new AerospikeException.Connection(se);
-						isClientTimeout = false;
-						node.AddError();
-					}
-				}
-				catch (IOException ioe)
-				{
-					// IO errors are considered temporary anomalies.  Retry.
-					// Log.info("IOException: " + tranId + ',' + node + ',' + sequence + ',' + iteration);
-					exception = new AerospikeException.Connection(ioe);
-					isClientTimeout = false;
-					node.AddError();
-				}
-				catch (Connection.ReadTimeout)
-				{
-					// Connection already handled.
-					exception = new AerospikeException.Timeout(policy, true);
-					isClientTimeout = true;
-					node.AddTimeout();
-				}
-				catch (AerospikeException.Connection ce)
-				{
-					// Socket connection error has occurred. Retry.
-					exception = ce;
-					isClientTimeout = false;
-					node.AddError();
-				}
-				catch (AerospikeException.Backoff be)
-				{
-					// Node is in backoff state. Retry, hopefully on another node.
-					exception = be;
-					isClientTimeout = false;
-					node.AddError();
-				}
-				catch (AerospikeException ae)
-				{
-					ae.Node = node;
-					ae.Policy = policy;
-					ae.Iteration = iteration;
-					ae.SetInDoubt(IsWrite(), commandSentCounter);
-					node.AddError();
-					throw;
-				}
-				catch (Exception)
-				{
-					node.AddError();
-					throw;
-				}
-
-				// Check maxRetries.
-				if (iteration > maxRetries)
-				{
-					break;
-				}
-
-				if (totalTimeout > 0)
-				{
-					// Check for total timeout.
-					long remaining = (long)deadline.Subtract(DateTime.UtcNow).TotalMilliseconds - policy.sleepBetweenRetries;
-
-					if (remaining <= 0)
-					{
-						break;
-					}
-
-					if (remaining < totalTimeout)
-					{
-						totalTimeout = (int)remaining;
-
-						if (socketTimeout > totalTimeout)
-						{
-							socketTimeout = totalTimeout;
-						}
-					}
-				}
-
-				if (!isClientTimeout && policy.sleepBetweenRetries > 0)
-				{
-					// Sleep before trying again.
-					Util.Sleep(policy.sleepBetweenRetries);
-				}
-
-				iteration++;
-
-				if (!PrepareRetry(isClientTimeout || exception.Result != ResultCode.SERVER_NOT_AVAILABLE))
-				{
-					// Batch may be retried in separate commands.
-					if (RetryBatch(cluster, socketTimeout, totalTimeout, deadline, iteration, commandSentCounter))
-					{
-						// Batch was retried in separate commands.  Complete this command.
-						return;
-					}
-				}
-
-				cluster.AddRetry();
-			}
-
-			// Retries have been exhausted.  Throw last exception.
-			if (isClientTimeout)
-			{
-				exception = new AerospikeException.Timeout(policy, true);
-			}
-			exception.Node = node;
-			exception.Policy = policy;
-			exception.Iteration = iteration;
-			exception.SetInDoubt(IsWrite(), commandSentCounter);
-			throw exception;
-		}
-
-		protected internal sealed override int SizeBuffer()
-		{
-			dataBuffer = ThreadLocalData.GetBuffer();
-
-			if (dataOffset > dataBuffer.Length)
-			{
-				dataBuffer = ThreadLocalData.ResizeBuffer(dataOffset);
-			}
-			dataOffset = 0;
-			return dataBuffer.Length;
-		}
-
-		protected internal void SizeBuffer(int size)
-		{
-			if (size > dataBuffer.Length)
-			{
-				dataBuffer = ThreadLocalData.ResizeBuffer(size);
-			}
-		}
-
-		protected internal sealed override void End()
-		{
-			// Write total size of message.
-			ulong size = ((ulong)dataOffset - 8) | (CL_MSG_VERSION << 56) | (AS_MSG_TYPE << 48);
-			ByteUtil.LongToBytes(size, dataBuffer, 0);
-		}
-
-		protected internal void ParseHeader(Connection conn)
-		{
-			// Read header.
-			conn.ReadFully(dataBuffer, 8, Command.STATE_READ_HEADER);
-
-			long sz = ByteUtil.BytesToLong(dataBuffer, 0);
-			int receiveSize = (int)(sz & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFL);
-
-			if (receiveSize <= 0)
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException("Invalid receive size: " + receiveSize);
-			}
-
-			SizeBuffer(receiveSize);
-			conn.ReadFully(dataBuffer, receiveSize, Command.STATE_READ_DETAIL);
-			conn.UpdateLastUsed();
-
-			ulong type = (ulong)((sz >> 48) & 0xff);
-
-			if (type == Command.AS_MSG_TYPE)
-			{
-				dataOffset = 5;
-			}
-			else if (type == Command.MSG_TYPE_COMPRESSED)
-			{
-				int usize = (int)ByteUtil.BytesToLong(dataBuffer, 0);
-				byte[] ubuf = new byte[usize];
-
-				ByteUtil.Decompress(dataBuffer, 8, receiveSize, ubuf, usize);
-				dataBuffer = ubuf;
-				dataOffset = 13;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException("Invalid proto type: " + type + " Expected: " + Command.AS_MSG_TYPE);
-			}
-
-			this.resultCode = dataBuffer[dataOffset];
-			dataOffset++;
-			this.generation = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += 4;
-			this.expiration = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += 8;
-			this.fieldCount = ByteUtil.BytesToShort(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += 2;
-			this.opCount = ByteUtil.BytesToShort(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
-			dataOffset += 2;
-		}
-
-		protected internal sealed override void SetLength(int length)
-		{
-			dataOffset = length;
-		}
-
-		protected internal virtual bool RetryBatch
-		(
-			Cluster cluster,
-			int socketTimeout,
-			int totalTimeout,
-			DateTime deadline,
-			int iteration,
-			int commandSentCounter
-		)
-		{
-			// Override this method in batch to regenerate node assignments.
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		protected internal virtual bool IsWrite()
-		{
-			return false;
-		}
-
-		protected virtual bool IsSingle()
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal abstract Node GetNode();
-
-		protected abstract LatencyType GetLatencyType();
-		protected internal abstract void WriteBuffer();
-		protected internal abstract void ParseResult(Connection conn);
-		protected internal abstract bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout);
-	}
-}
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using System;
+using System.Net.Sockets;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using static Aerospike.Client.Latency;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public abstract class SyncCommand : Command
+	{
+		protected readonly Cluster cluster;
+		protected readonly Policy policy;
+		internal int iteration = 1;
+		internal int commandSentCounter;
+		internal DateTime deadline;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default constructor.
+		/// </summary>
+		public SyncCommand(Cluster cluster, Policy policy)
+			: base(policy.socketTimeout, policy.totalTimeout, policy.maxRetries)
+		{
+			this.cluster = cluster;
+			this.policy = policy;
+			this.deadline = DateTime.MinValue;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Scan/Query constructor.
+		/// </summary>
+		public SyncCommand(Cluster cluster, Policy policy, int socketTimeout, int totalTimeout)
+			: base(socketTimeout, totalTimeout, 0)
+		{
+			this.cluster = cluster;
+			this.policy = policy;
+			this.deadline = DateTime.MinValue;
+		}
+
+		public virtual void Execute()
+		{
+			if (totalTimeout > 0)
+			{
+				deadline = DateTime.UtcNow.AddMilliseconds(totalTimeout);
+			}
+			ExecuteCommand();
+		}
+
+		public void ExecuteCommand()
+		{
+			Node node;
+			AerospikeException exception = null;
+			ValueStopwatch metricsWatch = new();
+			LatencyType latencyType = cluster.MetricsEnabled ? GetLatencyType() : LatencyType.NONE;
+			bool isClientTimeout;
+
+			// Execute command until successful, timed out or maximum iterations have been reached.
+			while (true)
+			{
+				try
+				{
+					node = GetNode();
+				}
+				catch (AerospikeException ae)
+				{
+					ae.Policy = policy;
+					ae.Iteration = iteration;
+					ae.SetInDoubt(IsWrite(), commandSentCounter);
+					throw;
+				}
+
+				try
+				{
+					node.ValidateErrorCount();
+					if (latencyType != LatencyType.NONE)
+					{
+						metricsWatch = ValueStopwatch.StartNew();
+					}
+					Connection conn = node.GetConnection(socketTimeout, policy.TimeoutDelay);
+
+					try
+					{
+						// Set command buffer.
+						WriteBuffer();
+
+						// Send command.
+						conn.Write(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+						commandSentCounter++;
+
+						// Parse results.
+						ParseResult(conn);
+
+						// Put connection back in pool.
+						node.PutConnection(conn);
+
+						if (latencyType != LatencyType.NONE)
+						{ 
+							node.AddLatency(latencyType, metricsWatch.Elapsed.TotalMilliseconds);
+						}
+
+						// Command has completed successfully.  Exit method.
+						return;
+					}
+					catch (AerospikeException ae)
+					{
+						if (ae.KeepConnection())
+						{
+							// Put connection back in pool.
+							node.PutConnection(conn);
+						}
+						else
+						{
+							// Close socket to flush out possible garbage.  Do not put back in pool.
+							node.CloseConnectionOnError(conn);
+						}
+
+						if (ae.Result == ResultCode.TIMEOUT)
+						{
+							// Retry on server timeout.
+							exception = new AerospikeException.Timeout(policy, false);
+							isClientTimeout = false;
+							node.IncrErrorRate();
+							node.AddTimeout();
+						}
+						else if (ae.Result == ResultCode.DEVICE_OVERLOAD)
+						{
+							// Add to circuit breaker error count and retry.
+							exception = ae;
+							isClientTimeout = false;
+							node.IncrErrorRate();
+							node.AddError();
+						}
+						else
+						{
+							node.AddError();
+							throw;
+						}
+					}
+					catch (Connection.ReadTimeout crt)
+					{
+						if (policy.TimeoutDelay > 0)
+						{
+							cluster.RecoverConnection(new ConnectionRecover(conn, node, policy.TimeoutDelay, crt, IsSingle()));
+							conn = null;
+						}
+						else
+						{
+							node.CloseConnection(conn);
+						}
+						exception = new AerospikeException.Timeout(policy, true);
+						isClientTimeout = true;
+						node.AddTimeout();
+					}
+					catch (SocketException se)
+					{
+						// Socket errors are considered temporary anomalies.
+						// Retry after closing connection.
+						node.CloseConnectionOnError(conn);
+
+						if (se.SocketErrorCode == SocketError.TimedOut)
+						{
+							isClientTimeout = true;
+							node.AddTimeout();
+						}
+						else
+						{
+							exception = new AerospikeException.Connection(se);
+							isClientTimeout = false;
+							node.AddError();
+						}
+					}
+					catch (IOException ioe)
+					{
+						// IO errors are considered temporary anomalies.  Retry.
+						// Log.info("IOException: " + tranId + ',' + node + ',' + sequence + ',' + iteration);
+						node.CloseConnection(conn);
+						exception = new AerospikeException.Connection(ioe);
+						isClientTimeout = false;
+						node.AddError();
+					}
+					catch (Exception)
+					{
+						// All other exceptions are considered fatal.  Do not retry.
+						// Close socket to flush out possible garbage.  Do not put back in pool.
+						node.CloseConnectionOnError(conn);
+						node.AddError();
+						throw;
+					}
+				}
+				catch (SocketException se)
+				{
+					// This exception might happen after initial connection succeeded, but
+					// user login failed with a socket error.  Retry.
+					if (se.SocketErrorCode == SocketError.TimedOut)
+					{
+						isClientTimeout = true;
+						node.AddTimeout();
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						exception = new AerospikeException.Connection(se);
+						isClientTimeout = false;
+						node.AddError();
+					}
+				}
+				catch (IOException ioe)
+				{
+					// IO errors are considered temporary anomalies.  Retry.
+					// Log.info("IOException: " + tranId + ',' + node + ',' + sequence + ',' + iteration);
+					exception = new AerospikeException.Connection(ioe);
+					isClientTimeout = false;
+					node.AddError();
+				}
+				catch (Connection.ReadTimeout)
+				{
+					// Connection already handled.
+					exception = new AerospikeException.Timeout(policy, true);
+					isClientTimeout = true;
+					node.AddTimeout();
+				}
+				catch (AerospikeException.Connection ce)
+				{
+					// Socket connection error has occurred. Retry.
+					exception = ce;
+					isClientTimeout = false;
+					node.AddError();
+				}
+				catch (AerospikeException.Backoff be)
+				{
+					// Node is in backoff State. Retry, hopefully on another node.
+					exception = be;
+					isClientTimeout = false;
+					node.AddError();
+				}
+				catch (AerospikeException ae)
+				{
+					ae.Node = node;
+					ae.Policy = policy;
+					ae.Iteration = iteration;
+					ae.SetInDoubt(IsWrite(), commandSentCounter);
+					node.AddError();
+					throw;
+				}
+				catch (Exception)
+				{
+					node.AddError();
+					throw;
+				}
+
+				// Check maxRetries.
+				if (iteration > maxRetries)
+				{
+					break;
+				}
+
+				if (totalTimeout > 0)
+				{
+					// Check for total timeout.
+					long remaining = (long)deadline.Subtract(DateTime.UtcNow).TotalMilliseconds - policy.sleepBetweenRetries;
+
+					if (remaining <= 0)
+					{
+						break;
+					}
+
+					if (remaining < totalTimeout)
+					{
+						totalTimeout = (int)remaining;
+
+						if (socketTimeout > totalTimeout)
+						{
+							socketTimeout = totalTimeout;
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				if (!isClientTimeout && policy.sleepBetweenRetries > 0)
+				{
+					// Sleep before trying again.
+					Util.Sleep(policy.sleepBetweenRetries);
+				}
+
+				iteration++;
+
+				if (!PrepareRetry(isClientTimeout || exception.Result != ResultCode.SERVER_NOT_AVAILABLE))
+				{
+					// Batch may be retried in separate commands.
+					if (RetryBatch(cluster, socketTimeout, totalTimeout, deadline, iteration, commandSentCounter))
+					{
+						// Batch was retried in separate commands.  Complete this command.
+						return;
+					}
+				}
+
+				cluster.AddRetry();
+			}
+
+			// Retries have been exhausted.  Throw last exception.
+			if (isClientTimeout)
+			{
+				exception = new AerospikeException.Timeout(policy, true);
+			}
+			exception.Node = node;
+			exception.Policy = policy;
+			exception.Iteration = iteration;
+			exception.SetInDoubt(IsWrite(), commandSentCounter);
+			throw exception;
+		}
+
+		protected internal sealed override int SizeBuffer()
+		{
+			dataBuffer = ThreadLocalData.GetBuffer();
+
+			if (dataOffset > dataBuffer.Length)
+			{
+				dataBuffer = ThreadLocalData.ResizeBuffer(dataOffset);
+			}
+			dataOffset = 0;
+			return dataBuffer.Length;
+		}
+
+		protected internal void SizeBuffer(int size)
+		{
+			if (size > dataBuffer.Length)
+			{
+				dataBuffer = ThreadLocalData.ResizeBuffer(size);
+			}
+		}
+
+		protected internal sealed override void End()
+		{
+			// Write total size of message.
+			ulong size = ((ulong)dataOffset - 8) | (CL_MSG_VERSION << 56) | (AS_MSG_TYPE << 48);
+			ByteUtil.LongToBytes(size, dataBuffer, 0);
+		}
+
+		protected internal void ParseHeader(Connection conn)
+		{
+			// Read header.
+			conn.ReadFully(dataBuffer, 8, Command.STATE_READ_HEADER);
+
+			long sz = ByteUtil.BytesToLong(dataBuffer, 0);
+			int receiveSize = (int)(sz & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFL);
+
+			if (receiveSize <= 0)
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException("Invalid receive size: " + receiveSize);
+			}
+
+			SizeBuffer(receiveSize);
+			conn.ReadFully(dataBuffer, receiveSize, Command.STATE_READ_DETAIL);
+			conn.UpdateLastUsed();
+
+			ulong type = (ulong)(sz >> 48) & 0xff;
+
+			if (type == Command.AS_MSG_TYPE)
+			{
+				dataOffset = 5;
+			}
+			else if (type == Command.MSG_TYPE_COMPRESSED)
+			{
+				int usize = (int)ByteUtil.BytesToLong(dataBuffer, 0);
+				byte[] ubuf = new byte[usize];
+
+				ByteUtil.Decompress(dataBuffer, 8, receiveSize, ubuf, usize);
+				dataBuffer = ubuf;
+				dataOffset = 13;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException("Invalid proto type: " + type + " Expected: " + Command.AS_MSG_TYPE);
+			}
+
+			this.resultCode = dataBuffer[dataOffset] & 0xFF;
+			dataOffset++;
+			this.generation = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 4;
+			this.expiration = ByteUtil.BytesToInt(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 8;
+			this.fieldCount = ByteUtil.BytesToShort(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 2;
+			this.opCount = ByteUtil.BytesToShort(dataBuffer, dataOffset);
+			dataOffset += 2;
+		}
+
+		protected internal sealed override void SetLength(int length)
+		{
+			dataOffset = length;
+		}
+
+		// Do nothing by default. Write commands will override this method.
+		protected internal virtual void OnInDoubt()
+		{
+
+		}
+
+		protected internal virtual bool RetryBatch
+		(
+			Cluster cluster,
+			int socketTimeout,
+			int totalTimeout,
+			DateTime deadline,
+			int iteration,
+			int commandSentCounter
+		)
+		{
+			// Override this method in batch to regenerate node assignments.
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		protected internal virtual bool IsWrite()
+		{
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		protected virtual bool IsSingle()
+		{
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal abstract Node GetNode();
+
+		protected abstract LatencyType GetLatencyType();
+		protected internal abstract void WriteBuffer();
+		protected internal abstract void ParseResult(Connection conn);
+		protected internal abstract bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/SyncReadCommand.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/SyncReadCommand.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..28d1c24b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/SyncReadCommand.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public abstract class SyncReadCommand : SyncCommand
+	{
+		protected readonly Key key;
+		private readonly Partition partition;
+
+		public SyncReadCommand(Cluster cluster, Policy policy, Key key)
+			: base(cluster, policy)
+		{
+			this.key = key;
+			this.partition = Partition.Read(cluster, policy, key);
+			cluster.AddCommandCount();
+		}
+
+		protected internal override Node GetNode()
+		{
+			return partition.GetNodeRead(cluster);
+		}
+
+		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
+		{
+			return Latency.LatencyType.READ;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
+		{
+			partition.PrepareRetryRead(timeout);
+			return true;
+		}
+
+		protected internal abstract override void WriteBuffer();
+
+		protected internal abstract override void ParseResult(Connection conn);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/OperateCommand.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/SyncWriteCommand.cs
similarity index 51%
rename from AerospikeClient/Command/OperateCommand.cs
rename to AerospikeClient/Command/SyncWriteCommand.cs
index 45737711..3ba42540 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/OperateCommand.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/SyncWriteCommand.cs
@@ -15,59 +15,56 @@
  * the License.
  */
 
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
-	public sealed class OperateCommand : ReadCommand
+	public abstract class SyncWriteCommand : SyncCommand
 	{
-		private readonly OperateArgs args;
+		protected readonly WritePolicy writePolicy;
+		protected readonly Key key;
+		private readonly Partition partition;
 
-		public OperateCommand(Cluster cluster, Key key, OperateArgs args)
-			: base(cluster, args.writePolicy, key, args.GetPartition(cluster, key), true)
+		public SyncWriteCommand(Cluster cluster, WritePolicy writePolicy, Key key)
+			: base(cluster, writePolicy)
 		{
-			this.args = args;
+			this.writePolicy = writePolicy;
+			this.key = key;
+			this.partition = Partition.Write(cluster, writePolicy, key);
+			cluster.AddCommandCount();
 		}
 
 		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
 		{
-			return args.hasWrite;
+			return true;
 		}
 
 		protected internal override Node GetNode()
 		{
-			return args.hasWrite ? partition.GetNodeWrite(cluster) : partition.GetNodeRead(cluster);
+			return partition.GetNodeWrite(cluster);
 		}
 
 		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
 		{
-			return args.hasWrite ? Latency.LatencyType.WRITE : Latency.LatencyType.READ;
+			return Latency.LatencyType.WRITE;
 		}
 
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
 		{
-			SetOperate(args.writePolicy, key, args);
+			partition.PrepareRetryWrite(timeout);
+			return true;
 		}
 
-		protected internal override void HandleNotFound(int resultCode)
+		protected internal override void OnInDoubt()
 		{
-			// Only throw not found exception for command with write operations.
-			// Read-only command operations return a null record.
-			if (args.hasWrite)
+			if (writePolicy.Txn != null)
 			{
-				throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+				writePolicy.Txn.OnWriteInDoubt(key);
 			}
 		}
 
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
-		{
-			if (args.hasWrite)
-			{
-				partition.PrepareRetryWrite(timeout);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				partition.PrepareRetryRead(timeout);
-			}
-			return true;
-		}
+		protected internal abstract override void WriteBuffer();
+
+		protected internal abstract override void ParseResult(Connection conn);
 	}
 }
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/TouchCommand.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/TouchCommand.cs
index 675f0e2a..1d1913bf 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/TouchCommand.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/TouchCommand.cs
@@ -1,106 +1,74 @@
-/* 
- * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
- *
- * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
- * license agreements.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
- * the License.
- */
-
-namespace Aerospike.Client
-{
-	public sealed class TouchCommand : SyncCommand
-	{
-		private readonly WritePolicy writePolicy;
-		private readonly Key key;
-		private readonly Partition partition;
-		private readonly bool failOnNotFound;
-		internal bool Touched { get; private set; }
-
-		public TouchCommand(Cluster cluster, WritePolicy writePolicy, Key key)
- 			: base(cluster, writePolicy)
-		{
-			this.writePolicy = writePolicy;
-			this.key = key;
-			this.partition = Partition.Write(cluster, writePolicy, key);
-			this.failOnNotFound = true;
-			cluster.AddTran();
-		}
-
-		public TouchCommand(Cluster cluster, WritePolicy writePolicy, Key key, bool failOnNotFound)
- 			: base(cluster, writePolicy)
-		{
-			this.writePolicy = writePolicy;
-			this.key = key;
-			this.partition = Partition.Write(cluster, writePolicy, key);
-			this.failOnNotFound = failOnNotFound;
-			cluster.AddTran();
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override Node GetNode()
-		{
-			return partition.GetNodeWrite(cluster);
-		}
-
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return Latency.LatencyType.WRITE;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetTouch(writePolicy, key);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseResult(Connection conn)
-		{
-			ParseHeader(conn);
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				Touched = true;
-				return;
-			}
-
-			Touched = false;
-			if (resultCode == ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR)
-			{
-				if (failOnNotFound)
-				{
-					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-				}
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
-			{
-				if (writePolicy.failOnFilteredOut)
-				{
-					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-				}
-				return;
-			}
-
-			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
-		{
-			partition.PrepareRetryWrite(timeout);
-			return true;
-		}
-	}
-}
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class TouchCommand : SyncWriteCommand
+	{
+		private readonly bool failOnNotFound;
+		internal bool Touched { get; private set; }
+		public TouchCommand(Cluster cluster, WritePolicy writePolicy, Key key)
+ 			: base(cluster, writePolicy, key)
+		{
+			this.failOnNotFound = true;
+		}
+
+		public TouchCommand(Cluster cluster, WritePolicy writePolicy, Key key, bool failOnNotFound)
+ 			: base(cluster, writePolicy, key)
+		{
+			this.failOnNotFound = failOnNotFound;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetTouch(writePolicy, key);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseResult(Connection conn)
+		{
+			ParseHeader(conn);
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, key, true);
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
+			{
+				Touched = true;
+				return;
+			}
+
+			Touched = false;
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR)
+			{
+				if (failOnNotFound)
+				{
+					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+				}
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
+			{
+				if (writePolicy.failOnFilteredOut)
+				{
+					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+				}
+				return;
+			}
+
+			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/TxnAddKeys.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/TxnAddKeys.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..51d55c3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/TxnAddKeys.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class TxnAddKeys : SyncWriteCommand
+	{
+		private readonly OperateArgs args;
+		private readonly Txn txn;
+
+		public TxnAddKeys (Cluster cluster, Key key, OperateArgs args, Txn txn) 
+			: base(cluster, args.writePolicy, key)
+		{
+			this.args = args;
+			this.txn = txn;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetTxnAddKeys(args.writePolicy, key, args);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseResult(Connection conn)
+		{
+			ParseHeader(conn);
+			ParseTxnDeadline(txn);
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/TxnClose.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/TxnClose.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..73df0db0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/TxnClose.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class TxnClose : SyncWriteCommand
+	{
+		private readonly Txn txn;
+
+		public TxnClose(Cluster cluster, Txn txn, WritePolicy writePolicy, Key key) 
+			: base(cluster, writePolicy, key)
+		{
+			this.txn = txn;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetTxnClose(txn, key);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseResult(Connection conn)
+		{
+			ParseHeader(conn);
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, key, true);
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK || resultCode == ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR)
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnInDoubt()
+		{
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/TxnMarkRollForward.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/TxnMarkRollForward.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a59b86a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/TxnMarkRollForward.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class TxnMarkRollForward : SyncWriteCommand
+	{
+		public TxnMarkRollForward(Cluster cluster, Txn txn, WritePolicy writePolicy, Key key) 
+			: base(cluster, writePolicy, key)
+		{
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetTxnMarkRollForward(key);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseResult(Connection conn)
+		{
+			ParseHeader(conn);
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, key, true);
+
+			// MRT_COMMITTED is considered a success because it means a previous attempt already
+			// succeeded in notifying the server that the MRT will be rolled forward.
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK || resultCode == ResultCode.MRT_COMMITTED)
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void OnInDoubt()
+		{
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/TxnMonitor.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/TxnMonitor.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0826e3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/TxnMonitor.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class TxnMonitor
+	{
+		private static readonly ListPolicy OrderedListPolicy = new(ListOrder.ORDERED,
+			ListWriteFlags.ADD_UNIQUE | ListWriteFlags.NO_FAIL | ListWriteFlags.PARTIAL);
+
+		private static readonly string BinNameId = "id";
+		private static readonly string BinNameDigests = "keyds";
+
+		public static void AddKey(Cluster cluster, WritePolicy policy, Key cmdKey)
+		{
+			Txn txn = policy.Txn;
+
+			if (txn.Writes.Contains(cmdKey))
+			{
+				// Transaction monitor already contains this key.
+				return;
+			}
+
+			Operation[] ops = GetTxnOps(txn, cmdKey);
+			AddWriteKeys(cluster, policy, ops);
+		}
+
+		public static void AddKeys(Cluster cluster, BatchPolicy policy, Key[] keys)
+		{
+			Operation[] ops = GetTxnOps(policy.Txn, keys);
+			AddWriteKeys(cluster, policy, ops);
+		}
+
+		public static void AddKeys(Cluster cluster, BatchPolicy policy, List<BatchRecord> records)
+		{
+			Operation[] ops = GetTxnOps(policy.Txn, records);
+
+			if (ops != null)
+			{
+				AddWriteKeys(cluster, policy, ops);
+			}
+		}
+
+		public static Operation[] GetTxnOps(Txn txn, Key cmdKey)
+		{
+			txn.VerifyCommand();
+			txn.SetNamespace(cmdKey.ns);
+
+			if (txn.MonitorExists()) 
+			{
+				// No existing monitor record.
+				return new Operation[] {
+					ListOperation.Append(OrderedListPolicy, BinNameDigests, Value.Get(cmdKey.digest))
+				};
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				return new Operation[] {
+					Operation.Put(new Bin(BinNameId, txn.Id)),
+					ListOperation.Append(OrderedListPolicy, BinNameDigests, Value.Get(cmdKey.digest))
+				};
+			}
+		}
+
+		public static Operation[] GetTxnOps(Txn txn, Key[] keys)
+		{
+			txn.VerifyCommand();
+
+			List<Value> list = new(keys.Length);
+
+			foreach (Key key in keys) 
+			{
+				txn.SetNamespace(key.ns);
+				list.Add(Value.Get(key.digest));
+			}
+			return GetTxnOps(txn, list);
+		}
+
+		public static Operation[] GetTxnOps(Txn txn, List<BatchRecord> records)
+		{
+			txn.VerifyCommand();
+
+			List<Value> list = new(records.Count);
+
+			foreach (BatchRecord br in records) {
+				txn.SetNamespace(br.key.ns);
+
+				if (br.hasWrite) 
+				{
+					list.Add(Value.Get(br.key.digest));
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (list.Count == 0)
+			{
+				// Readonly batch does not need to add key digests.
+				return null;
+			}
+			return GetTxnOps(txn, list);
+		}
+
+		private static Operation[] GetTxnOps(Txn txn, List<Value> list)
+		{
+			if (txn.MonitorExists())
+			{
+				// No existing monitor record.
+				return new Operation[] {
+						ListOperation.AppendItems(OrderedListPolicy, BinNameDigests, list)
+					};
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				return new Operation[] {
+						Operation.Put(new Bin(BinNameId, txn.Id)),
+						ListOperation.AppendItems(OrderedListPolicy, BinNameDigests, list)
+					};
+			}
+		}
+
+		private static void AddWriteKeys(Cluster cluster, Policy policy, Operation[] ops)
+		{
+			Txn txn = policy.Txn;
+			Key txnKey = GetTxnMonitorKey(policy.Txn);
+			WritePolicy wp = CopyTimeoutPolicy(policy);
+			OperateArgs args = new(wp, null, null, ops);
+			TxnAddKeys cmd = new(cluster, txnKey, args, txn);
+			cmd.Execute();
+		}
+
+		public static Key GetTxnMonitorKey(Txn txn)
+		{
+			return new Key(txn.Ns, "<ERO~MRT", txn.Id);
+		}
+
+		public static WritePolicy CopyTimeoutPolicy(Policy policy)
+		{
+			// Inherit some fields from the original command's policy.
+			WritePolicy wp = new()
+			{
+				Txn = policy.Txn,
+				socketTimeout = policy.socketTimeout,
+				totalTimeout = policy.totalTimeout,
+				TimeoutDelay = policy.TimeoutDelay,
+				maxRetries = policy.maxRetries,
+				sleepBetweenRetries = policy.sleepBetweenRetries,
+				compress = policy.compress,
+				respondAllOps = true
+			};
+
+			// Note that the server only accepts the timeout on MRT monitor record create.
+			// The server ignores the MRT timeout field on successive MRT monitor record
+			// updates.
+			wp.expiration = policy.Txn.Timeout;
+			return wp;
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/TxnRoll.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/TxnRoll.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9b96d1a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/TxnRoll.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+using static Aerospike.Client.CommitStatus;
+using static Aerospike.Client.CommitError;
+using static Aerospike.Client.AbortStatus;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class TxnRoll
+	{
+		private readonly Cluster cluster;
+		private readonly Txn txn;
+		private BatchRecord[] verifyRecords;
+		private BatchRecord[] rollRecords;
+
+		public TxnRoll(Cluster cluster, Txn txn)
+		{
+			this.cluster = cluster;
+			this.txn = txn;
+		}
+
+		public void Verify(BatchPolicy verifyPolicy, BatchPolicy rollPolicy)
+		{
+			WritePolicy writePolicy;
+			Key txnKey;
+
+			try
+			{
+				// Verify read versions in batch.
+				VerifyRecordVersions(verifyPolicy);
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				// Verify failed. Abort.
+				txn.State = Txn.TxnState.ABORTED;
+				try
+				{
+					Roll(rollPolicy, Command.INFO4_MRT_ROLL_BACK);
+				}
+				catch (Exception e2)
+				{
+					// Throw combination of verify and roll exceptions.
+					throw CreateCommitException(CommitErrorType.VERIFY_FAIL_ABORT_ABANDONED, e, e2);
+				}
+
+				if (txn.CloseMonitor())
+				{
+					try
+					{
+						writePolicy = new WritePolicy(rollPolicy);
+						txnKey = TxnMonitor.GetTxnMonitorKey(txn);
+						Close(writePolicy, txnKey);
+					}
+					catch (Exception e3)
+					{
+						// Throw combination of verify and close exceptions.
+						throw CreateCommitException(CommitErrorType.VERIFY_FAIL_CLOSE_ABANDONED, e, e3);
+					}
+				}
+
+				// Throw original exception when abort succeeds.
+				throw CreateCommitException(CommitErrorType.VERIFY_FAIL, e);
+			}
+
+			txn.State = Txn.TxnState.VERIFIED;
+		}
+
+		public CommitStatusType Commit(BatchPolicy rollPolicy)
+		{
+			var writePolicy = new WritePolicy(rollPolicy);
+			var txnKey = TxnMonitor.GetTxnMonitorKey(txn);
+
+			if (txn.MonitorExists())
+			{
+				// Tell MRT monitor that a roll-forward will commence.
+				try
+				{
+					MarkRollForward(writePolicy, txnKey);
+				}
+				catch (AerospikeException ae)
+				{
+					AerospikeException.Commit aec = CreateCommitException(CommitErrorType.MARK_ROLL_FORWARD_ABANDONED, ae);
+
+					if (ae.Result == ResultCode.MRT_ABORTED)
+					{
+						aec.SetInDoubt(false);
+						txn.InDoubt = false;
+						txn.State = Txn.TxnState.ABORTED;
+					}
+					else if (txn.InDoubt)
+					{
+						// The transaction was already InDoubt and just failed again,
+						// so the new exception should also be InDoubt.
+						aec.SetInDoubt(true);
+					}
+					else if (ae.InDoubt)
+					{
+						// The current exception is inDoubt.
+						aec.SetInDoubt(true);
+						txn.InDoubt = true;
+					}
+					throw aec;
+				}
+				catch (Exception e)
+				{
+					AerospikeException.Commit aec = CreateCommitException(CommitErrorType.MARK_ROLL_FORWARD_ABANDONED, e);
+					
+					if (txn.InDoubt)
+					{
+						aec.SetInDoubt(true);
+					}
+
+					throw aec;
+				}
+
+				txn.State = Txn.TxnState.COMMITTED;
+				txn.InDoubt = false;
+
+				// Roll-forward writes in batch.
+				try
+				{
+					Roll(rollPolicy, Command.INFO4_MRT_ROLL_FORWARD);
+				}
+				catch (Exception)
+				{
+					return CommitStatusType.ROLL_FORWARD_ABANDONED;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (txn.CloseMonitor())
+			{
+				// Remove MRT monitor.
+				try
+				{
+					Close(writePolicy, txnKey);
+				}
+				catch (Exception)
+				{
+					return CommitStatusType.CLOSE_ABANDONED;
+				}
+			}
+
+			return CommitStatusType.OK;
+		}
+
+		private AerospikeException.Commit CreateCommitException(CommitErrorType error, Exception cause, Exception innerException = null) 
+		{
+			AerospikeException.Commit aec;
+
+			if (innerException != null)
+			{
+				if (cause == null)
+				{
+					aec = new AerospikeException.Commit(error, verifyRecords, rollRecords, innerException);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					aec = new AerospikeException.Commit(error, verifyRecords, rollRecords, new[] { cause, innerException });
+				}
+			}
+			else if (cause != null)
+			{
+				aec = new AerospikeException.Commit(error, verifyRecords, rollRecords, cause);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				aec = new AerospikeException.Commit(error, verifyRecords, rollRecords);
+			}
+
+			if (cause is AerospikeException)
+			{
+				AerospikeException src = (AerospikeException)cause;
+				aec.Node = src.Node;
+				aec.Policy = src.Policy;
+				aec.Iteration = src.Iteration;
+				aec.SetInDoubt(src.InDoubt);
+			}
+			return aec;
+		}
+
+		public AbortStatusType Abort(BatchPolicy rollPolicy)
+		{
+			txn.State = Txn.TxnState.ABORTED;
+			
+			try
+			{
+				Roll(rollPolicy, Command.INFO4_MRT_ROLL_BACK);
+			}
+			catch (Exception)
+			{
+				return AbortStatusType.ROLL_BACK_ABANDONED;
+			}
+
+			if (txn.CloseMonitor())
+			{
+				try
+				{
+					WritePolicy writePolicy = new(rollPolicy);
+					Key txnKey = TxnMonitor.GetTxnMonitorKey(txn);
+					Close(writePolicy, txnKey);
+				}
+				catch (Exception)
+				{
+					return AbortStatusType.CLOSE_ABANDONED;
+				}
+			}
+
+			return AbortStatusType.OK;
+		}
+		private void VerifyRecordVersions(BatchPolicy verifyPolicy)
+		{
+			// Validate record versions in a batch.
+			BatchRecord[] records = null;
+			Key[] keys = null;
+			long?[] versions = null;
+
+			bool actionPerformed = txn.Reads.PerformActionOnEachElement(max =>
+			{
+				if (max == 0) return false;
+
+				records = new BatchRecord[max];
+				keys = new Key[max];
+				versions = new long?[max];
+				return true;
+			},
+			(key, value, count) =>
+			{
+				keys[count] = key;
+				records[count] = new BatchRecord(key, false);
+				versions[count] = value;
+			});
+
+			if (!actionPerformed) // If no action was performed, there are no elements. Return.
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			this.verifyRecords = records;
+
+			BatchStatus status = new(true);
+			List<BatchNode> bns = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, verifyPolicy, keys, records, false, status);
+			BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[bns.Count];
+
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode bn in bns)
+			{
+				commands[count++] = new BatchTxnVerify(
+					cluster, bn, verifyPolicy, keys, versions, records, status);
+			}
+
+			BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, verifyPolicy, commands, status);
+
+			if (!status.GetStatus())
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException("Failed to verify one or more record versions");
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void MarkRollForward(WritePolicy writePolicy, Key txnKey)
+		{
+			// Tell MRT monitor that a roll-forward will commence.
+			TxnMarkRollForward cmd = new(cluster, txn, writePolicy, txnKey);
+			cmd.Execute();
+		}
+
+		private void Roll(BatchPolicy rollPolicy, int txnAttr)
+		{
+			BatchRecord[] records = null;
+			Key[] keys = null;
+
+			bool actionPerformed = txn.Writes.PerformActionOnEachElement(max =>
+			{
+				if (max == 0) return false;
+
+				records = new BatchRecord[max];
+				keys = new Key[max];
+				return true;
+			},
+			(item, count) =>
+			{
+				keys[count] = item;
+				records[count] = new BatchRecord(item, true);
+			});
+
+			if (!actionPerformed)
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			this.rollRecords = records;
+
+			BatchAttr attr = new();
+			attr.SetTxn(txnAttr);
+			BatchStatus status = new(true);
+
+			// generate() requires a null transaction instance.
+			List<BatchNode> bns = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, rollPolicy, keys, records, true, status);
+			BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[bns.Count];
+
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode bn in bns)
+			{
+				commands[count++] = new BatchTxnRoll(
+					cluster, bn, rollPolicy, txn, keys, records, attr, status);
+			}
+			BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, rollPolicy, commands, status);
+
+			if (!status.GetStatus())
+			{
+				string rollString = txnAttr == Command.INFO4_MRT_ROLL_FORWARD ? "commit" : "abort";
+				throw new AerospikeException("Failed to " + rollString + " one or more records");
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void Close(WritePolicy writePolicy, Key txnKey)
+		{
+			// Delete MRT monitor on server.
+			TxnClose cmd = new(cluster, txn, writePolicy, txnKey);
+			cmd.Execute();
+
+			// Reset MRT on client.
+			txn.Clear();
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Command/WriteCommand.cs b/AerospikeClient/Command/WriteCommand.cs
index 018fc94d..5f275729 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Command/WriteCommand.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Command/WriteCommand.cs
@@ -1,86 +1,59 @@
-/* 
- * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
- *
- * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
- * license agreements.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
- * the License.
- */
-
-namespace Aerospike.Client
-{
-	public sealed class WriteCommand : SyncCommand
-	{
-		private readonly WritePolicy writePolicy;
-		private readonly Key key;
-		private readonly Partition partition;
-		private readonly Bin[] bins;
-		private readonly Operation.Type operation;
-
-		public WriteCommand(Cluster cluster, WritePolicy writePolicy, Key key, Bin[] bins, Operation.Type operation)
-			: base(cluster, writePolicy)
-		{
-			this.writePolicy = writePolicy;
-			this.key = key;
-			this.partition = Partition.Write(cluster, writePolicy, key);
-			this.bins = bins;
-			this.operation = operation;
-			cluster.AddTran();
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool IsWrite()
-		{
-			return true;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override Node GetNode()
-		{
-			return partition.GetNodeWrite(cluster);
-		}
-
-		protected override Latency.LatencyType GetLatencyType()
-		{
-			return Latency.LatencyType.WRITE;
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
-		{
-			SetWrite(writePolicy, operation, key, bins);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override void ParseResult(Connection conn)
-		{
-			ParseHeader(conn);
-
-			if (resultCode == 0)
-			{
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
-			{
-				if (writePolicy.failOnFilteredOut)
-				{
-					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-				}
-				return;
-			}
-
-			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
-		}
-
-		protected internal override bool PrepareRetry(bool timeout)
-		{
-			partition.PrepareRetryWrite(timeout);
-			return true;
-		}
-	}
-}
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public sealed class WriteCommand : SyncWriteCommand
+	{
+		private readonly Bin[] bins;
+		private readonly Operation.Type operation;
+
+		public WriteCommand(Cluster cluster, WritePolicy writePolicy, Key key, Bin[] bins, Operation.Type operation)
+			: base(cluster, writePolicy, key)
+		{
+			this.bins = bins;
+			this.operation = operation;
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void WriteBuffer()
+		{
+			SetWrite(writePolicy, operation, key, bins);
+		}
+
+		protected internal override void ParseResult(Connection conn)
+		{
+			ParseHeader(conn);
+			ParseFields(policy.Txn, key, true);
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if (resultCode == ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT)
+			{
+				if (writePolicy.failOnFilteredOut)
+				{
+					throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+				}
+				return;
+			}
+
+			throw new AerospikeException(resultCode);
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Exp/Exp.cs b/AerospikeClient/Exp/Exp.cs
index 692077b6..dd3e0de9 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Exp/Exp.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Exp/Exp.cs
@@ -408,12 +408,12 @@ public static Exp TTL()
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Create expression that returns if record has been deleted and is still in tombstone state.
+		/// Create expression that returns if record has been deleted and is still in tombstone State.
 		/// This expression usually evaluates quickly because record meta data is cached in memory.
 		/// </summary>
 		/// <example>
 		/// <code>
-		/// // Deleted records that are in tombstone state.
+		/// // Deleted records that are in tombstone State.
 		/// Exp.isTombstone()
 		/// </code>
 		/// </example>
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Listener/AbortListener.cs b/AerospikeClient/Listener/AbortListener.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5bb878b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Listener/AbortListener.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using static Aerospike.Client.AbortStatus;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Asynchronous result notifications for multi-record transaction (MRT) aborts.
+	/// </summary>
+	public interface AbortListener
+	{
+		/// <summary>
+		/// This method is called when the abort succeeded or will succeed.
+		/// </summary>
+		void OnSuccess(AbortStatusType status);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Listener/CommitListener.cs b/AerospikeClient/Listener/CommitListener.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2629c7de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Listener/CommitListener.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using static Aerospike.Client.CommitStatus;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Asynchronous result notifications for multi-record transaction (MRT) commits.
+	/// </summary>
+	public interface CommitListener
+	{
+		/// <summary>
+		/// This method is called when the records are verified and the commit succeeded or will succeed.
+		/// </summary>
+		void OnSuccess(CommitStatusType status);
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// This method is called when the commit fails.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="exception">error that occurred</param>
+		void OnFailure(AerospikeException.Commit exception);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Main/AbortStatus.cs b/AerospikeClient/Main/AbortStatus.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94f2dee2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Main/AbortStatus.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Multi-record transaction (MRT) abort error status code
+	/// </summary>
+	public static class AbortStatus
+	{
+		public enum AbortStatusType
+		{
+			OK,
+			ALREADY_COMMITTED,
+			ALREADY_ABORTED,
+			ROLL_BACK_ABANDONED,
+			CLOSE_ABANDONED
+		}
+
+		public static string AbortErrorToString(AbortStatusType status)
+		{
+			return status switch
+			{
+				AbortStatusType.OK => "Abort succeeded.",
+				AbortStatusType.ALREADY_COMMITTED => "Already committed.",
+				AbortStatusType.ALREADY_ABORTED => "Already aborted.",
+				AbortStatusType.ROLL_BACK_ABANDONED => "MRT client roll back abandoned. Server will eventually abort the MRT.",
+				AbortStatusType.CLOSE_ABANDONED => "MRT has been rolled back, but MRT client close was abandoned. Server will eventually close the MRT.",
+				_ => "Unexpected AbortStatusType."
+			};
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Main/AerospikeClient.cs b/AerospikeClient/Main/AerospikeClient.cs
index 617369a4..a91de549 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Main/AerospikeClient.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Main/AerospikeClient.cs
@@ -1,2469 +1,2705 @@
-/* 
- * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
- *
- * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
- * license agreements.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
- * the License.
- */
-using System.Reflection;
-using System.Text;
-
-namespace Aerospike.Client
-{
-	/// <summary>
-	/// Instantiate an AerospikeClient object to access an Aerospike
-	/// database cluster and perform database operations.
-	/// <para>
-	/// This client is thread-safe. One client instance should be used per cluster.
-	/// Multiple threads should share this cluster instance.
-	/// </para>
-	/// <para>
-	/// Your application uses this class API to perform database operations such as
-	/// writing and reading records, and selecting sets of records. Write operations
-	/// include specialized functionality such as append/prepend and arithmetic
-	/// addition.
-	/// </para>
-	/// <para>
-	/// Each record may have multiple bins, unless the Aerospike server nodes are
-	/// configured as "single-bin". In "multi-bin" mode, partial records may be
-	/// written or read by specifying the relevant subset of bins.
-	/// </para>
-	/// </summary>
-	public class AerospikeClient : IDisposable, IAerospikeClient
-	{
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// Member variables.
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		protected internal Cluster cluster;
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default read policy that is used when read command policy is null.
-		/// </summary>
-		public Policy readPolicyDefault;
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default write policy that is used when write command policy is null.
-		/// </summary>
-		public WritePolicy writePolicyDefault;
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default scan policy that is used when scan command policy is null.
-		/// </summary>
-		public ScanPolicy scanPolicyDefault;
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default query policy that is used when query command policy is null.
-		/// </summary>
-		public QueryPolicy queryPolicyDefault;
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default parent policy used in batch read commands. Parent policy fields
-		/// include socketTimeout, totalTimeout, maxRetries, etc...
-		/// </summary>
-		public BatchPolicy batchPolicyDefault;
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default parent policy used in batch write commands. Parent policy fields
-		/// include socketTimeout, totalTimeout, maxRetries, etc...
-		/// </summary>
-		public BatchPolicy batchParentPolicyWriteDefault;
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default write policy used in batch operate commands.
-		/// Write policy fields include generation, expiration, durableDelete, etc...
-		/// </summary>
-		public BatchWritePolicy batchWritePolicyDefault;
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default delete policy used in batch delete commands.
-		/// </summary>
-		public BatchDeletePolicy batchDeletePolicyDefault;
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default user defined function policy used in batch UDF excecute commands.
-		/// </summary>
-		public BatchUDFPolicy batchUDFPolicyDefault;
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default info policy that is used when info command policy is null.
-		/// </summary>
-		public InfoPolicy infoPolicyDefault;
-
-		protected WritePolicy operatePolicyReadDefault;
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// Constructors
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Initialize Aerospike client.
-		/// If the host connection succeeds, the client will:
-		/// <list type="bullet">
-		/// <item>Add host to the cluster map</item>
-		/// <item>Request host's list of other nodes in cluster</item>
-		/// <item>Add these nodes to cluster map</item>
-		/// </list>
-		/// <para>
-		/// If the connection succeeds, the client is ready to process database requests.
-		/// If the connection fails, the cluster will remain in a disconnected state
-		/// until the server is activated.
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="hostname">host name</param>
-		/// <param name="port">host port</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if host connection fails</exception>
-		public AerospikeClient(string hostname, int port)
-			: this(new ClientPolicy(), new Host(hostname, port))
-		{
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Initialize Aerospike client.
-		/// The client policy is used to set defaults and size internal data structures.
-		/// If the host connection succeeds, the client will:
-		/// <list type="bullet">
-		/// <item>Add host to the cluster map</item>
-		/// <item>Request host's list of other nodes in cluster</item>
-		/// <item>Add these nodes to cluster map</item>
-		/// </list>
-		/// <para>
-		/// If the connection succeeds, the client is ready to process database requests.
-		/// If the connection fails and the policy's failOnInvalidHosts is true, a connection 
-		/// exception will be thrown. Otherwise, the cluster will remain in a disconnected state
-		/// until the server is activated.
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">client configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="hostname">host name</param>
-		/// <param name="port">host port</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if host connection fails</exception>
-		public AerospikeClient(ClientPolicy policy, string hostname, int port)
-			: this(policy, new Host(hostname, port))
-		{
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Initialize Aerospike client with suitable hosts to seed the cluster map.
-		/// The client policy is used to set defaults and size internal data structures.
-		/// For the first host connection that succeeds, the client will:
-		/// <list type="bullet">
-		/// <item>Add host to the cluster map</item>
-		/// <item>Request host's list of other nodes in cluster</item>
-		/// <item>Add these nodes to cluster map</item>
-		/// </list>
-		/// <para>
-		/// In most cases, only one host is necessary to seed the cluster. The remaining hosts 
-		/// are added as future seeds in case of a complete network failure.
-		/// </para>
-		/// <para>
-		/// If one connection succeeds, the client is ready to process database requests.
-		/// If all connections fail and the policy's failIfNotConnected is true, a connection 
-		/// exception will be thrown. Otherwise, the cluster will remain in a disconnected state
-		/// until the server is activated.
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">client configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="hosts">array of potential hosts to seed the cluster</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if all host connections fail</exception>
-		public AerospikeClient(ClientPolicy policy, params Host[] hosts)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = new ClientPolicy();
-			}
-			this.readPolicyDefault = policy.readPolicyDefault;
-			this.writePolicyDefault = policy.writePolicyDefault;
-			this.scanPolicyDefault = policy.scanPolicyDefault;
-			this.queryPolicyDefault = policy.queryPolicyDefault;
-			this.batchPolicyDefault = policy.batchPolicyDefault;
-			this.batchParentPolicyWriteDefault = policy.batchParentPolicyWriteDefault;
-			this.batchWritePolicyDefault = policy.batchWritePolicyDefault;
-			this.batchDeletePolicyDefault = policy.batchDeletePolicyDefault;
-			this.batchUDFPolicyDefault = policy.batchUDFPolicyDefault;
-			this.infoPolicyDefault = policy.infoPolicyDefault;
-			this.operatePolicyReadDefault = new WritePolicy(this.readPolicyDefault);
-
-			cluster = new Cluster(policy, hosts);
-			cluster.InitTendThread(policy.failIfNotConnected);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Construct client without initialization.
-		/// Should only be used by classes inheriting from this client.
-		/// </summary>
-		protected internal AerospikeClient(ClientPolicy policy)
-		{
-			if (policy != null)
-			{
-				this.readPolicyDefault = policy.readPolicyDefault;
-				this.writePolicyDefault = policy.writePolicyDefault;
-				this.scanPolicyDefault = policy.scanPolicyDefault;
-				this.queryPolicyDefault = policy.queryPolicyDefault;
-				this.batchPolicyDefault = policy.batchPolicyDefault;
-				this.batchParentPolicyWriteDefault = policy.batchParentPolicyWriteDefault;
-				this.batchWritePolicyDefault = policy.batchWritePolicyDefault;
-				this.batchDeletePolicyDefault = policy.batchDeletePolicyDefault;
-				this.batchUDFPolicyDefault = policy.batchUDFPolicyDefault;
-				this.infoPolicyDefault = policy.infoPolicyDefault;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				this.readPolicyDefault = new Policy();
-				this.writePolicyDefault = new WritePolicy();
-				this.scanPolicyDefault = new ScanPolicy();
-				this.queryPolicyDefault = new QueryPolicy();
-				this.batchPolicyDefault = BatchPolicy.ReadDefault();
-				this.batchParentPolicyWriteDefault = BatchPolicy.WriteDefault();
-				this.batchWritePolicyDefault = new BatchWritePolicy();
-				this.batchDeletePolicyDefault = new BatchDeletePolicy();
-				this.batchUDFPolicyDefault = new BatchUDFPolicy();
-				this.infoPolicyDefault = new InfoPolicy();
-			}
-			this.operatePolicyReadDefault = new WritePolicy(this.readPolicyDefault);
-		}
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// Operations policies
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default read policy that is used when read command policy is null.
-		/// </summary>
-		public Policy ReadPolicyDefault
-		{
-			get { return readPolicyDefault; }
-			set { readPolicyDefault = value; }
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default write policy that is used when write command policy is null.
-		/// </summary>
-		public WritePolicy WritePolicyDefault
-		{
-			get { return writePolicyDefault; }
-			set { writePolicyDefault = value; }
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default scan policy that is used when scan command policy is null.
-		/// </summary>
-		public ScanPolicy ScanPolicyDefault
-		{
-			get { return scanPolicyDefault; }
-			set { scanPolicyDefault = value; }
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default query policy that is used when query command policy is null.
-		/// </summary>
-		public QueryPolicy QueryPolicyDefault
-		{
-			get { return queryPolicyDefault; }
-			set { queryPolicyDefault = value; }
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default parent policy used in batch read commands.Parent policy fields
-		/// include socketTimeout, totalTimeout, maxRetries, etc...
-		/// </summary>
-		public BatchPolicy BatchPolicyDefault
-		{
-			get { return batchPolicyDefault; }
-			set { batchPolicyDefault = value; }
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default parent policy used in batch write commands. Parent policy fields
-		/// include socketTimeout, totalTimeout, maxRetries, etc...
-		/// </summary>
-		public BatchPolicy BatchParentPolicyWriteDefault
-		{
-			get { return batchParentPolicyWriteDefault; }
-			set { batchParentPolicyWriteDefault = value; }
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default write policy used in batch operate commands.
-		/// Write policy fields include generation, expiration, durableDelete, etc...
-		/// </summary>
-		public BatchWritePolicy BatchWritePolicyDefault
-		{
-			get { return batchWritePolicyDefault; }
-			set { batchWritePolicyDefault = value; }
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default delete policy used in batch delete commands.
-		/// </summary>
-		public BatchDeletePolicy BatchDeletePolicyDefault
-		{
-			get { return batchDeletePolicyDefault; }
-			set { batchDeletePolicyDefault = value; }
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default user defined function policy used in batch UDF excecute commands.
-		/// </summary>
-		public BatchUDFPolicy BatchUDFPolicyDefault
-		{
-			get { return batchUDFPolicyDefault; }
-			set { batchUDFPolicyDefault = value; }
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Default info policy that is used when info command policy is null.
-		/// </summary>
-		public InfoPolicy InfoPolicyDefault
-		{
-			get { return infoPolicyDefault; }
-			set { infoPolicyDefault = value; }
-		}
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// Cluster Connection Management
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		public bool Disposed { get; private set; }
-		private void Dispose(bool disposing)
-		{
-			if (!Disposed)
-			{
-				if (disposing)
-				{
-					this.Close();
-				}
-
-				Disposed = true;
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Close all client connections to database server nodes.
-		/// </summary>
-		public void Dispose()
-		{
-			// Do not change this code. Put cleanup code in 'Dispose(bool disposing)' method
-			Dispose(disposing: true);
-			GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Close all client connections to database server nodes.
-		/// </summary>
-		public void Close()
-		{
-			cluster.Close();
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Return if we are ready to talk to the database server cluster.
-		/// </summary>
-		public bool Connected
-		{
-			get
-			{
-				return cluster.Connected;
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Cluster associated with this AerospikeClient instance.
-		/// </summary>
-		public Cluster Cluster
-		{
-			get
-			{
-				return cluster;
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Return array of active server nodes in the cluster.
-		/// </summary>
-		public Node[] Nodes
-		{
-			get
-			{
-				return cluster.Nodes;
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Enable extended periodic cluster and node latency metrics.
-		/// </summary>
-		public void EnableMetrics(MetricsPolicy metricsPolicy)
-		{
-			cluster.EnableMetrics(metricsPolicy);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Disable extended periodic cluster and node latency metrics.
-		/// </summary>
-		public void DisableMetrics()
-		{
-			cluster.DisableMetrics();
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Return operating cluster statistics snapshot.
-		/// </summary>
-		public ClusterStats GetClusterStats()
-		{
-			return cluster.GetStats();
-		}
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// Write Record Operations
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Write record bin(s).
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
-		/// handled when the record already exists.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
-		/// <param name="bins">array of bin name/value pairs</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if write fails</exception>
-		public void Put(WritePolicy policy, Key key, params Bin[] bins)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = writePolicyDefault;
-			}
-			WriteCommand command = new WriteCommand(cluster, policy, key, bins, Operation.Type.WRITE);
-			command.Execute();
-		}
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// String Operations
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Append bin string values to existing record bin values.
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
-		/// handled when the record already exists.
-		/// This call only works for string values. 
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
-		/// <param name="bins">array of bin name/value pairs</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if append fails</exception>
-		public void Append(WritePolicy policy, Key key, params Bin[] bins)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = writePolicyDefault;
-			}
-			WriteCommand command = new WriteCommand(cluster, policy, key, bins, Operation.Type.APPEND);
-			command.Execute();
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Prepend bin string values to existing record bin values.
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
-		/// handled when the record already exists.
-		/// This call works only for string values. 
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
-		/// <param name="bins">array of bin name/value pairs </param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if prepend fails</exception>
-		public void Prepend(WritePolicy policy, Key key, params Bin[] bins)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = writePolicyDefault;
-			}
-			WriteCommand command = new WriteCommand(cluster, policy, key, bins, Operation.Type.PREPEND);
-			command.Execute();
-		}
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// Arithmetic Operations
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Add integer/double bin values to existing record bin values.
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
-		/// handled when the record already exists.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
-		/// <param name="bins">array of bin name/value pairs</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if add fails</exception>
-		public void Add(WritePolicy policy, Key key, params Bin[] bins)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = writePolicyDefault;
-			}
-			WriteCommand command = new WriteCommand(cluster, policy, key, bins, Operation.Type.ADD);
-			command.Execute();
-		}
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// Delete Operations
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Delete record for specified key.
-		/// Return whether record existed on server before deletion.
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">delete configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if delete fails</exception>
-		public bool Delete(WritePolicy policy, Key key)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = writePolicyDefault;
-			}
-			DeleteCommand command = new DeleteCommand(cluster, policy, key);
-			command.Execute();
-			return command.Existed();
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Delete records for specified keys. If a key is not found, the corresponding result
-		/// <see cref="BatchRecord.resultCode"/> will be <see cref="ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR"/>.
-		/// <para>
-		/// Requires server version 6.0+
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="batchPolicy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="deletePolicy">delete configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="keys">array of unique record identifiers</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.BatchRecordArray">which contains results for keys that did complete</exception>
-		public BatchResults Delete(BatchPolicy batchPolicy, BatchDeletePolicy deletePolicy, Key[] keys)
-		{
-			if (keys.Length == 0)
-			{
-				return new BatchResults(new BatchRecord[0], true);
-			}
-
-			if (batchPolicy == null)
-			{
-				batchPolicy = batchParentPolicyWriteDefault;
-			}
-
-			if (deletePolicy == null)
-			{
-				deletePolicy = batchDeletePolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr();
-			attr.SetDelete(deletePolicy);
-
-			BatchRecord[] records = new BatchRecord[keys.Length];
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
-			{
-				records[i] = new BatchRecord(keys[i], attr.hasWrite);
-			}
-
-			try
-			{
-				BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(true);
-				List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, records, attr.hasWrite, status);
-				BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-				int count = 0;
-
-				foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-				{
-					commands[count++] = new BatchOperateArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, null, records, attr, status);
-				}
-
-				BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, batchPolicy, commands, status);
-				return new BatchResults(records, status.GetStatus());
-			}
-			catch (Exception e)
-			{
-				// Batch terminated on fatal error.
-				throw new AerospikeException.BatchRecordArray(records, e);
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Remove records in specified namespace/set efficiently.  This method is many orders of magnitude 
-		/// faster than deleting records one at a time.
-		/// <para>
-		/// See <a href="https://www.aerospike.com/docs/reference/info#truncate">https://www.aerospike.com/docs/reference/info#truncate</a>
-		/// </para>
-		/// <para>
-		/// This asynchronous server call may return before the truncation is complete.  The user can still
-		/// write new records after the server returns because new records will have last update times
-		/// greater than the truncate cutoff (set at the time of truncate call).
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">info command configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="ns">required namespace</param>
-		/// <param name="set">optional set name.  Pass in null to delete all sets in namespace.</param>
-		/// <param name="beforeLastUpdate">
-		/// optionally delete records before record last update time.
-		/// If specified, value must be before the current time.
-		/// Pass in null to delete all records in namespace/set regardless of last update time.
-		/// </param>
-		public void Truncate(InfoPolicy policy, string ns, string set, DateTime? beforeLastUpdate)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = infoPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			// Send truncate command to one node. That node will distribute the command to other nodes.
-			Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
-
-			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(200);
-
-			if (set != null)
-			{
-				sb.Append("truncate:namespace=");
-				sb.Append(ns);
-				sb.Append(";set=");
-				sb.Append(set);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				sb.Append("truncate-namespace:namespace=");
-				sb.Append(ns);
-			}
-
-			if (beforeLastUpdate.HasValue)
-			{
-				sb.Append(";lut=");
-				// Convert to nanoseconds since unix epoch.
-				sb.Append(Util.NanosFromEpoch(beforeLastUpdate.Value));
-			}
-
-			string response = Info.Request(policy, node, sb.ToString());
-
-			if (!response.Equals("ok", StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase))
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException("Truncate failed: " + response);
-			}
-		}
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// Touch Operations
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Reset record's time to expiration using the policy's expiration.
-		/// If the record does not exist, it can't be created because the server deletes empty records.
-		/// Throw an exception if the record does not exist.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if touch fails</exception>
-		public void Touch(WritePolicy policy, Key key)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = writePolicyDefault;
-			}
-			TouchCommand command = new TouchCommand(cluster, policy, key);
-			command.Execute();
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Reset record's time to expiration using the policy's expiration.
-		/// If the record does not exist, it can't be created because the server deletes empty records.
-		/// Return true if the record exists and is touched.Return false if the record does not exist.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
-		/// <returns>true if record was touched, false otherwise</returns>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if touch fails</exception>
-		public bool Touched(WritePolicy policy, Key key)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = writePolicyDefault;
-			}
-			TouchCommand command = new(cluster, policy, key, false);
-			command.Execute();
-
-			return command.Touched;
-		}
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// Existence-Check Operations
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Determine if a record key exists.
-		/// Return whether record exists or not.
-		/// The policy can be used to specify timeouts.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
-		public bool Exists(Policy policy, Key key)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = readPolicyDefault;
-			}
-			ExistsCommand command = new ExistsCommand(cluster, policy, key);
-			command.Execute();
-			return command.Exists();
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Check if multiple record keys exist in one batch call.
-		/// The returned boolean array is in positional order with the original key array order.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="keys">array of unique record identifiers</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.BatchExists">which contains results for keys that did complete</exception>
-		public bool[] Exists(BatchPolicy policy, Key[] keys)
-		{
-			if (keys.Length == 0)
-			{
-				return new bool[0];
-			}
-
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-
-			bool[] existsArray = new bool[keys.Length];
-
-			try
-			{
-				BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(false);
-
-				if (policy.allowProleReads)
-				{
-					// Send all requests to a single random node.
-					Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
-					BatchNode batchNode = new BatchNode(node, keys);
-					BatchCommand command = new BatchExistsArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, existsArray, status);
-					BatchExecutor.Execute(command, status);
-					return existsArray;
-				}
-
-				List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, status);
-				BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-				int count = 0;
-
-				foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-				{
-					commands[count++] = new BatchExistsArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, existsArray, status);
-				}
-				BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, policy, commands, status);
-				return existsArray;
-			}
-			catch (Exception e)
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException.BatchExists(existsArray, e);
-			}
-		}
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// Read Record Operations
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Read entire record for specified key.
-		/// If found, return record instance.  If not found, return null.
-		/// The policy can be used to specify timeouts.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults </param>
-		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if read fails</exception>
-		public Record Get(Policy policy, Key key)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = readPolicyDefault;
-			}
-			ReadCommand command = new ReadCommand(cluster, policy, key);
-			command.Execute();
-			return command.Record;
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Read record header and bins for specified key.
-		/// If found, return record instance.  If not found, return null.
-		/// The policy can be used to specify timeouts.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
-		/// <param name="binNames">bins to retrieve</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if read fails</exception>
-		public Record Get(Policy policy, Key key, params string[] binNames)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = readPolicyDefault;
-			}
-			ReadCommand command = new ReadCommand(cluster, policy, key, binNames);
-			command.Execute();
-			return command.Record;
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Read record generation and expiration only for specified key.  Bins are not read.
-		/// If found, return record instance.  If not found, return null.
-		/// The policy can be used to specify timeouts.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if read fails</exception>
-		public Record GetHeader(Policy policy, Key key)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = readPolicyDefault;
-			}
-			ReadHeaderCommand command = new ReadHeaderCommand(cluster, policy, key);
-			command.Execute();
-			return command.Record;
-		}
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// Batch Read Operations
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Read multiple records for specified batch keys in one batch call.
-		/// This method allows different namespaces/bins to be requested for each key in the batch.
-		/// The returned records are located in the same list.
-		/// If the BatchRead key field is not found, the corresponding record field will be null.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="records">list of unique record identifiers and the bins to retrieve.
-		/// The returned records are located in the same list.</param>
-		/// <returns>true if all batch key requests succeeded</returns>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if read fails</exception>
-		public bool Get(BatchPolicy policy, List<BatchRead> records)
-		{
-			if (records.Count == 0)
-			{
-				return true;
-			}
-
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(true);
-			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, records, status);
-			BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-			int count = 0;
-
-			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-			{
-				commands[count++] = new BatchReadListCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, records, status);
-			}
-			BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, policy, commands, status);
-			return status.GetStatus();
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Read multiple records for specified keys in one batch call.
-		/// The returned records are in positional order with the original key array order.
-		/// If a key is not found, the positional record will be null.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="keys">array of unique record identifiers</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.BatchRecords">which contains results for keys that did complete</exception>
-		public Record[] Get(BatchPolicy policy, Key[] keys)
-		{
-			if (keys.Length == 0)
-			{
-				return new Record[0];
-			}
-
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			Record[] records = new Record[keys.Length];
-
-			try
-			{
-				BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(false);
-
-				if (policy.allowProleReads)
-				{
-					// Send all requests to a single random node.
-					Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
-					BatchNode batchNode = new BatchNode(node, keys);
-					BatchCommand command = new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, null, null, records, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_GET_ALL, false, status);
-					BatchExecutor.Execute(command, status);
-					return records;
-				}
-
-				List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, status);
-				BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-				int count = 0;
-
-				foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-				{
-					commands[count++] = new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, null, null, records, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_GET_ALL, false, status);
-				}
-				BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, policy, commands, status);
-				return records;
-			}
-			catch (Exception e)
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException.BatchRecords(records, e);
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Read multiple record headers and bins for specified keys in one batch call.
-		/// The returned records are in positional order with the original key array order.
-		/// If a key is not found, the positional record will be null.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="keys">array of unique record identifiers</param>
-		/// <param name="binNames">array of bins to retrieve</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.BatchRecords">which contains results for keys that did complete</exception>
-		public Record[] Get(BatchPolicy policy, Key[] keys, params string[] binNames)
-		{
-			if (keys.Length == 0)
-			{
-				return new Record[0];
-			}
-
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			Record[] records = new Record[keys.Length];
-
-			try
-			{
-				BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(false);
-
-				if (policy.allowProleReads)
-				{
-					// Send all requests to a single random node.
-					Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
-					BatchNode batchNode = new BatchNode(node, keys);
-					BatchCommand command = new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, binNames, null, records, Command.INFO1_READ, false, status);
-					BatchExecutor.Execute(command, status);
-					return records;
-				}
-
-				List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, status);
-				BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-				int count = 0;
-
-				foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-				{
-					commands[count++] = new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, binNames, null, records, Command.INFO1_READ, false, status);
-				}
-				BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, policy, commands, status);
-				return records;
-			}
-			catch (Exception e)
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException.BatchRecords(records, e);
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Read multiple records for specified keys using read operations in one batch call.
-		/// The returned records are in positional order with the original key array order.
-		/// If a key is not found, the positional record will be null.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="keys">array of unique record identifiers</param>
-		/// <param name="ops">array of read operations on record</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.BatchRecords">which contains results for keys that did complete</exception>
-		public Record[] Get(BatchPolicy policy, Key[] keys, params Operation[] ops)
-		{
-			if (keys.Length == 0)
-			{
-				return new Record[0];
-			}
-
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			Record[] records = new Record[keys.Length];
-
-			try
-			{
-				BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(false);
-
-				if (policy.allowProleReads)
-				{
-					// Send all requests to a single random node.
-					Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
-					BatchNode batchNode = new BatchNode(node, keys);
-					BatchCommand command = new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, null, ops, records, Command.INFO1_READ, true, status);
-					BatchExecutor.Execute(command, status);
-					return records;
-				}
-
-				List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, status);
-				BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-				int count = 0;
-
-				foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-				{
-					commands[count++] = new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, null, ops, records, Command.INFO1_READ, true, status);
-				}
-				BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, policy, commands, status);
-				return records;
-			}
-			catch (Exception e)
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException.BatchRecords(records, e);
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Read multiple record header data for specified keys in one batch call.
-		/// The returned records are in positional order with the original key array order.
-		/// If a key is not found, the positional record will be null.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="keys">array of unique record identifiers</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.BatchRecords">which contains results for keys that did complete</exception>
-		public Record[] GetHeader(BatchPolicy policy, Key[] keys)
-		{
-			if (keys.Length == 0)
-			{
-				return new Record[0];
-			}
-
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			Record[] records = new Record[keys.Length];
-
-			try
-			{
-				BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(false);
-
-				if (policy.allowProleReads)
-				{
-					// Send all requests to a single random node.
-					Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
-					BatchNode batchNode = new BatchNode(node, keys);
-					BatchCommand command = new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, null, null, records, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA, false, status);
-					BatchExecutor.Execute(command, status);
-					return records;
-				}
-
-				List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, status);
-				BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-				int count = 0;
-
-				foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-				{
-					commands[count++] = new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, null, null, records, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA, false, status);
-				}
-				BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, policy, commands, status);
-				return records;
-			}
-			catch (Exception e)
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException.BatchRecords(records, e);
-			}
-		}
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// Join methods
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Read specified bins in left record and then join with right records.  Each join bin name
-		/// (Join.leftKeysBinName) must exist in the left record.  The join bin must contain a list of 
-		/// keys. Those key are used to retrieve other records using a separate batch get.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="key">unique main record identifier</param>
-		/// <param name="binNames">array of bins to retrieve</param>
-		/// <param name="joins">array of join definitions</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if main read or join reads fail</exception>
-		public Record Join(BatchPolicy policy, Key key, string[] binNames, params Join[] joins)
-		{
-			string[] names = new string[binNames.Length + joins.Length];
-			int count = 0;
-
-			foreach (string binName in binNames)
-			{
-				names[count++] = binName;
-			}
-
-			foreach (Join join in joins)
-			{
-				names[count++] = join.leftKeysBinName;
-			}
-			Record record = Get(policy, key, names);
-			JoinRecords(policy, record, joins);
-			return record;
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Read all bins in left record and then join with right records.  Each join bin name
-		/// (Join.binNameKeys) must exist in the left record.  The join bin must contain a list of 
-		/// keys. Those key are used to retrieve other records using a separate batch get.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="key">unique main record identifier</param>
-		/// <param name="joins">array of join definitions</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if main read or join reads fail</exception>
-		public Record Join(BatchPolicy policy, Key key, params Join[] joins)
-		{
-			Record record = Get(policy, key);
-			JoinRecords(policy, record, joins);
-			return record;
-		}
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// Generic Database Operations
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Perform multiple read/write operations on a single key in one batch call.
-		/// An example would be to add an integer value to an existing record and then
-		/// read the result, all in one database call.
-		/// <para>
-		/// The server executes operations in the same order as the operations array.
-		/// Both scalar bin operations (Operation) and CDT bin operations (ListOperation,
-		/// MapOperation) can be performed in same call.
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
-		/// <param name="operations">database operations to perform</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
-		public Record Operate(WritePolicy policy, Key key, params Operation[] operations)
-		{
-			OperateArgs args = new OperateArgs(policy, writePolicyDefault, operatePolicyReadDefault, key, operations);
-			OperateCommand command = new OperateCommand(cluster, key, args);
-			command.Execute();
-			return command.Record;
-		}
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// Batch Read/Write Operations
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Read/Write multiple records for specified batch keys in one batch call.
-		/// This method allows different namespaces/bins for each key in the batch.
-		/// The returned records are located in the same list.
-		/// <para>
-		/// <see cref="BatchRecord"/> can be <see cref="BatchRead"/>, <see cref="BatchWrite"/>, <see cref="BatchDelete"/> or
-		/// <see cref="BatchUDF"/>.
-		/// </para>
-		/// <para>
-		/// Requires server version 6.0+
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="records">list of unique record identifiers and read/write operations</param>
-		/// <returns>true if all batch sub-commands succeeded</returns>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
-		public bool Operate(BatchPolicy policy, List<BatchRecord> records)
-		{
-			if (records.Count == 0)
-			{
-				return true;
-			}
-
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = batchParentPolicyWriteDefault;
-			}
-
-			BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(true);
-			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, records, status);
-			BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-			int count = 0;
-
-			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-			{
-				commands[count++] = new BatchOperateListCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, records, status);
-			}
-			BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, policy, commands, status);
-			return status.GetStatus();
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Perform read/write operations on multiple keys. If a key is not found, the corresponding result
-		/// <see cref="BatchRecord.resultCode"/> will be <see cref="ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR"/>.
-		/// <para>
-		/// Requires server version 6.0+
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="batchPolicy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="writePolicy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="keys">array of unique record identifiers</param>
-		/// <param name="ops">
-		/// read/write operations to perform. <see cref="Operation.Get()"/> is not allowed because it returns a
-		/// variable number of bins and makes it difficult (sometimes impossible) to lineup operations with 
-		/// results. Instead, use <see cref="Operation.Get(string)"/> for each bin name.
-		/// </param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.BatchRecordArray">which contains results for keys that did complete</exception>
-		public BatchResults Operate(BatchPolicy batchPolicy, BatchWritePolicy writePolicy, Key[] keys, params Operation[] ops)
-		{
-			if (keys.Length == 0)
-			{
-				return new BatchResults(new BatchRecord[0], true);
-			}
-
-			if (batchPolicy == null)
-			{
-				batchPolicy = batchParentPolicyWriteDefault;
-			}
-
-			if (writePolicy == null)
-			{
-				writePolicy = batchWritePolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr(batchPolicy, writePolicy, ops);
-			BatchRecord[] records = new BatchRecord[keys.Length];
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
-			{
-				records[i] = new BatchRecord(keys[i], attr.hasWrite);
-			}
-
-			try
-			{
-				BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(true);
-				List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, records, attr.hasWrite, status);
-				BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-				int count = 0;
-
-				foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-				{
-					commands[count++] = new BatchOperateArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, ops, records, attr, status);
-				}
-
-				BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, batchPolicy, commands, status);
-				return new BatchResults(records, status.GetStatus());
-			}
-			catch (Exception e)
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException.BatchRecordArray(records, e);
-			}
-		}
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// Scan Operations
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Read all records in specified namespace and set.  If the policy's 
-		/// concurrentNodes is specified, each server node will be read in
-		/// parallel.  Otherwise, server nodes are read in series.
-		/// <para>
-		/// This call will block until the scan is complete - callbacks are made
-		/// within the scope of this call.
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">scan configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="ns">namespace - equivalent to database name</param>
-		/// <param name="setName">optional set name - equivalent to database table</param>
-		/// <param name="callback">read callback method - called with record data</param>
-		/// <param name="binNames">
-		/// optional bin to retrieve. All bins will be returned if not specified.
-		/// </param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if scan fails</exception>
-		public void ScanAll(ScanPolicy policy, string ns, string setName, ScanCallback callback, params string[] binNames)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = scanPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
-			PartitionTracker tracker = new PartitionTracker(policy, nodes);
-			ScanExecutor.ScanPartitions(cluster, policy, ns, setName, binNames, callback, tracker);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Read all records in specified namespace and set for one node only.
-		/// The node is specified by name.
-		/// <para>
-		/// This call will block until the scan is complete - callbacks are made
-		/// within the scope of this call.
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">scan configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="nodeName">server node name</param>
-		/// <param name="ns">namespace - equivalent to database name</param>
-		/// <param name="setName">optional set name - equivalent to database table</param>
-		/// <param name="callback">read callback method - called with record data</param>
-		/// <param name="binNames">
-		/// optional bin to retrieve. All bins will be returned if not specified.
-		/// </param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if scan fails</exception>
-		public void ScanNode(ScanPolicy policy, string nodeName, string ns, string setName, ScanCallback callback, params string[] binNames)
-		{
-			Node node = cluster.GetNode(nodeName);
-			ScanNode(policy, node, ns, setName, callback, binNames);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Read all records in specified namespace and set for one node only.
-		/// <para>
-		/// This call will block until the scan is complete - callbacks are made
-		/// within the scope of this call.
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">scan configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="node">server node</param>
-		/// <param name="ns">namespace - equivalent to database name</param>
-		/// <param name="setName">optional set name - equivalent to database table</param>
-		/// <param name="callback">read callback method - called with record data</param>
-		/// <param name="binNames">
-		/// optional bin to retrieve. All bins will be returned if not specified.
-		/// </param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if scan fails</exception>
-		public void ScanNode(ScanPolicy policy, Node node, string ns, string setName, ScanCallback callback, params string[] binNames)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = scanPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			PartitionTracker tracker = new PartitionTracker(policy, node);
-			ScanExecutor.ScanPartitions(cluster, policy, ns, setName, binNames, callback, tracker);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Read records in specified namespace, set and partition filter.
-		/// <para>
-		/// This call will block until the scan is complete - callbacks are made
-		/// within the scope of this call.
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">scan configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="partitionFilter">filter on a subset of data partitions</param>
-		/// <param name="ns">namespace - equivalent to database name</param>
-		/// <param name="setName">optional set name - equivalent to database table</param>
-		/// <param name="callback">read callback method - called with record data</param>
-		/// <param name="binNames">optional bin to retrieve. All bins will be returned if not specified.</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if scan fails</exception>
-		public void ScanPartitions(ScanPolicy policy, PartitionFilter partitionFilter, string ns, string setName, ScanCallback callback, params string[] binNames)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = scanPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
-			PartitionTracker tracker = new PartitionTracker(policy, nodes, partitionFilter);
-			ScanExecutor.ScanPartitions(cluster, policy, ns, setName, binNames, callback, tracker);
-		}
-
-		//---------------------------------------------------------------
-		// User defined functions
-		//---------------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Register package located in a file containing user defined functions with server.
-		/// This asynchronous server call will return before command is complete.
-		/// The user can optionally wait for command completion by using the returned
-		/// RegisterTask instance.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="clientPath">path of client file containing user defined functions, relative to current directory</param>
-		/// <param name="serverPath">path to store user defined functions on the server, relative to configured script directory.</param>
-		/// <param name="language">language of user defined functions</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if register fails</exception>
-		public RegisterTask Register(Policy policy, string clientPath, string serverPath, Language language)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = writePolicyDefault;
-			}
-			string content = Util.ReadFileEncodeBase64(clientPath);
-			return RegisterCommand.Register(cluster, policy, content, serverPath, language);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Register package located in a resource containing user defined functions with server.
-		/// This asynchronous server call will return before command is complete.
-		/// The user can optionally wait for command completion by using the returned
-		/// RegisterTask instance.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="resourceAssembly">assembly where resource is located.  Current assembly can be obtained by: Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly()</param>
-		/// <param name="resourcePath">namespace path where Lua resource is located.  Example: Aerospike.Client.Resources.mypackage.lua</param>
-		/// <param name="serverPath">path to store user defined functions on the server, relative to configured script directory.</param>
-		/// <param name="language">language of user defined functions</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if register fails</exception>
-		public RegisterTask Register(Policy policy, Assembly resourceAssembly, string resourcePath, string serverPath, Language language)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = writePolicyDefault;
-			}
-			string content;
-			using (Stream stream = resourceAssembly.GetManifestResourceStream(resourcePath))
-			{
-				byte[] bytes = new byte[stream.Length];
-				stream.Read(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);
-				content = Convert.ToBase64String(bytes);
-			}
-			return RegisterCommand.Register(cluster, policy, content, serverPath, language);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Register UDF functions located in a code string with server. Example:
-		/// <code>
-		/// String code = @"
-		/// local function reducer(val1,val2)
-		///	  return val1 + val2
-		/// end
-		///
-		/// function sum_single_bin(stream,name)
-		///   local function mapper(rec)
-		///     return rec[name]
-		///   end
-		///   return stream : map(mapper) : reduce(reducer)
-		/// end
-		///";
-		///
-		///	client.RegisterUdfString(null, code, "mysum.lua", Language.LUA);
-		/// </code>
-		/// <para>
-		/// This asynchronous server call will return before command is complete.
-		/// The user can optionally wait for command completion by using the returned
-		/// RegisterTask instance.
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="code">code string containing user defined functions</param>
-		/// <param name="serverPath">path to store user defined functions on the server, relative to configured script directory.</param>
-		/// <param name="language">language of user defined functions</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if register fails</exception>
-		public RegisterTask RegisterUdfString(Policy policy, string code, string serverPath, Language language)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = writePolicyDefault;
-			}
-			byte[] bytes = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(code);
-			string content = Convert.ToBase64String(bytes);
-			return RegisterCommand.Register(cluster, policy, content, serverPath, language);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Remove user defined function from server nodes.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">info configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="serverPath">location of UDF on server nodes.  Example: mylua.lua </param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if remove fails</exception>
-		public void RemoveUdf(InfoPolicy policy, string serverPath)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = infoPolicyDefault;
-			}
-			// Send UDF command to one node. That node will distribute the UDF command to other nodes.
-			string command = "udf-remove:filename=" + serverPath;
-			Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
-			string response = Info.Request(policy, node, command);
-
-			if (response.Equals("ok", StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase))
-			{
-				return;
-			}
-
-			if (response.StartsWith("error=file_not_found"))
-			{
-				// UDF has already been removed.
-				return;
-			}
-			throw new AerospikeException("Remove UDF failed: " + response);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Execute user defined function on server and return results.
-		/// The function operates on a single record.
-		/// The package name is used to locate the udf file location:
-		/// <para>
-		/// udf file = &lt;server udf dir&gt;/&lt;package name&gt;.lua
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
-		/// <param name="packageName">server package name where user defined function resides</param>
-		/// <param name="functionName">user defined function</param>
-		/// <param name="args">arguments passed in to user defined function</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if transaction fails</exception>
-		public object Execute(WritePolicy policy, Key key, string packageName, string functionName, params Value[] args)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = writePolicyDefault;
-			}
-			ExecuteCommand command = new ExecuteCommand(cluster, policy, key, packageName, functionName, args);
-			command.Execute();
-
-			Record record = command.Record;
-
-			if (record == null || record.bins == null)
-			{
-				return null;
-			}
-
-			IDictionary<string, object> map = record.bins;
-			object obj;
-
-			if (map.TryGetValue("SUCCESS", out obj))
-			{
-				return obj;
-			}
-
-			if (map.TryGetValue("FAILURE", out obj))
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException(obj.ToString());
-			}
-			throw new AerospikeException("Invalid UDF return value");
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Execute user defined function on server for each key and return results.
-		/// The package name is used to locate the udf file location:
-		/// <para>
-		/// udf file = &lt;server udf dir&gt;/&lt;package name&gt;.lua
-		/// </para>
-		/// <para>
-		/// Requires server version 6.0+
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="batchPolicy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="udfPolicy">udf configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="keys">array of unique record identifiers</param>
-		/// <param name="packageName">server package name where user defined function resides</param>
-		/// <param name="functionName">user defined function</param>
-		/// <param name="functionArgs">arguments passed in to user defined function</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.BatchRecordArray">which contains results for keys that did complete</exception>
-		public BatchResults Execute(BatchPolicy batchPolicy, BatchUDFPolicy udfPolicy, Key[] keys, string packageName, string functionName, params Value[] functionArgs)
-		{
-			if (keys.Length == 0)
-			{
-				return new BatchResults(new BatchRecord[0], true);
-			}
-
-			if (batchPolicy == null)
-			{
-				batchPolicy = batchParentPolicyWriteDefault;
-			}
-
-			if (udfPolicy == null)
-			{
-				udfPolicy = batchUDFPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			byte[] argBytes = Packer.Pack(functionArgs);
-
-			BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr();
-			attr.SetUDF(udfPolicy);
-
-			BatchRecord[] records = new BatchRecord[keys.Length];
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
-			{
-				records[i] = new BatchRecord(keys[i], attr.hasWrite);
-			}
-
-			try
-			{
-				BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(true);
-				List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, records, attr.hasWrite, status);
-				BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
-				int count = 0;
-
-				foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
-				{
-					commands[count++] = new BatchUDFCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, records, attr, status);
-				}
-
-				BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, batchPolicy, commands, status);
-				return new BatchResults(records, status.GetStatus());
-			}
-			catch (Exception e)
-			{
-				// Batch terminated on fatal error.
-				throw new AerospikeException.BatchRecordArray(records, e);
-			}
-		}
-
-		//----------------------------------------------------------
-		// Query/Execute
-		//----------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Apply user defined function on records that match the background query statement filter.
-		/// Records are not returned to the client.
-		/// This asynchronous server call will return before the command is complete.  
-		/// The user can optionally wait for command completion by using the returned 
-		/// ExecuteTask instance.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="statement">background query definition</param>
-		/// <param name="packageName">server package where user defined function resides</param>
-		/// <param name="functionName">function name</param>
-		/// <param name="functionArgs">to pass to function name, if any</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
-		public ExecuteTask Execute(WritePolicy policy, Statement statement, string packageName, string functionName, params Value[] functionArgs)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = writePolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			statement.PackageName = packageName;
-			statement.FunctionName = functionName;
-			statement.FunctionArgs = functionArgs;
-
-			cluster.AddTran();
-
-			ulong taskId = statement.PrepareTaskId();
-			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
-			Executor executor = new Executor(nodes.Length);
-
-			foreach (Node node in nodes)
-			{
-				ServerCommand command = new ServerCommand(cluster, node, policy, statement, taskId);
-				executor.AddCommand(command);
-			}
-
-			executor.Execute(nodes.Length);
-			return new ExecuteTask(cluster, policy, statement, taskId);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Apply operations on records that match the background query statement filter.
-		/// Records are not returned to the client.
-		/// This asynchronous server call will return before the command is complete.
-		/// The user can optionally wait for command completion by using the returned
-		/// ExecuteTask instance.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="statement">background query definition</param>
-		/// <param name="operations">list of operations to be performed on selected records</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
-		public ExecuteTask Execute(WritePolicy policy, Statement statement, params Operation[] operations)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = writePolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			if (operations.Length > 0)
-			{
-				statement.Operations = operations;
-			}
-
-			cluster.AddTran();
-
-			ulong taskId = statement.PrepareTaskId();
-			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
-			Executor executor = new Executor(nodes.Length);
-
-			foreach (Node node in nodes)
-			{
-				ServerCommand command = new ServerCommand(cluster, node, policy, statement, taskId);
-				executor.AddCommand(command);
-			}
-			executor.Execute(nodes.Length);
-			return new ExecuteTask(cluster, policy, statement, taskId);
-		}
-
-		//--------------------------------------------------------
-		// Query functions
-		//--------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Execute query and call action for each record returned from server.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="statement">query definition</param>
-		/// <param name="action">action methods to be called for each record</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if query fails</exception>
-		public void Query(QueryPolicy policy, Statement statement, Action<Key, Record> action)
-		{
-			using (RecordSet rs = Query(policy, statement))
-			{
-				while (rs.Next())
-				{
-					action(rs.Key, rs.Record);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Execute query and return record iterator.  The query executor puts records on a queue in 
-		/// separate threads.  The calling thread concurrently pops records off the queue through the 
-		/// record iterator.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="statement">query definition</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if query fails</exception>
-		public RecordSet Query(QueryPolicy policy, Statement statement)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = queryPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
-
-			if (cluster.hasPartitionQuery || statement.filter == null)
-			{
-				PartitionTracker tracker = new PartitionTracker(policy, statement, nodes);
-				QueryPartitionExecutor executor = new QueryPartitionExecutor(cluster, policy, statement, nodes.Length, tracker);
-				return executor.RecordSet;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				QueryRecordExecutor executor = new QueryRecordExecutor(cluster, policy, statement, nodes);
-				executor.Execute();
-				return executor.RecordSet;
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Execute query on all server nodes and return records via the listener. This method will
-		/// block until the query is complete. Listener callbacks are made within the scope of this call.
-		/// <para>
-		/// If <see cref="QueryPolicy.maxConcurrentNodes"/> is not 1, the supplied listener must handle
-		/// shared data in a thread-safe manner, because the listener will be called by multiple query
-		/// threads (one thread per node) in parallel.
-		/// </para>
-		/// <para>
-		/// Requires server version 6.0+ if using a secondary index query.
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">query configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="statement">query definition</param>
-		/// <param name="listener">where to send results</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if query fails</exception>
-		public void Query(QueryPolicy policy, Statement statement, QueryListener listener)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = queryPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
-
-			if (cluster.hasPartitionQuery || statement.filter == null)
-			{
-				PartitionTracker tracker = new PartitionTracker(policy, statement, nodes);
-				QueryListenerExecutor.execute(cluster, policy, statement, listener, tracker);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "Query by partition is not supported");
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Execute query for specified partitions and return records via the listener. This method will
-		/// block until the query is complete. Listener callbacks are made within the scope of this call.
-		/// <para>
-		/// If <see cref="QueryPolicy.maxConcurrentNodes"/> is not 1, the supplied listener must handle
-		/// shared data in a thread-safe manner, because the listener will be called by multiple query
-		/// threads (one thread per node) in parallel.
-		/// </para>
-		/// <para>
-		/// The completion status of all partitions is stored in the partitionFilter when the query terminates.
-		/// This partitionFilter can then be used to resume an incomplete query at a later time.
-		/// This is the preferred method for query terminate/resume functionality.
-		/// </para>
-		/// <para>
-		/// Requires server version 6.0+ if using a secondary index query.
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">query configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="statement">query definition</param>
-		/// <param name="partitionFilter">
-		/// data partition filter. Set to <see cref="PartitionFilter.All"/> for all partitions.
-		/// </param>
-		/// <param name="listener">where to send results</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if query fails</exception>
-		public void Query
-		(
-			QueryPolicy policy,
-			Statement statement,
-			PartitionFilter partitionFilter,
-			QueryListener listener
-		)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = queryPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
-
-			if (cluster.hasPartitionQuery || statement.filter == null)
-			{
-				PartitionTracker tracker = new PartitionTracker(policy, statement, nodes, partitionFilter);
-				QueryListenerExecutor.execute(cluster, policy, statement, listener, tracker);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "Query by partition is not supported");
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Execute query for specified partitions and return record iterator.  The query executor puts
-		/// records on a queue in separate threads.  The calling thread concurrently pops records off
-		/// the queue through the record iterator.
-		/// <para>
-		/// Requires server version 6.0+ if using a secondary index query.
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">query configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="statement">query definition</param>
-		/// <param name="partitionFilter">filter on a subset of data partitions</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if query fails</exception>
-		public RecordSet QueryPartitions
-		(
-			QueryPolicy policy,
-			Statement statement,
-			PartitionFilter partitionFilter
-		)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = queryPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
-
-			if (cluster.hasPartitionQuery || statement.filter == null)
-			{
-				PartitionTracker tracker = new PartitionTracker(policy, statement, nodes, partitionFilter);
-				QueryPartitionExecutor executor = new QueryPartitionExecutor(cluster, policy, statement, nodes.Length, tracker);
-				return executor.RecordSet;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "QueryPartitions() not supported");
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Execute query, apply statement's aggregation function, and return result iterator. 
-		/// The aggregation function should be located in a Lua script file that can be found from the 
-		/// "LuaConfig.PackagePath" paths static variable.  The default package path is "udf/?.lua"
-		/// where "?" is the packageName.
-		/// <para>
-		/// The query executor puts results on a queue in separate threads.  The calling thread 
-		/// concurrently pops results off the queue through the ResultSet iterator.
-		/// The aggregation function is called on both server and client (final reduce).
-		/// Therefore, the Lua script file must also reside on both server and client.
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">query configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="statement">query definition</param>
-		/// <param name="packageName">server package where user defined function resides</param>
-		/// <param name="functionName">aggregation function name</param>
-		/// <param name="functionArgs">arguments to pass to function name, if any</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if query fails</exception>
-		public ResultSet QueryAggregate
-		(
-			QueryPolicy policy,
-			Statement statement,
-			string packageName,
-			string functionName,
-			params Value[] functionArgs
-		)
-		{
-			statement.SetAggregateFunction(packageName, functionName, functionArgs);
-			return QueryAggregate(policy, statement);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Execute query, apply statement's aggregation function, call action for each aggregation
-		/// object returned from server. 
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">query configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="statement">
-		/// query definition with aggregate functions already initialized by SetAggregateFunction().
-		/// </param>
-		/// <param name="action">action methods to be called for each aggregation object</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if query fails</exception>
-		public void QueryAggregate(QueryPolicy policy, Statement statement, Action<Object> action)
-		{
-			using (ResultSet rs = QueryAggregate(policy, statement))
-			{
-				while (rs.Next())
-				{
-					action(rs.Object);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Execute query, apply statement's aggregation function, and return result iterator. 
-		/// The aggregation function should be initialized via the statement's SetAggregateFunction()
-		/// and should be located in a Lua resource file located in an assembly.
-		/// <para>
-		/// The query executor puts results on a queue in separate threads.  The calling thread 
-		/// concurrently pops results off the queue through the ResultSet iterator.
-		/// The aggregation function is called on both server and client (final reduce).
-		/// Therefore, the Lua script file must also reside on both server and client.
-		/// </para>
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">query configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="statement">
-		/// query definition with aggregate functions already initialized by SetAggregateFunction().
-		/// </param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if query fails</exception>
-		public ResultSet QueryAggregate(QueryPolicy policy, Statement statement)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = queryPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
-			QueryAggregateExecutor executor = new QueryAggregateExecutor(cluster, policy, statement, nodes);
-			executor.Execute();
-			return executor.ResultSet;
-		}
-
-		//--------------------------------------------------------
-		// Secondary Index functions
-		//--------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Create scalar secondary index.
-		/// This asynchronous server call will return before command is complete.
-		/// The user can optionally wait for command completion by using the returned
-		/// IndexTask instance.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="ns">namespace - equivalent to database name</param>
-		/// <param name="setName">optional set name - equivalent to database table</param>
-		/// <param name="indexName">name of secondary index</param>
-		/// <param name="binName">bin name that data is indexed on</param>
-		/// <param name="indexType">underlying data type of secondary index</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if index create fails</exception>
-		public IndexTask CreateIndex
-		(
-			Policy policy,
-			string ns,
-			string setName,
-			string indexName,
-			string binName,
-			IndexType indexType
-		)
-		{
-			return CreateIndex(policy, ns, setName, indexName, binName, indexType, IndexCollectionType.DEFAULT);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Create complex secondary index on bins containing collections.
-		/// This asynchronous server call will return before command is complete.
-		/// The user can optionally wait for command completion by using the returned
-		/// IndexTask instance.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="ns">namespace - equivalent to database name</param>
-		/// <param name="setName">optional set name - equivalent to database table</param>
-		/// <param name="indexName">name of secondary index</param>
-		/// <param name="binName">bin name that data is indexed on</param>
-		/// <param name="indexType">underlying data type of secondary index</param>
-		/// <param name="indexCollectionType">index collection type</param>
-		/// <param name="ctx">optional context to index on elements within a CDT</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if index create fails</exception>
-		public IndexTask CreateIndex
-		(
-			Policy policy,
-			string ns,
-			string setName,
-			string indexName,
-			string binName,
-			IndexType indexType,
-			IndexCollectionType indexCollectionType,
-			params CTX[] ctx
-		)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = writePolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(1024);
-			sb.Append("sindex-create:ns=");
-			sb.Append(ns);
-
-			if (setName != null && setName.Length > 0)
-			{
-				sb.Append(";set=");
-				sb.Append(setName);
-			}
-
-			sb.Append(";indexname=");
-			sb.Append(indexName);
-
-			if (ctx != null && ctx.Length > 0)
-			{
-				byte[] bytes = PackUtil.Pack(ctx);
-				string base64 = Convert.ToBase64String(bytes);
-
-				sb.Append(";context=");
-				sb.Append(base64);
-			}
-
-			if (indexCollectionType != IndexCollectionType.DEFAULT)
-			{
-				sb.Append(";indextype=");
-				sb.Append(indexCollectionType);
-			}
-
-			sb.Append(";indexdata=");
-			sb.Append(binName);
-			sb.Append(",");
-			sb.Append(indexType);
-
-			// Send index command to one node. That node will distribute the command to other nodes.
-			String response = SendInfoCommand(policy, sb.ToString());
-
-			if (response.Equals("OK", StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase))
-			{
-				// Return task that could optionally be polled for completion.
-				return new IndexTask(cluster, policy, ns, indexName, true);
-			}
-
-			ParseInfoError("Create index failed", response);
-			return null;
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Delete secondary index.
-		/// This asynchronous server call will return before command is complete.
-		/// The user can optionally wait for command completion by using the returned
-		/// IndexTask instance.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="ns">namespace - equivalent to database name</param>
-		/// <param name="setName">optional set name - equivalent to database table</param>
-		/// <param name="indexName">name of secondary index</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if index drop fails</exception>
-		public IndexTask DropIndex(Policy policy, string ns, string setName, string indexName)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = writePolicyDefault;
-			}
-			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(500);
-			sb.Append("sindex-delete:ns=");
-			sb.Append(ns);
-
-			if (setName != null && setName.Length > 0)
-			{
-				sb.Append(";set=");
-				sb.Append(setName);
-			}
-			sb.Append(";indexname=");
-			sb.Append(indexName);
-
-			// Send index command to one node. That node will distribute the command to other nodes.
-			String response = SendInfoCommand(policy, sb.ToString());
-
-			if (response.Equals("OK", StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase))
-			{
-				return new IndexTask(cluster, policy, ns, indexName, false);
-			}
-
-			ParseInfoError("Drop index failed", response);
-			return null;
-		}
-
-		//-----------------------------------------------------------------
-		// XDR - Cross datacenter replication
-		//-----------------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Set XDR filter for given datacenter name and namespace. The expression filter indicates
-		/// which records XDR should ship to the datacenter.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">info configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="datacenter">XDR datacenter name</param>
-		/// <param name="ns">namespace - equivalent to database name</param>
-		/// <param name="filter">expression filter</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
-		public void SetXDRFilter(InfoPolicy policy, string datacenter, string ns, Expression filter)
-		{
-			if (policy == null)
-			{
-				policy = infoPolicyDefault;
-			}
-
-			// Send XDR command to one node. That node will distribute the XDR command to other nodes.
-			string command = "xdr-set-filter:dc=" + datacenter + ";namespace=" + ns + ";exp=" + filter.GetBase64();
-			Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
-			string response = Info.Request(policy, node, command);
-
-			if (response.Equals("ok", StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase))
-			{
-				return;
-			}
-
-			ParseInfoError("xdr-set-filter failed", response);
-		}
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// User administration
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Create user with password and roles.  Clear-text password will be hashed using bcrypt 
-		/// before sending to server.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="user">user name</param>
-		/// <param name="password">user password in clear-text format</param>
-		/// <param name="roles">variable arguments array of role names.  Predefined roles are listed in Role.cs</param>		
-		public void CreateUser(AdminPolicy policy, string user, string password, IList<string> roles)
-		{
-			string hash = AdminCommand.HashPassword(password);
-			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
-			command.CreateUser(cluster, policy, user, hash, roles);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Remove user from cluster.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="user">user name</param>
-		public void DropUser(AdminPolicy policy, string user)
-		{
-			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
-			command.DropUser(cluster, policy, user);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Change user's password.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="user">user name</param>
-		/// <param name="password">user password in clear-text format</param>
-		public void ChangePassword(AdminPolicy policy, string user, string password)
-		{
-			if (cluster.user == null)
-			{
-				throw new AerospikeException("Invalid user");
-			}
-
-			byte[] userBytes = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(user);
-			byte[] passwordBytes = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(password);
-
-			string hash = AdminCommand.HashPassword(password);
-			byte[] hashBytes = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(hash);
-
-			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
-
-			if (Util.ByteArrayEquals(userBytes, cluster.user))
-			{
-				// Change own password.
-				command.ChangePassword(cluster, policy, userBytes, hash);
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				// Change other user's password by user admin.
-				command.SetPassword(cluster, policy, userBytes, hash);
-			}
-			cluster.ChangePassword(userBytes, passwordBytes, hashBytes);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Add roles to user's list of roles.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="user">user name</param>
-		/// <param name="roles">role names.  Predefined roles are listed in Role.cs</param>
-		public void GrantRoles(AdminPolicy policy, string user, IList<string> roles)
-		{
-			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
-			command.GrantRoles(cluster, policy, user, roles);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Remove roles from user's list of roles.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="user">user name</param>
-		/// <param name="roles">role names.  Predefined roles are listed in Role.cs</param>
-		public void RevokeRoles(AdminPolicy policy, string user, IList<string> roles)
-		{
-			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
-			command.RevokeRoles(cluster, policy, user, roles);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Create user defined role.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="roleName">role name</param>
-		/// <param name="privileges">privileges assigned to the role.</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
-		public void CreateRole(AdminPolicy policy, string roleName, IList<Privilege> privileges)
-		{
-			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
-			command.CreateRole(cluster, policy, roleName, privileges);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Create user defined role with optional privileges and whitelist.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="roleName">role name</param>
-		/// <param name="privileges">optional list of privileges assigned to role.</param>
-		/// <param name="whitelist">
-		/// optional list of allowable IP addresses assigned to role.
-		/// IP addresses can contain wildcards (ie. 10.1.2.0/24).
-		/// </param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
-		public void CreateRole(AdminPolicy policy, string roleName, IList<Privilege> privileges, IList<string> whitelist)
-		{
-			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
-			command.CreateRole(cluster, policy, roleName, privileges, whitelist, 0, 0);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Create user defined role with optional privileges, whitelist and read/write quotas.
-		/// Quotas require server security configuration "enable-quotas" to be set to true.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="roleName">role name</param>
-		/// <param name="privileges">optional list of privileges assigned to role.</param>
-		/// <param name="whitelist">
-		/// optional list of allowable IP addresses assigned to role.
-		/// IP addresses can contain wildcards (ie. 10.1.2.0/24).
-		/// </param>
-		/// <param name="readQuota">optional maximum reads per second limit, pass in zero for no limit.</param>
-		/// <param name="writeQuota">optional maximum writes per second limit, pass in zero for no limit.</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
-		public void CreateRole
-		(
-			AdminPolicy policy,
-			string roleName,
-			IList<Privilege> privileges,
-			IList<string> whitelist,
-			int readQuota,
-			int writeQuota
-		)
-		{
-			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
-			command.CreateRole(cluster, policy, roleName, privileges, whitelist, readQuota, writeQuota);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Drop user defined role.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="roleName">role name</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
-		public void DropRole(AdminPolicy policy, string roleName)
-		{
-			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
-			command.DropRole(cluster, policy, roleName);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Grant privileges to an user defined role.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="roleName">role name</param>
-		/// <param name="privileges">privileges assigned to the role.</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
-		public void GrantPrivileges(AdminPolicy policy, string roleName, IList<Privilege> privileges)
-		{
-			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
-			command.GrantPrivileges(cluster, policy, roleName, privileges);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Revoke privileges from an user defined role.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="roleName">role name</param>
-		/// <param name="privileges">privileges assigned to the role.</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
-		public void RevokePrivileges(AdminPolicy policy, string roleName, IList<Privilege> privileges)
-		{
-			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
-			command.RevokePrivileges(cluster, policy, roleName, privileges);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Set IP address whitelist for a role.  If whitelist is null or empty, remove existing whitelist from role.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="roleName">role name</param>
-		/// <param name="whitelist">
-		/// list of allowable IP addresses or null.
-		/// IP addresses can contain wildcards (ie. 10.1.2.0/24).
-		/// </param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
-		public void SetWhitelist(AdminPolicy policy, string roleName, IList<string> whitelist)
-		{
-			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
-			command.SetWhitelist(cluster, policy, roleName, whitelist);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Set maximum reads/writes per second limits for a role.  If a quota is zero, the limit is removed.
-		/// Quotas require server security configuration "enable-quotas" to be set to true.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="roleName">role name</param>
-		/// <param name="readQuota">maximum reads per second limit, pass in zero for no limit.</param>
-		/// <param name="writeQuota">maximum writes per second limit, pass in zero for no limit.</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
-		public void SetQuotas(AdminPolicy policy, string roleName, int readQuota, int writeQuota)
-		{
-			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
-			command.setQuotas(cluster, policy, roleName, readQuota, writeQuota);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Retrieve roles for a given user.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="user">user name filter</param>
-		public User QueryUser(AdminPolicy policy, string user)
-		{
-			AdminCommand.UserCommand command = new AdminCommand.UserCommand(1);
-			return command.QueryUser(cluster, policy, user);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Retrieve all users and their roles.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		public List<User> QueryUsers(AdminPolicy policy)
-		{
-			AdminCommand.UserCommand command = new AdminCommand.UserCommand(100);
-			return command.QueryUsers(cluster, policy);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Retrieve role definition.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <param name="roleName">role name filter</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
-		public Role QueryRole(AdminPolicy policy, string roleName)
-		{
-			AdminCommand.RoleCommand command = new AdminCommand.RoleCommand(1);
-			return command.QueryRole(cluster, policy, roleName);
-		}
-
-		/// <summary>
-		/// Retrieve all roles.
-		/// </summary>
-		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
-		public List<Role> QueryRoles(AdminPolicy policy)
-		{
-			AdminCommand.RoleCommand command = new AdminCommand.RoleCommand(100);
-			return command.QueryRoles(cluster, policy);
-		}
-
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-		// Internal Methods
-		//-------------------------------------------------------
-
-		private string SendInfoCommand(Policy policy, string command)
-		{
-			Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
-			Connection conn = node.GetConnection(policy.socketTimeout);
-			Info info;
-
-			try
-			{
-				info = new Info(conn, command);
-				node.PutConnection(conn);
-			}
-			catch (Exception)
-			{
-				node.CloseConnectionOnError(conn);
-				throw;
-			}
-			return info.GetValue();
-		}
-
-		private void ParseInfoError(string prefix, string response)
-		{
-			Info.Error error = new(response);
-			int code = (error.Code == 0) ? ResultCode.SERVER_ERROR : error.Code;
-
-			string message = prefix + ": " + response;
-			throw new AerospikeException(code, message);
-		}
-
-		private void JoinRecords(BatchPolicy policy, Record record, Join[] joins)
-		{
-			if (record == null)
-			{
-				return;
-			}
-
-			foreach (Join join in joins)
-			{
-				List<object> keyList = (List<object>)record.GetValue(join.leftKeysBinName);
-
-				if (keyList != null)
-				{
-					Key[] keyArray = new Key[keyList.Count];
-					int count = 0;
-
-					foreach (object obj in keyList)
-					{
-						Value value = Value.Get(obj);
-						keyArray[count++] = new Key(join.rightNamespace, join.rightSetName, value);
-					}
-
-					Record[] records;
-					if (join.rightBinNames == null || join.rightBinNames.Length == 0)
-					{
-						records = Get(policy, keyArray);
-					}
-					else
-					{
-						records = Get(policy, keyArray, join.rightBinNames);
-					}
-					record.bins[join.leftKeysBinName] = records;
-				}
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Instantiate an AerospikeClient object to access an Aerospike
+	/// database cluster and perform database operations.
+	/// <para>
+	/// This client is thread-safe. One client instance should be used per cluster.
+	/// Multiple threads should share this cluster instance.
+	/// </para>
+	/// <para>
+	/// Your application uses this class API to perform database operations such as
+	/// writing and reading records, and selecting sets of records. Write operations
+	/// include specialized functionality such as append/prepend and arithmetic
+	/// addition.
+	/// </para>
+	/// <para>
+	/// Each record may have multiple bins, unless the Aerospike server nodes are
+	/// configured as "single-bin". In "multi-bin" mode, partial records may be
+	/// written or read by specifying the relevant subset of bins.
+	/// </para>
+	/// </summary>
+	public class AerospikeClient : IDisposable, IAerospikeClient
+	{
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Member variables.
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		protected internal Cluster cluster;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default read policy that is used when read command policy is null.
+		/// </summary>
+		protected Policy readPolicyDefault;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default write policy that is used when write command policy is null.
+		/// </summary>
+		protected WritePolicy writePolicyDefault;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default scan policy that is used when scan command policy is null.
+		/// </summary>
+		protected ScanPolicy scanPolicyDefault;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default query policy that is used when query command policy is null.
+		/// </summary>
+		protected QueryPolicy queryPolicyDefault;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default parent policy used in batch read commands. Parent policy fields
+		/// include socketTimeout, totalTimeout, maxRetries, etc...
+		/// </summary>
+		protected BatchPolicy batchPolicyDefault;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default parent policy used in batch write commands. Parent policy fields
+		/// include socketTimeout, totalTimeout, maxRetries, etc...
+		/// </summary>
+		protected BatchPolicy batchParentPolicyWriteDefault;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default write policy used in batch operate commands.
+		/// Write policy fields include generation, expiration, durableDelete, etc...
+		/// </summary>
+		protected BatchWritePolicy batchWritePolicyDefault;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default delete policy used in batch delete commands.
+		/// </summary>
+		protected BatchDeletePolicy batchDeletePolicyDefault;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default user defined function policy used in batch UDF execute commands.
+		/// </summary>
+		protected BatchUDFPolicy batchUDFPolicyDefault;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default multi-record transactions (MRT) policy when verifying record versions in a batch on a commit.
+		/// </summary>
+		protected TxnVerifyPolicy txnVerifyPolicyDefault;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default multi-record transactions (MRT) policy when rolling the transaction records forward (commit)
+		/// or back(abort) in a batch.
+		/// </summary>
+		protected TxnRollPolicy txnRollPolicyDefault;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default info policy that is used when info command policy is null.
+		/// </summary>
+		protected InfoPolicy infoPolicyDefault;
+
+		protected WritePolicy operatePolicyReadDefault;
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Constructors
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Initialize Aerospike client.
+		/// If the host connection succeeds, the client will:
+		/// <list type="bullet">
+		/// <item>Add host to the cluster map</item>
+		/// <item>Request host's list of other nodes in cluster</item>
+		/// <item>Add these nodes to cluster map</item>
+		/// </list>
+		/// <para>
+		/// If the connection succeeds, the client is ready to process database requests.
+		/// If the connection fails, the cluster will remain in a disconnected State
+		/// until the server is activated.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="hostname">host name</param>
+		/// <param name="port">host port</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if host connection fails</exception>
+		public AerospikeClient(string hostname, int port)
+			: this(new ClientPolicy(), new Host(hostname, port))
+		{
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Initialize Aerospike client.
+		/// The client policy is used to set defaults and size internal data structures.
+		/// If the host connection succeeds, the client will:
+		/// <list type="bullet">
+		/// <item>Add host to the cluster map</item>
+		/// <item>Request host's list of other nodes in cluster</item>
+		/// <item>Add these nodes to cluster map</item>
+		/// </list>
+		/// <para>
+		/// If the connection succeeds, the client is ready to process database requests.
+		/// If the connection fails and the policy's failOnInvalidHosts is true, a connection 
+		/// exception will be thrown. Otherwise, the cluster will remain in a disconnected State
+		/// until the server is activated.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">client configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="hostname">host name</param>
+		/// <param name="port">host port</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if host connection fails</exception>
+		public AerospikeClient(ClientPolicy policy, string hostname, int port)
+			: this(policy, new Host(hostname, port))
+		{
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Initialize Aerospike client with suitable hosts to seed the cluster map.
+		/// The client policy is used to set defaults and size internal data structures.
+		/// For the first host connection that succeeds, the client will:
+		/// <list type="bullet">
+		/// <item>Add host to the cluster map</item>
+		/// <item>Request host's list of other nodes in cluster</item>
+		/// <item>Add these nodes to cluster map</item>
+		/// </list>
+		/// <para>
+		/// In most cases, only one host is necessary to seed the cluster. The remaining hosts 
+		/// are added as future seeds in case of a complete network failure.
+		/// </para>
+		/// <para>
+		/// If one connection succeeds, the client is ready to process database requests.
+		/// If all connections fail and the policy's failIfNotConnected is true, a connection 
+		/// exception will be thrown. Otherwise, the cluster will remain in a disconnected State
+		/// until the server is activated.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">client configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="hosts">array of potential hosts to seed the cluster</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if all host connections fail</exception>
+		public AerospikeClient(ClientPolicy policy, params Host[] hosts)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = new ClientPolicy();
+			}
+			this.readPolicyDefault = policy.readPolicyDefault;
+			this.writePolicyDefault = policy.writePolicyDefault;
+			this.scanPolicyDefault = policy.scanPolicyDefault;
+			this.queryPolicyDefault = policy.queryPolicyDefault;
+			this.batchPolicyDefault = policy.batchPolicyDefault;
+			this.batchParentPolicyWriteDefault = policy.batchParentPolicyWriteDefault;
+			this.batchWritePolicyDefault = policy.batchWritePolicyDefault;
+			this.batchDeletePolicyDefault = policy.batchDeletePolicyDefault;
+			this.batchUDFPolicyDefault = policy.batchUDFPolicyDefault;
+			this.txnVerifyPolicyDefault = policy.txnVerifyPolicyDefault;
+			this.txnRollPolicyDefault = policy.txnRollPolicyDefault;
+			this.infoPolicyDefault = policy.infoPolicyDefault;
+			this.operatePolicyReadDefault = new WritePolicy(this.readPolicyDefault);
+
+			cluster = new Cluster(policy, hosts);
+			cluster.StartTendThread(policy);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Construct client without initialization.
+		/// Should only be used by classes inheriting from this client.
+		/// </summary>
+		protected internal AerospikeClient(ClientPolicy policy)
+		{
+			if (policy != null)
+			{
+				this.readPolicyDefault = policy.readPolicyDefault;
+				this.writePolicyDefault = policy.writePolicyDefault;
+				this.scanPolicyDefault = policy.scanPolicyDefault;
+				this.queryPolicyDefault = policy.queryPolicyDefault;
+				this.batchPolicyDefault = policy.batchPolicyDefault;
+				this.batchParentPolicyWriteDefault = policy.batchParentPolicyWriteDefault;
+				this.batchWritePolicyDefault = policy.batchWritePolicyDefault;
+				this.batchDeletePolicyDefault = policy.batchDeletePolicyDefault;
+				this.batchUDFPolicyDefault = policy.batchUDFPolicyDefault;
+				this.txnVerifyPolicyDefault = policy.txnVerifyPolicyDefault;
+				this.txnRollPolicyDefault = policy.txnRollPolicyDefault;
+				this.infoPolicyDefault = policy.infoPolicyDefault;
+				this.operatePolicyReadDefault = new WritePolicy(this.readPolicyDefault);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				this.readPolicyDefault = new Policy();
+				this.writePolicyDefault = new WritePolicy();
+				this.scanPolicyDefault = new ScanPolicy();
+				this.queryPolicyDefault = new QueryPolicy();
+				this.batchPolicyDefault = new BatchPolicy();
+				this.batchParentPolicyWriteDefault = BatchPolicy.WriteDefault();
+				this.batchWritePolicyDefault = new BatchWritePolicy();
+				this.batchDeletePolicyDefault = new BatchDeletePolicy();
+				this.batchUDFPolicyDefault = new BatchUDFPolicy();
+				this.txnVerifyPolicyDefault = new TxnVerifyPolicy();
+				this.txnRollPolicyDefault= new TxnRollPolicy();
+				this.infoPolicyDefault = new InfoPolicy();
+			}
+			this.operatePolicyReadDefault = new WritePolicy(this.readPolicyDefault);
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Operations policies
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default read policy that is used when read command policy is null.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="Policy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
+		/// </summary>
+		public Policy ReadPolicyDefault
+		{
+			get { return readPolicyDefault; }
+			set { readPolicyDefault = value; }
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default write policy that is used when write command policy is null.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="WritePolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
+		/// </summary>
+		public WritePolicy WritePolicyDefault
+		{
+			get { return writePolicyDefault; }
+			set { writePolicyDefault = value; }
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default scan policy that is used when scan command policy is null.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="ScanPolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
+		/// </summary>
+		public ScanPolicy ScanPolicyDefault
+		{
+			get { return scanPolicyDefault; }
+			set { scanPolicyDefault = value; }
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default query policy that is used when query command policy is null.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="QueryPolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
+		/// </summary>
+		public QueryPolicy QueryPolicyDefault
+		{
+			get { return queryPolicyDefault; }
+			set { queryPolicyDefault = value; }
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default parent policy used in batch read commands. Parent policy fields
+		/// include socketTimeout, totalTimeout, maxRetries, etc...
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="BatchPolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
+		/// </summary>
+		public BatchPolicy BatchPolicyDefault
+		{
+			get { return batchPolicyDefault; }
+			set { batchPolicyDefault = value; }
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default parent policy used in batch write commands. Parent policy fields
+		/// include socketTimeout, totalTimeout, maxRetries, etc...
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="BatchPolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
+		/// </summary>
+		public BatchPolicy BatchParentPolicyWriteDefault
+		{
+			get { return batchParentPolicyWriteDefault; }
+			set { batchParentPolicyWriteDefault = value; }
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default write policy used in batch operate commands.
+		/// Write policy fields include generation, expiration, durableDelete, etc...
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="BatchWritePolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
+		/// </summary>
+		public BatchWritePolicy BatchWritePolicyDefault
+		{
+			get { return batchWritePolicyDefault; }
+			set { batchWritePolicyDefault = value; }
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default delete policy used in batch delete commands.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="BatchDeletePolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
+		/// </summary>
+		public BatchDeletePolicy BatchDeletePolicyDefault
+		{
+			get { return batchDeletePolicyDefault; }
+			set { batchDeletePolicyDefault = value; }
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default user defined function policy used in batch UDF excecute commands.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="BatchUDFPolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.er modified.
+		/// </summary>
+		public BatchUDFPolicy BatchUDFPolicyDefault
+		{
+			get { return batchUDFPolicyDefault; }
+			set { batchUDFPolicyDefault = value; }
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default info policy that is used when info command policy is null.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="InfoPolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
+		/// </summary>
+		public InfoPolicy InfoPolicyDefault
+		{
+			get { return infoPolicyDefault; }
+			set { infoPolicyDefault = value; }
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default multi-record transactions (MRT) policy when verifying record versions in a batch on a commit.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="TxnVerifyPolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
+		/// </summary>
+		public TxnVerifyPolicy TxnVerifyPolicyDefault
+		{
+			get { return txnVerifyPolicyDefault; }
+			set { txnVerifyPolicyDefault = value; }
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default multi-record transactions (MRT) policy when rolling the transaction records forward (commit)
+		/// or back(abort) in a batch.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="TxnRollPolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
+		/// </summary>
+		public TxnRollPolicy TxnRollPolicyDefault
+		{
+			get { return txnRollPolicyDefault; }
+			set { txnRollPolicyDefault = value; }
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Cluster Connection Management
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		public bool Disposed { get; private set; }
+		private void Dispose(bool disposing)
+		{
+			if (!Disposed)
+			{
+				if (disposing)
+				{
+					this.Close();
+				}
+
+				Disposed = true;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Close all client connections to database server nodes.
+		/// </summary>
+		public void Dispose()
+		{
+			// Do not change this code. Put cleanup code in 'Dispose(bool disposing)' method
+			Dispose(disposing: true);
+			GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Close all client connections to database server nodes.
+		/// </summary>
+		public void Close()
+		{
+			cluster.Close();
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Return if we are ready to talk to the database server cluster.
+		/// </summary>
+		public bool Connected
+		{
+			get
+			{
+				return cluster.Connected;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Cluster associated with this AerospikeClient instance.
+		/// </summary>
+		public Cluster Cluster
+		{
+			get
+			{
+				return cluster;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Return array of active server nodes in the cluster.
+		/// </summary>
+		public Node[] Nodes
+		{
+			get
+			{
+				return cluster.Nodes;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Enable extended periodic cluster and node latency metrics.
+		/// </summary>
+		public void EnableMetrics(MetricsPolicy metricsPolicy)
+		{
+			cluster.EnableMetrics(metricsPolicy);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Disable extended periodic cluster and node latency metrics.
+		/// </summary>
+		public void DisableMetrics()
+		{
+			cluster.DisableMetrics();
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Return operating cluster statistics snapshot.
+		/// </summary>
+		public ClusterStats GetClusterStats()
+		{
+			return cluster.GetStats();
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Multi-Record Transactions
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Attempt to commit the given multi-record transaction. First, the expected record versions are
+		/// sent to the server nodes for verification. If all nodes return success, the transaction is
+		/// committed. Otherwise, the transaction is aborted.
+		/// <para>
+		/// Requires server version 8.0+
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="txn">multi-record transaction</param>
+		/// <returns>status of the commit on success</returns>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.Commit">if verify commit fails</exception>
+		public CommitStatus.CommitStatusType Commit(Txn txn)
+		{
+			TxnRoll tr = new(cluster, txn);
+
+			switch (txn.State)
+			{
+				default:
+				case Txn.TxnState.OPEN:
+					tr.Verify(txnVerifyPolicyDefault, txnRollPolicyDefault);
+					return tr.Commit(txnRollPolicyDefault);
+				
+				case Txn.TxnState.VERIFIED:
+					return tr.Commit(txnRollPolicyDefault);
+				
+				case Txn.TxnState.COMMITTED:
+					return CommitStatus.CommitStatusType.ALREADY_COMMITTED;
+				
+				case Txn.TxnState.ABORTED:
+					return CommitStatus.CommitStatusType.ALREADY_ABORTED;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Abort and rollback the given multi-record transaction.
+		/// <para>
+		/// Requires server version 8.0+
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="txn">multi-record transaction</param>
+		/// <returns>statis of the abort</returns>
+		public AbortStatus.AbortStatusType Abort(Txn txn)
+		{
+			TxnRoll tr = new(cluster, txn);
+
+			switch (txn.State)
+			{
+				default:
+				case Txn.TxnState.OPEN:
+				case Txn.TxnState.VERIFIED:
+					return tr.Abort(txnRollPolicyDefault);
+
+				case Txn.TxnState.COMMITTED:
+					return AbortStatus.AbortStatusType.ALREADY_COMMITTED;
+				
+				case Txn.TxnState.ABORTED:
+					return AbortStatus.AbortStatusType.ALREADY_ABORTED;
+			}
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Write Record Operations
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Write record bin(s).
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeouts, record expiration and how the command is
+		/// handled when the record already exists.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
+		/// <param name="bins">array of bin name/value pairs</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if write fails</exception>
+		public void Put(WritePolicy policy, Key key, params Bin[] bins)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = writePolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				TxnMonitor.AddKey(cluster, policy, key);
+			}
+
+			WriteCommand command = new WriteCommand(cluster, policy, key, bins, Operation.Type.WRITE);
+			command.Execute();
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// String Operations
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Append bin string values to existing record bin values.
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
+		/// handled when the record already exists.
+		/// This call only works for string values. 
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
+		/// <param name="bins">array of bin name/value pairs</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if append fails</exception>
+		public void Append(WritePolicy policy, Key key, params Bin[] bins)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = writePolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				TxnMonitor.AddKey(cluster, policy, key);
+			}
+
+			WriteCommand command = new WriteCommand(cluster, policy, key, bins, Operation.Type.APPEND);
+			command.Execute();
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Prepend bin string values to existing record bin values.
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
+		/// handled when the record already exists.
+		/// This call works only for string values. 
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
+		/// <param name="bins">array of bin name/value pairs </param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if prepend fails</exception>
+		public void Prepend(WritePolicy policy, Key key, params Bin[] bins)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = writePolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				TxnMonitor.AddKey(cluster, policy, key);
+			}
+
+			WriteCommand command = new WriteCommand(cluster, policy, key, bins, Operation.Type.PREPEND);
+			command.Execute();
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Arithmetic Operations
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Add integer/double bin values to existing record bin values.
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
+		/// handled when the record already exists.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
+		/// <param name="bins">array of bin name/value pairs</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if add fails</exception>
+		public void Add(WritePolicy policy, Key key, params Bin[] bins)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = writePolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				TxnMonitor.AddKey(cluster, policy, key);
+			}
+
+			WriteCommand command = new WriteCommand(cluster, policy, key, bins, Operation.Type.ADD);
+			command.Execute();
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Delete Operations
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Delete record for specified key.
+		/// Return whether record existed on server before deletion.
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">delete configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if delete fails</exception>
+		public bool Delete(WritePolicy policy, Key key)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = writePolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				TxnMonitor.AddKey(cluster, policy, key);
+			}
+
+			DeleteCommand command = new DeleteCommand(cluster, policy, key);
+			command.Execute();
+			return command.Existed();
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Delete records for specified keys. If a key is not found, the corresponding result
+		/// <see cref="BatchRecord.resultCode"/> will be <see cref="ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR"/>.
+		/// <para>
+		/// Requires server version 6.0+
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="batchPolicy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="deletePolicy">delete configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="keys">array of unique record identifiers</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.BatchRecordArray">which contains results for keys that did complete</exception>
+		public BatchResults Delete(BatchPolicy batchPolicy, BatchDeletePolicy deletePolicy, Key[] keys)
+		{
+			if (keys.Length == 0)
+			{
+				return new BatchResults(new BatchRecord[0], true);
+			}
+
+			if (batchPolicy == null)
+			{
+				batchPolicy = batchParentPolicyWriteDefault;
+			}
+
+			if (deletePolicy == null)
+			{
+				deletePolicy = batchDeletePolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			if (batchPolicy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				TxnMonitor.AddKeys(cluster, batchPolicy, keys);
+			}
+
+			BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr();
+			attr.SetDelete(deletePolicy);
+
+			BatchRecord[] records = new BatchRecord[keys.Length];
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
+			{
+				records[i] = new BatchRecord(keys[i], attr.hasWrite);
+			}
+
+			try
+			{
+				BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(true);
+				List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, records, attr.hasWrite, status);
+				BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+				int count = 0;
+
+				foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+				{
+					commands[count++] = new BatchOperateArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, null, records, attr, status);
+				}
+
+				BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, batchPolicy, commands, status);
+				return new BatchResults(records, status.GetStatus());
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				// Batch terminated on fatal error.
+				throw new AerospikeException.BatchRecordArray(records, e);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Remove records in specified namespace/set efficiently.  This method is many orders of magnitude 
+		/// faster than deleting records one at a time.
+		/// <para>
+		/// See <a href="https://www.aerospike.com/docs/reference/info#truncate">https://www.aerospike.com/docs/reference/info#truncate</a>
+		/// </para>
+		/// <para>
+		/// This asynchronous server call may return before the truncation is complete.  The user can still
+		/// write new records after the server returns because new records will have last update times
+		/// greater than the truncate cutoff (set at the time of truncate call).
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">info command configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="ns">required namespace</param>
+		/// <param name="set">optional set name.  Pass in null to delete all sets in namespace.</param>
+		/// <param name="beforeLastUpdate">
+		/// optionally delete records before record last update time.
+		/// If specified, value must be before the current time.
+		/// Pass in null to delete all records in namespace/set regardless of last update time.
+		/// </param>
+		public void Truncate(InfoPolicy policy, string ns, string set, DateTime? beforeLastUpdate)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = infoPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			// Send truncate command to one node. That node will distribute the command to other nodes.
+			Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
+
+			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(200);
+
+			if (set != null)
+			{
+				sb.Append("truncate:namespace=");
+				sb.Append(ns);
+				sb.Append(";set=");
+				sb.Append(set);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				sb.Append("truncate-namespace:namespace=");
+				sb.Append(ns);
+			}
+
+			if (beforeLastUpdate.HasValue)
+			{
+				sb.Append(";lut=");
+				// Convert to nanoseconds since unix epoch.
+				sb.Append(Util.NanosFromEpoch(beforeLastUpdate.Value));
+			}
+
+			string response = Info.Request(policy, node, sb.ToString());
+
+			if (!response.Equals("ok", StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase))
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException("Truncate failed: " + response);
+			}
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Touch Operations
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Reset record's time to expiration using the policy's expiration.
+		/// If the record does not exist, it can't be created because the server deletes empty records.
+		/// Throw an exception if the record does not exist.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if touch fails</exception>
+		public void Touch(WritePolicy policy, Key key)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = writePolicyDefault;
+			}
+			
+			if (policy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				TxnMonitor.AddKey(cluster, policy, key);
+			}
+
+			TouchCommand command = new TouchCommand(cluster, policy, key);
+			command.Execute();
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Reset record's time to expiration using the policy's expiration.
+		/// If the record does not exist, it can't be created because the server deletes empty records.
+		/// Return true if the record exists and is touched.Return false if the record does not exist.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
+		/// <returns>true if record was touched, false otherwise</returns>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if touch fails</exception>
+		public bool Touched(WritePolicy policy, Key key)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = writePolicyDefault;
+			}
+			if (policy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				TxnMonitor.AddKey(cluster, policy, key);
+			}
+
+			TouchCommand command = new(cluster, policy, key, false);
+			command.Execute();
+
+			return command.Touched;
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Existence-Check Operations
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Determine if a record key exists.
+		/// Return whether record exists or not.
+		/// The policy can be used to specify timeouts.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public bool Exists(Policy policy, Key key)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = readPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(key.ns);
+
+			ExistsCommand command = new ExistsCommand(cluster, policy, key);
+			command.Execute();
+			return command.Exists();
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Check if multiple record keys exist in one batch call.
+		/// The returned boolean array is in positional order with the original key array order.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="keys">array of unique record identifiers</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.BatchExists">which contains results for keys that did complete</exception>
+		public bool[] Exists(BatchPolicy policy, Key[] keys)
+		{
+			if (keys.Length == 0)
+			{
+				return new bool[0];
+			}
+
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(keys);
+
+			bool[] existsArray = new bool[keys.Length];
+
+			try
+			{
+				BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(false);
+
+				if (policy.allowProleReads)
+				{
+					// Send all requests to a single random node.
+					Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
+					BatchNode batchNode = new BatchNode(node, keys);
+					BatchCommand command = new BatchExistsArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, existsArray, status);
+					BatchExecutor.Execute(command, status);
+					return existsArray;
+				}
+
+				List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, status);
+				BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+				int count = 0;
+
+				foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+				{
+					commands[count++] = new BatchExistsArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, existsArray, status);
+				}
+				BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, policy, commands, status);
+				return existsArray;
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException.BatchExists(existsArray, e);
+			}
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Read Record Operations
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Read entire record for specified key.
+		/// If found, return record instance.  If not found, return null.
+		/// The policy can be used to specify timeouts.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults </param>
+		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if read fails</exception>
+		public Record Get(Policy policy, Key key)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = readPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(key.ns);
+
+			ReadCommand command = new ReadCommand(cluster, policy, key);
+			command.Execute();
+			return command.Record;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Read record header and bins for specified key.
+		/// If found, return record instance.  If not found, return null.
+		/// The policy can be used to specify timeouts.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
+		/// <param name="binNames">bins to retrieve</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if read fails</exception>
+		public Record Get(Policy policy, Key key, params string[] binNames)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = readPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(key.ns);
+
+			ReadCommand command = new ReadCommand(cluster, policy, key, binNames);
+			command.Execute();
+			return command.Record;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Read record generation and expiration only for specified key.  Bins are not read.
+		/// If found, return record instance.  If not found, return null.
+		/// The policy can be used to specify timeouts.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if read fails</exception>
+		public Record GetHeader(Policy policy, Key key)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = readPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(key.ns);
+
+			ReadHeaderCommand command = new ReadHeaderCommand(cluster, policy, key);
+			command.Execute();
+			return command.Record;
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Batch Read Operations
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Read multiple records for specified batch keys in one batch call.
+		/// This method allows different namespaces/bins to be requested for each key in the batch.
+		/// The returned records are located in the same list.
+		/// If the BatchRead key field is not found, the corresponding record field will be null.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="records">list of unique record identifiers and the bins to retrieve.
+		/// The returned records are located in the same list.</param>
+		/// <returns>true if all batch key requests succeeded</returns>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if read fails</exception>
+		public bool Get(BatchPolicy policy, List<BatchRead> records)
+		{
+			if (records.Count == 0)
+			{
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(records);
+
+			BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(true);
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, records, status);
+			BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				commands[count++] = new BatchReadListCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, records, status);
+			}
+			BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, policy, commands, status);
+			return status.GetStatus();
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Read multiple records for specified keys in one batch call.
+		/// The returned records are in positional order with the original key array order.
+		/// If a key is not found, the positional record will be null.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="keys">array of unique record identifiers</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.BatchRecords">which contains results for keys that did complete</exception>
+		public Record[] Get(BatchPolicy policy, Key[] keys)
+		{
+			if (keys.Length == 0)
+			{
+				return new Record[0];
+			}
+
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(keys);
+
+			Record[] records = new Record[keys.Length];
+
+			try
+			{
+				BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(false);
+
+				if (policy.allowProleReads)
+				{
+					// Send all requests to a single random node.
+					Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
+					BatchNode batchNode = new BatchNode(node, keys);
+					BatchCommand command = new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, null, null, records, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_GET_ALL, false, status);
+					BatchExecutor.Execute(command, status);
+					return records;
+				}
+
+				List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, status);
+				BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+				int count = 0;
+
+				foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+				{
+					commands[count++] = new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, null, null, records, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_GET_ALL, false, status);
+				}
+				BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, policy, commands, status);
+				return records;
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException.BatchRecords(records, e);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Read multiple record headers and bins for specified keys in one batch call.
+		/// The returned records are in positional order with the original key array order.
+		/// If a key is not found, the positional record will be null.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="keys">array of unique record identifiers</param>
+		/// <param name="binNames">array of bins to retrieve</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.BatchRecords">which contains results for keys that did complete</exception>
+		public Record[] Get(BatchPolicy policy, Key[] keys, params string[] binNames)
+		{
+			if (keys.Length == 0)
+			{
+				return new Record[0];
+			}
+
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(keys);
+
+			Record[] records = new Record[keys.Length];
+
+			try
+			{
+				BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(false);
+
+				if (policy.allowProleReads)
+				{
+					// Send all requests to a single random node.
+					Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
+					BatchNode batchNode = new BatchNode(node, keys);
+					BatchCommand command = new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, binNames, null, records, Command.INFO1_READ, false, status);
+					BatchExecutor.Execute(command, status);
+					return records;
+				}
+
+				List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, status);
+				BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+				int count = 0;
+
+				foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+				{
+					commands[count++] = new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, binNames, null, records, Command.INFO1_READ, false, status);
+				}
+				BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, policy, commands, status);
+				return records;
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException.BatchRecords(records, e);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Read multiple records for specified keys using read operations in one batch call.
+		/// The returned records are in positional order with the original key array order.
+		/// If a key is not found, the positional record will be null.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="keys">array of unique record identifiers</param>
+		/// <param name="ops">array of read operations on record</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.BatchRecords">which contains results for keys that did complete</exception>
+		public Record[] Get(BatchPolicy policy, Key[] keys, params Operation[] ops)
+		{
+			if (keys.Length == 0)
+			{
+				return new Record[0];
+			}
+
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(keys);
+
+			Record[] records = new Record[keys.Length];
+
+			try
+			{
+				BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(false);
+
+				if (policy.allowProleReads)
+				{
+					// Send all requests to a single random node.
+					Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
+					BatchNode batchNode = new BatchNode(node, keys);
+					BatchCommand command = new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, null, ops, records, Command.INFO1_READ, true, status);
+					BatchExecutor.Execute(command, status);
+					return records;
+				}
+
+				List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, status);
+				BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+				int count = 0;
+
+				foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+				{
+					commands[count++] = new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, null, ops, records, Command.INFO1_READ, true, status);
+				}
+				BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, policy, commands, status);
+				return records;
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException.BatchRecords(records, e);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Read multiple record header data for specified keys in one batch call.
+		/// The returned records are in positional order with the original key array order.
+		/// If a key is not found, the positional record will be null.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="keys">array of unique record identifiers</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.BatchRecords">which contains results for keys that did complete</exception>
+		public Record[] GetHeader(BatchPolicy policy, Key[] keys)
+		{
+			if (keys.Length == 0)
+			{
+				return new Record[0];
+			}
+
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = batchPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			policy.Txn?.PrepareRead(keys);
+
+			Record[] records = new Record[keys.Length];
+
+			try
+			{
+				BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(false);
+
+				if (policy.allowProleReads)
+				{
+					// Send all requests to a single random node.
+					Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
+					BatchNode batchNode = new BatchNode(node, keys);
+					BatchCommand command = new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, null, null, records, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA, false, status);
+					BatchExecutor.Execute(command, status);
+					return records;
+				}
+
+				List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, keys, null, false, status);
+				BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+				int count = 0;
+
+				foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+				{
+					commands[count++] = new BatchGetArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, keys, null, null, records, Command.INFO1_READ | Command.INFO1_NOBINDATA, false, status);
+				}
+				BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, policy, commands, status);
+				return records;
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException.BatchRecords(records, e);
+			}
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Join methods
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Read specified bins in left record and then join with right records.  Each join bin name
+		/// (Join.leftKeysBinName) must exist in the left record.  The join bin must contain a list of 
+		/// keys. Those key are used to retrieve other records using a separate batch get.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="key">unique main record identifier</param>
+		/// <param name="binNames">array of bins to retrieve</param>
+		/// <param name="joins">array of join definitions</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if main read or join reads fail</exception>
+		public Record Join(BatchPolicy policy, Key key, string[] binNames, params Join[] joins)
+		{
+			string[] names = new string[binNames.Length + joins.Length];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (string binName in binNames)
+			{
+				names[count++] = binName;
+			}
+
+			foreach (Join join in joins)
+			{
+				names[count++] = join.leftKeysBinName;
+			}
+			Record record = Get(policy, key, names);
+			JoinRecords(policy, record, joins);
+			return record;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Read all bins in left record and then join with right records.  Each join bin name
+		/// (Join.binNameKeys) must exist in the left record.  The join bin must contain a list of 
+		/// keys. Those key are used to retrieve other records using a separate batch get.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="key">unique main record identifier</param>
+		/// <param name="joins">array of join definitions</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if main read or join reads fail</exception>
+		public Record Join(BatchPolicy policy, Key key, params Join[] joins)
+		{
+			Record record = Get(policy, key);
+			JoinRecords(policy, record, joins);
+			return record;
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Generic Database Operations
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Perform multiple read/write operations on a single key in one batch call.
+		/// An example would be to add an integer value to an existing record and then
+		/// read the result, all in one database call.
+		/// <para>
+		/// The server executes operations in the same order as the operations array.
+		/// Both scalar bin operations (Operation) and CDT bin operations (ListOperation,
+		/// MapOperation) can be performed in same call.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
+		/// <param name="operations">database operations to perform</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public Record Operate(WritePolicy policy, Key key, params Operation[] operations)
+		{
+			OperateArgs args = new OperateArgs(policy, writePolicyDefault, operatePolicyReadDefault, operations);
+			policy = args.writePolicy;
+
+			if (args.hasWrite)
+			{
+				if (policy.Txn != null)
+				{
+					TxnMonitor.AddKey(cluster, policy, key);
+				}
+
+				OperateCommandWrite command = new(cluster, key, args);
+				command.Execute();
+				return command.Record;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				if (policy?.Txn != null)
+				{
+					policy.Txn.PrepareRead(key.ns);
+				}
+
+				OperateCommandRead command = new(cluster, key, args);
+				command.Execute();
+				return command.Record;
+			}
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Batch Read/Write Operations
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Read/Write multiple records for specified batch keys in one batch call.
+		/// This method allows different namespaces/bins for each key in the batch.
+		/// The returned records are located in the same list.
+		/// <para>
+		/// <see cref="BatchRecord"/> can be <see cref="BatchRead"/>, <see cref="BatchWrite"/>, <see cref="BatchDelete"/> or
+		/// <see cref="BatchUDF"/>.
+		/// </para>
+		/// <para>
+		/// Requires server version 6.0+
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="records">list of unique record identifiers and read/write operations</param>
+		/// <returns>true if all batch sub-commands succeeded</returns>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public bool Operate(BatchPolicy policy, List<BatchRecord> records)
+		{
+			if (records.Count == 0)
+			{
+				return true;
+			}
+
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = batchParentPolicyWriteDefault;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				TxnMonitor.AddKeys(cluster, policy, records);
+			}
+
+			BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(true);
+			List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, policy, records, status);
+			BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+			{
+				commands[count++] = new BatchOperateListCommand(cluster, batchNode, policy, records, status);
+			}
+			BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, policy, commands, status);
+			return status.GetStatus();
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Perform read/write operations on multiple keys. If a key is not found, the corresponding result
+		/// <see cref="BatchRecord.resultCode"/> will be <see cref="ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR"/>.
+		/// <para>
+		/// Requires server version 6.0+
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="batchPolicy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="writePolicy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="keys">array of unique record identifiers</param>
+		/// <param name="ops">
+		/// read/write operations to perform. <see cref="Operation.Get()"/> is not allowed because it returns a
+		/// variable number of bins and makes it difficult (sometimes impossible) to lineup operations with 
+		/// results. Instead, use <see cref="Operation.Get(string)"/> for each bin name.
+		/// </param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.BatchRecordArray">which contains results for keys that did complete</exception>
+		public BatchResults Operate(BatchPolicy batchPolicy, BatchWritePolicy writePolicy, Key[] keys, params Operation[] ops)
+		{
+			if (keys.Length == 0)
+			{
+				return new BatchResults(new BatchRecord[0], true);
+			}
+
+			if (batchPolicy == null)
+			{
+				batchPolicy = batchParentPolicyWriteDefault;
+			}
+
+			if (writePolicy == null)
+			{
+				writePolicy = batchWritePolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			if (batchPolicy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				TxnMonitor.AddKeys(cluster, batchPolicy, keys);
+			}
+
+			BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr(batchPolicy, writePolicy, ops);
+			BatchRecord[] records = new BatchRecord[keys.Length];
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
+			{
+				records[i] = new BatchRecord(keys[i], attr.hasWrite);
+			}
+
+			try
+			{
+				BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(true);
+				List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, records, attr.hasWrite, status);
+				BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+				int count = 0;
+
+				foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+				{
+					commands[count++] = new BatchOperateArrayCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, ops, records, attr, status);
+				}
+
+				BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, batchPolicy, commands, status);
+				return new BatchResults(records, status.GetStatus());
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException.BatchRecordArray(records, e);
+			}
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Scan Operations
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Read all records in specified namespace and set.  If the policy's 
+		/// concurrentNodes is specified, each server node will be read in
+		/// parallel.  Otherwise, server nodes are read in series.
+		/// <para>
+		/// This call will block until the scan is complete - callbacks are made
+		/// within the scope of this call.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">scan configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="ns">namespace - equivalent to database name</param>
+		/// <param name="setName">optional set name - equivalent to database table</param>
+		/// <param name="callback">read callback method - called with record data</param>
+		/// <param name="binNames">
+		/// optional bin to retrieve. All bins will be returned if not specified.
+		/// </param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if scan fails</exception>
+		public void ScanAll(ScanPolicy policy, string ns, string setName, ScanCallback callback, params string[] binNames)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = scanPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
+			PartitionTracker tracker = new PartitionTracker(policy, nodes);
+			ScanExecutor.ScanPartitions(cluster, policy, ns, setName, binNames, callback, tracker);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Read all records in specified namespace and set for one node only.
+		/// The node is specified by name.
+		/// <para>
+		/// This call will block until the scan is complete - callbacks are made
+		/// within the scope of this call.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">scan configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="nodeName">server node name</param>
+		/// <param name="ns">namespace - equivalent to database name</param>
+		/// <param name="setName">optional set name - equivalent to database table</param>
+		/// <param name="callback">read callback method - called with record data</param>
+		/// <param name="binNames">
+		/// optional bin to retrieve. All bins will be returned if not specified.
+		/// </param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if scan fails</exception>
+		public void ScanNode(ScanPolicy policy, string nodeName, string ns, string setName, ScanCallback callback, params string[] binNames)
+		{
+			Node node = cluster.GetNode(nodeName);
+			ScanNode(policy, node, ns, setName, callback, binNames);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Read all records in specified namespace and set for one node only.
+		/// <para>
+		/// This call will block until the scan is complete - callbacks are made
+		/// within the scope of this call.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">scan configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="node">server node</param>
+		/// <param name="ns">namespace - equivalent to database name</param>
+		/// <param name="setName">optional set name - equivalent to database table</param>
+		/// <param name="callback">read callback method - called with record data</param>
+		/// <param name="binNames">
+		/// optional bin to retrieve. All bins will be returned if not specified.
+		/// </param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if scan fails</exception>
+		public void ScanNode(ScanPolicy policy, Node node, string ns, string setName, ScanCallback callback, params string[] binNames)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = scanPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			PartitionTracker tracker = new PartitionTracker(policy, node);
+			ScanExecutor.ScanPartitions(cluster, policy, ns, setName, binNames, callback, tracker);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Read records in specified namespace, set and partition filter.
+		/// <para>
+		/// This call will block until the scan is complete - callbacks are made
+		/// within the scope of this call.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">scan configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="partitionFilter">filter on a subset of data partitions</param>
+		/// <param name="ns">namespace - equivalent to database name</param>
+		/// <param name="setName">optional set name - equivalent to database table</param>
+		/// <param name="callback">read callback method - called with record data</param>
+		/// <param name="binNames">optional bin to retrieve. All bins will be returned if not specified.</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if scan fails</exception>
+		public void ScanPartitions(ScanPolicy policy, PartitionFilter partitionFilter, string ns, string setName, ScanCallback callback, params string[] binNames)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = scanPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
+			PartitionTracker tracker = new PartitionTracker(policy, nodes, partitionFilter);
+			ScanExecutor.ScanPartitions(cluster, policy, ns, setName, binNames, callback, tracker);
+		}
+
+		//---------------------------------------------------------------
+		// User defined functions
+		//---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Register package located in a file containing user defined functions with server.
+		/// This asynchronous server call will return before command is complete.
+		/// The user can optionally wait for command completion by using the returned
+		/// RegisterTask instance.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="clientPath">path of client file containing user defined functions, relative to current directory</param>
+		/// <param name="serverPath">path to store user defined functions on the server, relative to configured script directory.</param>
+		/// <param name="language">language of user defined functions</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if register fails</exception>
+		public RegisterTask Register(Policy policy, string clientPath, string serverPath, Language language)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = writePolicyDefault;
+			}
+			string content = Util.ReadFileEncodeBase64(clientPath);
+			return RegisterCommand.Register(cluster, policy, content, serverPath, language);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Register package located in a resource containing user defined functions with server.
+		/// This asynchronous server call will return before command is complete.
+		/// The user can optionally wait for command completion by using the returned
+		/// RegisterTask instance.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="resourceAssembly">assembly where resource is located.  Current assembly can be obtained by: Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly()</param>
+		/// <param name="resourcePath">namespace path where Lua resource is located.  Example: Aerospike.Client.Resources.mypackage.lua</param>
+		/// <param name="serverPath">path to store user defined functions on the server, relative to configured script directory.</param>
+		/// <param name="language">language of user defined functions</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if register fails</exception>
+		public RegisterTask Register(Policy policy, Assembly resourceAssembly, string resourcePath, string serverPath, Language language)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = writePolicyDefault;
+			}
+			string content;
+			using (Stream stream = resourceAssembly.GetManifestResourceStream(resourcePath))
+			{
+				byte[] bytes = new byte[stream.Length];
+				stream.Read(bytes, 0, bytes.Length);
+				content = Convert.ToBase64String(bytes);
+			}
+			return RegisterCommand.Register(cluster, policy, content, serverPath, language);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Register UDF functions located in a code string with server. Example:
+		/// <code>
+		/// String code = @"
+		/// local function reducer(val1,val2)
+		///	  return val1 + val2
+		/// end
+		///
+		/// function sum_single_bin(stream,name)
+		///   local function mapper(rec)
+		///     return rec[name]
+		///   end
+		///   return stream : map(mapper) : reduce(reducer)
+		/// end
+		///";
+		///
+		///	client.RegisterUdfString(null, code, "mysum.lua", Language.LUA);
+		/// </code>
+		/// <para>
+		/// This asynchronous server call will return before command is complete.
+		/// The user can optionally wait for command completion by using the returned
+		/// RegisterTask instance.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="code">code string containing user defined functions</param>
+		/// <param name="serverPath">path to store user defined functions on the server, relative to configured script directory.</param>
+		/// <param name="language">language of user defined functions</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if register fails</exception>
+		public RegisterTask RegisterUdfString(Policy policy, string code, string serverPath, Language language)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = writePolicyDefault;
+			}
+			byte[] bytes = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(code);
+			string content = Convert.ToBase64String(bytes);
+			return RegisterCommand.Register(cluster, policy, content, serverPath, language);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Remove user defined function from server nodes.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">info configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="serverPath">location of UDF on server nodes.  Example: mylua.lua </param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if remove fails</exception>
+		public void RemoveUdf(InfoPolicy policy, string serverPath)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = infoPolicyDefault;
+			}
+			// Send UDF command to one node. That node will distribute the UDF command to other nodes.
+			string command = "udf-remove:filename=" + serverPath;
+			Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
+			string response = Info.Request(policy, node, command);
+
+			if (response.Equals("ok", StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase))
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			if (response.StartsWith("error=file_not_found"))
+			{
+				// UDF has already been removed.
+				return;
+			}
+			throw new AerospikeException("Remove UDF failed: " + response);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Execute user defined function on server and return results.
+		/// The function operates on a single record.
+		/// The package name is used to locate the udf file location:
+		/// <para>
+		/// udf file = &lt;server udf dir&gt;/&lt;package name&gt;.lua
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
+		/// <param name="packageName">server package name where user defined function resides</param>
+		/// <param name="functionName">user defined function</param>
+		/// <param name="args">arguments passed in to user defined function</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public object Execute(WritePolicy policy, Key key, string packageName, string functionName, params Value[] args)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = writePolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			if (policy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				TxnMonitor.AddKey(cluster, policy, key);
+			}
+
+			ExecuteCommand command = new ExecuteCommand(cluster, policy, key, packageName, functionName, args);
+			command.Execute();
+
+			Record record = command.Record;
+
+			if (record == null || record.bins == null)
+			{
+				return null;
+			}
+
+			IDictionary<string, object> map = record.bins;
+			object obj;
+
+			if (map.TryGetValue("SUCCESS", out obj))
+			{
+				return obj;
+			}
+
+			if (map.TryGetValue("FAILURE", out obj))
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException(obj.ToString());
+			}
+			throw new AerospikeException("Invalid UDF return value");
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Execute user defined function on server for each key and return results.
+		/// The package name is used to locate the udf file location:
+		/// <para>
+		/// udf file = &lt;server udf dir&gt;/&lt;package name&gt;.lua
+		/// </para>
+		/// <para>
+		/// Requires server version 6.0+
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="batchPolicy">batch configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="udfPolicy">udf configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="keys">array of unique record identifiers</param>
+		/// <param name="packageName">server package name where user defined function resides</param>
+		/// <param name="functionName">user defined function</param>
+		/// <param name="functionArgs">arguments passed in to user defined function</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.BatchRecordArray">which contains results for keys that did complete</exception>
+		public BatchResults Execute(BatchPolicy batchPolicy, BatchUDFPolicy udfPolicy, Key[] keys, string packageName, string functionName, params Value[] functionArgs)
+		{
+			if (keys.Length == 0)
+			{
+				return new BatchResults(new BatchRecord[0], true);
+			}
+
+			if (batchPolicy == null)
+			{
+				batchPolicy = batchParentPolicyWriteDefault;
+			}
+
+			if (udfPolicy == null)
+			{
+				udfPolicy = batchUDFPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			if (batchPolicy.Txn != null)
+			{
+				TxnMonitor.AddKeys(cluster, batchPolicy, keys);
+			}
+
+			byte[] argBytes = Packer.Pack(functionArgs);
+
+			BatchAttr attr = new BatchAttr();
+			attr.SetUDF(udfPolicy);
+
+			BatchRecord[] records = new BatchRecord[keys.Length];
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
+			{
+				records[i] = new BatchRecord(keys[i], attr.hasWrite);
+			}
+
+			try
+			{
+				BatchStatus status = new BatchStatus(true);
+				List<BatchNode> batchNodes = BatchNode.GenerateList(cluster, batchPolicy, keys, records, attr.hasWrite, status);
+				BatchCommand[] commands = new BatchCommand[batchNodes.Count];
+				int count = 0;
+
+				foreach (BatchNode batchNode in batchNodes)
+				{
+					commands[count++] = new BatchUDFCommand(cluster, batchNode, batchPolicy, keys, packageName, functionName, argBytes, records, attr, status);
+				}
+
+				BatchExecutor.Execute(cluster, batchPolicy, commands, status);
+				return new BatchResults(records, status.GetStatus());
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				// Batch terminated on fatal error.
+				throw new AerospikeException.BatchRecordArray(records, e);
+			}
+		}
+
+		//----------------------------------------------------------
+		// Query/Execute
+		//----------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Apply user defined function on records that match the background query statement filter.
+		/// Records are not returned to the client.
+		/// This asynchronous server call will return before the command is complete.  
+		/// The user can optionally wait for command completion by using the returned 
+		/// ExecuteTask instance.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="statement">background query definition</param>
+		/// <param name="packageName">server package where user defined function resides</param>
+		/// <param name="functionName">function name</param>
+		/// <param name="functionArgs">to pass to function name, if any</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public ExecuteTask Execute(WritePolicy policy, Statement statement, string packageName, string functionName, params Value[] functionArgs)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = writePolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			statement.PackageName = packageName;
+			statement.FunctionName = functionName;
+			statement.FunctionArgs = functionArgs;
+
+			cluster.AddCommandCount();
+
+			ulong taskId = statement.PrepareTaskId();
+			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
+			Executor executor = new Executor(nodes.Length);
+
+			foreach (Node node in nodes)
+			{
+				ServerCommand command = new ServerCommand(cluster, node, policy, statement, taskId);
+				executor.AddCommand(command);
+			}
+
+			executor.Execute(nodes.Length);
+			return new ExecuteTask(cluster, policy, statement, taskId);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Apply operations on records that match the background query statement filter.
+		/// Records are not returned to the client.
+		/// This asynchronous server call will return before the command is complete.
+		/// The user can optionally wait for command completion by using the returned
+		/// ExecuteTask instance.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="statement">background query definition</param>
+		/// <param name="operations">list of operations to be performed on selected records</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public ExecuteTask Execute(WritePolicy policy, Statement statement, params Operation[] operations)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = writePolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			if (operations.Length > 0)
+			{
+				statement.Operations = operations;
+			}
+
+			cluster.AddCommandCount();
+
+			ulong taskId = statement.PrepareTaskId();
+			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
+			Executor executor = new Executor(nodes.Length);
+
+			foreach (Node node in nodes)
+			{
+				ServerCommand command = new ServerCommand(cluster, node, policy, statement, taskId);
+				executor.AddCommand(command);
+			}
+			executor.Execute(nodes.Length);
+			return new ExecuteTask(cluster, policy, statement, taskId);
+		}
+
+		//--------------------------------------------------------
+		// Query functions
+		//--------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Execute query and call action for each record returned from server.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="statement">query definition</param>
+		/// <param name="action">action methods to be called for each record</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if query fails</exception>
+		public void Query(QueryPolicy policy, Statement statement, Action<Key, Record> action)
+		{
+			using (RecordSet rs = Query(policy, statement))
+			{
+				while (rs.Next())
+				{
+					action(rs.Key, rs.Record);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Execute query and return record iterator.  The query executor puts records on a queue in 
+		/// separate threads.  The calling thread concurrently pops records off the queue through the 
+		/// record iterator.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="statement">query definition</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if query fails</exception>
+		public RecordSet Query(QueryPolicy policy, Statement statement)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = queryPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
+
+			if (cluster.hasPartitionQuery || statement.filter == null)
+			{
+				PartitionTracker tracker = new PartitionTracker(policy, statement, nodes);
+				QueryPartitionExecutor executor = new QueryPartitionExecutor(cluster, policy, statement, nodes.Length, tracker);
+				return executor.RecordSet;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				QueryRecordExecutor executor = new QueryRecordExecutor(cluster, policy, statement, nodes);
+				executor.Execute();
+				return executor.RecordSet;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Execute query on all server nodes and return records via the listener. This method will
+		/// block until the query is complete. Listener callbacks are made within the scope of this call.
+		/// <para>
+		/// If <see cref="QueryPolicy.maxConcurrentNodes"/> is not 1, the supplied listener must handle
+		/// shared data in a thread-safe manner, because the listener will be called by multiple query
+		/// threads (one thread per node) in parallel.
+		/// </para>
+		/// <para>
+		/// Requires server version 6.0+ if using a secondary index query.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">query configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="statement">query definition</param>
+		/// <param name="listener">where to send results</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if query fails</exception>
+		public void Query(QueryPolicy policy, Statement statement, QueryListener listener)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = queryPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
+
+			if (cluster.hasPartitionQuery || statement.filter == null)
+			{
+				PartitionTracker tracker = new PartitionTracker(policy, statement, nodes);
+				QueryListenerExecutor.execute(cluster, policy, statement, listener, tracker);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "Query by partition is not supported");
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Execute query for specified partitions and return records via the listener. This method will
+		/// block until the query is complete. Listener callbacks are made within the scope of this call.
+		/// <para>
+		/// If <see cref="QueryPolicy.maxConcurrentNodes"/> is not 1, the supplied listener must handle
+		/// shared data in a thread-safe manner, because the listener will be called by multiple query
+		/// threads (one thread per node) in parallel.
+		/// </para>
+		/// <para>
+		/// The completion status of all partitions is stored in the partitionFilter when the query terminates.
+		/// This partitionFilter can then be used to resume an incomplete query at a later time.
+		/// This is the preferred method for query terminate/resume functionality.
+		/// </para>
+		/// <para>
+		/// Requires server version 6.0+ if using a secondary index query.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">query configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="statement">query definition</param>
+		/// <param name="partitionFilter">
+		/// data partition filter. Set to <see cref="PartitionFilter.All"/> for all partitions.
+		/// </param>
+		/// <param name="listener">where to send results</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if query fails</exception>
+		public void Query
+		(
+			QueryPolicy policy,
+			Statement statement,
+			PartitionFilter partitionFilter,
+			QueryListener listener
+		)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = queryPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
+
+			if (cluster.hasPartitionQuery || statement.filter == null)
+			{
+				PartitionTracker tracker = new PartitionTracker(policy, statement, nodes, partitionFilter);
+				QueryListenerExecutor.execute(cluster, policy, statement, listener, tracker);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "Query by partition is not supported");
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Execute query for specified partitions and return record iterator.  The query executor puts
+		/// records on a queue in separate threads.  The calling thread concurrently pops records off
+		/// the queue through the record iterator.
+		/// <para>
+		/// Requires server version 6.0+ if using a secondary index query.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">query configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="statement">query definition</param>
+		/// <param name="partitionFilter">filter on a subset of data partitions</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if query fails</exception>
+		public RecordSet QueryPartitions
+		(
+			QueryPolicy policy,
+			Statement statement,
+			PartitionFilter partitionFilter
+		)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = queryPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
+
+			if (cluster.hasPartitionQuery || statement.filter == null)
+			{
+				PartitionTracker tracker = new PartitionTracker(policy, statement, nodes, partitionFilter);
+				QueryPartitionExecutor executor = new QueryPartitionExecutor(cluster, policy, statement, nodes.Length, tracker);
+				return executor.RecordSet;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException(ResultCode.PARAMETER_ERROR, "QueryPartitions() not supported");
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Execute query, apply statement's aggregation function, and return result iterator. 
+		/// The aggregation function should be located in a Lua script file that can be found from the 
+		/// "LuaConfig.PackagePath" paths static variable.  The default package path is "udf/?.lua"
+		/// where "?" is the packageName.
+		/// <para>
+		/// The query executor puts results on a queue in separate threads.  The calling thread 
+		/// concurrently pops results off the queue through the ResultSet iterator.
+		/// The aggregation function is called on both server and client (final reduce).
+		/// Therefore, the Lua script file must also reside on both server and client.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">query configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="statement">query definition</param>
+		/// <param name="packageName">server package where user defined function resides</param>
+		/// <param name="functionName">aggregation function name</param>
+		/// <param name="functionArgs">arguments to pass to function name, if any</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if query fails</exception>
+		public ResultSet QueryAggregate
+		(
+			QueryPolicy policy,
+			Statement statement,
+			string packageName,
+			string functionName,
+			params Value[] functionArgs
+		)
+		{
+			statement.SetAggregateFunction(packageName, functionName, functionArgs);
+			return QueryAggregate(policy, statement);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Execute query, apply statement's aggregation function, call action for each aggregation
+		/// object returned from server. 
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">query configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="statement">
+		/// query definition with aggregate functions already initialized by SetAggregateFunction().
+		/// </param>
+		/// <param name="action">action methods to be called for each aggregation object</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if query fails</exception>
+		public void QueryAggregate(QueryPolicy policy, Statement statement, Action<Object> action)
+		{
+			using (ResultSet rs = QueryAggregate(policy, statement))
+			{
+				while (rs.Next())
+				{
+					action(rs.Object);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Execute query, apply statement's aggregation function, and return result iterator. 
+		/// The aggregation function should be initialized via the statement's SetAggregateFunction()
+		/// and should be located in a Lua resource file located in an assembly.
+		/// <para>
+		/// The query executor puts results on a queue in separate threads.  The calling thread 
+		/// concurrently pops results off the queue through the ResultSet iterator.
+		/// The aggregation function is called on both server and client (final reduce).
+		/// Therefore, the Lua script file must also reside on both server and client.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">query configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="statement">
+		/// query definition with aggregate functions already initialized by SetAggregateFunction().
+		/// </param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if query fails</exception>
+		public ResultSet QueryAggregate(QueryPolicy policy, Statement statement)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = queryPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			Node[] nodes = cluster.ValidateNodes();
+			QueryAggregateExecutor executor = new QueryAggregateExecutor(cluster, policy, statement, nodes);
+			executor.Execute();
+			return executor.ResultSet;
+		}
+
+		//--------------------------------------------------------
+		// Secondary Index functions
+		//--------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create scalar secondary index.
+		/// This asynchronous server call will return before command is complete.
+		/// The user can optionally wait for command completion by using the returned
+		/// IndexTask instance.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="ns">namespace - equivalent to database name</param>
+		/// <param name="setName">optional set name - equivalent to database table</param>
+		/// <param name="indexName">name of secondary index</param>
+		/// <param name="binName">bin name that data is indexed on</param>
+		/// <param name="indexType">underlying data type of secondary index</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if index create fails</exception>
+		public IndexTask CreateIndex
+		(
+			Policy policy,
+			string ns,
+			string setName,
+			string indexName,
+			string binName,
+			IndexType indexType
+		)
+		{
+			return CreateIndex(policy, ns, setName, indexName, binName, indexType, IndexCollectionType.DEFAULT);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create complex secondary index on bins containing collections.
+		/// This asynchronous server call will return before command is complete.
+		/// The user can optionally wait for command completion by using the returned
+		/// IndexTask instance.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="ns">namespace - equivalent to database name</param>
+		/// <param name="setName">optional set name - equivalent to database table</param>
+		/// <param name="indexName">name of secondary index</param>
+		/// <param name="binName">bin name that data is indexed on</param>
+		/// <param name="indexType">underlying data type of secondary index</param>
+		/// <param name="indexCollectionType">index collection type</param>
+		/// <param name="ctx">optional context to index on elements within a CDT</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if index create fails</exception>
+		public IndexTask CreateIndex
+		(
+			Policy policy,
+			string ns,
+			string setName,
+			string indexName,
+			string binName,
+			IndexType indexType,
+			IndexCollectionType indexCollectionType,
+			params CTX[] ctx
+		)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = writePolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(1024);
+			sb.Append("sindex-create:ns=");
+			sb.Append(ns);
+
+			if (setName != null && setName.Length > 0)
+			{
+				sb.Append(";set=");
+				sb.Append(setName);
+			}
+
+			sb.Append(";indexname=");
+			sb.Append(indexName);
+
+			if (ctx != null && ctx.Length > 0)
+			{
+				byte[] bytes = PackUtil.Pack(ctx);
+				string base64 = Convert.ToBase64String(bytes);
+
+				sb.Append(";context=");
+				sb.Append(base64);
+			}
+
+			if (indexCollectionType != IndexCollectionType.DEFAULT)
+			{
+				sb.Append(";indextype=");
+				sb.Append(indexCollectionType);
+			}
+
+			sb.Append(";indexdata=");
+			sb.Append(binName);
+			sb.Append(',');
+			sb.Append(indexType);
+
+			// Send index command to one node. That node will distribute the command to other nodes.
+			String response = SendInfoCommand(policy, sb.ToString());
+
+			if (response.Equals("OK", StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase))
+			{
+				// Return task that could optionally be polled for completion.
+				return new IndexTask(cluster, policy, ns, indexName, true);
+			}
+
+			ParseInfoError("Create index failed", response);
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Delete secondary index.
+		/// This asynchronous server call will return before command is complete.
+		/// The user can optionally wait for command completion by using the returned
+		/// IndexTask instance.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">generic configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="ns">namespace - equivalent to database name</param>
+		/// <param name="setName">optional set name - equivalent to database table</param>
+		/// <param name="indexName">name of secondary index</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if index drop fails</exception>
+		public IndexTask DropIndex(Policy policy, string ns, string setName, string indexName)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = writePolicyDefault;
+			}
+			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(500);
+			sb.Append("sindex-delete:ns=");
+			sb.Append(ns);
+
+			if (setName != null && setName.Length > 0)
+			{
+				sb.Append(";set=");
+				sb.Append(setName);
+			}
+			sb.Append(";indexname=");
+			sb.Append(indexName);
+
+			// Send index command to one node. That node will distribute the command to other nodes.
+			String response = SendInfoCommand(policy, sb.ToString());
+
+			if (response.Equals("OK", StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase))
+			{
+				return new IndexTask(cluster, policy, ns, indexName, false);
+			}
+
+			ParseInfoError("Drop index failed", response);
+			return null;
+		}
+
+		//-----------------------------------------------------------------
+		// XDR - Cross datacenter replication
+		//-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Set XDR filter for given datacenter name and namespace. The expression filter indicates
+		/// which records XDR should ship to the datacenter.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">info configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="datacenter">XDR datacenter name</param>
+		/// <param name="ns">namespace - equivalent to database name</param>
+		/// <param name="filter">expression filter</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public void SetXDRFilter(InfoPolicy policy, string datacenter, string ns, Expression filter)
+		{
+			if (policy == null)
+			{
+				policy = infoPolicyDefault;
+			}
+
+			// Send XDR command to one node. That node will distribute the XDR command to other nodes.
+			string command = "xdr-set-filter:dc=" + datacenter + ";namespace=" + ns + ";exp=" + filter.GetBase64();
+			Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
+			string response = Info.Request(policy, node, command);
+
+			if (response.Equals("ok", StringComparison.CurrentCultureIgnoreCase))
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			ParseInfoError("xdr-set-filter failed", response);
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// User administration
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create user with password and roles.  Clear-text password will be hashed using bcrypt 
+		/// before sending to server.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="user">user name</param>
+		/// <param name="password">user password in clear-text format</param>
+		/// <param name="roles">variable arguments array of role names.  Predefined roles are listed in Role.cs</param>		
+		public void CreateUser(AdminPolicy policy, string user, string password, IList<string> roles)
+		{
+			string hash = AdminCommand.HashPassword(password);
+			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
+			command.CreateUser(cluster, policy, user, hash, roles);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Remove user from cluster.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="user">user name</param>
+		public void DropUser(AdminPolicy policy, string user)
+		{
+			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
+			command.DropUser(cluster, policy, user);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Change user's password.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="user">user name</param>
+		/// <param name="password">user password in clear-text format</param>
+		public void ChangePassword(AdminPolicy policy, string user, string password)
+		{
+			if (cluster.user == null)
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException("Invalid user");
+			}
+
+			byte[] userBytes = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(user);
+			byte[] passwordBytes = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(password);
+
+			string hash = AdminCommand.HashPassword(password);
+			byte[] hashBytes = ByteUtil.StringToUtf8(hash);
+
+			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
+
+			if (Util.ByteArrayEquals(userBytes, cluster.user))
+			{
+				// Change own password.
+				command.ChangePassword(cluster, policy, userBytes, hash);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				// Change other user's password by user admin.
+				command.SetPassword(cluster, policy, userBytes, hash);
+			}
+			cluster.ChangePassword(userBytes, passwordBytes, hashBytes);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Add roles to user's list of roles.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="user">user name</param>
+		/// <param name="roles">role names.  Predefined roles are listed in Role.cs</param>
+		public void GrantRoles(AdminPolicy policy, string user, IList<string> roles)
+		{
+			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
+			command.GrantRoles(cluster, policy, user, roles);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Remove roles from user's list of roles.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="user">user name</param>
+		/// <param name="roles">role names.  Predefined roles are listed in Role.cs</param>
+		public void RevokeRoles(AdminPolicy policy, string user, IList<string> roles)
+		{
+			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
+			command.RevokeRoles(cluster, policy, user, roles);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create user defined role.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="roleName">role name</param>
+		/// <param name="privileges">privileges assigned to the role.</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public void CreateRole(AdminPolicy policy, string roleName, IList<Privilege> privileges)
+		{
+			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
+			command.CreateRole(cluster, policy, roleName, privileges);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create user defined role with optional privileges and whitelist.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="roleName">role name</param>
+		/// <param name="privileges">optional list of privileges assigned to role.</param>
+		/// <param name="whitelist">
+		/// optional list of allowable IP addresses assigned to role.
+		/// IP addresses can contain wildcards (ie. 10.1.2.0/24).
+		/// </param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public void CreateRole(AdminPolicy policy, string roleName, IList<Privilege> privileges, IList<string> whitelist)
+		{
+			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
+			command.CreateRole(cluster, policy, roleName, privileges, whitelist, 0, 0);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create user defined role with optional privileges, whitelist and read/write quotas.
+		/// Quotas require server security configuration "enable-quotas" to be set to true.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="roleName">role name</param>
+		/// <param name="privileges">optional list of privileges assigned to role.</param>
+		/// <param name="whitelist">
+		/// optional list of allowable IP addresses assigned to role.
+		/// IP addresses can contain wildcards (ie. 10.1.2.0/24).
+		/// </param>
+		/// <param name="readQuota">optional maximum reads per second limit, pass in zero for no limit.</param>
+		/// <param name="writeQuota">optional maximum writes per second limit, pass in zero for no limit.</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public void CreateRole
+		(
+			AdminPolicy policy,
+			string roleName,
+			IList<Privilege> privileges,
+			IList<string> whitelist,
+			int readQuota,
+			int writeQuota
+		)
+		{
+			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
+			command.CreateRole(cluster, policy, roleName, privileges, whitelist, readQuota, writeQuota);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Drop user defined role.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="roleName">role name</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public void DropRole(AdminPolicy policy, string roleName)
+		{
+			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
+			command.DropRole(cluster, policy, roleName);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Grant privileges to an user defined role.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="roleName">role name</param>
+		/// <param name="privileges">privileges assigned to the role.</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public void GrantPrivileges(AdminPolicy policy, string roleName, IList<Privilege> privileges)
+		{
+			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
+			command.GrantPrivileges(cluster, policy, roleName, privileges);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Revoke privileges from an user defined role.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="roleName">role name</param>
+		/// <param name="privileges">privileges assigned to the role.</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public void RevokePrivileges(AdminPolicy policy, string roleName, IList<Privilege> privileges)
+		{
+			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
+			command.RevokePrivileges(cluster, policy, roleName, privileges);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Set IP address whitelist for a role.  If whitelist is null or empty, remove existing whitelist from role.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="roleName">role name</param>
+		/// <param name="whitelist">
+		/// list of allowable IP addresses or null.
+		/// IP addresses can contain wildcards (ie. 10.1.2.0/24).
+		/// </param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public void SetWhitelist(AdminPolicy policy, string roleName, IList<string> whitelist)
+		{
+			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
+			command.SetWhitelist(cluster, policy, roleName, whitelist);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Set maximum reads/writes per second limits for a role.  If a quota is zero, the limit is removed.
+		/// Quotas require server security configuration "enable-quotas" to be set to true.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="roleName">role name</param>
+		/// <param name="readQuota">maximum reads per second limit, pass in zero for no limit.</param>
+		/// <param name="writeQuota">maximum writes per second limit, pass in zero for no limit.</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public void SetQuotas(AdminPolicy policy, string roleName, int readQuota, int writeQuota)
+		{
+			AdminCommand command = new AdminCommand();
+			command.setQuotas(cluster, policy, roleName, readQuota, writeQuota);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Retrieve roles for a given user.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="user">user name filter</param>
+		public User QueryUser(AdminPolicy policy, string user)
+		{
+			AdminCommand.UserCommand command = new AdminCommand.UserCommand(1);
+			return command.QueryUser(cluster, policy, user);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Retrieve all users and their roles.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		public List<User> QueryUsers(AdminPolicy policy)
+		{
+			AdminCommand.UserCommand command = new AdminCommand.UserCommand(100);
+			return command.QueryUsers(cluster, policy);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Retrieve role definition.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <param name="roleName">role name filter</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public Role QueryRole(AdminPolicy policy, string roleName)
+		{
+			AdminCommand.RoleCommand command = new AdminCommand.RoleCommand(1);
+			return command.QueryRole(cluster, policy, roleName);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Retrieve all roles.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="policy">admin configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
+		public List<Role> QueryRoles(AdminPolicy policy)
+		{
+			AdminCommand.RoleCommand command = new AdminCommand.RoleCommand(100);
+			return command.QueryRoles(cluster, policy);
+		}
+
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Internal Methods
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		private string SendInfoCommand(Policy policy, string command)
+		{
+			Node node = cluster.GetRandomNode();
+			Connection conn = node.GetConnection(policy.socketTimeout);
+			Info info;
+
+			try
+			{
+				info = new Info(conn, command);
+				node.PutConnection(conn);
+			}
+			catch (Exception)
+			{
+				node.CloseConnectionOnError(conn);
+				throw;
+			}
+			return info.GetValue();
+		}
+
+		private void ParseInfoError(string prefix, string response)
+		{
+			Info.Error error = new(response);
+			int code = (error.Code == 0) ? ResultCode.SERVER_ERROR : error.Code;
+
+			string message = prefix + ": " + response;
+			throw new AerospikeException(code, message);
+		}
+
+		private void JoinRecords(BatchPolicy policy, Record record, Join[] joins)
+		{
+			if (record == null)
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			foreach (Join join in joins)
+			{
+				List<object> keyList = (List<object>)record.GetValue(join.leftKeysBinName);
+
+				if (keyList != null)
+				{
+					Key[] keyArray = new Key[keyList.Count];
+					int count = 0;
+
+					foreach (object obj in keyList)
+					{
+						Value value = Value.Get(obj);
+						keyArray[count++] = new Key(join.rightNamespace, join.rightSetName, value);
+					}
+
+					Record[] records;
+					if (join.rightBinNames == null || join.rightBinNames.Length == 0)
+					{
+						records = Get(policy, keyArray);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						records = Get(policy, keyArray, join.rightBinNames);
+					}
+					record.bins[join.leftKeysBinName] = records;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Main/AerospikeException.cs b/AerospikeClient/Main/AerospikeException.cs
index dd46d42c..0e883c55 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Main/AerospikeException.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Main/AerospikeException.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2023 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@
  * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
  * the License.
  */
+using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
 using System.Text;
+using static Aerospike.Client.CommitError;
 
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
@@ -41,6 +43,12 @@ public AerospikeException(int resultCode, Exception e)
 			this.resultCode = resultCode;
 		}
 
+		public AerospikeException(int resultCode, string message)
+			: base(message)
+		{
+			this.resultCode = resultCode;
+		}
+
 		public AerospikeException(int resultCode)
 			: base("")
 		{
@@ -76,7 +84,7 @@ public override string Message
 		{
 			get
 			{
-				StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(512);
+				StringBuilder sb = new(512);
 
 				sb.Append("Error ");
 				sb.Append(resultCode);
@@ -159,7 +167,7 @@ public bool ShouldSerializeNode()
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Transaction policy.
+		/// Command policy.
 		/// </summary>
 		public Policy Policy
 		{
@@ -200,7 +208,7 @@ public int Iteration
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Is it possible that write transaction may have completed.
+		/// Is it possible that write command may have completed.
 		/// </summary>
 		public bool InDoubt
 		{
@@ -211,7 +219,7 @@ public bool InDoubt
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Set whether it is possible that the write transaction may have completed
+		/// Set whether it is possible that the write command may have completed
 		/// even though this exception was generated.  This may be the case when a 
 		/// client error occurs (like timeout) after the command was sent to the server.
 		/// </summary>
@@ -299,7 +307,7 @@ public override string Message
 						return "Client timeout: " + totalTimeout;
 					}
 
-					StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(512);
+					StringBuilder sb = new(512);
 
 					if (client)
 					{
@@ -487,6 +495,12 @@ public BatchRecordArray(BatchRecord[] records, Exception e)
 			{
 				this.records = records;
 			}
+
+			public BatchRecordArray(BatchRecord[] records, string message, Exception e)
+				: base(ResultCode.BATCH_FAILED, message, e)
+			{
+				this.records = records;
+			}
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -560,5 +574,116 @@ public Backoff(int resultCode) : base(resultCode)
 			{
 			}
 		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Exception thrown when a multi-record transaction commit fails.
+		/// Commit Exception has similar behavior to AggregateException. 
+		/// <see cref="InnerExceptions"/> might be populated if mutliple exceptions contribute to the failure. 
+		/// </summary>
+		public sealed class Commit : AerospikeException
+		{
+			/// <summary>
+			/// Error status of the attempted commit.
+			/// </summary>
+			public readonly CommitErrorType Error;
+
+			/// <summary>
+			/// Verify result for each read key in the MRT. May be null if failure occurred before verify.
+			/// </summary>
+			public readonly BatchRecord[] VerifyRecords;
+
+			/// <summary>
+			/// Roll forward/backward result for each write key in the MRT. May be null if failure occurred before
+			/// roll forward/backward.
+			/// </summary>
+			public readonly BatchRecord[] RollRecords;
+
+			private readonly Exception[] _innerExceptions; // Complete set of exceptions.
+
+			public Commit(CommitErrorType error, BatchRecord[] verifyRecords, BatchRecord[] rollRecords)
+				: base(ResultCode.TXN_FAILED, CommitErrorToString(error))
+			{
+				this.Error = error;
+				this.VerifyRecords = verifyRecords;
+				this.RollRecords = rollRecords;
+				_innerExceptions = Array.Empty<Exception>();
+			}
+
+			public Commit(CommitErrorType error, BatchRecord[] verifyRecords, BatchRecord[] rollRecords, Exception innerException)
+				: base(ResultCode.TXN_FAILED, CommitErrorToString(error), innerException)
+			{
+				this.Error = error;
+				this.VerifyRecords = verifyRecords;
+				this.RollRecords = rollRecords;
+				_innerExceptions = new[] { innerException };
+			}
+
+			public Commit(CommitErrorType error, BatchRecord[] verifyRecords, BatchRecord[] rollRecords, Exception[] innerExceptions)
+				: base(ResultCode.TXN_FAILED, CommitErrorToString(error), innerExceptions[0])
+			{
+				this.Error = error;
+				this.VerifyRecords = verifyRecords;
+				this.RollRecords = rollRecords;
+				_innerExceptions = innerExceptions;
+			}
+
+			/// <summary>
+			/// Get Commit message with records.
+			/// </summary>
+			public override string Message
+			{
+				get
+				{
+					StringBuilder sb = new(1024);
+					RecordsToString(sb, "verify errors:", VerifyRecords);
+					RecordsToString(sb, "roll errors:", RollRecords);
+					return BaseMessage + sb.ToString();
+				}
+			}
+
+			/// <summary>
+			/// Gets a read-only collection of the <see cref="System.Exception"/> instances that caused the
+			/// current exception.
+			/// </summary>
+			public ReadOnlyCollection<Exception> InnerExceptions => new ReadOnlyCollection<Exception>(_innerExceptions);
+		}
+
+		private static void RecordsToString(StringBuilder sb, String title, BatchRecord[] records)
+		{
+			if (records == null)
+			{
+				return;
+			}
+
+			int count = 0;
+
+			foreach (BatchRecord br in records) {
+				// Only show results with an error response.
+				if (!(br.resultCode == ResultCode.OK || br.resultCode == ResultCode.NO_RESPONSE)) 
+				{
+					// Only show first 3 errors.
+					if (count >= 3) 
+					{
+						sb.Append(System.Environment.NewLine);
+						sb.Append("...");
+						break;
+					}
+
+					if (count == 0)
+					{
+						sb.Append(System.Environment.NewLine);
+						sb.Append(title);
+					}
+
+					sb.Append(System.Environment.NewLine);
+					sb.Append(br.key);
+					sb.Append(',');
+					sb.Append(br.resultCode);
+					sb.Append(',');
+					sb.Append(br.inDoubt);
+					count++;
+				}
+			}
+		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Main/BatchRecord.cs b/AerospikeClient/Main/BatchRecord.cs
index cc59de11..3d8a31d5 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Main/BatchRecord.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Main/BatchRecord.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2022 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ public class BatchRecord
 		public int resultCode;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Is it possible that the write transaction may have completed even though an error
+		/// Is it possible that the write command may have completed even though an error
 		/// occurred for this record. This may be the case when a client error occurs (like timeout)
 		/// after the command was sent to the server.
 		/// </summary>
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Main/CommitError.cs b/AerospikeClient/Main/CommitError.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8fc6fb8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Main/CommitError.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Multi-record transaction (MRT) error status.
+	/// </summary>
+	public static class CommitError
+	{
+		public enum CommitErrorType
+		{
+			VERIFY_FAIL,
+			VERIFY_FAIL_CLOSE_ABANDONED,
+			VERIFY_FAIL_ABORT_ABANDONED,
+			MARK_ROLL_FORWARD_ABANDONED
+		}
+
+		public static string CommitErrorToString(CommitErrorType type)
+		{
+			return type switch
+			{
+				CommitErrorType.VERIFY_FAIL => "MRT verify failed. MRT aborted.",
+				CommitErrorType.VERIFY_FAIL_CLOSE_ABANDONED => "MRT verify failed. MRT aborted. MRT client close abandoned. Server will eventually close the MRT.",
+				CommitErrorType.VERIFY_FAIL_ABORT_ABANDONED => "MRT verify failed. MRT client abort abandoned. Server will eventually abort the MRT.",
+				CommitErrorType.MARK_ROLL_FORWARD_ABANDONED => "MRT client mark roll forward abandoned. Server will eventually abort the MRT.",
+				_ => "Unexpected CommitErrorType"
+			};
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Main/CommitStatus.cs b/AerospikeClient/Main/CommitStatus.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50c9a7d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Main/CommitStatus.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+using static Aerospike.Client.AbortStatus;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Multi-record transaction (MRT) commit status code.
+	/// </summary>
+	public static class CommitStatus
+	{
+		public enum CommitStatusType
+		{
+			OK,
+			ALREADY_COMMITTED,
+			ALREADY_ABORTED,
+			ROLL_FORWARD_ABANDONED,
+			CLOSE_ABANDONED
+		}
+
+		public static string CommitErrorToString(CommitStatusType status)
+		{
+			return status switch
+			{
+				CommitStatusType.OK => "Commit succeeded.",
+				CommitStatusType.ALREADY_COMMITTED => "Already committed.",
+				CommitStatusType.ALREADY_ABORTED => "Already aborted.",
+				CommitStatusType.ROLL_FORWARD_ABANDONED => "MRT client roll forward abandoned. Server will eventually commit the MRT.",
+				CommitStatusType.CLOSE_ABANDONED => "MRT has been rolled forward, but MRT client close was abandoned. Server will eventually close the MRT.",
+				_ => "Unexpected AbortStatusType."
+			};
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Main/IAerospikeClient.cs b/AerospikeClient/Main/IAerospikeClient.cs
index e941a20e..2dff73b1 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Main/IAerospikeClient.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Main/IAerospikeClient.cs
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
  * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
  * the License.
  */
-using System.Diagnostics.Metrics;
 using System.Reflection;
 
 namespace Aerospike.Client
@@ -27,57 +26,92 @@ public interface IAerospikeClient
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Default read policy that is used when read command policy is null.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="Policy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
 		/// </summary>
 		Policy ReadPolicyDefault { get; set; }
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Default write policy that is used when write command policy is null.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="WritePolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
 		/// </summary>
 		WritePolicy WritePolicyDefault { get; set; }
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Default scan policy that is used when scan command policy is null.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="ScanPolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
 		/// </summary>
 		ScanPolicy ScanPolicyDefault { get; set; }
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Default query policy that is used when query command policy is null.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="QueryPolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
 		/// </summary>
 		QueryPolicy QueryPolicyDefault { get; set; }
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Default parent policy used in batch read commands.Parent policy fields
 		/// include socketTimeout, totalTimeout, maxRetries, etc...
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="BatchPolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
 		/// </summary>
 		BatchPolicy BatchPolicyDefault { get; set; }
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Default parent policy used in batch write commands. Parent policy fields
 		/// include socketTimeout, totalTimeout, maxRetries, etc...
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="BatchPolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
 		/// </summary>
 		BatchPolicy BatchParentPolicyWriteDefault { get; set; }
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Default write policy used in batch operate commands.
 		/// Write policy fields include generation, expiration, durableDelete, etc...
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="BatchWritePolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
 		/// </summary>
 		BatchWritePolicy BatchWritePolicyDefault { get; set; }
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Default delete policy used in batch delete commands.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="BatchDeletePolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
 		/// </summary>
 		BatchDeletePolicy BatchDeletePolicyDefault { get; set; }
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Default user defined function policy used in batch UDF excecute commands.
+		/// Default user defined function policy used in batch UDF execute commands.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="BatchUDFPolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
 		/// </summary>
 		BatchUDFPolicy BatchUDFPolicyDefault { get; set; }
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Default info policy that is used when info command policy is null.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="InfoPolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
 		/// </summary>
 		InfoPolicy InfoPolicyDefault { get; set; }
 
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default multi-record transactions (MRT) policy when verifying record versions in a batch on a commit.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="TxnVerifyPolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
+		/// </summary>
+		TxnVerifyPolicy TxnVerifyPolicyDefault { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default multi-record transactions (MRT) policy when rolling the transaction records forward (commit)
+		/// or back(abort) in a batch.
+		/// Use when the policy will not be modified. Use <see cref="TxnRollPolicy.Clone()"/>
+		/// when the policy will be modified for use in a specific command.
+		/// </summary>
+		TxnRollPolicy TxnRollPolicyDefault { get; set; }
+
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
 		// Cluster Connection Management
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
@@ -118,13 +152,40 @@ public interface IAerospikeClient
 		/// </summary>
 		ClusterStats GetClusterStats();
 
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+		// Multi-Record Transactions
+		//-------------------------------------------------------
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Attempt to commit the given multi-record transaction. First, the expected record versions are
+		/// sent to the server nodes for verification. If all nodes return success, the transaction is
+		/// committed. Otherwise, the transaction is aborted.
+		/// <para>
+		/// Requires server version 8.0+
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="txn">multi-record transaction</param>
+		/// <returns>status of the commit on success</returns>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException.Commit">if verify commit fails</exception>
+		CommitStatus.CommitStatusType Commit(Txn txn);
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Abort and rollback the given multi-record transaction.
+		/// <para>
+		/// Requires server version 8.0+
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="txn">multi-record transaction</param>
+		/// <returns>statis of the abort</returns>
+		AbortStatus.AbortStatusType Abort(Txn txn);
+
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
 		// Write Record Operations
 		//-------------------------------------------------------
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Write record bin(s).
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// </summary>
 		/// <param name="policy">write configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
@@ -139,7 +200,7 @@ public interface IAerospikeClient
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Append bin string values to existing record bin values.
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// This call only works for string values. 
 		/// </summary>
@@ -151,7 +212,7 @@ public interface IAerospikeClient
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Prepend bin string values to existing record bin values.
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// This call works only for string values. 
 		/// </summary>
@@ -167,7 +228,7 @@ public interface IAerospikeClient
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Add integer bin values to existing record bin values.
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout, record expiration and how the transaction is
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout, record expiration and how the command is
 		/// handled when the record already exists.
 		/// This call only works for integer values. 
 		/// </summary>
@@ -184,7 +245,7 @@ public interface IAerospikeClient
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Delete record for specified key.
 		/// Return whether record existed on server before deletion.
-		/// The policy specifies the transaction timeout.
+		/// The policy specifies the command timeout.
 		/// </summary>
 		/// <param name="policy">delete configuration parameters, pass in null for defaults</param>
 		/// <param name="key">unique record identifier</param>
@@ -607,7 +668,7 @@ public interface IAerospikeClient
 		/// <param name="packageName">server package name where user defined function resides</param>
 		/// <param name="functionName">user defined function</param>
 		/// <param name="args">arguments passed in to user defined function</param>
-		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if transaction fails</exception>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException">if command fails</exception>
 		object Execute(WritePolicy policy, Key key, string packageName, string functionName, params Value[] args);
 
 		/// <summary>
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Main/Key.cs b/AerospikeClient/Main/Key.cs
index 16f05bed..944079fc 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Main/Key.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Main/Key.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2018 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
  * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
  * the License.
  */
-using System.Linq;
 
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
@@ -370,6 +369,7 @@ public Key(string ns, byte[] digest, string setName, Value userKey)
 			this.ns = ns;
 			this.digest = digest;
 			this.setName = setName;
+			// Do not try to validate userKey type because it is most likely null.
 			this.userKey = userKey;
 		}
 
@@ -378,11 +378,9 @@ public Key(string ns, byte[] digest, string setName, Value userKey)
 		/// </summary>
 		public override int GetHashCode()
 		{
-			int result = 1;
-			foreach (byte element in digest)
-			{
-				result = 31 * result + element;
-			}
+			// The digest is already a hash, so pick 4 bytes from the 20 byte digest at a 
+			// random offset (in this case 8).
+			int result = ByteUtil.LittleBytesToInt(digest, 8) + 31;
 			return 31 * result + ns.GetHashCode();
 		}
 
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Main/ResultCode.cs b/AerospikeClient/Main/ResultCode.cs
index 92c0ddc9..9e701fb6 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Main/ResultCode.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Main/ResultCode.cs
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
  * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
  * the License.
  */
+using System.Transactions;
+
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
 	/// <summary>
@@ -21,6 +23,12 @@ namespace Aerospike.Client
 	/// </summary>
 	public sealed class ResultCode
 	{
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Multi-record transaction failed.
+		/// Value: -17
+		/// </summary>
+		public const int TXN_FAILED = -17;
+		
 		/// <summary>
 		/// One or more keys failed in a batch.
 		/// Value: -16
@@ -265,7 +273,7 @@ public sealed class ResultCode
 		public const int OP_NOT_APPLICABLE = 26;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// The transaction was not performed because the filter was false.
+		/// The command was not performed because the filter was false.
 		/// Value: 27
 		/// </summary>
 		public const int FILTERED_OUT = 27;
@@ -432,6 +440,43 @@ public sealed class ResultCode
 		/// </summary>
 		public const int UDF_BAD_RESPONSE = 100;
 
+		/// <summary>
+		/// MRT record blocked by a different transaction.
+		/// Value: 120
+		/// </summary>
+		public const int MRT_BLOCKED = 120;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// MRT read version mismatch identified during commit.
+		/// Some other command changed the record outside of the transaction.
+		/// Value: 121
+		/// </summary>
+		public const int MRT_VERSION_MISMATCH = 121;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// MRT deadline reached without a successful commit or abort.
+		/// Value: 122
+		/// </summary>
+		public const int MRT_EXPIRED = 122;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// MRT write command limit (4096) exceeded.
+		/// Value: 123
+		/// </summary>
+		public const int MRT_TOO_MANY_WRITES = 123;
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// MRT was already committed.
+		/// Value: 124
+		/// </summary>
+		public const int MRT_COMMITTED = 124;
+	
+		/// <summary>
+		/// MRT was already aborted.
+		/// Value: 125
+		/// </summary>
+		public const int MRT_ABORTED = 125;
+
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Batch functionality has been disabled.
 		/// Value: 150
@@ -548,6 +593,9 @@ public static string GetResultString(int resultCode)
 		{
 			switch (resultCode)
 			{
+			case TXN_FAILED:
+				return "Multi-record transaction failed";
+
 			case BATCH_FAILED:
 				return "One or more keys failed in a batch";
 
@@ -669,10 +717,10 @@ public static string GetResultString(int resultCode)
 				return "Operation not applicable";
 
 			case FILTERED_OUT:
-				return "Transaction filtered out";
+				return "Command filtered out";
 
 			case LOST_CONFLICT:
-				return "Transaction failed due to conflict with XDR";
+				return "Command failed due to conflict with XDR";
 
 			case XDR_KEY_BUSY:
 				return "Write can't complete until XDR finishes shipping.";
@@ -696,7 +744,7 @@ public static string GetResultString(int resultCode)
 				return "Invalid field";
 
 			case ILLEGAL_STATE:
-				return "Illegal state";
+				return "Illegal State";
 
 			case INVALID_USER:
 				return "Invalid user";
@@ -752,6 +800,24 @@ public static string GetResultString(int resultCode)
 			case UDF_BAD_RESPONSE:
 				return "UDF returned error";
 
+			case MRT_BLOCKED:
+				return "MRT record blocked by a different transaction";
+
+			case MRT_VERSION_MISMATCH:
+				return "MRT version mismatch";
+
+			case MRT_EXPIRED:
+				return "MRT expired";
+
+			case MRT_TOO_MANY_WRITES:
+				return "MRT write command limit exceeded";
+
+			case MRT_COMMITTED:
+				return "MRT already committed";
+
+			case MRT_ABORTED:
+				return "MRT already aborted";
+
 			case BATCH_DISABLED:
 				return "Batch functionality has been disabled";
 
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Main/Txn.cs b/AerospikeClient/Main/Txn.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c2faea39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Main/Txn.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Mutli-record transaction (MRT). Each command in the MRT must use the same namespace.
+	/// </summary>
+	public class Txn
+	{
+		/// <summary>
+		/// MRT State.
+		/// </summary>
+		public enum TxnState
+		{
+			OPEN,
+			VERIFIED,
+			COMMITTED,
+			ABORTED
+		}
+
+		private static long randomState = DateTime.UtcNow.Ticks;
+
+		public long Id { get; private set; }
+		public ConcurrentHashMap<Key, long> Reads { get; private set; }
+		public ConcurrentHashSet<Key> Writes { get; private set; }
+		public TxnState State { get; internal set; }
+		
+		/// <summary>
+		/// MRT namespace.
+		/// </summary>
+		public string Ns { get; private set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// MRT deadline. The deadline is a wall clock time calculated by the server from the
+		/// MRT timeout that is sent by the client when creating the MRT monitor record. This deadline
+		/// is used to avoid client/server clock skew issues. For internal use only.
+		/// </summary>
+		internal int Deadline { get; set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// MRT timeout in seconds. The timer starts when the MRT monitor record is created.
+		/// This occurs when the first command in the MRT is executed. If the timeout is reached before
+		/// a commit or abort is called, the server will expire and rollback the MRT.
+		/// <para>
+		/// If the MRT timeout is zero, the server configuration mrt-duration is used.
+		/// The default mrt-duration is 10 seconds.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		public int Timeout { get; set; }
+
+		private bool writeInDoubt;
+
+		public bool InDoubt { get; internal set; }
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create MRT, assign random transaction id and initialize reads/writes hashmaps with 
+		/// default capacities.
+		/// <para>
+		/// The default client MRT timeout is zero. This means use the server configuration mrt-duration
+		/// as the MRT timeout. The default mrt-duration is 10 seconds.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		public Txn()
+		{
+			Id = CreateId();
+			Reads = new ConcurrentHashMap<Key, long>();
+			Writes = new ConcurrentHashSet<Key>();
+			State = TxnState.OPEN;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Create MRT, assign random transaction id and initialize reads/writes hashmaps with 
+		/// given capacities.
+		/// <para>
+		/// The default client MRT timeout is zero. This means use the server configuration mrt-duration
+		/// as the MRT timeout. The default mrt-duration is 10 seconds.
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="readsCapacity">expected number of record reads in the MRT. Minimum value is 16.</param>
+		/// <param name="writesCapacity">expected number of record writes in the MRT. Minimum value is 16.</param>
+		public Txn(int readsCapacity, int writesCapacity)
+		{
+			if (readsCapacity < 16)
+			{
+				readsCapacity = 16; // TODO ask Richard and Brian about this
+			}
+
+            if (writesCapacity < 16)
+			{
+				writesCapacity = 16;
+			}
+
+			Id = CreateId();
+			Reads = new ConcurrentHashMap<Key, long>(readsCapacity);
+			Writes = new ConcurrentHashSet<Key>(writesCapacity);
+			State = TxnState.OPEN;
+		}
+
+		[System.Runtime.CompilerServices.MethodImpl(System.Runtime.CompilerServices.MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
+		private static long UnsignedRightShift(long n, int s) => n >= 0 ? n >> s : (n >> s) + (2 << ~s);
+
+		private static long CreateId()
+		{
+			long oldState, newState, interlockedResult;
+			do
+			{
+				oldState = Interlocked.Read(ref randomState);
+				newState = oldState;
+				newState ^= UnsignedRightShift(newState, 12);
+				newState ^= newState << 25;
+				newState ^= UnsignedRightShift(newState, 27);
+				interlockedResult = Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref randomState, newState, oldState);
+			} while (oldState != interlockedResult);
+			return newState * 0x2545f4914f6cdd1dL;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verify current MRT state and namespace for a future read command.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="ns"></param>
+		internal void PrepareRead(string ns)
+		{
+			VerifyCommand();
+			SetNamespace(ns);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verify current MRT state and namespaces for a future batch read command.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="keys"></param>
+		internal void PrepareRead(Key[] keys)
+		{
+			VerifyCommand();
+			SetNamespace(keys);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verify current MRT state and namespaces for a future batch read command.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="records"></param>
+		internal void PrepareRead(List<BatchRead> records)
+		{
+			VerifyCommand();
+			SetNamespace(records);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Verify that the MRT state allows future commands.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <exception cref="AerospikeException"></exception>
+		public void VerifyCommand()
+		{
+			if (State != TxnState.OPEN)
+			{
+				throw new AerospikeException("Command not allowed in current MRT state: " + State);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Process the results of a record read. For internal use only.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="key"></param>
+		/// <param name="version"></param>
+		internal void OnRead(Key key, long? version)
+		{
+			if (version.HasValue)
+			{
+				Reads.TryAdd(key, version.Value);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Get record version for a given key.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="key"></param>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public long? GetReadVersion(Key key)
+		{
+			if (Reads.ContainsKey(key))
+			{
+				return Reads[key];
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				return null;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Process the results of a record write. For internal use only.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <param name="key"></param>
+		/// <param name="version"></param>
+		/// <param name="resultCode"></param>
+		internal void OnWrite(Key key, long? version, int resultCode)
+		{
+			// Write commands set namespace prior to sending the command, so there is
+			// no need to call it here when receiving the response.
+			if (version.HasValue)
+			{
+				Reads.TryAdd(key, version.Value);
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				if (resultCode == ResultCode.OK)
+				{
+					Reads.Remove(key);
+					Writes.Add(key);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Add key to write hash when write command is in doubt (usually caused by timeout).
+		/// </summary>
+		internal void OnWriteInDoubt(Key key)
+		{
+			writeInDoubt = true;
+			Reads.Remove(key);
+			Writes.Add(key);
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Set MRT namespace only if doesn't already exist.
+		/// If namespace already exists, verify new namespace is the same.
+		/// </summary>
+		internal void SetNamespace(string ns)
+		{
+			if (Ns == null) 
+			{
+				Ns = ns;
+			}
+			else if (!Ns.Equals(ns)) {
+				throw new AerospikeException("Namespace must be the same for all commands in the MRT. orig: " +
+					Ns + " new: " + ns);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Set MRT namespaces for each key only if doesn't already exist.
+		/// If namespace already exists, verify new namespace is the same.
+		/// </summary>
+		internal void SetNamespace(Key[] keys)
+		{
+			foreach (Key key in keys)
+			{
+				SetNamespace(key.ns);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Set MRT namespaces for each key only if doesn't already exist.
+		/// If namespace already exists, verify new namespace is the same.
+		/// </summary>
+		internal void SetNamespace(List<BatchRead> records)
+		{
+			foreach (BatchRead br in records)
+			{
+				SetNamespace(br.key.ns);
+			}
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Return if the MRT monitor record should be closed/deleted
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		internal bool CloseMonitor()
+		{
+			return Deadline != 0 && !writeInDoubt;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Does MRT monitor record exist.
+		/// </summary>
+		public bool MonitorExists()
+		{
+			return Deadline != 0;
+		}
+
+		public void Clear()
+		{
+			Ns = null;
+			Deadline = 0;
+			Reads.Clear();
+			Writes.Clear();
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Metrics/LatencyBuckets.cs b/AerospikeClient/Metrics/LatencyBuckets.cs
index 537127d8..0eb909d4 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Metrics/LatencyBuckets.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Metrics/LatencyBuckets.cs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
 	/// <summary>
-	/// Latency buckets for a transaction group (See <see cref="Latency.LatencyType"/>).
+	/// Latency buckets for a command group (See <see cref="Latency.LatencyType"/>).
 	/// Latency bucket counts are cumulative and not reset on each metrics snapshot interval.
 	/// </summary>
 	public sealed class LatencyBuckets
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Metrics/MetricsWriter.cs b/AerospikeClient/Metrics/MetricsWriter.cs
index e3b54d20..7d94989a 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Metrics/MetricsWriter.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Metrics/MetricsWriter.cs
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ private void Open()
 
 			sb.Append(now.ToString(timestampFormat));
 			sb.Append(" header(1)");
-			sb.Append(" cluster[name,cpu,mem,recoverQueueSize,invalidNodeCount,tranCount,retryCount,delayQueueTimeoutCount,asyncThreadsInUse,asyncCompletionPortsInUse,node[]]");
+			sb.Append(" cluster[name,cpu,mem,recoverQueueSize,invalidNodeCount,commandCount,retryCount,delayQueueTimeoutCount,asyncThreadsInUse,asyncCompletionPortsInUse,node[]]");
 			sb.Append(" node[name,address,port,syncConn,asyncConn,errors,timeouts,latency[]]");
 			sb.Append(" conn[inUse,inPool,opened,closed]");
 			sb.Append(" latency(");
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ private void WriteCluster(Cluster cluster)
 			sb.Append(',');
 			sb.Append(cluster.InvalidNodeCount); // Cumulative. Not reset on each interval.
 			sb.Append(',');
-			sb.Append(cluster.GetTranCount());  // Cumulative. Not reset on each interval.
+			sb.Append(cluster.GetCommandCount());  // Cumulative. Not reset on each interval.
 			sb.Append(',');
 			sb.Append(cluster.GetRetryCount()); // Cumulative. Not reset on each interval.
 			sb.Append(',');
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Policy/AdminPolicy.cs b/AerospikeClient/Policy/AdminPolicy.cs
index 8e455649..a66724f5 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Policy/AdminPolicy.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Policy/AdminPolicy.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2019 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -41,5 +41,14 @@ public AdminPolicy(AdminPolicy other)
 		public AdminPolicy()
 		{
 		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a deep copy of this admin policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public AdminPolicy Clone()
+		{
+			return new AdminPolicy(this);
+		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchDeletePolicy.cs b/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchDeletePolicy.cs
index 6425a1d9..c477eec6 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchDeletePolicy.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchDeletePolicy.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2022 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public sealed class BatchDeletePolicy
 		public Expression filterExp;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Desired consistency guarantee when committing a transaction on the server. The default 
+		/// Desired consistency guarantee when committing a command on the server. The default 
 		/// (COMMIT_ALL) indicates that the server should wait for master and all replica commits to 
 		/// be successful before returning success to the client. 
 		/// <para>
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ public sealed class BatchDeletePolicy
 		public int generation;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// If the transaction results in a record deletion, leave a tombstone for the record.
+		/// If the command results in a record deletion, leave a tombstone for the record.
 		/// This prevents deleted records from reappearing after node failures.
 		/// Valid for Aerospike Server Enterprise Edition only.
 		/// <para>
@@ -101,5 +101,14 @@ public BatchDeletePolicy(BatchDeletePolicy other)
 		public BatchDeletePolicy()
 		{
 		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a deep copy of this batch delete policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public BatchDeletePolicy Clone()
+		{
+			return new BatchDeletePolicy(this);
+		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchPolicy.cs b/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchPolicy.cs
index 46b54fb7..0ffe8270 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchPolicy.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchPolicy.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2022 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ namespace Aerospike.Client
 	/// <summary>
 	/// Batch parent policy.
 	/// </summary>
-	public sealed class BatchPolicy : Policy
+	public class BatchPolicy : Policy
 	{
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Maximum number of concurrent synchronous batch node request threads to server nodes.
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ public sealed class BatchPolicy : Policy
 		/// <ul>
 		/// <li>
 		/// 1 (default): Issue batch node requests sequentially. This mode has a performance advantage
-		/// for small batch sizes because requests can be issued in the main transaction thread without
+		/// for small batch sizes because requests can be issued in the main command thread without
 		/// using a thread pool. This mode is not optimal for batch requests spread out over many nodes
 		/// in a large cluster.
 		/// </li>
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ public sealed class BatchPolicy : Policy
 		/// Allow batch to be processed immediately in the server's receiving thread for in-memory
 		/// namespaces. If false, the batch will always be processed in separate service threads.
 		/// <para>
-		/// For batch transactions with smaller sized records (&lt;= 1K per record), inline
+		/// For batch commands with smaller sized records (&lt;= 1K per record), inline
 		/// processing will be significantly faster on in-memory namespaces.
 		/// </para>
 		/// <para>
@@ -189,6 +189,15 @@ public static BatchPolicy WriteDefault()
 			policy.maxRetries = 0;
 			return policy;
 		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a deep copy of this batch policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public new BatchPolicy Clone()
+		{
+			return new BatchPolicy(this);
+		}
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchReadPolicy.cs b/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchReadPolicy.cs
index b6a5f9cf..3a9a9a52 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchReadPolicy.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchReadPolicy.cs
@@ -93,5 +93,14 @@ public BatchReadPolicy(BatchReadPolicy other)
 		public BatchReadPolicy()
 		{
 		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a deep copy of this batch read policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public BatchReadPolicy Clone()
+		{
+			return new BatchReadPolicy(this);
+		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchUDFPolicy.cs b/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchUDFPolicy.cs
index 35f79358..b6cb9945 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchUDFPolicy.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchUDFPolicy.cs
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public sealed class BatchUDFPolicy
 		public Expression filterExp;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Desired consistency guarantee when committing a transaction on the server. The default 
+		/// Desired consistency guarantee when committing a command on the server. The default 
 		/// (COMMIT_ALL) indicates that the server should wait for master and all replica commits to 
 		/// be successful before returning success to the client. 
 		/// <para>
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public sealed class BatchUDFPolicy
 		public int expiration;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// If the transaction results in a record deletion, leave a tombstone for the record.
+		/// If the command results in a record deletion, leave a tombstone for the record.
 		/// This prevents deleted records from reappearing after node failures.
 		/// Valid for Aerospike Server Enterprise Edition only.
 		/// <para>
@@ -99,5 +99,14 @@ public BatchUDFPolicy(BatchUDFPolicy other)
 		public BatchUDFPolicy()
 		{
 		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a deep copy of this batch UDF policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public BatchUDFPolicy Clone()
+		{
+			return new BatchUDFPolicy(this);
+		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchWritePolicy.cs b/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchWritePolicy.cs
index e4d77e6e..28d3dbb8 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchWritePolicy.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Policy/BatchWritePolicy.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2022 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ public sealed class BatchWritePolicy
 		public RecordExistsAction recordExistsAction = RecordExistsAction.UPDATE;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Desired consistency guarantee when committing a transaction on the server. The default 
+		/// Desired consistency guarantee when committing a command on the server. The default 
 		/// (COMMIT_ALL) indicates that the server should wait for master and all replica commits to 
 		/// be successful before returning success to the client. 
 		/// <para>
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ public sealed class BatchWritePolicy
 		public int expiration;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// If the transaction results in a record deletion, leave a tombstone for the record.
+		/// If the command results in a record deletion, leave a tombstone for the record.
 		/// This prevents deleted records from reappearing after node failures.
 		/// Valid for Aerospike Server Enterprise Edition only.
 		/// <para>
@@ -127,5 +127,14 @@ public BatchWritePolicy(BatchWritePolicy other)
 		public BatchWritePolicy()
 		{
 		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a deep copy of this batch write policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public BatchWritePolicy Clone()
+		{
+			return new BatchWritePolicy(this);
+		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Policy/ClientPolicy.cs b/AerospikeClient/Policy/ClientPolicy.cs
index 9947761f..a9d9af38 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Policy/ClientPolicy.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Policy/ClientPolicy.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2022 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
  * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
  * the License.
  */
+using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace Aerospike.Client
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ public class ClientPolicy
 		public int minConnsPerNode;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Maximum number of synchronous connections allowed per server node.  Transactions will go
+		/// Maximum number of synchronous connections allowed per server node.  Commands will go
 		/// through retry logic and potentially fail with "ResultCode.NO_MORE_CONNECTIONS" if the maximum
 		/// number of connections would be exceeded.
 		/// <para>
@@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ public class ClientPolicy
 		/// </para>
 		/// <para>
 		/// If server's proto-fd-idle-ms is zero (no reap), then maxSocketIdle should also be zero.
-		/// Connections retrieved from a pool in transactions will not be checked for maxSocketIdle
+		/// Connections retrieved from a pool in commands will not be checked for maxSocketIdle
 		/// when maxSocketIdle is zero.  Idle connections will still be trimmed down from peak
 		/// connections to min connections (minConnsPerNode and asyncMinConnsPerNode) using a
 		/// hard-coded 55 second limit in the cluster tend thread.
@@ -147,7 +148,7 @@ public class ClientPolicy
 		/// <summary>
 		/// The number of cluster tend iterations that defines the window for <see cref="maxErrorRate"/>.
 		/// One tend iteration is defined as <see cref="tendInterval"/> plus the time to tend all nodes.
-		/// At the end of the window, the error count is reset to zero and backoff state is removed
+		/// At the end of the window, the error count is reset to zero and backoff State is removed
 		/// on all nodes.
 		/// <para>
 		/// Default: 1
@@ -225,7 +226,18 @@ public class ClientPolicy
 		/// Default user defined function policy used in batch UDF excecute commands.
 		/// </summary>
 		public BatchUDFPolicy batchUDFPolicyDefault = new BatchUDFPolicy();
-		
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default multi-record transactions (MRT) policy when verifying record versions in a batch on a commit.
+		/// </summary>
+		public TxnVerifyPolicy txnVerifyPolicyDefault = new TxnVerifyPolicy();
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default multi-record transactions (MRT) policy when rolling the transaction records forward (commit)
+		/// or back(abort) in a batch.
+		/// </summary>
+		public TxnRollPolicy txnRollPolicyDefault = new TxnRollPolicy();
+
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Default info policy that is used when info command's policy is null.
 		/// </summary>
@@ -263,6 +275,15 @@ public class ClientPolicy
 		/// </summary>
 		public bool useServicesAlternate;
 
+		/// For testing purposes only.  Do not modify.
+		/// <para>
+		/// Should the AerospikeClient instance communicate with the first seed node only
+		/// instead of using the data partition map to determine which node to send the
+		/// database command.
+		/// </para>
+		/// Default: false
+		public bool forceSingleNode = false;
+
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Track server rack data.  This field is useful when directing read commands to the server node
 		/// that contains the key and exists on the same rack as the client.  This serves to lower cloud
@@ -326,10 +347,13 @@ public ClientPolicy(ClientPolicy other)
 			this.batchWritePolicyDefault = new BatchWritePolicy(other.batchWritePolicyDefault);
 			this.batchDeletePolicyDefault = new BatchDeletePolicy(other.batchDeletePolicyDefault);
 			this.batchUDFPolicyDefault = new BatchUDFPolicy(other.batchUDFPolicyDefault);
+			this.txnVerifyPolicyDefault = new TxnVerifyPolicy(other.txnVerifyPolicyDefault);
+			this.txnRollPolicyDefault = new TxnRollPolicy(other.txnRollPolicyDefault);
 			this.infoPolicyDefault = new InfoPolicy(other.infoPolicyDefault);
 			this.tlsPolicy = (other.tlsPolicy != null) ? new TlsPolicy(other.tlsPolicy) : null;
 			this.ipMap = other.ipMap;
 			this.useServicesAlternate = other.useServicesAlternate;
+			this.forceSingleNode = other.forceSingleNode;
 			this.rackAware = other.rackAware;
 			this.rackId = other.rackId;
 			this.rackIds = (other.rackIds != null) ? new List<int>(other.rackIds) : null;
@@ -341,5 +365,14 @@ public ClientPolicy(ClientPolicy other)
 		public ClientPolicy()
 		{
 		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a deep copy of this client policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public ClientPolicy Clone()
+		{
+			return new ClientPolicy(this);
+		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Policy/CommitLevel.cs b/AerospikeClient/Policy/CommitLevel.cs
index 1be4761f..9cbbb11d 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Policy/CommitLevel.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Policy/CommitLevel.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2018 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
 	/// <summary>
-	/// Desired consistency guarantee when committing a transaction on the server.
+	/// Desired consistency guarantee when committing a command on the server.
 	/// </summary>
 	public enum CommitLevel
 	{
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Policy/InfoPolicy.cs b/AerospikeClient/Policy/InfoPolicy.cs
index a3852522..2e7c3a35 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Policy/InfoPolicy.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Policy/InfoPolicy.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2019 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -50,5 +50,14 @@ public InfoPolicy()
 		{
 			timeout = 1000;
 		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a deep copy of this info policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public InfoPolicy Clone()
+		{
+			return new InfoPolicy(this);
+		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Policy/Policy.cs b/AerospikeClient/Policy/Policy.cs
index 4fbe4f93..524f4756 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Policy/Policy.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Policy/Policy.cs
@@ -21,10 +21,19 @@
 namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
 	/// <summary>
-	/// Transaction policy attributes used in all database commands.
+	/// Command policy attributes used in all database commands.
 	/// </summary>
 	public class Policy
 	{
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Multi-record transaction identifier (MRT). If this field is populated, the corresponding
+		/// command will be included in the MRT. This field is ignored for scan/query.
+	    /// <para>
+	    /// Default: null
+		/// </para>
+		/// </summary>
+		public Txn Txn { get; set; }
+		
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Read policy for AP (availability) namespaces.
 		/// <para>
@@ -52,7 +61,7 @@ public class Policy
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Optional expression filter. If filterExp exists and evaluates to false, the
-		/// transaction is ignored.
+		/// command is ignored.
 		/// <para>
 		/// Default: null
 		/// </para>
@@ -76,7 +85,7 @@ public class Policy
 		/// <para>
 		/// If socketTimeout is not zero and the socket has been idle for at least socketTimeout,
 		/// both maxRetries and totalTimeout are checked.  If maxRetries and totalTimeout are not
-		/// exceeded, the transaction is retried.
+		/// exceeded, the command is retried.
 		/// </para>
 		/// <para>
 		/// For synchronous methods, socketTimeout is the socket SendTimeout and ReceiveTimeout.
@@ -90,15 +99,15 @@ public class Policy
 		public int socketTimeout = 30000;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Total transaction timeout in milliseconds.
+		/// Total command timeout in milliseconds.
 		/// <para>
 		/// The totalTimeout is tracked on the client and sent to the server along with 
-		/// the transaction in the wire protocol.  The client will most likely timeout
-		/// first, but the server also has the capability to timeout the transaction.
+		/// the command in the wire protocol.  The client will most likely timeout
+		/// first, but the server also has the capability to timeout the command.
 		/// </para>
 		/// <para>
-		/// If totalTimeout is not zero and totalTimeout is reached before the transaction
-		/// completes, the transaction will abort with
+		/// If totalTimeout is not zero and totalTimeout is reached before the command
+		/// completes, the command will abort with
 		/// <see cref="Aerospike.Client.AerospikeException.Timeout"/>.
 		/// </para>
 		/// <para>
@@ -111,11 +120,11 @@ public class Policy
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Delay milliseconds after socket read timeout in an attempt to recover the socket
-		/// in the background.  Processing continues on the original transaction and the user
-		/// is still notified at the original transaction timeout.
+		/// in the background.  Processing continues on the original command and the user
+		/// is still notified at the original command timeout.
 		/// <para>
-		/// When a transaction is stopped prematurely, the socket must be drained of all incoming
-		/// data or closed to prevent unread socket data from corrupting the next transaction
+		/// When a command is stopped prematurely, the socket must be drained of all incoming
+		/// data or closed to prevent unread socket data from corrupting the next command
 		/// that would use that socket.
 		/// </para>
 		/// <para>
@@ -136,7 +145,7 @@ public class Policy
 		/// </para>
 		/// <para>
 		/// The disadvantage of enabling timeoutDelay is that extra memory/processing is required
-		/// to drain sockets and additional connections may still be needed for transaction retries.
+		/// to drain sockets and additional connections may still be needed for command retries.
 		/// </para>
 		/// <para>
 		/// If timeoutDelay were to be enabled, 3000ms would be a reasonable value.
@@ -148,16 +157,16 @@ public class Policy
 		public int TimeoutDelay = 0;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Maximum number of retries before aborting the current transaction.
+		/// Maximum number of retries before aborting the current command.
 		/// The initial attempt is not counted as a retry.
 		/// <para>
-		/// If maxRetries is exceeded, the transaction will abort with
+		/// If maxRetries is exceeded, the command will abort with
 		/// <see cref="Aerospike.Client.AerospikeException.Timeout"/>.
 		/// </para>
 		/// <para>
 		/// WARNING: Database writes that are not idempotent (such as Add()) 
 		/// should not be retried because the write operation may be performed 
-		/// multiple times if the client timed out previous transaction attempts.
+		/// multiple times if the client timed out previous command attempts.
 		/// It's important to use a distinct WritePolicy for non-idempotent 
 		/// writes which sets maxRetries = 0;
 		/// </para>
@@ -201,7 +210,7 @@ public class Policy
 		/// Determine how record TTL (time to live) is affected on reads. When enabled, the server can
 		/// efficiently operate as a read-based LRU cache where the least recently used records are expired.
 		/// The value is expressed as a percentage of the TTL sent on the most recent write such that a read
-		/// within this interval of the record’s end of life will generate a touch.
+		/// within this interval of the record�s end of life will generate a touch.
 		/// <para>
 		/// For example, if the most recent write had a TTL of 10 hours and read_touch_ttl_percent is set to
 		/// 80, the next read within 8 hours of the record's end of life (equivalent to 2 hours after the most
@@ -251,7 +260,7 @@ public class Policy
 
 		/// <summary>
 		/// Throw exception if <see cref="filterExp"/> is defined and that filter evaluates
-		/// to false (transaction ignored).  The <see cref="Aerospike.Client.AerospikeException"/>
+		/// to false (command ignored).  The <see cref="Aerospike.Client.AerospikeException"/>
 		/// will contain result code <seealso cref="Aerospike.Client.ResultCode.FILTERED_OUT"/>.
 		/// <para>
 		/// This field is not applicable to batch, scan or query commands.
@@ -275,6 +284,7 @@ public class Policy
 		/// </summary>
 		public Policy(Policy other)
 		{
+			this.Txn = other.Txn;
 			this.readModeAP = other.readModeAP;
 			this.readModeSC = other.readModeSC;
 			this.replica = other.replica;
@@ -296,6 +306,7 @@ public Policy(Policy other)
 		/// </summary>
 		public Policy()
 		{
+			Txn = null;
 		}
 
 		/// <summary>
@@ -323,6 +334,15 @@ public void SetTimeouts(int socketTimeout, int totalTimeout)
 				this.socketTimeout = totalTimeout;
 			}
 		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a deep copy of this policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public Policy Clone()
+		{
+			return new Policy(this);
+		}
 	}
 }
 #pragma warning restore 0618
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Policy/QueryPolicy.cs b/AerospikeClient/Policy/QueryPolicy.cs
index 49f39f6f..dbf20500 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Policy/QueryPolicy.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Policy/QueryPolicy.cs
@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@ namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
 	/// <summary>
 	/// Container object for policy attributes used in query operations.
+	/// <para>
+	/// Inherited Policy fields <see cref="Policy.Txn"/> and 
+	/// <see cref="Policy.failOnFilteredOut"/> are ignored.
+	/// </para>
 	/// </summary>
 	public class QueryPolicy : Policy
 	{
@@ -76,7 +80,7 @@ public class QueryPolicy : Policy
 		public bool includeBinData = true;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Terminate query if cluster is in migration state. If the server supports partition
+		/// Terminate query if cluster is in migration State. If the server supports partition
 		/// queries or the query filter is null (scan), this field is ignored.
 		/// <para>Default: false</para>
 		/// </summary>
@@ -142,6 +146,15 @@ public QueryPolicy() : base()
 			base.totalTimeout = 0;
 			base.maxRetries = 5;
 		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a deep copy of this query policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public new QueryPolicy Clone()
+		{
+			return new QueryPolicy(this);
+		}
 	}
 }
 #pragma warning restore 0618
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Policy/ScanPolicy.cs b/AerospikeClient/Policy/ScanPolicy.cs
index 4684524b..7b912afb 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Policy/ScanPolicy.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Policy/ScanPolicy.cs
@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@ namespace Aerospike.Client
 {
 	/// <summary>
 	/// Container object for optional parameters used in scan operations.
+	/// <para>
+	/// Inherited Policy fields <see cref="Policy.Txn"/> and 
+	/// <see cref="Policy.failOnFilteredOut"/> are ignored.
+	/// </para>
 	/// </summary>
 	public sealed class ScanPolicy : Policy
 	{
@@ -119,6 +123,15 @@ public ScanPolicy() : base()
 			base.totalTimeout = 0;
 			base.maxRetries = 5;
 		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a deep copy of this scan policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public new ScanPolicy Clone()
+		{
+			return new ScanPolicy(this);
+		}
 	}
 }
 #pragma warning restore 0618
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Policy/TlsPolicy.cs b/AerospikeClient/Policy/TlsPolicy.cs
index d03e4831..1b64bece 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Policy/TlsPolicy.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Policy/TlsPolicy.cs
@@ -151,5 +151,14 @@ private void ParseClientCertificateFile(string clientCertificateFile)
 			clientCertificates = new X509CertificateCollection();
 			clientCertificates.Add(cert);
 		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a deep copy of this TLS policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public TlsPolicy Clone()
+		{
+			return new TlsPolicy(this);
+		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Policy/TxnRollPolicy.cs b/AerospikeClient/Policy/TxnRollPolicy.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a05a00fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Policy/TxnRollPolicy.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Multi-record transaction (MRT) policy fields used to batch roll forward/backward records on
+    /// commit or abort.Used a placeholder for now as there are no additional fields beyond BatchPolicy.
+	/// </summary>
+	public sealed class TxnRollPolicy : BatchPolicy
+	{
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Copy policy from another policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		public TxnRollPolicy(TxnRollPolicy other) : 
+			base(other)
+		{
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default constructor.
+		/// </summary>
+		public TxnRollPolicy()
+		{
+			replica = Replica.MASTER;
+			maxRetries = 5;
+			socketTimeout = 3000;
+			totalTimeout = 10000;
+			sleepBetweenRetries = 1000;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a deep copy of this txn roll policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public new TxnRollPolicy Clone()
+		{
+			return new TxnRollPolicy(this);
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Policy/TxnVerifyPolicy.cs b/AerospikeClient/Policy/TxnVerifyPolicy.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..495a793c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Policy/TxnVerifyPolicy.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	/// <summary>
+	/// Multi-record transaction (MRT) policy fields used to batch verify record versions on commit.
+    /// Used a placeholder for now as there are no additional fields beyond BatchPolicy.
+	/// </summary>
+	public sealed class TxnVerifyPolicy : BatchPolicy
+	{
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Copy policy from another policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		public TxnVerifyPolicy(TxnVerifyPolicy other) : 
+			base(other)
+		{
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Default constructor.
+		/// </summary>
+		public TxnVerifyPolicy()
+		{
+			readModeSC = ReadModeSC.LINEARIZE;
+			replica = Replica.MASTER;
+			maxRetries = 5;
+			socketTimeout = 3000;
+			totalTimeout = 10000;
+			sleepBetweenRetries = 1000;
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a deep copy of this txn verify policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public new TxnVerifyPolicy Clone()
+		{
+			return new TxnVerifyPolicy(this);
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Policy/WritePolicy.cs b/AerospikeClient/Policy/WritePolicy.cs
index 3fd1247e..421f95cd 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Policy/WritePolicy.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Policy/WritePolicy.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2019 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ public sealed class WritePolicy : Policy
 		public GenerationPolicy generationPolicy = GenerationPolicy.NONE;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// Desired consistency guarantee when committing a transaction on the server. The default 
+		/// Desired consistency guarantee when committing a command on the server. The default 
 		/// (COMMIT_ALL) indicates that the server should wait for master and all replica commits to 
 		/// be successful before returning success to the client. 
 		/// <para>Default: CommitLevel.COMMIT_ALL</para>
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ public sealed class WritePolicy : Policy
 		public bool respondAllOps;
 
 		/// <summary>
-		/// If the transaction results in a record deletion, leave a tombstone for the record.
+		/// If the command results in a record deletion, leave a tombstone for the record.
 		/// This prevents deleted records from reappearing after node failures.
 		/// Valid for Aerospike Server Enterprise Edition 3.10+ only.
 		/// <para>Default: false (do not tombstone deleted records).</para>
@@ -131,5 +131,14 @@ public WritePolicy()
 			// Writes are not retried by default.
 			base.maxRetries = 0;
 		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Creates a deep copy of this write policy.
+		/// </summary>
+		/// <returns></returns>
+		public new WritePolicy Clone()
+		{
+			return new WritePolicy(this);
+		}
 	}
 }
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Query/PartitionTracker.cs b/AerospikeClient/Query/PartitionTracker.cs
index 4cc845fd..7895a66c 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Query/PartitionTracker.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Query/PartitionTracker.cs
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ public List<NodePartitions> AssignPartitionsToNodes(Cluster cluster, string ns)
 					Node node = p.GetNodeQuery(cluster, parts, part);
 
 					// Use node name to check for single node equality because
-					// partition map may be in transitional state between
+					// partition map may be in transitional State between
 					// the old and new node with the same name.
 					if (nodeFilter != null && !nodeFilter.Name.Equals(node.Name))
 					{
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ public List<NodePartitions> AssignPartitionsToNodes(Cluster cluster, string ns)
 
 					if (np == null)
 					{
-						// If the partition map is in a transitional state, multiple
+						// If the partition map is in a transitional State, multiple
 						// NodePartitions instances (each with different partitions)
 						// may be created for a single node.
 						np = new NodePartitions(node, partitionsCapacity);
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ public bool IsComplete(bool hasPartitionQuery, Policy policy, List<NodePartition
 					{
 						// If errors occurred on a node, only that node's partitions are retried in the
 						// next iteration. If that node finally succeeds, the other original nodes still
-						// need to be retried if partition state is reused in the next scan/query command.
+						// need to be retried if partition State is reused in the next scan/query command.
 						// Force retry on all node partitions.
 						partitionFilter.retry = true;
 						partitionFilter.done = false;
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Query/QueryExecutor.cs b/AerospikeClient/Query/QueryExecutor.cs
index 44325952..4ad3e026 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Query/QueryExecutor.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Query/QueryExecutor.cs
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ public QueryExecutor(Cluster cluster, QueryPolicy policy, Statement statement, N
 
 			// Initialize maximum number of nodes to query in parallel.
 			this.maxConcurrentNodes = (policy.maxConcurrentNodes == 0 || policy.maxConcurrentNodes >= threads.Length) ? threads.Length : policy.maxConcurrentNodes;
-			cluster.AddTran();
+			cluster.AddCommandCount();
 		}
 
 		protected internal void InitializeThreads()
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Query/QueryListenerExecutor.cs b/AerospikeClient/Query/QueryListenerExecutor.cs
index da72f62b..bdc6f6c4 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Query/QueryListenerExecutor.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Query/QueryListenerExecutor.cs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ public static void execute
 			PartitionTracker tracker
 		)
 		{
-			cluster.AddTran();
+			cluster.AddCommandCount();
 			
 			ulong taskId = statement.PrepareTaskId();
 
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Query/QueryPartitionExecutor.cs b/AerospikeClient/Query/QueryPartitionExecutor.cs
index 3c00b4ce..4bd5b6d8 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Query/QueryPartitionExecutor.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Query/QueryPartitionExecutor.cs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ PartitionTracker tracker
 			this.cancel = new CancellationTokenSource();
 			this.tracker = tracker;
 			this.recordSet = new RecordSet(this, policy.recordQueueSize, cancel.Token);
-			cluster.AddTran();
+			cluster.AddCommandCount();
 			ThreadPool.UnsafeQueueUserWorkItem(this.Run, null);
 		}
 
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Query/RecordSet.cs b/AerospikeClient/Query/RecordSet.cs
index 626df355..03e69a78 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Query/RecordSet.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Query/RecordSet.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2023 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ internal void Abort()
 		{
 			valid = false;
 
-			// Send end command to transaction thread.
+			// Send end command to command thread.
 			// It's critical that the end token add succeeds.
 			while (!queue.TryAdd(END))
 			{
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Query/ResultSet.cs b/AerospikeClient/Query/ResultSet.cs
index 9f5b7f1b..37ee4450 100644
--- a/AerospikeClient/Query/ResultSet.cs
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Query/ResultSet.cs
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /* 
- * Copyright 2012-2019 Aerospike, Inc.
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
  *
  * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
  * license agreements.
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ internal void Abort()
 		{
 			valid = false;
 
-			// Send end command to transaction thread.
+			// Send end command to command thread.
 			// It's critical that the end token add succeeds.
 			while (!queue.TryAdd(END))
 			{
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Util/ConcurrentHashMap.cs b/AerospikeClient/Util/ConcurrentHashMap.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a0adf5cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Util/ConcurrentHashMap.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public class ConcurrentHashMap<TKey, TValue>
+	{
+		private readonly ReaderWriterLockSlim _lock = new ReaderWriterLockSlim(LockRecursionPolicy.SupportsRecursion);
+		private readonly Dictionary<TKey, TValue> _dictionary;
+
+		public ConcurrentHashMap()
+		{
+			_dictionary = new Dictionary<TKey, TValue>();
+		}
+
+		public ConcurrentHashMap(int capacity) 
+		{
+			_dictionary = new Dictionary<TKey, TValue>(capacity);
+		}
+
+		public TValue this[TKey key]
+		{
+			get 
+			{
+				try
+				{
+					_lock.EnterReadLock();
+					return _dictionary[key];
+				}
+				finally
+				{
+					if (_lock.IsReadLockHeld) _lock.ExitReadLock();
+				}
+			}
+			set 
+			{
+				try
+				{
+					_lock.EnterWriteLock();
+					_dictionary[key] = value;
+				}
+				finally
+				{
+					if (_lock.IsWriteLockHeld) _lock.ExitWriteLock();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		public bool TryAdd(TKey key, TValue value)
+		{
+			_lock.EnterUpgradeableReadLock();
+			try
+			{
+				if (!_dictionary.ContainsKey(key))
+				{
+					_lock.EnterWriteLock();
+					try
+					{
+						_dictionary.Add(key, value);
+					}
+					finally
+					{
+						_lock.ExitWriteLock();
+					}
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+			finally
+			{
+				_lock.ExitUpgradeableReadLock();
+			}
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		public void Clear()
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				_lock.EnterWriteLock();
+				_dictionary.Clear();
+			}
+			finally
+			{
+				if (_lock.IsWriteLockHeld) _lock.ExitWriteLock();
+			}
+		}
+
+		public bool ContainsKey(TKey key)
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				_lock.EnterReadLock();
+				return _dictionary.ContainsKey(key);
+			}
+			finally
+			{
+				if (_lock.IsReadLockHeld) _lock.ExitReadLock();
+			}
+		}
+
+		public bool Remove(TKey key)
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				_lock.EnterWriteLock();
+				return _dictionary.Remove(key);
+			}
+			finally
+			{
+				if (_lock.IsWriteLockHeld) _lock.ExitWriteLock();
+			}
+		}
+
+		public int Count
+		{
+			get
+			{
+				try
+				{
+					_lock.EnterReadLock();
+					return _dictionary.Count;
+				}
+				finally
+				{
+					if (_lock.IsReadLockHeld) _lock.ExitReadLock();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		public bool PerformActionOnEachElement(Func<int, bool> initilaize, Action<TKey, TValue, int> action)
+		{
+			_lock.EnterReadLock();
+			try
+			{
+				if (initilaize is null || initilaize(_dictionary.Count()))
+				{
+					int cnt = 0;
+					foreach (var element in _dictionary)
+					{
+						action(element.Key, element.Value, cnt++);
+					}
+					return cnt > 0;
+				}
+			}
+			finally
+			{
+				_lock.ExitReadLock();
+			}
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeClient/Util/ConcurrentHashSet.cs b/AerospikeClient/Util/ConcurrentHashSet.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92aae80c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeClient/Util/ConcurrentHashSet.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+
+namespace Aerospike.Client
+{
+	public class ConcurrentHashSet<T>
+	{
+		private readonly ReaderWriterLockSlim _lock = new ReaderWriterLockSlim(LockRecursionPolicy.SupportsRecursion);
+		private readonly HashSet<T> _hashSet;
+
+		public ConcurrentHashSet()
+		{
+			_hashSet = new HashSet<T>();
+		}
+
+		public ConcurrentHashSet(int capacity) 
+		{
+			_hashSet = new HashSet<T>(capacity);
+		}
+
+		public bool Add(T item)
+		{
+			_lock.EnterUpgradeableReadLock();
+			try
+			{
+				if (!_hashSet.Contains(item))
+				{
+					_lock.EnterWriteLock();
+					try
+					{
+						_hashSet.Add(item);
+					}
+					finally
+					{
+						_lock.ExitWriteLock();
+					}
+					return true;
+				}
+			}
+			finally
+			{
+				_lock.ExitUpgradeableReadLock();
+			}
+			return false;
+		}
+
+		public void Clear()
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				_lock.EnterWriteLock();
+				_hashSet.Clear();
+			}
+			finally
+			{
+				if (_lock.IsWriteLockHeld) _lock.ExitWriteLock();
+			}
+		}
+
+		public bool Contains(T item)
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				_lock.EnterReadLock();
+				return _hashSet.Contains(item);
+			}
+			finally
+			{
+				if (_lock.IsReadLockHeld) _lock.ExitReadLock();
+			}
+		}
+
+		public bool Remove(T item)
+		{
+			try
+			{
+				_lock.EnterWriteLock();
+				return _hashSet.Remove(item);
+			}
+			finally
+			{
+				if (_lock.IsWriteLockHeld) _lock.ExitWriteLock();
+			}
+		}
+
+		public int Count
+		{
+			get
+			{
+				try
+				{
+					_lock.EnterReadLock();
+					return _hashSet.Count;
+				}
+				finally
+				{
+					if (_lock.IsReadLockHeld) _lock.ExitReadLock();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		public bool PerformActionOnEachElement(Func<int, bool> initilaize, Action<T, int> action)
+		{
+			_lock.EnterReadLock();
+			try
+			{
+				if (initilaize is null || initilaize(_hashSet.Count()))
+				{
+					int cnt = 0;
+					foreach (var element in _hashSet)
+					{
+						action(element, cnt++);
+					}
+					return cnt > 0;
+				}
+			}
+			finally
+			{
+				_lock.ExitReadLock();
+			}
+			return false;
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeDemo/AsyncTransaction.cs b/AerospikeDemo/AsyncTransaction.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..afecded2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeDemo/AsyncTransaction.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using Aerospike.Client;
+using System.Threading;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Demo
+{
+	public class AsyncTransaction : AsyncExample
+	{
+		private bool completed;
+
+		public AsyncTransaction(Console console) : base(console)
+		{
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Multi-record transaction.
+		/// </summary>
+		public override void RunExample(AsyncClient client, Arguments args)
+		{
+			completed = false;
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			console.Info("Begin txn: " + txn.Id);
+			Put(client, txn, args);
+
+			WaitTillComplete();
+		}
+
+		public void Put(AsyncClient client, Txn txn, Arguments args)
+		{
+			console.Info("Run put");
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault;
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, 1);
+		
+			client.Put(wp, new PutHandler(this, client, key, txn, args), key, new Bin("a", "val1"));
+		}
+
+		class PutHandler : WriteListener
+		{
+			private readonly AsyncTransaction parent;
+			private readonly AsyncClient client;
+			private readonly Key key;
+			private readonly Txn txn;
+			private readonly Arguments args;
+
+			public PutHandler(AsyncTransaction parent, AsyncClient client, Key key, Txn txn, Arguments args) 
+			{ 
+				this.parent = parent;
+				this.client = client;
+				this.key = key;
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.args = args;
+			}
+			
+			public void OnSuccess(Key key)
+			{
+				parent.PutAnother(client, txn, args);
+			}
+
+			public void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+			{
+				parent.console.Error("Failed to write: namespace={0} set={1} key={2} exception={3}",
+					key.ns, key.setName, key.userKey, e.Message);
+				parent.Abort(client, txn);
+			}
+		};
+
+		public void PutAnother(AsyncClient client, Txn txn, Arguments args)
+		{
+			console.Info("Run another put");
+
+			var wp = client.WritePolicyDefault;
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, 2);
+
+			client.Put(wp, new PutAnotherHandler(this, client, key, txn, args), key, new Bin("b", "val2"));		
+		}
+
+		class PutAnotherHandler : WriteListener
+		{
+			private readonly AsyncTransaction parent;
+			private readonly AsyncClient client;
+			private readonly Key key;
+			private	readonly Txn txn;
+			private readonly Arguments args;
+
+			public PutAnotherHandler(AsyncTransaction parent, AsyncClient client, Key key, Txn txn, Arguments args)
+			{
+				this.parent = parent;
+				this.client = client;
+				this.key = key;
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.args = args;
+			}
+
+			public void OnSuccess(Key key)
+			{
+				parent.Get(client, txn, args);
+			}
+
+			public void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+			{
+				parent.console.Error("Failed to write: namespace={0} set={1} key={2} exception={3}",
+					key.ns, key.setName, key.userKey, e.Message);
+				parent.Abort(client, txn);
+			}
+		}
+	
+		public void Get(AsyncClient client, Txn txn, Arguments args)
+		{
+			console.Info("Run get");
+
+			var p = client.ReadPolicyDefault;
+			p.Txn = txn;
+
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, 3);
+
+			client.Get(p, new GetHandler(this, client, key, txn, args), key);
+		}
+
+		class GetHandler : RecordListener
+		{
+			private readonly AsyncTransaction parent;
+			private readonly AsyncClient client;
+			private readonly Key key;
+			private readonly Txn txn;
+			private readonly Arguments args;
+
+			public GetHandler(AsyncTransaction parent, AsyncClient client, Key key, Txn txn, Arguments args)
+			{
+				this.parent = parent;
+				this.client = client;
+				this.key = key;
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.args = args;
+			}
+
+			public void OnSuccess(Key key, Record record)
+			{
+				parent.Delete(client, txn, args);
+			}
+
+			public void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+			{
+				parent.console.Error("Failed to read: namespace={0} set={1} key={2} exception={3}",
+					key.ns, key.setName, key.userKey, e.Message);
+				parent.Abort(client, txn);
+			}
+		}
+	
+		public void Delete(AsyncClient client, Txn txn, Arguments args)
+		{
+			console.Info("Run delete");
+
+			var dp = client.WritePolicyDefault;
+			dp.Txn = txn;
+			dp.durableDelete = true;  // Required when running delete in a MRT.
+
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, 3);
+
+			client.Delete(dp, new DeleteHandler(this, client, key, txn), key);
+		}
+		
+		class DeleteHandler : DeleteListener
+		{
+			private readonly AsyncTransaction parent;
+			private readonly AsyncClient client;
+			private readonly Key key;
+			private readonly Txn txn;
+
+			public DeleteHandler(AsyncTransaction parent, AsyncClient client, Key key, Txn txn)
+			{
+				this.parent = parent;
+				this.client = client;
+				this.key = key;
+				this.txn = txn;
+			}
+
+			public void OnSuccess(Key key, bool existed)
+			{
+				parent.Commit(client, txn);
+			}
+
+			public void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+			{
+				parent.console.Error("Failed to delete: namespace={0} set={1} key={2} exception={3}",
+					key.ns, key.setName, key.userKey, e.Message);
+				parent.Abort(client, txn);
+			}
+
+		}
+	
+		public void Commit(AsyncClient client, Txn txn)
+		{
+			console.Info("Run commit");
+
+			client.Commit(new CommitHandler(this, txn), txn);
+		}
+
+		class CommitHandler : CommitListener
+		{
+			private readonly AsyncTransaction parent;
+			private readonly Txn txn;
+
+			public CommitHandler(AsyncTransaction parent, Txn txn)
+			{
+				this.parent = parent;
+				this.txn = txn;
+			}
+
+			public void OnSuccess(CommitStatus.CommitStatusType status)
+			{
+				parent.console.Info("Txn committed: " + txn.Id);
+				parent.NotifyComplete();
+			}
+
+			public void OnFailure(AerospikeException.Commit ae)
+			{
+				parent.console.Error("Txn commit failed: " + txn.Id);
+				parent.NotifyComplete();
+			}
+		}
+
+		public void Abort(AsyncClient client, Txn txn)
+		{
+			console.Info("Run abort");
+
+			client.Abort(new AbortHandler(this, txn), txn);		
+		}
+		
+		class AbortHandler : AbortListener
+		{
+			private readonly AsyncTransaction parent;
+			private readonly Txn txn;
+
+			public AbortHandler(AsyncTransaction parent, Txn txn)
+			{
+				this.parent = parent;
+				this.txn = txn;
+			}
+
+			public void OnSuccess(AbortStatus.AbortStatusType status)
+			{
+				parent.console.Error("Txn aborted: " + txn.Id);
+				parent.NotifyComplete();
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void WaitTillComplete()
+		{
+			lock (this)
+			{
+				while (!completed)
+				{
+					Monitor.Wait(this);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void NotifyComplete()
+		{
+			lock (this)
+			{
+				completed = true;
+				Monitor.Pulse(this);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeDemo/AsyncTransactionWithTask.cs b/AerospikeDemo/AsyncTransactionWithTask.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cbe020e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeDemo/AsyncTransactionWithTask.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using Aerospike.Client;
+using Neo.IronLua;
+using System;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using System.Windows.Forms;
+using static System.Windows.Forms.VisualStyles.VisualStyleElement.TextBox;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Demo
+{
+	public class AsyncTransactionWithTask : AsyncExample
+	{
+		private bool completed;
+
+		public AsyncTransactionWithTask(Console console) : base(console)
+		{
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Multi-record transaction.
+		/// </summary>
+		public override void RunExample(AsyncClient client, Arguments args)
+		{
+			Txn txn = new();
+			var token = CancellationToken.None;
+
+			console.Info("Begin txn: " + txn.Id);
+
+			try
+			{
+				Key key = null;
+
+				var result = Task.Run(async () =>
+				{
+					try
+					{
+						WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault;
+						wp.Txn = txn;
+
+						console.Info("Run put with task");
+						key = new(args.ns, args.set, 1);
+						await client.Put(wp, token, key, new Bin("a", "val1"));
+
+						console.Info("Run another put");
+						key = new(args.ns, args.set, 2);
+						await client.Put(wp, token, key, new Bin("b", "val2"));
+
+						console.Info("Run get");
+						var p = client.ReadPolicyDefault;
+						p.Txn = txn;
+						Key key3 = new(args.ns, args.set, 3);
+						Record rec = await client.Get(p, token, key3);
+
+						console.Info("Run delete");
+						var dp = client.WritePolicyDefault;
+						dp.Txn = txn;
+						dp.durableDelete = true;  // Required when running delete in a MRT.
+						client.Delete(dp, key3);
+
+						await client.Commit(txn, token);
+						return true;
+					}
+					catch (Exception e)
+					{
+						console.Error("Failed to write: namespace={0} set={1} key={2} exception={3}",
+										key.ns, key.setName, key.userKey, e.Message);
+						// Abort and rollback MRT (multi-record transaction) if any errors occur.
+						await client.Abort(txn, token);
+						return false;
+					}
+				}).Result;
+
+				if (result)
+					console.Info("Txn committed: " + txn.Id);
+				else
+					console.Error("Txn aborted: " + txn.Id);
+			}
+			catch (Exception e)
+			{
+				console.Error($"Txn {txn.Id} Exception: {e}");
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeDemo/DemoForm.cs b/AerospikeDemo/DemoForm.cs
index 6b31f8dd..554ffbd3 100644
--- a/AerospikeDemo/DemoForm.cs
+++ b/AerospikeDemo/DemoForm.cs
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ private void FormInit()
 #endif   
                     new ExampleTreeNode("Expire", new Expire(console)),
 					new ExampleTreeNode("Touch", new Touch(console)),
+					new ExampleTreeNode("Transaction", new Transaction(console)),
 					new ExampleTreeNode("Operate", new Operate(console)),
 					new ExampleTreeNode("OperateBit", new OperateBit(console)),
 					new ExampleTreeNode("OperateList", new OperateList(console)),
@@ -87,6 +88,8 @@ private void FormInit()
 					new ExampleTreeNode("Async Batch", new AsyncBatch(console)),
 					new ExampleTreeNode("Async Scan", new AsyncScan(console)),
 					new ExampleTreeNode("Async Scan Page", new AsyncScanPage(console)),
+					new ExampleTreeNode("Async Transaction", new AsyncTransaction(console)),
+					new ExampleTreeNode("Async Transaction with Task", new AsyncTransactionWithTask(console)),
 					new ExampleTreeNode("Async Query", new AsyncQuery(console)),
 					new ExampleTreeNode("Async UDF", new AsyncUserDefinedFunction(console)),
 					new ExampleTreeNode("List/Map", new ListMap(console)),
diff --git a/AerospikeDemo/Transaction.cs b/AerospikeDemo/Transaction.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7c04098c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeDemo/Transaction.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using Aerospike.Client;
+using System;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Demo
+{
+	public class Transaction : SyncExample
+	{
+		public Transaction(Console console) : base(console)
+		{
+		}
+
+		/// <summary>
+		/// Multi-record transaction.
+		/// </summary>
+		public override void RunExample(IAerospikeClient client, Arguments args)
+		{
+			TxnReadWrite(client, args);
+		}
+
+		private void TxnReadWrite(IAerospikeClient client, Arguments args)
+		{
+			Txn txn = new();
+			console.Info("Begin txn: " + txn.Id);
+
+			try
+			{
+				var wp = client.WritePolicyDefault;
+				wp.Txn = txn;
+
+				console.Info("Run put");
+				Key key1 = new(args.ns, args.set, 1);
+				client.Put(wp, key1, new Bin("a", "val1"));
+
+				console.Info("Run another put");
+				Key key2 = new(args.ns, args.set, 2);
+				client.Put(wp, key2, new Bin("b", "val2"));
+
+				console.Info("Run get");
+				var p = client.ReadPolicyDefault;
+				p.Txn = txn;
+
+				Key key3 = new(args.ns, args.set, 3);
+				Record rec = client.Get(p, key3);
+
+				console.Info("Run delete");
+				var dp = client.WritePolicyDefault;
+				dp.Txn = txn;
+				dp.durableDelete = true;  // Required when running delete in a MRT.
+				client.Delete(dp, key3);
+			}
+			catch (Exception) 
+			{
+				// Abort and rollback MRT (multi-record transaction) if any errors occur.
+				console.Info("Abort txn: " + txn.Id);
+				client.Abort(txn);
+				throw;
+			}
+
+			console.Info("Commit txn: " + txn.Id);
+			client.Commit(txn);
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeTest/AerospikeTest.csproj b/AerospikeTest/AerospikeTest.csproj
index 2a613d4e..c9494c62 100644
--- a/AerospikeTest/AerospikeTest.csproj
+++ b/AerospikeTest/AerospikeTest.csproj
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
+ <Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
 
   <PropertyGroup>
     <Configuration Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == '' ">Debug</Configuration>
diff --git a/AerospikeTest/Args.cs b/AerospikeTest/Args.cs
index 9b1dad6b..7413c816 100644
--- a/AerospikeTest/Args.cs
+++ b/AerospikeTest/Args.cs
@@ -1,225 +1,208 @@
-/* 
- * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
- *
- * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
- * license agreements.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
- * the License.
- */
-using Aerospike.Client;
-using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
-using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
-
-namespace Aerospike.Test
-{
-	[TestClass]
-	public class Args
-	{
-		public static Args Instance = new Args();
-
-		public IAerospikeClient client;
-		public AerospikeClient nativeClient;
-		public IAsyncClient asyncClient;
-		public AsyncClient nativeAsync;
-		public Host[] hosts;
-		public int port;
-		public string user;
-		public string password;
-		public int timeout;
-		public string clusterName;
-		public string ns;
-		public string set;
-		public string tlsName;
-		public TlsPolicy tlsPolicy;
-		public AuthMode authMode;
-		public bool singleBin;
-		public bool enterprise;
-
-		public Args()
-		{
-			Log.Disable();
-
-			var builder = new ConfigurationBuilder().AddJsonFile("settings.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: true);
-			IConfigurationRoot section = builder.Build();
-
-			port = int.Parse(section.GetSection("Port").Value);
-			clusterName = section.GetSection("ClusterName").Value;
-			user = section.GetSection("User").Value;
-			password = section.GetSection("Password").Value;
-			timeout = int.Parse(section.GetSection("Timeout").Value);
-			ns = section.GetSection("Namespace").Value;
-			set = section.GetSection("Set").Value;
-			authMode = (AuthMode)Enum.Parse(typeof(AuthMode), section.GetSection("AuthMode").Value, true);
-
-			bool tlsEnable = bool.Parse(section.GetSection("TlsEnable").Value);
-
-			if (tlsEnable)
-			{
-				tlsName = section.GetSection("TlsName").Value;
-				tlsPolicy = new TlsPolicy(
-					section.GetSection("TlsProtocols").Value,
-					section.GetSection("TlsRevoke").Value,
-					section.GetSection("TlsClientCertFile").Value,
-					bool.Parse(section.GetSection("TlsLoginOnly").Value)
-					);
-			}
-
-			var hostName = section.GetSection("Host").Value;
-			if (hostName == null || hostName == String.Empty)
-			{
-				hosts = null;
-			}
-			else
-			{
-				hosts = Host.ParseHosts(hostName, tlsName, port);
-			}
-		}
-
-		public void Connect()
-		{
-			ConnectSync();
-			ConnectAsync();
-		}
-
-		private void ConnectSync()
-		{
-			ClientPolicy policy = new ClientPolicy();
-			policy.clusterName = clusterName;
-			policy.tlsPolicy = tlsPolicy;
-			policy.authMode = authMode;
-			policy.timeout = timeout;
-
-			if (user != null && user.Length > 0)
-			{
-				policy.user = user;
-				policy.password = password;
-			}
-
-			nativeClient = new AerospikeClient(policy, hosts);
-
-			nativeClient.readPolicyDefault.totalTimeout = timeout;
-			nativeClient.WritePolicyDefault.totalTimeout = timeout;
-			nativeClient.ScanPolicyDefault.totalTimeout = timeout;
-			nativeClient.QueryPolicyDefault.totalTimeout = timeout;
-			nativeClient.BatchPolicyDefault.totalTimeout = timeout;
-			nativeClient.BatchParentPolicyWriteDefault.totalTimeout = timeout;
-			nativeClient.InfoPolicyDefault.timeout = timeout;
-			client = nativeClient;
-
-			//Example of how to enable metrics
-			//client.EnableMetrics(new MetricsPolicy());
-
-			try
-			{
-				SetServerSpecific();
-			}
-			catch
-			{
-				client.Close();
-				client = null;
-				throw;
-			}
-		}
-
-		private void ConnectAsync()
-		{
-			AsyncClientPolicy policy = new AsyncClientPolicy();
-			policy.clusterName = clusterName;
-			policy.tlsPolicy = tlsPolicy;
-			policy.authMode = authMode;
-			policy.asyncMaxCommands = 300;
-			policy.timeout = timeout;
-
-			if (user != null && user.Length > 0)
-			{
-				policy.user = user;
-				policy.password = password;
-			}
-
-			nativeAsync = new AsyncClient(policy, hosts);
-
-			nativeAsync.readPolicyDefault.totalTimeout = timeout;
-			nativeAsync.WritePolicyDefault.totalTimeout = timeout;
-			nativeAsync.ScanPolicyDefault.totalTimeout = timeout;
-			nativeAsync.QueryPolicyDefault.totalTimeout = timeout;
-			nativeAsync.BatchPolicyDefault.totalTimeout = timeout;
-			nativeAsync.BatchParentPolicyWriteDefault.totalTimeout = timeout;
-			nativeAsync.InfoPolicyDefault.timeout = timeout;
-
-			asyncClient = nativeAsync;
-
-			// Example of how to enable metrics
-			//asyncClient.EnableMetrics(new MetricsPolicy());
-		}
-
-		private void SetServerSpecific()
-		{
-			Node node = nativeClient.Nodes[0];
-			string namespaceFilter = "namespace/" + ns;
-			Dictionary<string, string> map = Info.Request(null, node, "edition", namespaceFilter);
-
-			string edition = map["edition"];
-			enterprise = edition.Equals("Aerospike Enterprise Edition");
-
-			string namespaceTokens = map[namespaceFilter];
-
-			if (namespaceTokens == null)
-			{
-				throw new Exception(string.Format("Failed to get namespace info: host={0} namespace={1}", node, ns));
-			}
-
-			singleBin = ParseBoolean(namespaceTokens, "single-bin");
-		}
-
-		private static bool ParseBoolean(String namespaceTokens, String name)
-		{
-			string search = name + '=';
-			int begin = namespaceTokens.IndexOf(search);
-
-			if (begin < 0)
-			{
-				return false;
-			}
-
-			begin += search.Length;
-			int end = namespaceTokens.IndexOf(';', begin);
-
-			if (end < 0)
-			{
-				end = namespaceTokens.Length;
-			}
-
-			string value = namespaceTokens.Substring(begin, end - begin);
-			return Convert.ToBoolean(value);
-		}
-
-		public string GetBinName(string name)
-		{
-			// Single bin servers don't need a bin name.
-			return singleBin ? "" : name;
-		}
-
-		public void Close()
-		{
-			if (client != null)
-			{
-				client.Close();
-				client = null;
-			}
-
-			if (asyncClient != null)
-			{
-				asyncClient.Close();
-				asyncClient = null;
-			}
-		}
-	}
-}
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using Aerospike.Client;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Test
+{
+	[TestClass]
+	public class Args
+	{
+		public static Args Instance = new Args();
+
+		public IAerospikeClient client;
+		public IAsyncClient asyncClient;
+		public Host[] hosts;
+		public int port;
+		public string user;
+		public string password;
+		public int timeout;
+		public string clusterName;
+		public string ns;
+		public string set;
+		public bool useServicesAlternate;
+		public string tlsName;
+		public TlsPolicy tlsPolicy;
+		public AuthMode authMode;
+		public bool singleBin;
+		public bool enterprise;
+
+		public Args()
+		{
+			Log.Disable();
+
+			var builder = new ConfigurationBuilder().AddJsonFile("settings.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: true);
+			IConfigurationRoot section = builder.Build();
+
+			port = int.Parse(section.GetSection("Port").Value);
+			clusterName = section.GetSection("ClusterName").Value;
+			user = section.GetSection("User").Value;
+			password = section.GetSection("Password").Value;
+			timeout = int.Parse(section.GetSection("Timeout").Value);
+			ns = section.GetSection("Namespace").Value;
+			set = section.GetSection("Set").Value;
+			authMode = (AuthMode)Enum.Parse(typeof(AuthMode), section.GetSection("AuthMode").Value, true);
+			useServicesAlternate = bool.Parse(section.GetSection("UseServicesAlternate").Value);
+
+			bool tlsEnable = bool.Parse(section.GetSection("TlsEnable").Value);
+
+			if (tlsEnable)
+			{
+				tlsName = section.GetSection("TlsName").Value;
+				tlsPolicy = new TlsPolicy(
+					section.GetSection("TlsProtocols").Value,
+					section.GetSection("TlsRevoke").Value,
+					section.GetSection("TlsClientCertFile").Value,
+					bool.Parse(section.GetSection("TlsLoginOnly").Value)
+					);
+			}
+
+			var hostName = section.GetSection("Host").Value;
+			if (hostName == null || hostName == String.Empty)
+			{
+				hosts = null;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+				hosts = Host.ParseHosts(hostName, tlsName, port);
+			}
+		}
+
+		public void Connect()
+		{
+			ConnectSync();
+			ConnectAsync();
+		}
+
+		private void ConnectSync()
+		{
+			ClientPolicy policy = new ClientPolicy();
+			policy.clusterName = clusterName;
+			policy.tlsPolicy = tlsPolicy;
+			policy.authMode = authMode;
+			policy.timeout = timeout;
+			policy.useServicesAlternate = useServicesAlternate;
+
+			if (user != null && user.Length > 0)
+			{
+				policy.user = user;
+				policy.password = password;
+			}
+
+			client = new AerospikeClient(policy, hosts);
+
+			//Example of how to enable metrics
+			//client.EnableMetrics(new MetricsPolicy());
+
+			try
+			{
+				SetServerSpecific();
+			}
+			catch
+			{
+				client.Close();
+				client = null;
+				throw;
+			}
+		}
+
+		private void ConnectAsync()
+		{
+			AsyncClientPolicy policy = new AsyncClientPolicy();
+			policy.clusterName = clusterName;
+			policy.tlsPolicy = tlsPolicy;
+			policy.authMode = authMode;
+			policy.asyncMaxCommands = 300;
+			policy.timeout = timeout;
+			policy.useServicesAlternate = useServicesAlternate;
+
+			if (user != null && user.Length > 0)
+			{
+				policy.user = user;
+				policy.password = password;
+			}
+
+			asyncClient = new AsyncClient(policy, hosts);
+
+			// Example of how to enable metrics
+			//asyncClient.EnableMetrics(new MetricsPolicy());
+		}
+
+		private void SetServerSpecific()
+		{
+			Node node = client.Nodes[0];
+			string namespaceFilter = "namespace/" + ns;
+			Dictionary<string, string> map = Info.Request(null, node, "edition", namespaceFilter);
+
+			string edition = map["edition"];
+			enterprise = edition.Equals("Aerospike Enterprise Edition");
+
+			string namespaceTokens = map[namespaceFilter];
+
+			if (namespaceTokens == null)
+			{
+				throw new Exception(string.Format("Failed to get namespace info: host={0} namespace={1}", node, ns));
+			}
+
+			singleBin = ParseBoolean(namespaceTokens, "single-bin");
+		}
+
+		private static bool ParseBoolean(String namespaceTokens, String name)
+		{
+			string search = name + '=';
+			int begin = namespaceTokens.IndexOf(search);
+
+			if (begin < 0)
+			{
+				return false;
+			}
+
+			begin += search.Length;
+			int end = namespaceTokens.IndexOf(';', begin);
+
+			if (end < 0)
+			{
+				end = namespaceTokens.Length;
+			}
+
+			string value = namespaceTokens.Substring(begin, end - begin);
+			return Convert.ToBoolean(value);
+		}
+
+		public string GetBinName(string name)
+		{
+			// Single bin servers don't need a bin name.
+			return singleBin ? "" : name;
+		}
+
+		public void Close()
+		{
+			if (client != null)
+			{
+				client.Close();
+				client = null;
+			}
+
+			if (asyncClient != null)
+			{
+				asyncClient.Close();
+				asyncClient = null;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeTest/Async/TestAsync.cs b/AerospikeTest/Async/TestAsync.cs
index b6e4b6fe..7a638a32 100644
--- a/AerospikeTest/Async/TestAsync.cs
+++ b/AerospikeTest/Async/TestAsync.cs
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
  */
 using Aerospike.Client;
 using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using System;
 
 namespace Aerospike.Test
 {
@@ -79,6 +80,30 @@ public bool AssertBinEqual(Key key, Record record, string binName, int expected)
 			return true;
 		}
 
+		public bool AssertBatchEqual(Key[] keys, Record[] recs, String binName, int expected)
+		{
+			for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
+			{
+				Key key = keys[i];
+				Record rec = recs[i];
+
+				if (rec == null)
+				{
+					monitor.SetError(new Exception("recs[" + i + "] is null"));
+					return false;
+				}
+
+				int received = rec.GetInt(binName);
+
+				if (expected != received)
+				{
+					monitor.SetError(new Exception("Data mismatch: Expected " + expected + ". Received[" + i + "] " + received));
+					return false;
+				}
+			}
+			return true;
+		}
+
 		public bool AssertRecordFound(Key key, Record record)
 		{
 			if (record == null)
@@ -89,6 +114,16 @@ public bool AssertRecordFound(Key key, Record record)
 			return true;
 		}
 
+		public bool AssertRecordNotFound(Key key, Record record)
+		{
+			if (record != null)
+			{
+				monitor.SetError(new Exception("Record should not exist: namespace=" + args.ns + " set=" + args.set + " key=" + key.userKey));
+				return false;
+			}
+			return true;
+		}
+
 		public bool AssertBetween(long begin, long end, long value)
 		{
 			if (!(value >= begin && value <= end))
diff --git a/AerospikeTest/Async/TestAsyncTxn.cs b/AerospikeTest/Async/TestAsyncTxn.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..af397f37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeTest/Async/TestAsyncTxn.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,1155 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2018 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using Aerospike.Client;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Text;
+using static Aerospike.Client.CommitStatus;
+using static Aerospike.Client.AbortStatus;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Test
+{
+	[TestClass]
+	public class TestAsyncTxn : TestAsync
+	{
+		private static readonly string binName = "bin";
+
+		[ClassInitialize()]
+		public static void Prepare(TestContext testContext)
+		{
+			Assembly assembly = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly();
+			RegisterTask task = client.Register(null, assembly, "Aerospike.Test.LuaResources.record_example.lua", "record_example.lua", Language.LUA);
+			task.Wait();
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnWrite()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnWrite");
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			var cmds = new Runner[] 
+			{
+				new Put(null, key, "val1"),
+				new Put(txn, key, "val2"),
+				new Commit(txn),
+				new GetExpect(null, key, "val2")
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnWriteTwice()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnWriteTwice");
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			var cmds = new Runner[] 
+			{
+				new Put(txn, key, "val1"),
+				new Put(txn, key, "val2"),
+				new Commit(txn),
+				new GetExpect(null, key, "val2")
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnWriteBlock()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnWriteBlock");
+			Txn txn = new();
+			
+			var cmds = new Runner[] 
+			{
+				new Put(null, key, "val1"),
+				new Put(txn, key, "val2"),
+				new Put(null, key, "val3", ResultCode.MRT_BLOCKED), // Should be blocked
+				new Commit(txn),
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnWriteRead()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnWriteRead");
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			var cmds = new Runner[] 
+			{
+				new Put(null, key, "val1"),
+				new Put(txn, key, "val2"),
+				new GetExpect(null, key, "val1"),
+				new Commit(txn),
+				new GetExpect(null, key, "val2")
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnWriteAbort()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnWriteAbort");
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			var cmds = new Runner[] 
+			{
+				new Put(null, key, "val1"),
+				new Put(txn, key, "val2"),
+				new GetExpect(txn, key, "val2"),
+				new Abort(txn),
+				new GetExpect(null, key, "val1")
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnDelete()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnDelete");
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			var cmds = new Runner[] 
+			{
+				new Put(null, key, "val1"),
+				new Delete(txn, key),
+				new Commit(txn),
+				new GetExpect(null, key, null)
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnDeleteAbort()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnDeleteAbort");
+			Txn txn = new();
+			
+			var cmds = new Runner[] 
+			{
+				new Put(null, key, "val1"),
+				new Delete(txn, key),
+				new Abort(txn),
+				new GetExpect(null, key, "val1")
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnDeleteTwice()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnDeleteTwice");
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			var cmds = new Runner[] 
+			{
+				new Put(null, key, "val1"),
+				new Delete(txn, key),
+				new Delete(txn, key),
+				new Commit(txn),
+				new GetExpect(null, key, null)
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnTouch()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnTouch");
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			var cmds = new Runner[] 
+			{
+				new Put(null, key, "val1"),
+				new Touch(txn, key),
+				new Commit(txn),
+				new GetExpect(null, key, "val1")
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnTouchAbort()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnTouchAbort");
+			Txn txn = new();
+			
+			var cmds = new Runner[] 
+			{
+				new Put(null, key, "val1"),
+				new Touch(txn, key),
+				new Abort(txn),
+				new GetExpect(null, key, "val1")
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnOperateWrite()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnOperateWrite3");
+			Txn txn = new();
+			Bin bin2 = new("bin2", "bal1");
+
+			var cmds = new Runner[] 
+			{
+				new Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"), bin2),
+				new OperateExpect(txn, key,
+					bin2,
+					Operation.Put(new Bin(binName, "val2")),
+					Operation.Get(bin2.name)
+				),
+				new Commit(txn),
+				new GetExpect(null, key, "val2")
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnOperateWriteAbort()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnOperateWriteAbort");
+			Txn txn = new();
+			Bin bin2 = new("bin2", "bal1");
+			
+			var cmds = new Runner[] 
+			{
+				new Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"), bin2),
+				new OperateExpect(txn, key,
+					bin2,
+					Operation.Put(new Bin(binName, "val2")),
+					Operation.Get(bin2.name)
+				),
+				new Abort(txn),
+				new GetExpect(null, key, "val1")
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnUDF()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnUDF");
+			Txn txn = new();
+			Bin bin2 = new("bin2", "bal1");
+			
+			var cmds = new Runner[] 
+			{
+				new Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"), bin2),
+				new UDF(txn, key, "record_example", "writeBin", Value.Get(binName), Value.Get("val2")),
+				new Commit(txn),
+				new GetExpect(null, key, "val2")
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnUDFAbort()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnUDFAbort");
+			Txn txn = new();
+			Bin bin2 = new("bin2", "bal1");
+			
+			var cmds = new Runner[] 
+			{
+				new Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"), bin2),
+				new UDF(txn, key, "record_example", "writeBin", Value.Get(binName), Value.Get("val2")),
+				new Abort(txn),
+				new GetExpect(null, key, "val1")
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnBatch()
+		{
+			Key[] keys = new Key[10];
+			Bin bin = new(binName, 1);
+			
+			for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
+			{
+				Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnBatch" + i);
+				keys[i] = key;
+
+				client.Put(null, key, bin);
+			}
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+			bin = new(binName, 2);
+
+			var cmds = new Runner[] 
+			{
+				new BatchGetExpect(null, keys, 1),
+				new BatchOperate(txn, keys, Operation.Put(bin)),
+				new Commit(txn),
+				new BatchGetExpect(null, keys, 2),
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnBatchAbort()
+		{
+			var keys = new Key[10];
+			Bin bin = new(binName, 1);
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
+			{
+				Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnBatch" + i);
+				keys[i] = key;
+
+				client.Put(null, key, bin);
+			}
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+			bin = new Bin(binName, 2);
+
+			var cmds = new Runner[] 
+			{
+				new BatchGetExpect(null, keys, 1),
+				new BatchOperate(txn, keys, Operation.Put(bin)),
+				new Abort(txn),
+				new BatchGetExpect(null, keys, 1),
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnWriteCommitAbort()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnCommitAbort");
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			var cmds = new Runner[]
+			{
+				new Put(null, key, "val1"),
+				new Put(txn, key, "val2"),
+				new Commit(txn),
+				new GetExpect(null, key, "val2"),
+				new Abort(txn, AbortStatus.AbortStatusType.ALREADY_COMMITTED)
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnWriteReadTwoTxn()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnWriteReadTwoTxn");
+			Txn txn1 = new();
+			Txn txn2 = new();
+
+			var cmds = new Runner[]
+			{
+				new Put(null, key, "val1"),
+				new GetExpect(txn1, key, "val1"),
+				new GetExpect(txn2, key, "val1"),
+				new Commit(txn1),
+				new Commit(txn2),
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnLUTCommit() // Test Case 38
+		{
+			Key key1 = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnLUTCommit1");
+			Key key2 = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnLUTCommit2");
+			Key key3 = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnLUTCommit3");
+			Txn txn = new(); // T1
+
+			var cmds = new Runner[]
+			{
+				new Delete(null, key1), // Prep
+				new Delete(null, key2),
+				new Delete(null, key3),
+				new Put(txn, key1, "val1"), // T1
+				new GetExpect(txn, key1, "val1", 1), // T2
+				new Put(txn, key1, "val11"), // T3
+				new GetExpect(txn, key1, "val11", 2), // T4
+				new Put(null, key2, "val1"), // T5
+				new GetExpect(txn, key2, "val1", 1), // T6
+				new Put(txn, key2, "val11"), // T7
+				new GetExpect(txn, key2, "val11", 2), // T8
+				new Put(txn, key3, "val1"), // T9
+				new GetExpect(txn, key3, "val1", 1), // T10
+				new Commit(txn), // T11
+				new GetExpect(null, key1, "val11", 3), // T12
+				new GetExpect(null, key2, "val11", 3),
+				new GetExpect(null, key3, "val1", 2)
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void AsyncTxnWriteAfterCommit()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "asyncTxnWriteAfter");
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			var cmds = new Runner[]
+			{
+				new Put(txn, key, "val1"),
+				new Commit(txn),
+				new Sleep(1000),
+				new Put(txn, key, "val1", ResultCode.MRT_EXPIRED),
+			};
+
+			Execute(cmds);
+		}
+
+		private void Execute(Runner[] cmdArray) 
+		{
+			Cmds a = new(this, cmdArray);
+			a.RunNext();
+			WaitTillComplete();
+		}
+
+		private void OnError(Exception e) 
+		{
+			SetError(e);
+			NotifyCompleted();
+		}
+
+		private void OnError(Exception e, int expectedResult)
+		{
+			if (e is AerospikeException ae)
+			{
+				if (ae.Result == expectedResult)
+				{
+					NotifyCompleted();
+					return;
+				}
+			}
+
+			OnError(e);
+		}
+
+		private void OnError() 
+		{
+			// Error is located in monitor instance which is checked in waitTillComplete();
+			NotifyCompleted();
+		}
+
+		private class Cmds : Listener 
+		{
+			private readonly TestAsyncTxn parent;
+			readonly Runner[] cmds;
+			int idx;
+
+			public Cmds(TestAsyncTxn parent, Runner[] cmds) 
+			{
+				this.parent = parent;
+				this.cmds = cmds;
+				this.idx = -1;
+			}
+
+			public void RunNext() 
+			{
+				if (++idx == cmds.Length) 
+				{
+					parent.NotifyCompleted();
+					return;
+				}
+
+				try 
+				{
+					cmds[idx].Run(parent, this);
+				}
+				catch (Exception e) 
+				{
+					parent.OnError(e);
+				}
+			}
+
+			public void OnSuccess() 
+			{
+				RunNext();
+			}
+
+			public void OnFailure() 
+			{
+				parent.OnError();
+			}
+
+			public void OnFailure(Exception e) 
+			{
+				parent.OnError(e);
+			}
+
+			public void OnFailure(Exception e, int expectedResult)
+			{
+				parent.OnError(e, expectedResult);
+			}
+		}
+
+		public class Commit : Runner
+		{
+			private readonly Txn txn;
+			private readonly bool throwsCommitException;
+
+			public Commit(Txn txn) 
+			{
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.throwsCommitException = false;
+			}
+
+			public Commit(Txn txn, bool throwsCommitException)
+			{
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.throwsCommitException = throwsCommitException;
+			}
+
+			public void Run(TestAsyncTxn parent, Listener listener) 
+			{
+				client.Commit(new CommitHandler(listener, throwsCommitException), txn);
+			}
+
+			private class CommitHandler : CommitListener
+			{
+				private readonly Listener listener;
+				private readonly bool throwsCommitException;
+
+				public CommitHandler(Listener listener, bool throwsCommitException)
+				{
+					this.listener = listener;
+					this.throwsCommitException = throwsCommitException;
+				}
+
+				public void OnSuccess(CommitStatusType status)
+				{
+					if (status == CommitStatusType.OK)
+					{
+						listener.OnSuccess();
+						return;
+					}
+					listener.OnFailure();
+				}
+
+				public void OnFailure(AerospikeException.Commit e)
+				{
+					if (throwsCommitException)
+					{
+						listener.OnSuccess();
+						return;
+					}
+					
+					listener.OnFailure(e);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		
+
+		public class Abort : Runner 
+		{
+			private readonly Txn txn;
+			private readonly AbortStatusType status;
+
+			public Abort(Txn txn) 
+			{
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.status = AbortStatusType.OK;
+			}
+
+			public Abort(Txn txn, AbortStatusType abortStatus)
+			{
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.status = abortStatus;
+			}
+
+			public void Run(TestAsyncTxn parent, Listener listener) 
+			{
+				client.Abort(new AbortHandler(listener, status), txn);
+			}
+			
+			private class AbortHandler : AbortListener
+			{
+				private readonly Listener listener;
+				private readonly AbortStatusType status;
+
+				public AbortHandler(Listener listener, AbortStatusType status)
+				{
+					this.listener = listener;
+					this.status = status;
+				}
+
+				public void OnSuccess(AbortStatusType status)
+				{
+					if (status == this.status)
+					{
+						listener.OnSuccess();
+						return;
+					}
+					listener.OnFailure();
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		public class Put : Runner
+		{
+			private readonly Txn txn;
+			private readonly Key key;
+			private readonly Bin[] bins;
+			private readonly int expectedResult = 0;
+
+			public Put(Txn txn, Key key, string val)
+			{
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.key = key;
+				this.bins = new Bin[] { new(binName, val)};
+			}
+
+			public Put(Txn txn, Key key, string val, int expectedResult)
+			{
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.key = key;
+				this.bins = new Bin[] { new(binName, val) };
+				this.expectedResult = expectedResult;
+			}
+
+			public Put(Txn txn, Key key, params Bin[] bins)
+			{
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.key = key;
+				this.bins = bins;
+			}
+
+			public void Run(TestAsyncTxn parent, Listener listener)
+			{
+				WritePolicy wp = null;
+				if (txn != null)
+				{
+					wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+					wp.Txn = txn;
+				}
+				client.Put(wp, new PutHandler(listener, expectedResult), key, bins);
+			}
+
+			private class PutHandler : WriteListener
+			{
+				private readonly Listener listener;
+				private readonly int expectedResult;
+
+				public PutHandler(Listener listener, int expectedResult)
+				{
+					this.listener = listener;
+					this.expectedResult = expectedResult;
+				}
+
+				public void OnSuccess(Key key)
+				{
+					listener.OnSuccess();
+				}
+
+				public void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+				{
+					if (expectedResult != 0)
+					{
+						listener.OnFailure(e, expectedResult);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						listener.OnFailure(e);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		public class GetExpect : Runner
+		{
+			private readonly Txn txn;
+			private readonly Key key;
+			private readonly string expect;
+			private readonly int generation;
+
+			public GetExpect(Txn txn, Key key, string expect)
+			{
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.key = key;
+				this.expect = expect;
+				generation = 0; // Do not check generation
+			}
+
+			public GetExpect(Txn txn, Key key, string expect, int generation)
+			{
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.key = key;
+				this.expect = expect;
+				this.generation = generation;
+			}
+
+			public void Run(TestAsyncTxn parent, Listener listener)
+			{
+				Policy p = null;
+
+				if (txn != null) 
+				{
+					p = client.ReadPolicyDefault.Clone();
+					p.Txn = txn;
+				}
+				client.Get(p, new GetExpectHandler(parent, listener, expect, generation), key);
+			}
+
+			private class GetExpectHandler : RecordListener
+			{
+				private readonly TestAsyncTxn parent;
+				private readonly Listener listener;
+				private string expect;
+				private int generation;
+
+				public GetExpectHandler(TestAsyncTxn parent, Listener listener, string expect, int generation)
+				{
+					this.parent = parent;
+					this.listener = listener;
+					this.expect = expect;
+					this.generation = generation;
+				}
+
+				public void OnSuccess(Key key, Record record)
+				{
+					if (generation != 0)
+					{
+						if (generation != record.generation)
+						{
+							listener.OnFailure(new AssertFailedException("Expected generation: " + generation + " but got: " + record.generation));
+						}
+					}
+					
+					if (expect != null)
+					{
+						if (parent.AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, expect))
+						{
+							listener.OnSuccess();
+						}
+						else
+						{
+							listener.OnFailure();
+						}
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						if (parent.AssertRecordNotFound(key, record))
+						{
+							listener.OnSuccess();
+						}
+						else
+						{
+							listener.OnFailure();
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				public void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+				{
+					listener.OnFailure(e);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		public class OperateExpect : Runner
+		{
+			private readonly Txn txn;
+			private readonly Key key;
+			private readonly Operation[] ops;
+			private readonly Bin? expect;
+
+			public OperateExpect(Txn txn, Key key, Bin? expect, params Operation[] ops) 
+			{
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.key = key;
+				this.expect = expect;
+				this.ops = ops;
+			}
+
+			public void Run(TestAsyncTxn parent, Listener listener)
+			{
+				WritePolicy wp = null;
+
+				if (txn != null) 
+				{
+					wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+					wp.Txn = txn;
+				}
+				client.Operate(wp, new OperateExpectHandler(parent, listener, expect), key, ops);
+			}
+
+			private class OperateExpectHandler : RecordListener
+			{
+				private readonly TestAsyncTxn parent;
+
+				private readonly Listener listener;
+				private Bin? expect;
+
+				public OperateExpectHandler(TestAsyncTxn parent, Listener listener, Bin? expect)
+				{
+					this.parent = parent;
+					this.listener = listener;
+					this.expect = expect;
+				}
+
+				public void OnSuccess(Key key, Record record)
+				{
+					if (expect != null)
+					{
+						if (parent.AssertBinEqual(key, record, expect?.name, expect?.value.Object))
+						{
+							listener.OnSuccess();
+						}
+						else
+						{
+							listener.OnFailure();
+						}
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						if (parent.AssertRecordNotFound(key, record))
+						{
+							listener.OnSuccess();
+						}
+						else
+						{
+							listener.OnFailure();
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				public void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+				{
+					listener.OnFailure(e);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		public class UDF : Runner
+		{
+			private readonly Txn txn;
+			private readonly Key key;
+			private readonly string packageName;
+			private readonly string functionName;
+			private readonly Value[] functionArgs;
+
+			public UDF(
+				Txn txn,
+				Key key,
+				string packageName,
+				string functionName,
+				params Value[] functionArgs
+			) {
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.key = key;
+				this.packageName = packageName;
+				this.functionName = functionName;
+				this.functionArgs = functionArgs;
+			}
+
+			public void Run(TestAsyncTxn parent, Listener listener)
+			{
+				WritePolicy wp = null;
+
+				if (txn != null) 
+				{
+					wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+					wp.Txn = txn;
+				}
+				client.Execute(wp, new UDFHandler(listener), key,  packageName, functionName, functionArgs);
+			}
+
+			private class UDFHandler : ExecuteListener
+			{
+				private readonly Listener listener;
+
+				public UDFHandler(Listener listener)
+				{
+					this.listener = listener;
+				}
+
+				public void OnSuccess(Key key, Object obj)
+				{
+					listener.OnSuccess();
+				}
+
+				public void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+				{
+					listener.OnFailure(e);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		public class BatchGetExpect : Runner
+		{
+			private readonly Txn txn;
+			private readonly Key[] keys;
+			private readonly int expected;
+
+			public BatchGetExpect(Txn txn, Key[] keys, int expected) 
+			{
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.keys = keys;
+				this.expected = expected;
+			}
+
+			public void Run(TestAsyncTxn parent, Listener listener)
+			{
+				BatchPolicy bp = null;
+
+				if (txn != null) {
+					bp = client.BatchPolicyDefault.Clone();
+					bp.Txn = txn;
+				}
+				client.Get(bp, new BatchGetExpectHandler(parent, listener, expected), keys);
+			}
+
+			private class BatchGetExpectHandler : RecordArrayListener
+			{
+				private readonly TestAsyncTxn parent;
+				private readonly Listener listener;
+				private readonly int expected;
+
+				public BatchGetExpectHandler(TestAsyncTxn parent, Listener listener, int expected)
+				{
+					this.parent = parent;
+					this.listener = listener;
+					this.expected = expected;
+				}
+
+				public void OnSuccess(Key[] keys, Record[] records)
+				{
+					if (parent.AssertBatchEqual(keys, records, binName, expected))
+					{
+						listener.OnSuccess();
+					}
+					else 
+					{ 
+						listener.OnFailure();
+					}
+				}
+
+				public void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+				{
+					listener.OnFailure(e);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		public class BatchOperate : Runner
+		{
+			private readonly Txn txn;
+			private readonly Key[] keys;
+			private readonly Operation[] ops;
+
+			public BatchOperate(Txn txn, Key[] keys, params Operation[] ops) 
+			{
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.keys = keys;
+				this.ops = ops;
+			}
+
+			public void Run(TestAsyncTxn parent, Listener listener)
+			{
+				BatchPolicy bp = null;
+
+				if (txn != null) 
+				{
+					bp = client.BatchParentPolicyWriteDefault.Clone();
+					bp.Txn = txn;
+				}
+				client.Operate(bp, null, new BatchOperateHandler(listener), keys, ops);
+			}
+
+			private class BatchOperateHandler : BatchRecordArrayListener
+			{
+				private Listener listener;
+
+				public BatchOperateHandler(Listener listener)
+				{
+					this.listener = listener;
+				}
+
+				public void OnSuccess(BatchRecord[] records, bool status)
+				{
+					if (status)
+					{
+						listener.OnSuccess();
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
+						sb.Append("Batch failed:");
+						sb.Append(System.Environment.NewLine);
+
+						foreach (BatchRecord br in records)
+						{
+							if (br.resultCode == 0)
+							{
+								sb.Append("Record: " + br.record);
+							}
+							else
+							{
+								sb.Append("ResultCode: " + br.resultCode);
+							}
+							sb.Append(System.Environment.NewLine);
+						}
+						listener.OnFailure(new AerospikeException(sb.ToString()));
+					}
+				}
+
+				public void OnFailure(BatchRecord[] records, AerospikeException e)
+				{
+					listener.OnFailure(e);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		public class Touch : Runner
+		{
+			private readonly Txn txn;
+			private readonly Key key;
+
+			public Touch(Txn txn, Key key) 
+			{
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.key = key;
+			}
+
+			public void Run(TestAsyncTxn parent, Listener listener)
+			{
+				WritePolicy wp = null;
+
+				if (txn != null) {
+					wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+					wp.Txn = txn;
+				}
+				client.Touch(wp, new TouchHandler(listener), key);
+			}
+
+			private class TouchHandler : WriteListener
+			{
+				private Listener listener;
+
+				public TouchHandler(Listener listener)
+				{
+					this.listener = listener;
+				}
+
+				public void OnSuccess(Key key)
+				{
+					listener.OnSuccess();
+				}
+
+				public void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+				{
+					listener.OnFailure(e);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		public class Delete : Runner
+		{
+			private readonly Txn txn;
+			private readonly Key key;
+
+			public Delete(Txn txn, Key key) 
+			{
+				this.txn = txn;
+				this.key = key;
+			}
+
+			public void Run(TestAsyncTxn parent, Listener listener)
+			{
+				WritePolicy wp = null;
+
+				if (txn != null) 
+				{
+					wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+					wp.Txn = txn;
+					wp.durableDelete = true;
+				}
+				client.Delete(wp, new DeleteHandler(listener), key);
+			}
+
+			private class DeleteHandler : DeleteListener
+			{
+				private Listener listener;
+
+				public DeleteHandler(Listener listener)
+				{
+					this.listener = listener;
+				}
+
+				public void OnSuccess(Key key, bool existed)
+				{
+					listener.OnSuccess();
+				}
+
+				public void OnFailure(AerospikeException e)
+				{
+					listener.OnFailure(e);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		public class Sleep : Runner
+		{
+			private readonly int sleepMillis;
+
+			public Sleep(int sleepMillis)
+			{
+				this.sleepMillis = sleepMillis;
+			}
+
+			public void Run(TestAsyncTxn parent, Listener listener)
+			{
+				Util.Sleep(sleepMillis);
+				parent.NotifyCompleted();
+			}
+		}
+
+		public interface Runner 
+		{
+			void Run(TestAsyncTxn parent, Listener listener);
+		}
+
+		public interface Listener 
+		{
+			void OnSuccess();
+			void OnFailure();
+			void OnFailure(Exception e);
+
+			void OnFailure(Exception e, int expectedResult);
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeTest/Sync/Basic/TestBatch.cs b/AerospikeTest/Sync/Basic/TestBatch.cs
index b3927f49..8540f119 100644
--- a/AerospikeTest/Sync/Basic/TestBatch.cs
+++ b/AerospikeTest/Sync/Basic/TestBatch.cs
@@ -1,491 +1,491 @@
-/* 
- * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
- *
- * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
- * license agreements.
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
- * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
- * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
- * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
- * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
- * the License.
- */
-using Aerospike.Client;
-using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
-using Neo.IronLua;
-using System;
-using System.Collections;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Reflection;
-using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
-using System.Runtime.Intrinsics.X86;
-using System.Security.Policy;
-using System.Text;
-
-namespace Aerospike.Test
-{
-	[TestClass]
-	public class TestBatch : TestSync
-	{
-		private const string BinName = "bbin";
-		private const string BinName2 = "bbin2";
-		private const string BinName3 = "bbin3";
-		private const string ListBin = "lbin";
-		private const string ListBin2 = "lbin2";
-		private const string KeyPrefix = "tbatkey";
-		private const string ValuePrefix = "batchvalue";
-		private const int Size = 8;
-
-		[ClassInitialize()]
-		public static void WriteRecords(TestContext testContext)
-		{
-			WritePolicy policy = new WritePolicy();
-			policy.expiration = 2592000;
-
-			for (int i = 1; i <= Size; i++)
-			{
-				Key key = new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + i);
-				Bin bin = new Bin(BinName, ValuePrefix + i);
-
-				List<int> list = new List<int>();
-
-				for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
-				{
-					list.Add(j * i);
-				}
-
-				List<int> list2 = new List<int>();
-
-				for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++)
-				{
-					list2.Add(j);
-				}
-
-				Bin listBin = new Bin(ListBin, list);
-				Bin listBin2 = new Bin(ListBin2, list2);
-
-				if (i != 6)
-				{
-					client.Put(policy, key, bin, listBin, listBin2);
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					client.Put(policy, key, new Bin(BinName, i), listBin, listBin2);
-				}
-			}
-
-			// Add records that will eventually be deleted.
-			client.Put(policy, new Key(args.ns, args.set, 10000), new Bin(BinName, 10000));
-			client.Put(policy, new Key(args.ns, args.set, 10001), new Bin(BinName, 10001));
-			client.Put(policy, new Key(args.ns, args.set, 10002), new Bin(BinName, 10002));
-		}
-
-		[TestMethod]
-		public void BatchExists()
-		{
-			Key[] keys = new Key[Size];
-			for (int i = 0; i < Size; i++)
-			{
-				keys[i] = new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + (i + 1));
-			}
-
-			bool[] existsArray = client.Exists(null, keys);
-			Assert.AreEqual(Size, existsArray.Length);
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < existsArray.Length; i++)
-			{
-				if (!existsArray[i])
-				{
-					Assert.Fail("Some batch records not found.");
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		[TestMethod]
-		public void BatchReads()
-		{
-			Key[] keys = new Key[Size];
-			for (int i = 0; i < Size; i++)
-			{
-				keys[i] = new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + (i + 1));
-			}
-
-			Record[] records = client.Get(null, keys, BinName);
-			Assert.AreEqual(Size, records.Length);
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < records.Length; i++)
-			{
-				Key key = keys[i];
-				Record record = records[i];
-
-				if (i != 5)
-				{
-					AssertBinEqual(key, record, BinName, ValuePrefix + (i + 1));
-				}
-				else
-				{
-					AssertBinEqual(key, record, BinName, i + 1);
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		[TestMethod]
-		public void BatchReadHeaders()
-		{
-			Key[] keys = new Key[Size];
-			for (int i = 0; i < Size; i++)
-			{
-				keys[i] = new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + (i + 1));
-			}
-
-			Record[] records = client.GetHeader(null, keys);
-			Assert.AreEqual(Size, records.Length);
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < records.Length; i++)
-			{
-				Key key = keys[i];
-				Record record = records[i];
-
-				AssertRecordFound(key, record);
-				Assert.AreNotEqual(0, record.generation);
-				// ttl can be zero if server default-ttl = 0.
-				//Assert.AreNotEqual(0, record.expiration);
-			}
-		}
-
-		[TestMethod]
-		public void BatchReadComplex()
-		{
-			// Batch allows multiple namespaces in one call, but example test environment may only have one namespace.
-
-			// bin * 8
-			Expression exp = Exp.Build(Exp.Mul(Exp.IntBin(BinName), Exp.Val(8)));
-			Operation[] ops = Operation.Array(ExpOperation.Read(BinName, exp, ExpReadFlags.DEFAULT));
-
-			string[] bins = new string[] { BinName };
-			List<BatchRead> records = new List<BatchRead>();
-			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 1), bins));
-			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 2), true));
-			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 3), true));
-			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 4), false));
-			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 5), true));
-			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 6), ops));
-			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 7), bins));
-
-			// This record should be found, but the requested bin will not be found.
-			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 8), new string[] { "binnotfound" }));
-
-			// This record should not be found.
-			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, "keynotfound"), bins));
-
-			// Execute batch.
-			client.Get(null, records);
-
-			AssertBatchBinEqual(records, BinName, 0);
-			AssertBatchBinEqual(records, BinName, 1);
-			AssertBatchBinEqual(records, BinName, 2);
-			AssertBatchRecordExists(records, BinName, 3);
-			AssertBatchBinEqual(records, BinName, 4);
-
-			BatchRead batch = records[5];
-			AssertRecordFound(batch.key, batch.record);
-			int v = batch.record.GetInt(BinName);
-			Assert.AreEqual(48, v);
-
-			AssertBatchBinEqual(records, BinName, 6);
-
-			batch = records[7];
-			AssertRecordFound(batch.key, batch.record);
-			object val = batch.record.GetValue("binnotfound");
-			if (val != null)
-			{
-				Assert.Fail("Unexpected batch bin value received");
-			}
-
-			batch = records[8];
-			if (batch.record != null)
-			{
-				Assert.Fail("Unexpected batch record received");
-			}
-		}
-
-		[TestMethod]
-		public void BatchListReadOperate()
-		{
-			Key[] keys = new Key[Size];
-			for (int i = 0; i < Size; i++)
-			{
-				keys[i] = new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + (i + 1));
-			}
-
-			Record[] records = client.Get(null, keys,
-				ListOperation.Size(ListBin),
-				ListOperation.GetByIndex(ListBin, -1, ListReturnType.VALUE));
-
-			Assert.AreEqual(Size, records.Length);
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < records.Length; i++)
-			{
-				Record record = records[i];
-				IList results = record.GetList(ListBin);
-				long size = (long)results[0];
-				long val = (long)results[1];
-
-				Assert.AreEqual(i + 1, size);
-				Assert.AreEqual(i * (i + 1), val);
-			}
-		}
-
-		[TestMethod]
-		public void BatchListWriteOperate()
-		{
-			Key[] keys = new Key[Size];
-			for (int i = 0; i < Size; i++)
-			{
-				keys[i] = new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + (i + 1));
-			}
-
-			// Add integer to list and get size and last element of list bin for all records.
-			BatchResults bresults = client.Operate(null, null, keys,
-				ListOperation.Insert(ListBin2, 0, Value.Get(1000)),
-				ListOperation.Size(ListBin2),
-				ListOperation.GetByIndex(ListBin2, -1, ListReturnType.VALUE)
-				);
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < bresults.records.Length; i++)
-			{
-				BatchRecord br = bresults.records[i];
-				Assert.AreEqual(0, br.resultCode);
-
-				IList results = br.record.GetList(ListBin2);
-				long size = (long)results[1];
-				long val = (long)results[2];
-
-				Assert.AreEqual(3, size);
-				Assert.AreEqual(1, val);
-			}
-		}
-
-		[TestMethod]
-		public void BatchOperateSendKey()
-		{
-			Key[] keys = new Key[3];
-			for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
-			{
-				keys[i] = new Key(args.ns, args.set, "sendkey" + i);
-			}
-
-			BatchWritePolicy batchWritePolicy = new()
-			{
-				sendKey = true
-			};
-
-			Operation[] ops = {
-				Operation.Put(new Bin("now", DateTime.Now.ToFileTime()))
-			};
-
-			client.Operate(null, batchWritePolicy, keys, ops);
-
-			Key myKey = new(args.ns, args.set, "sendkey2");
-			WritePolicy wp = new()
-			{
-				sendKey = true
-			};
-			
-			client.Put(wp, myKey, new Bin("name", "Andrew"));
-		}
-
-		[TestMethod]
-		public void BatchReadAllBins()
-		{
-			Key[] keys = new Key[Size];
-			for (int i = 0; i < Size; i++)
-			{
-				keys[i] = new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + (i + 1));
-			}
-
-			Bin bin = new Bin("bin5", "NewValue");
-
-			BatchResults bresults = client.Operate(null, null, keys,
-				Operation.Put(bin),
-				Operation.Get()
-				);
-
-			for (int i = 0; i < bresults.records.Length; i++)
-			{
-				BatchRecord br = bresults.records[i];
-				Assert.AreEqual(0, br.resultCode);
-
-				Record r = br.record;
-
-				string s = r.GetString(bin.name);
-				Assert.AreEqual("NewValue", s);
-
-				object obj = r.GetValue(BinName);
-				Assert.IsNotNull(obj);
-			}
-		}
-
-		[TestMethod]
-		public void BatchWriteComplex()
-		{
-			Expression wexp1 = Exp.Build(Exp.Add(Exp.IntBin(BinName), Exp.Val(1000)));
-
-			Operation[] wops1 = Operation.Array(Operation.Put(new Bin(BinName2, 100)));
-			Operation[] wops2 = Operation.Array(ExpOperation.Write(BinName3, wexp1, ExpWriteFlags.DEFAULT));
-			Operation[] rops1 = Operation.Array(Operation.Get(BinName2));
-			Operation[] rops2 = Operation.Array(Operation.Get(BinName3));
-
-			BatchWritePolicy wp = new BatchWritePolicy();
-			wp.sendKey = true;
-
-			BatchWrite bw1 = new BatchWrite(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 1), wops1);
-			BatchWrite bw2 = new BatchWrite(new Key("invalid", args.set, KeyPrefix + 1), wops1);
-			BatchWrite bw3 = new BatchWrite(wp, new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 6), wops2);
-			BatchDelete bd1 = new BatchDelete(new Key(args.ns, args.set, 10002));
-
-			List<BatchRecord> records = new List<BatchRecord>();
-			records.Add(bw1);
-			records.Add(bw2);
-			records.Add(bw3);
-			records.Add(bd1);
-
-			bool status = client.Operate(null, records);
-
-			Assert.IsFalse(status); // "invalid" namespace triggers the false status.
-			Assert.AreEqual(0, bw1.resultCode);
-			AssertBinEqual(bw1.key, bw1.record, BinName2, 0);
-			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.INVALID_NAMESPACE, bw2.resultCode);
-			Assert.AreEqual(0, bw3.resultCode);
-			AssertBinEqual(bw3.key, bw3.record, BinName3, 0);
-			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.OK, bd1.resultCode);
-
-			BatchRead br1 = new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 1), rops1);
-			BatchRead br2 = new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 6), rops2);
-			BatchRead br3 = new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, 10002), true);
-
-			records.Clear();
-			records.Add(br1);
-			records.Add(br2);
-			records.Add(br3);
-
-			status = client.Operate(null, records);
-
-			Assert.IsFalse(status); // Read of deleted record causes status to be false.
-			AssertBinEqual(br1.key, br1.record, BinName2, 100);
-			AssertBinEqual(br2.key, br2.record, BinName3, 1006);
-			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR, br3.resultCode);
-		}
-
-		[TestMethod]
-		public void BatchDelete()
-		{
-			// Define keys
-			Key[] keys = new Key[] { new Key(args.ns, args.set, 10000), new Key(args.ns, args.set, 10001) };
-
-			// Ensure keys exists
-			bool[] exists = client.Exists(null, keys);
-			Assert.IsTrue(exists[0]);
-			Assert.IsTrue(exists[1]);
-
-			// Delete keys
-			BatchResults br = client.Delete(null, null, keys);
-			Assert.IsTrue(br.status);
-
-			// Ensure keys do not exist
-			exists = client.Exists(null, keys);
-			Assert.IsFalse(exists[0]);
-			Assert.IsFalse(exists[1]);
-		}
-
-		[TestMethod]
-		public void BatchReadTTL()
-		{
-			// WARNING: This test takes a long time to run due to sleeps.
-			// Define keys
-			Key key1 = new(args.ns, args.set, 88888);
-			Key key2 = new(args.ns, args.set, 88889);
-
-			// Write keys with ttl.
-			BatchWritePolicy bwp = new()
-			{
-				expiration = 10
-			};
-			Key[] keys = new Key[] { key1, key2 };
-			client.Operate(null, bwp, keys, Operation.Put(new Bin("a", 1)));
-
-			// Read records before they expire and reset read ttl on one record.
-			Util.Sleep(8000);
-			BatchReadPolicy brp1 = new()
-			{
-				readTouchTtlPercent = 80
-			};
-
-			BatchReadPolicy brp2 = new()
-			{
-				readTouchTtlPercent = -1
-			};
-
-			BatchRead br1 = new(brp1, key1, new String[] { "a" });
-			BatchRead br2 = new(brp2, key2, new String[] { "a" });
-
-			List<BatchRecord> list = new()
-				{
-					br1,
-					br2
-				};
-
-			bool rv = client.Operate(null, list);
-
-			Assert.IsTrue(rv);
-			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.OK, br1.resultCode);
-			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.OK, br2.resultCode);
-
-			// Read records again, but don't reset read ttl.
-			Util.Sleep(3000);
-			brp1.readTouchTtlPercent = -1;
-			brp2.readTouchTtlPercent = -1;
-
-			br1 = new BatchRead(brp1, key1, new String[] { "a" });
-			br2 = new BatchRead(brp2, key2, new String[] { "a" });
-
-			list.Clear();
-			list.Add(br1);
-			list.Add(br2);
-
-			rv = client.Operate(null, list);
-
-			// Key 2 should have expired.
-			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.OK, br1.resultCode);
-			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR, br2.resultCode);
-			Assert.IsFalse(rv);
-
-			// Read  record after it expires, showing it's gone.
-			Util.Sleep(8000);
-			rv = client.Operate(null, list);
-			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR, br1.resultCode);
-			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR, br2.resultCode);
-			Assert.IsFalse(rv);
-		}
-
-
-		private void AssertBatchBinEqual(List<BatchRead> list, string binName, int i)
-		{
-			BatchRead batch = list[i];
-			AssertBinEqual(batch.key, batch.record, binName, ValuePrefix + (i + 1));
-		}
-
-		private void AssertBatchRecordExists(List<BatchRead> list, string binName, int i)
-		{
-			BatchRead batch = list[i];
-			AssertRecordFound(batch.key, batch.record);
-			Assert.AreNotEqual(0, batch.record.generation);
-			// ttl can be zero if server default-ttl = 0.
-			// Assert.AreNotEqual(0, batch.record.expiration);
-		}
-	}
-}
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2024 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using Aerospike.Client;
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using Neo.IronLua;
+using System;
+using System.Collections;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
+using System.Runtime.Intrinsics.X86;
+using System.Security.Policy;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Test
+{
+	[TestClass]
+	public class TestBatch : TestSync
+	{
+		private const string BinName = "bbin";
+		private const string BinName2 = "bbin2";
+		private const string BinName3 = "bbin3";
+		private const string ListBin = "lbin";
+		private const string ListBin2 = "lbin2";
+		private const string KeyPrefix = "tbatkey";
+		private const string ValuePrefix = "batchvalue";
+		private const int Size = 8;
+
+		[ClassInitialize()]
+		public static void WriteRecords(TestContext testContext)
+		{
+			WritePolicy policy = new WritePolicy();
+			policy.expiration = 2592000;
+
+			for (int i = 1; i <= Size; i++)
+			{
+				Key key = new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + i);
+				Bin bin = new Bin(BinName, ValuePrefix + i);
+
+				List<int> list = new List<int>();
+
+				for (int j = 0; j < i; j++)
+				{
+					list.Add(j * i);
+				}
+
+				List<int> list2 = new List<int>();
+
+				for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++)
+				{
+					list2.Add(j);
+				}
+
+				Bin listBin = new Bin(ListBin, list);
+				Bin listBin2 = new Bin(ListBin2, list2);
+
+				if (i != 6)
+				{
+					client.Put(policy, key, bin, listBin, listBin2);
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					client.Put(policy, key, new Bin(BinName, i), listBin, listBin2);
+				}
+			}
+
+			// Add records that will eventually be deleted.
+			client.Put(policy, new Key(args.ns, args.set, 10000), new Bin(BinName, 10000));
+			client.Put(policy, new Key(args.ns, args.set, 10001), new Bin(BinName, 10001));
+			client.Put(policy, new Key(args.ns, args.set, 10002), new Bin(BinName, 10002));
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BatchExists()
+		{
+			Key[] keys = new Key[Size];
+			for (int i = 0; i < Size; i++)
+			{
+				keys[i] = new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + (i + 1));
+			}
+
+			bool[] existsArray = client.Exists(null, keys);
+			Assert.AreEqual(Size, existsArray.Length);
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < existsArray.Length; i++)
+			{
+				if (!existsArray[i])
+				{
+					Assert.Fail("Some batch records not found.");
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BatchReads()
+		{
+			Key[] keys = new Key[Size];
+			for (int i = 0; i < Size; i++)
+			{
+				keys[i] = new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + (i + 1));
+			}
+
+			Record[] records = client.Get(null, keys, BinName);
+			Assert.AreEqual(Size, records.Length);
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < records.Length; i++)
+			{
+				Key key = keys[i];
+				Record record = records[i];
+
+				if (i != 5)
+				{
+					AssertBinEqual(key, record, BinName, ValuePrefix + (i + 1));
+				}
+				else
+				{
+					AssertBinEqual(key, record, BinName, i + 1);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BatchReadHeaders()
+		{
+			Key[] keys = new Key[Size];
+			for (int i = 0; i < Size; i++)
+			{
+				keys[i] = new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + (i + 1));
+			}
+
+			Record[] records = client.GetHeader(null, keys);
+			Assert.AreEqual(Size, records.Length);
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < records.Length; i++)
+			{
+				Key key = keys[i];
+				Record record = records[i];
+
+				AssertRecordFound(key, record);
+				Assert.AreNotEqual(0, record.generation);
+				// ttl can be zero if server default-ttl = 0.
+				//Assert.AreNotEqual(0, record.expiration);
+			}
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BatchReadComplex()
+		{
+			// Batch allows multiple namespaces in one call, but example test environment may only have one namespace.
+
+			// bin * 8
+			Expression exp = Exp.Build(Exp.Mul(Exp.IntBin(BinName), Exp.Val(8)));
+			Operation[] ops = Operation.Array(ExpOperation.Read(BinName, exp, ExpReadFlags.DEFAULT));
+
+			string[] bins = new string[] { BinName };
+			List<BatchRead> records = new List<BatchRead>();
+			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 1), bins));
+			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 2), true));
+			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 3), true));
+			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 4), false));
+			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 5), true));
+			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 6), ops));
+			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 7), bins));
+
+			// This record should be found, but the requested bin will not be found.
+			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 8), new string[] { "binnotfound" }));
+
+			// This record should not be found.
+			records.Add(new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, "keynotfound"), bins));
+
+			// Execute batch.
+			client.Get(null, records);
+
+			AssertBatchBinEqual(records, BinName, 0);
+			AssertBatchBinEqual(records, BinName, 1);
+			AssertBatchBinEqual(records, BinName, 2);
+			AssertBatchRecordExists(records, BinName, 3);
+			AssertBatchBinEqual(records, BinName, 4);
+
+			BatchRead batch = records[5];
+			AssertRecordFound(batch.key, batch.record);
+			int v = batch.record.GetInt(BinName);
+			Assert.AreEqual(48, v);
+
+			AssertBatchBinEqual(records, BinName, 6);
+
+			batch = records[7];
+			AssertRecordFound(batch.key, batch.record);
+			object val = batch.record.GetValue("binnotfound");
+			if (val != null)
+			{
+				Assert.Fail("Unexpected batch bin value received");
+			}
+
+			batch = records[8];
+			if (batch.record != null)
+			{
+				Assert.Fail("Unexpected batch record received");
+			}
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BatchListReadOperate()
+		{
+			Key[] keys = new Key[Size];
+			for (int i = 0; i < Size; i++)
+			{
+				keys[i] = new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + (i + 1));
+			}
+
+			Record[] records = client.Get(null, keys,
+				ListOperation.Size(ListBin),
+				ListOperation.GetByIndex(ListBin, -1, ListReturnType.VALUE));
+
+			Assert.AreEqual(Size, records.Length);
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < records.Length; i++)
+			{
+				Record record = records[i];
+				IList results = record.GetList(ListBin);
+				long size = (long)results[0];
+				long val = (long)results[1];
+
+				Assert.AreEqual(i + 1, size);
+				Assert.AreEqual(i * (i + 1), val);
+			}
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BatchListWriteOperate()
+		{
+			Key[] keys = new Key[Size];
+			for (int i = 0; i < Size; i++)
+			{
+				keys[i] = new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + (i + 1));
+			}
+
+			// Add integer to list and get size and last element of list bin for all records.
+			BatchResults bresults = client.Operate(null, null, keys,
+				ListOperation.Insert(ListBin2, 0, Value.Get(1000)),
+				ListOperation.Size(ListBin2),
+				ListOperation.GetByIndex(ListBin2, -1, ListReturnType.VALUE)
+				);
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < bresults.records.Length; i++)
+			{
+				BatchRecord br = bresults.records[i];
+				Assert.AreEqual(0, br.resultCode);
+
+				IList results = br.record.GetList(ListBin2);
+				long size = (long)results[1];
+				long val = (long)results[2];
+
+				Assert.AreEqual(3, size);
+				Assert.AreEqual(1, val);
+			}
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BatchOperateSendKey()
+		{
+			Key[] keys = new Key[3];
+			for (int i = 0; i < 3; i++)
+			{
+				keys[i] = new Key(args.ns, args.set, "sendkey" + i);
+			}
+
+			BatchWritePolicy batchWritePolicy = new()
+			{
+				sendKey = true
+			};
+
+			Operation[] ops = {
+				Operation.Put(new Bin("now", DateTime.Now.ToFileTime()))
+			};
+
+			client.Operate(null, batchWritePolicy, keys, ops);
+
+			Key myKey = new(args.ns, args.set, "sendkey2");
+			WritePolicy wp = new()
+			{
+				sendKey = true
+			};
+			
+			client.Put(wp, myKey, new Bin("name", "Andrew"));
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BatchReadAllBins()
+		{
+			Key[] keys = new Key[Size];
+			for (int i = 0; i < Size; i++)
+			{
+				keys[i] = new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + (i + 1));
+			}
+
+			Bin bin = new Bin("bin5", "NewValue");
+
+			BatchResults bresults = client.Operate(null, null, keys,
+				Operation.Put(bin),
+				Operation.Get()
+				);
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < bresults.records.Length; i++)
+			{
+				BatchRecord br = bresults.records[i];
+				Assert.AreEqual(0, br.resultCode);
+
+				Record r = br.record;
+
+				string s = r.GetString(bin.name);
+				Assert.AreEqual("NewValue", s);
+
+				object obj = r.GetValue(BinName);
+				Assert.IsNotNull(obj);
+			}
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BatchWriteComplex()
+		{
+			Expression wexp1 = Exp.Build(Exp.Add(Exp.IntBin(BinName), Exp.Val(1000)));
+
+			Operation[] wops1 = Operation.Array(Operation.Put(new Bin(BinName2, 100)));
+			Operation[] wops2 = Operation.Array(ExpOperation.Write(BinName3, wexp1, ExpWriteFlags.DEFAULT));
+			Operation[] rops1 = Operation.Array(Operation.Get(BinName2));
+			Operation[] rops2 = Operation.Array(Operation.Get(BinName3));
+
+			BatchWritePolicy wp = new BatchWritePolicy();
+			wp.sendKey = true;
+
+			BatchWrite bw1 = new BatchWrite(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 1), wops1);
+			BatchWrite bw2 = new BatchWrite(new Key("invalid", args.set, KeyPrefix + 1), wops1);
+			BatchWrite bw3 = new BatchWrite(wp, new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 6), wops2);
+			BatchDelete bd1 = new BatchDelete(new Key(args.ns, args.set, 10002));
+
+			List<BatchRecord> records = new List<BatchRecord>();
+			records.Add(bw1);
+			records.Add(bw2);
+			records.Add(bw3);
+			records.Add(bd1);
+
+			bool status = client.Operate(null, records);
+
+			Assert.IsFalse(status); // "invalid" namespace triggers the false status.
+			Assert.AreEqual(0, bw1.resultCode);
+			AssertBinEqual(bw1.key, bw1.record, BinName2, 0);
+			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.INVALID_NAMESPACE, bw2.resultCode);
+			Assert.AreEqual(0, bw3.resultCode);
+			AssertBinEqual(bw3.key, bw3.record, BinName3, 0);
+			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.OK, bd1.resultCode);
+
+			BatchRead br1 = new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 1), rops1);
+			BatchRead br2 = new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, KeyPrefix + 6), rops2);
+			BatchRead br3 = new BatchRead(new Key(args.ns, args.set, 10002), true);
+
+			records.Clear();
+			records.Add(br1);
+			records.Add(br2);
+			records.Add(br3);
+
+			status = client.Operate(null, records);
+
+			Assert.IsFalse(status); // Read of deleted record causes status to be false.
+			AssertBinEqual(br1.key, br1.record, BinName2, 100);
+			AssertBinEqual(br2.key, br2.record, BinName3, 1006);
+			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR, br3.resultCode);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BatchDelete()
+		{
+			// Define keys
+			Key[] keys = new Key[] { new Key(args.ns, args.set, 10000), new Key(args.ns, args.set, 10001) };
+
+			// Ensure keys exists
+			bool[] exists = client.Exists(null, keys);
+			Assert.IsTrue(exists[0]);
+			Assert.IsTrue(exists[1]);
+
+			// Delete keys
+			BatchResults br = client.Delete(null, null, keys);
+			Assert.IsTrue(br.status);
+
+			// Ensure keys do not exist
+			exists = client.Exists(null, keys);
+			Assert.IsFalse(exists[0]);
+			Assert.IsFalse(exists[1]);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void BatchReadTTL()
+		{
+			// WARNING: This test takes a long time to run due to sleeps.
+			// Define keys
+			Key key1 = new(args.ns, args.set, 88888);
+			Key key2 = new(args.ns, args.set, 88889);
+
+			// Write keys with ttl.
+			BatchWritePolicy bwp = new()
+			{
+				expiration = 10
+			};
+			Key[] keys = new Key[] { key1, key2 };
+			client.Operate(null, bwp, keys, Operation.Put(new Bin("a", 1)));
+
+			// Read records before they expire and reset read ttl on one record.
+			Util.Sleep(8000);
+			BatchReadPolicy brp1 = new()
+			{
+				readTouchTtlPercent = 80
+			};
+
+			BatchReadPolicy brp2 = new()
+			{
+				readTouchTtlPercent = -1
+			};
+
+			BatchRead br1 = new(brp1, key1, new String[] { "a" });
+			BatchRead br2 = new(brp2, key2, new String[] { "a" });
+
+			List<BatchRecord> list = new()
+				{
+					br1,
+					br2
+				};
+
+			bool rv = client.Operate(null, list);
+
+			Assert.IsTrue(rv);
+			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.OK, br1.resultCode);
+			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.OK, br2.resultCode);
+
+			// Read records again, but don't reset read ttl.
+			Util.Sleep(3000);
+			brp1.readTouchTtlPercent = -1;
+			brp2.readTouchTtlPercent = -1;
+
+			br1 = new BatchRead(brp1, key1, new String[] { "a" });
+			br2 = new BatchRead(brp2, key2, new String[] { "a" });
+
+			list.Clear();
+			list.Add(br1);
+			list.Add(br2);
+
+			rv = client.Operate(null, list);
+
+			// Key 2 should have expired.
+			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.OK, br1.resultCode);
+			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR, br2.resultCode);
+			Assert.IsFalse(rv);
+
+			// Read record after it expires, showing it's gone.
+			Util.Sleep(8000);
+			rv = client.Operate(null, list);
+			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR, br1.resultCode);
+			Assert.AreEqual(ResultCode.KEY_NOT_FOUND_ERROR, br2.resultCode);
+			Assert.IsFalse(rv);
+		}
+
+
+		private void AssertBatchBinEqual(List<BatchRead> list, string binName, int i)
+		{
+			BatchRead batch = list[i];
+			AssertBinEqual(batch.key, batch.record, binName, ValuePrefix + (i + 1));
+		}
+
+		private void AssertBatchRecordExists(List<BatchRead> list, string binName, int i)
+		{
+			BatchRead batch = list[i];
+			AssertRecordFound(batch.key, batch.record);
+			Assert.AreNotEqual(0, batch.record.generation);
+			// ttl can be zero if server default-ttl = 0.
+			// Assert.AreNotEqual(0, batch.record.expiration);
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeTest/Sync/Basic/TestTxn.cs b/AerospikeTest/Sync/Basic/TestTxn.cs
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5024183
--- /dev/null
+++ b/AerospikeTest/Sync/Basic/TestTxn.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,734 @@
+/* 
+ * Copyright 2012-2018 Aerospike, Inc.
+ *
+ * Portions may be licensed to Aerospike, Inc. under one or more contributor
+ * license agreements.
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
+ * use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
+ * the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
+ * WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
+ * License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
+ * the License.
+ */
+using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
+using Aerospike.Client;
+using System.Reflection;
+using System.Text;
+
+namespace Aerospike.Test
+{
+	[TestClass]
+	public class TestTxn : TestSync
+	{
+		private static readonly string binName = "bin";
+
+		[ClassInitialize()]
+		public static void Prepare(TestContext testContext)
+		{
+			Assembly assembly = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly();
+			RegisterTask task = client.Register(null, assembly, "Aerospike.Test.LuaResources.record_example.lua", "record_example.lua", Language.LUA);
+			task.Wait();
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnWrite()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey1");
+
+			client.Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			client.Put(wp, key, new Bin(binName, "val2"));
+
+			client.Commit(txn);
+
+			Record record = client.Get(null, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val2");
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnWriteTwice()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey2");
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			client.Put(wp, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+			client.Put(wp, key, new Bin(binName, "val2"));
+
+			client.Commit(txn);
+
+			Record record = client.Get(null, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val2");
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnWriteConflict()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey021");
+
+			Txn txn1 = new();
+			Txn txn2 = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp1 = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			WritePolicy wp2 = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp1.Txn = txn1;
+			wp2.Txn = txn2;
+
+			client.Put(wp1, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+
+			try
+			{
+				client.Put(wp2, key, new Bin(binName, "val2"));
+				throw new AerospikeException("Unexpected success");
+			}
+			catch (AerospikeException ae)
+			{
+				if (ae.Result != ResultCode.MRT_BLOCKED)
+				{
+					throw;
+				}
+			}
+
+			client.Commit(txn1);
+			client.Commit(txn2);
+
+			Record record = client.Get(null, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val1");
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnWriteBlock()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey3");
+
+			client.Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			client.Put(wp, key, new Bin(binName, "val2"));
+
+			try
+			{
+				// This write should be blocked.
+				client.Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val3"));
+				throw new AerospikeException("Unexpected success");
+			}
+			catch (AerospikeException e)
+			{
+				if (e.Result != ResultCode.MRT_BLOCKED)
+				{
+					throw;
+				}
+			}
+
+			client.Commit(txn);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnWriteRead()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey4");
+
+			client.Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			client.Put(wp, key, new Bin(binName, "val2"));
+
+			Record record = client.Get(null, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val1");
+
+			client.Commit(txn);
+
+			record = client.Get(null, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val2");
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnWriteAbort()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey5");
+
+			client.Delete(null, key);
+
+			client.Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			client.Put(wp, key, new Bin(binName, "val2"));
+
+			Policy p = client.ReadPolicyDefault.Clone();
+			p.Txn = txn;
+			Record record = client.Get(p, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val2");
+
+			client.Abort(txn);
+
+			record = client.Get(null, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val1");
+			Assert.AreEqual(3, record.generation);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnDelete()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey6");
+
+			client.Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			wp.durableDelete = true;
+			client.Delete(wp, key);
+
+			client.Commit(txn);
+
+			Record record = client.Get(null, key);
+			Assert.IsNull(record);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnDeleteAbort()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey7");
+
+			client.Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			wp.durableDelete = true;
+			client.Delete(wp, key);
+
+			client.Abort(txn);
+
+			Record record = client.Get(null, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val1");
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnDeleteTwice()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey8");
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			client.Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			wp.durableDelete = true;
+			client.Delete(wp, key);
+			client.Delete(wp, key);
+
+			client.Commit(txn);
+
+			Record record = client.Get(null, key);
+			Assert.IsNull(record);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnTouch()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey91");
+
+			client.Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			client.Touch(wp, key);
+
+			client.Commit(txn);
+
+			Record record = client.Get(null, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val1");
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnTouchAbort()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey10");
+
+			client.Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			client.Touch(wp, key);
+
+			client.Abort(txn);
+
+			Record record = client.Get(null, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val1");
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnOperateWrite()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey11");
+
+			client.Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"), new Bin("bin2", "bal1"));
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			Record record = client.Operate(wp, key,
+				Operation.Put(new Bin(binName, "val2")),
+				Operation.Get("bin2")
+			);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, "bin2", "bal1");
+
+			client.Commit(txn);
+
+			record = client.Get(null, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val2");
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnOperateWriteAbort()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey12");
+
+			client.Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"), new Bin("bin2", "bal1"));
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			Record record = client.Operate(wp, key,
+				Operation.Put(new Bin(binName, "val2")),
+				Operation.Get("bin2")
+			);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, "bin2", "bal1");
+
+			client.Abort(txn);
+
+			record = client.Get(null, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val1");
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnUDF()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey13");
+
+			client.Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			client.Execute(wp, key, "record_example", "writeBin", Value.Get(binName), Value.Get("val2"));
+
+			client.Commit(txn);
+
+			Record record = client.Get(null, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val2");
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnUDFAbort()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey14");
+
+			client.Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			client.Execute(wp, key, "record_example", "writeBin", Value.Get(binName), Value.Get("val2"));
+
+			client.Abort(txn);
+
+			Record record = client.Get(null, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val1");
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnBatch()
+		{
+			Key[] keys = new Key[10];
+			Bin bin = new(binName, 1);
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
+			{
+				Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, i);
+				keys[i] = key;
+
+				client.Put(null, key, bin);
+			}
+
+			Record[] recs = client.Get(null, keys);
+			AssertBatchEqual(keys, recs, 1);
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			bin = new(binName, 2);
+
+			BatchPolicy bp = BatchPolicy.WriteDefault();
+			bp.Txn = txn;
+
+			BatchResults bresults = client.Operate(bp, null, keys, Operation.Put(bin));
+
+			if (!bresults.status)
+			{
+				StringBuilder sb = new();
+				sb.Append("Batch failed:");
+				sb.Append(System.Environment.NewLine);
+
+				foreach (BatchRecord br in bresults.records)
+				{
+					if (br.resultCode == 0)
+					{
+						sb.Append("Record: " + br.record);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						sb.Append("ResultCode: " + br.resultCode);
+					}
+					sb.Append(System.Environment.NewLine);
+				}
+
+				throw new AerospikeException(sb.ToString());
+			}
+
+			client.Commit(txn);
+
+			recs = client.Get(null, keys);
+			AssertBatchEqual(keys, recs, 2);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnBatchAbort()
+		{
+			var keys = new Key[10];
+			Bin bin = new(binName, 1);
+
+			for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
+			{
+				Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, i);
+				keys[i] = key;
+
+				client.Put(null, key, bin);
+			}
+
+			Record[] recs = client.Get(null, keys);
+			AssertBatchEqual(keys, recs, 1);
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			bin = new Bin(binName, 2);
+
+			BatchPolicy bp = BatchPolicy.WriteDefault();
+			bp.Txn = txn;
+
+			BatchResults bresults = client.Operate(bp, null, keys, Operation.Put(bin));
+
+			if (!bresults.status)
+			{
+				StringBuilder sb = new();
+				sb.Append("Batch failed:");
+				sb.Append(System.Environment.NewLine);
+
+				foreach (BatchRecord br in bresults.records)
+				{
+					if (br.resultCode == 0)
+					{
+						sb.Append("Record: " + br.record);
+					}
+					else
+					{
+						sb.Append("ResultCode: " + br.resultCode);
+					}
+					sb.Append(System.Environment.NewLine);
+				}
+
+				throw new AerospikeException(sb.ToString());
+			}
+
+			client.Abort(txn);
+
+			recs = client.Get(null, keys);
+			AssertBatchEqual(keys, recs, 1);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnWriteCommitAbort()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey15");
+
+			client.Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			client.Put(wp, key, new Bin(binName, "val2"));
+
+			Policy p = client.ReadPolicyDefault.Clone();
+			p.Txn = txn;
+			Record record = client.Get(p, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val2");
+
+			client.Commit(txn);
+			record = client.Get(null, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val2");
+
+			var abortStatus = client.Abort(txn);
+			Assert.AreEqual(AbortStatus.AbortStatusType.ALREADY_COMMITTED, abortStatus);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnWriteReadTwoTxn()
+		{
+			Txn txn1 = new();
+			Txn txn2 = new();
+
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey16");
+
+			client.Put(null, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+
+			var rp1 = client.ReadPolicyDefault.Clone();
+			rp1.Txn = txn1;
+			var record = client.Get(rp1, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val1");
+
+			var rp2 = client.ReadPolicyDefault.Clone();
+			rp2.Txn = txn2;
+			record = client.Get(rp2, key);
+			AssertBinEqual(key, record, binName, "val1");
+
+			var status = client.Commit(txn1);
+			Assert.AreEqual(CommitStatus.CommitStatusType.OK, status);
+
+			status = client.Commit(txn2);
+			Assert.AreEqual(CommitStatus.CommitStatusType.OK, status);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnLUTCommit() // Test Case 38
+		{
+			Txn txn = new(); // T0
+
+			Key key1 = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey17");
+			Key key2 = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey18");
+			Key key3 = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey19");
+
+			client.Delete(null, key1);
+			client.Delete(null, key2);
+			client.Delete(null, key3);
+
+			var wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			client.Put(wp, key1, new Bin(binName, "val1")); // T1
+
+			var p = client.ReadPolicyDefault.Clone();
+			p.Txn = txn;
+			var record = client.Get(p, key1); // T2
+			Assert.AreEqual(1, record.generation);
+
+			client.Put(wp, key1, new Bin(binName, "val11")); // T3
+
+			record = client.Get(p, key1); // T4
+			Assert.AreEqual(2, record.generation);
+
+			client.Put(null, key2, new Bin(binName, "val1")); // T5
+
+			record = client.Get(p, key2); // T6
+			Assert.AreEqual(1, record.generation);
+
+			client.Put(wp, key2, new Bin(binName, "val11")); // T7
+
+			record = client.Get(p, key2); // T8
+			Assert.AreEqual(2, record.generation);
+
+			client.Put(wp, key3, new Bin(binName, "val1")); // T9
+
+			record = client.Get(p, key3); // T10
+			Assert.AreEqual(1, record.generation);
+
+			client.Commit(txn); // T11
+
+			record = client.Get(null, key1); // T12
+			Assert.AreEqual(3, record.generation);
+			record = client.Get(null, key2);
+			Assert.AreEqual(3, record.generation);
+			record = client.Get(null, key3);
+			Assert.AreEqual(2, record.generation);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnLUTAbort() // Test Case 39
+		{
+			client.Truncate(null, args.ns, args.set, DateTime.Now);
+			
+			Txn txn = new(); // T0
+
+			Key key1 = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey20");
+			Key key2 = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey21");
+			Key key3 = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey22");
+
+			//client.Delete(null, key1);
+			//client.Delete(null, key2);
+			//client.Delete(null, key3);
+
+			client.Put(null, key1, new Bin(binName, "val1")); // T1
+
+			var p = client.ReadPolicyDefault.Clone();
+			p.Txn = txn;
+			var record = client.Get(p, key1); // T2
+			Assert.AreEqual(1, record.generation);
+
+			var binR2O = new Bin(binName, "val2");
+			client.Put(null, key2, binR2O); // T3
+			record = client.Get(p, key2); // T4
+			Assert.AreEqual(1, record.generation);
+
+			var wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			client.Put(wp, key2, new Bin(binName, "val11")); // T5
+
+			record = client.Get(p, key2);
+			Assert.AreEqual(2, record.generation);
+
+			record = client.Get(null, key2); // T6
+			Assert.AreEqual(1, record.generation);
+
+			client.Put(wp, key3, new Bin(binName, "val3")); // T7
+			record = client.Get(p, key3);
+			Assert.AreEqual(1, record.generation);
+
+			var binR1UO = new Bin(binName, "val1"); // T8
+			client.Put(null, key1, binR1UO);
+			record = client.Get(null, key1);
+			Assert.AreEqual(2, record.generation);
+
+			try
+			{
+				client.Put(wp, key1, new Bin(binName, "val1111")); // T9
+				record = client.Get(p, key1);
+				Assert.AreEqual(2, record.generation);
+				throw new AerospikeException("Unexpected success");
+			}
+			catch (AerospikeException ae)
+			{
+				if (ae.Result != ResultCode.MRT_VERSION_MISMATCH)
+				{
+					throw;
+				}
+			}
+
+			try
+			{
+				client.Commit(txn); // T10
+			}
+			catch (AerospikeException.Commit)
+			{
+
+			}
+
+			record = client.Get(null, key1); // T11
+			Assert.AreEqual(2, record.generation);
+			AssertBinEqual(key1, record, binR1UO);
+			record = client.Get(null, key2);
+			Assert.AreEqual(3, record.generation);
+			AssertBinEqual(key2, record, binR2O);
+			record = client.Get(null, key3);
+			Assert.IsNull(record);
+
+			// Cleanup
+			client.Abort(txn);
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnWriteAfterCommit()
+		{
+			Key key = new(args.ns, args.set, "mrtkey23");
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+			client.Put(wp, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+
+			client.Commit(txn);
+
+			try
+			{
+				client.Put(wp, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+				throw new AerospikeException("Unexpected success");
+			}
+			catch (AerospikeException ae)
+			{
+				if (!ae.Message.Contains("Command not allowed in current MRT state:"))
+				{
+					throw;
+				}
+			}
+
+		}
+
+		[TestMethod]
+		public void TxnInvalidNamespace()
+		{
+			Key key = new("invalid", args.set, "mrtkey");
+
+			Txn txn = new();
+
+			WritePolicy wp = client.WritePolicyDefault.Clone();
+			wp.Txn = txn;
+
+			try
+			{
+				client.Put(wp, key, new Bin(binName, "val1"));
+				client.Commit(txn);
+				throw new AerospikeException("Unexpected success");
+			}
+			catch (AerospikeException e)
+			{
+				if (e.Result != ResultCode.INVALID_NAMESPACE)
+				{
+					throw;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		private static void AssertBatchEqual(Key[] keys, Record[] recs, int expected)
+		{
+			for (int i = 0; i < keys.Length; i++)
+			{
+				Key key = keys[i];
+				Record rec = recs[i];
+
+				Assert.IsNotNull(rec);
+
+				int received = rec.GetInt(binName);
+				Assert.AreEqual(expected, received);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/AerospikeTest/settings.json b/AerospikeTest/settings.json
index 8ec89468..058b2f24 100644
--- a/AerospikeTest/settings.json
+++ b/AerospikeTest/settings.json
@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
-{
-  "Host": "localhost",
-  "Port": 3000,
-  "ClusterName": "",
-  "Namespace": "test",
-  "Set": "test",
-  "User": "",
-  "Password": "",
-  "Timeout": 25000,
-  "TlsEnable": false,
-  "TlsName": "",
-  "TlsProtocols": "",
-  "TlsRevoke": "",
-  "TlsClientCertFile": "",
-  "TlsLoginOnly": false,
-  "AuthMode": "INTERNAL"
-}
+{
+  "Host": "localhost",
+  "Port": 3000,
+  "ClusterName": "",
+  "Namespace": "test",
+  "Set": "test",
+  "User": "",
+  "Password": "",
+  "Timeout": 25000,
+  "UseServicesAlternate": false,
+  "TlsEnable": false,
+  "TlsName": "",
+  "TlsProtocols": "",
+  "TlsRevoke": "",
+  "TlsClientCertFile": "",
+  "TlsLoginOnly": false,
+  "AuthMode": "INTERNAL"
+}