hades.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include "pin.H"
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <list>
#include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <exception>

// TODOs can be searched with ----> TODO:

// #define RPB_DEBUG // comment out to disable rbp debugging
// #define RBP_DETECTION // comment out to disable rbp detection
// #define DISASS_DEBUG // comment out to disable disassembly debugging

// key to detect the main Routine
static uint32_t key = 0;

// Map containing Blocks
// The keys are function name and the values are blocks per function
// std::list<struct Block> Blocks;
std::unordered_map <std::string, struct Block*> blocks;

// access bounds
class AccessBounds
{
private:
  uint64_t base;
  uint64_t bound;
public:
  AccessBounds(uint64_t base, uint64_t bound){this->base = base; this->bound = bound;}
  void set_base(uint64_t base){this->base = base;}
  void set_bound(uint64_t bound){this->bound = bound;}
  void set_bounds(uint64_t base, uint64_t bound){this->base = base; this->bound = bound;}
  uint64_t get_base(){return this->base;}
  uint64_t get_bound(){return this->bound;}
};

// Map to store all bound information globally
// key: owner
std::unordered_map <std::string, AccessBounds*> accessboundsmap;
// Actual stack (positions related to rbp) hash map
std::unordered_map <uint64_t, std::string> relPosStack;

// Owner infomation of each location
class InsInfo
{
private:
  ADDRINT address;
  std::string owner;
public:
  InsInfo(ADDRINT address, std::string owner) { this->address = address; this->owner = owner;}
  ADDRINT get_address() {return address;}
  std::string get_owner() {return owner;}
};

// Contains the information of all the objects
class ObjInfo
{
private:
  // Location from the base pointer and the upper bound
  int64_t ub;
  // Data Type
  std::string type;
  // Object Type
  std::string obj;
  // Object name
  std::string owner;
  // Object size
  int64_t obj_size;
  // lower bound
  int64_t lb;
  // size for malloc
  int64_t size;
public:
  ObjInfo(int64_t ub, std::string type, std::string obj, string owner, int64_t obj_size)
  {
    this->ub = ub;
    this->type = type;
    this->obj = obj;
    this->owner = owner;
    this->obj_size = obj_size;
    // Lower bounds calculated here
    this->lb = ub + obj_size;
  }
  int64_t get_ub() {return ub;}
  std::string get_type() {return type;}
  std::string get_obj() {return obj;}
  std::string get_owner() {return owner;}
  int64_t get_obj_size() {return obj_size;}
  int64_t get_lb() {return lb;}
  int64_t get_size() {return size;}
  void set_size(int64_t size) {this->size = size;}
};

// A structure to store all the file related information
struct Block
{
  // Block name
  std::string name;
  // Allocated stack size
  uint64_t size;
  // Set the rbp value for the particular block
  uint64_t rbp_value;
  // Set the rsp value for the particular block
  uint64_t rsp_value;
  // Object information hash map
  std::unordered_map <std::string, ObjInfo*> objinfostack;
  // static code locations hash map
  std::unordered_map <ADDRINT, InsInfo*> inscodestack;
};

// rbp value Check
VOID rpb_check(uint64_t addr, CONTEXT * ctxt, Block &i, std::string disassins)
{
  if (addr > 0x700000000000)
    return;
  #ifdef DISASS_DEBUG
  std::cout<<std::hex<<addr<<"\t"<<disassins<<dec<<std::endl;
  #endif
  // Set the rbp value for the particular function.
  // Check if the rbp value is 0 which is equivalent to either return or unset
  // If rbp value is changed other than 0 for the function give an error
  if (i.rbp_value == PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, REG_RBP))
  {
    #ifdef RPB_DEBUG
    std::cout << hex << "rbp: " << i.rbp_value << '\n';
    #endif
  }
  else if (i.rbp_value == 0)
  {
    #ifdef RPB_DEBUG
    std::cout << "return: " << i.rbp_value << '\n';
    #endif
  }
  else
  {
    std::cout << "RBP is changed(!) to: " << i.rbp_value << '\n';
  }
}

// This sets up rbp and rsp values and sets the size of the stack for the corresponding block
VOID reg_val_set(uint64_t addr, CONTEXT * ctxt, Block &i, std::string disassins)
{
  // set the rbp value -- This value will stay same throughout the function
  i.rbp_value = PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, REG_RBP);
  // set the rsp value -- This value will stay same throughout the function
  i.rsp_value = PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, REG_RSP);
  // Set the stack size
  i.size = i.rbp_value - i.rsp_value;
}

// This is needed to check the array bounds
// mov  DWORD PTR [rbp-0x20],0x1
VOID mov_immediate(uint64_t addr, CONTEXT * ctxt, Block &i, std::string disassins,
  std::string owner, int64_t displacement, int64_t scale, int64_t immediate,
  REG index_reg, REG base_reg)
{
  // effective address the instruction is referring to
  uint64_t effective_dispacement = 0;
  // Effective address = Displacement + BaseReg + IndexReg * Scale
  if (REG_valid(index_reg))
  {
    // if index register is present, add it
    effective_dispacement = displacement + PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, base_reg)
    + (PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, index_reg) * scale);
  }
  else
  {
    // if index register is not present
    effective_dispacement = PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, base_reg) + displacement;
  }
  if (i.objinfostack[owner]->get_obj() == "array" ||
    i.objinfostack[owner]->get_obj() == "scalar")
  {
    if(relPosStack.find(effective_dispacement) == relPosStack.end())
    {
      // set the owner
      // There is no need of the absolute value, as the stack can grow both ways
      relPosStack.insert(std::make_pair(effective_dispacement, owner));
    }

    // Save the upper and lower bounds
    // For example, it can be an array or a scalar
    if(accessboundsmap.find(owner) == accessboundsmap.end())
      accessboundsmap.insert(std::make_pair(owner, new AccessBounds(i.objinfostack[owner]->get_lb() +
    i.rbp_value, i.objinfostack[owner]->get_ub() + i.rbp_value)));

    // std::cout << "Upper bounds: " << accessboundsmap[owner]->get_bound() << '\n';
    // std::cout << "Lower bounds: " << accessboundsmap[owner]->get_base() << '\n';

    // If the type is array and the access is not within the bounds
    // If rsp is to be detected and rsp + x is equivalent to ebp - (rsp + x)
    if ((effective_dispacement >= accessboundsmap[owner]->get_base() ||
    effective_dispacement < accessboundsmap[owner]->get_bound()) &&
    (i.objinfostack[owner]->get_obj() == "array"))
    {
      std::cout << "Boundover accessed by " << owner << '\n';
      std::exit(1);
    }
  }
}

// mov  DWORD PTR [rax],0x4
// This is needed for the heap_pointer
VOID mov_reg_2(uint64_t addr, CONTEXT * ctxt, Block &i, std::string disassins,
  std::string owner, int64_t immediate, int64_t displacement, REG base_reg)
{
  // TODO: let's see if the index and scale is needed here
  uint64_t effective_dispacement = displacement + PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, base_reg);
  // Only if it is a heap_pointer
  if (i.objinfostack[owner]->get_obj() == "heap_pointer")
  {
    std::cout << "Upper bounds: " << accessboundsmap[owner]->get_bound() << '\n';
    std::cout << "Lower bounds: " << accessboundsmap[owner]->get_base() << '\n';\
    // Checks can be added here
    if ((effective_dispacement >= accessboundsmap[owner]->get_base() ||
    effective_dispacement < accessboundsmap[owner]->get_bound()))
    {
      std::cout << "Boundover heap accessed by " << owner << '\n';
      std::exit(1);
    }
  }
}

// mov  QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8],rax
// mov  DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc],eax
// mov  DWORD PTR [rbp-0x34],edi
// mov  DWORD PTR [rbp-0x40],rsi
VOID mov_reg(uint64_t addr, CONTEXT * ctxt, Block &i, std::string disassins,
  std::string owner, int64_t displacement,  int64_t scale, REG index_reg, REG base_reg,
  REG reg)
{
  // effective address the instruction is referring to
  uint64_t effective_dispacement = 0;
  // Effective address = Displacement + BaseReg + IndexReg * Scale
  if (REG_valid(index_reg))
  { // if index register is present, add it
    effective_dispacement = displacement + PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, base_reg)
    + (PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, index_reg) * scale);
  }
  else
  { // if index register is not present
    effective_dispacement = PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, base_reg) + displacement;
  }
  // set the owner information on the stack
  if(relPosStack.find(effective_dispacement) == relPosStack.end())
  {
    // set the owner
    // There is no need of the absolute value, as the stack can grow both ways
    relPosStack.insert(std::make_pair(effective_dispacement, owner));
  }
  // Check to see if the owner is a pointer
  if (i.objinfostack[owner]->get_obj() == "pointer")
  {
    // get the Register value
    // pointer is getting the address of owner_prop and hence its bounds
    if (relPosStack.find(PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, reg)) == relPosStack.end())
    {
      std::cout << "Invalid access! The owner seems not to be present" << '\n';
      std::exit(1);
    }
    std::string owner_prop = relPosStack[PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, reg)];
    if(accessboundsmap.find(owner) == accessboundsmap.end())
      accessboundsmap.insert(std::make_pair(owner, new AccessBounds(accessboundsmap[owner_prop]->get_base(),
      accessboundsmap[owner_prop]->get_bound())));
    else
      accessboundsmap[owner]->set_bounds(accessboundsmap[owner_prop]->get_base(),
      accessboundsmap[owner_prop]->get_bound());
    // std::cout << "lower bounds: " << accessboundsmap[owner]->get_base() <<'\n';
    // std::cout << "Upper bounds: " << accessboundsmap[owner]->get_bound() <<'\n';
  }
  // Only if the owner is an array
  if (i.objinfostack[owner]->get_obj() == "array")
  {
    // first check if the bounds have already been set
    // if not, then set the bounds
    if(accessboundsmap.find(owner) == accessboundsmap.end())
      accessboundsmap.insert(std::make_pair(owner, new AccessBounds(i.objinfostack[owner]->get_lb() +
    i.rbp_value, i.objinfostack[owner]->get_ub() + i.rbp_value)));
    // Check if the access is within the bounds
    if (effective_dispacement >= accessboundsmap[owner]->get_base() ||
    effective_dispacement < accessboundsmap[owner]->get_bound())
    {
      std::cout << "Boundover accessed by " << owner << '\n';
      std::exit(1);
    }
  }
  // TODO: this check can be done at the begining of the function
  // and can be returned to avoid an overhead
  if (i.objinfostack[owner]->get_obj() == "heap_pointer")
  {
    effective_dispacement = PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, reg);
    std::cout << "base register: " << PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, reg) << '\n';
    if(accessboundsmap.find(owner) == accessboundsmap.end())
      accessboundsmap.insert(std::make_pair(owner,
        new AccessBounds(i.objinfostack[owner]->get_size() + effective_dispacement,
        effective_dispacement)));
  }
}

// mov  eax,DWORD PTR [rax+0x28]
// mov  eax,DWORD PTR [rbp+0x0]
VOID mov_mem_reg_2(uint64_t addr, CONTEXT * ctxt, Block &i, std::string disassins,
  std::string owner, int64_t displacement, int64_t scale, REG index_reg, REG base_reg)
{
  if (i.objinfostack[owner]->get_obj() == "pointer"
  || i.objinfostack[owner]->get_obj() == "array"
  || i.objinfostack[owner]->get_obj() == "heap_pointer")
  {
    uint64_t effective_dispacement = 0;
    if (REG_valid(index_reg))
    {
      effective_dispacement = displacement + (PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, base_reg))
      + (PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, index_reg) * scale);
    }
    else
    {
      effective_dispacement = displacement + PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, base_reg);
      std::cout << "effective_dispacement: " << effective_dispacement << '\n';
    }
    // A check must be added here
    std::cout << "Base: " << accessboundsmap[owner]->get_base() << '\n';
    std::cout << "Bound: " << accessboundsmap[owner]->get_bound() << '\n';
    if (effective_dispacement >= accessboundsmap[owner]->get_base() ||
    effective_dispacement < accessboundsmap[owner]->get_bound())
    {
      std::cout << "disas: " << disassins << '\n';
      std::cout << "abort" << '\n';
      std::exit(1);
    }
  }
}

// mov edi,0x4
VOID mov_mal_size(uint64_t addr, CONTEXT * ctxt, Block &i, std::string disassins,
  std::string owner, int64_t immediate, REG reg)
{
  if (i.objinfostack[owner]->get_obj() == "heap_pointer")
  {
    if (REG_valid(reg))
    {
      // if operand 1 is a register
      std::cout << "dissss: " << disassins << " : " << PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, reg) << '\n';
      i.objinfostack[owner]->set_size(PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, reg));
    }
    else
    {
      // if operand 1 is an immediate
      std::cout << "dissss: " << disassins << " : " << immediate << '\n';
      i.objinfostack[owner]->set_size(immediate);
    }
  }
}

// set the value of rbp after detecting using sub rsp, xx instruction
VOID rbp_set(uint64_t addr, CONTEXT * ctxt, Block &i, std::string disassins)
{
  #ifdef RPB_DEBUG
  std::cout << "rbp set: " << i.rbp_value << '\n';
  std::cout << "rbp_routine name: " << i.name << '\n';
  #endif
  // set the rbp value -- This value will stay same throughout the function
  i.rbp_value = PIN_GetContextReg(ctxt, REG_RBP);
  // #ifdef RPB_DEBUG
  std::cout << hex << "rbp set: " << i.rbp_value << dec << '\n';
  // #endif
}

// Pin calls this function every time a new instruction is encountered
VOID Instruction(INS ins, VOID *v)
{
  // Functin variables
  std::string opbasereg = "";
  // First check if the routine is valid
  if (!RTN_Valid(RTN_FindByAddress(INS_Address(ins))))
    return;
  // skip if the address is over 0x700000000000
  if (INS_Address(ins) > 0x700000000000)
    return;
  // Block hash map access
  // Find the current routine
  if ( blocks.find(RTN_Name(RTN_FindByAddress(INS_Address(ins)))) == blocks.end())
    return;
  struct Block *i = blocks[RTN_Name(RTN_FindByAddress(INS_Address(ins)))];
                                /* set rbp and rsp values */
  if (INS_IsCall(ins))
  std::cout << "disas: " << INS_Disassemble(ins) << '\n';
  // mov rbp, rsp
  // This is so that, a function can be detected
  // If the below insturction is not detected, rsp and rbp will remain same
  // Detect sub rbp, rsp instruction - another way
  // if (REG_is_stackptr_type(INS_OperandReg(ins, 0)))
  if (INS_Opcode(ins) == XED_ICLASS_MOV && (INS_OperandReg(ins,0) == REG_RBP)
  && (INS_OperandReg(ins,1) == REG_RSP))
  {
    INS_InsertCall(ins, IPOINT_AFTER, (AFUNPTR)reg_val_set, IARG_ADDRINT,
    INS_Address(ins), IARG_CONTEXT, IARG_PTR, &(*i), IARG_PTR, new string(INS_Disassemble(ins)), IARG_END);
  }
  if((INS_Opcode(ins) == XED_ICLASS_ADD || INS_Opcode(ins) == XED_ICLASS_SUB)
    &&(INS_OperandIsImmediate(ins, 1)) && (INS_OperandReg(ins,0) == REG_RSP))
  {
    INS_InsertCall(ins, IPOINT_AFTER, (AFUNPTR)reg_val_set, IARG_ADDRINT,
    INS_Address(ins), IARG_CONTEXT, IARG_PTR, &(*i), IARG_PTR, new string(INS_Disassemble(ins)), IARG_END);
  }
                                        /* END */
                                        /* Get the owner */
  // Get the owner for the particular static address
  std::string owner;
  if ( i->inscodestack.find(INS_Address(ins)) == i->inscodestack.end())
  {
    // An exeption can be called here
    return;
  }
  else
  {
    owner = i->inscodestack[INS_Address(ins)]->get_owner();
  }
                                                    /* END */
  // Returns the name of the block
  // std::cout << "RTN: " << RTN_Name(RTN_FindByAddress(INS_Address(ins))) << '\n';
  #ifdef RPB_DEBUG
  std::cout << "rbp: " << i->rbp_value << '\n';
  #endif
  #ifdef RBP_DETECTION
  // Detect the mov rbp, rsp instruction
  // This is so that, a function can be detected
  if (INS_Opcode(ins) == XED_ICLASS_MOV && (INS_OperandReg(ins,0) == REG_RBP))
  {
    INS_InsertCall(ins, IPOINT_AFTER, (AFUNPTR)rbp_set, IARG_ADDRINT,
    INS_Address(ins), IARG_CONTEXT, IARG_PTR, &(*i), IARG_PTR, new string(INS_Disassemble(ins)), IARG_END);
  }
  #endif
  // Detect the return instruction
  // For rbp detection
  // This can be done after the end of a particular function - but not needed as the
  // values of rbp and rsp are specific to the function and not global
  #ifdef RBP_DETECTION
  if (INS_IsRet(ins))
  {
    #ifdef RPB_DEBUG
    std::cout << "Return instruction detected" << '\n';
    #endif
    // Make rbp 0 before each return
    i->rbp_value = 0;
    INS_InsertCall(ins, IPOINT_BEFORE, (AFUNPTR)rpb_check, IARG_ADDRINT,
    INS_Address(ins), IARG_CONTEXT, IARG_PTR, &(*i), IARG_PTR, new string(INS_Disassemble(ins)), IARG_END);
  }
  #endif

              /**** Detection of instructions starts here ****/

  // Detect all memory store instructions (check only fro rbp and not rsp)
  // Array bounds check - not related to the softbounds technique
  // But it protects the array overflow
  // DWORD PTR [rbp-0x20],0x1
  if ((INS_Opcode(ins) == XED_ICLASS_MOV) && INS_OperandIsMemory(ins, 0)
  && ((INS_OperandWidth(ins, 0) == 32)
      || (INS_OperandWidth(ins, 0) == 64))
  && ((INS_OperandMemoryBaseReg(ins, 0) == REG_RBP)
  || (INS_OperandMemoryBaseReg(ins, 0) == REG_EBP))
  && INS_OperandIsImmediate(ins, 1))
  {
    // Check if the rbp is not changed
    #ifdef RBP_DETECTION
    INS_InsertCall(ins, IPOINT_BEFORE, (AFUNPTR)rpb_check, IARG_ADDRINT,
    INS_Address(ins), IARG_CONTEXT, IARG_PTR, &(*i), IARG_PTR, new string(INS_Disassemble(ins)),
    IARG_END);
    #endif

    INS_InsertCall(ins, IPOINT_AFTER, (AFUNPTR)mov_immediate, IARG_ADDRINT,
    INS_Address(ins), IARG_CONTEXT, IARG_PTR, &(*i), IARG_PTR, new string(INS_Disassemble(ins)),
      IARG_PTR, new string(owner), IARG_ADDRINT, INS_OperandMemoryDisplacement(ins, 0),
      IARG_ADDRINT, INS_OperandMemoryScale(ins, 0),
      IARG_ADDRINT, INS_OperandImmediate(ins, 1), IARG_UINT32, REG(INS_OperandMemoryIndexReg(ins, 0)),
      IARG_UINT32, REG(INS_OperandMemoryBaseReg(ins, 0)), IARG_END);
  }

  // mov  QWORD PTR [rbp-0x8],rax
  // mov  DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc],eax
  // If operand is a register and operand width is 64
  if ((INS_Opcode(ins) == XED_ICLASS_MOV) && INS_OperandIsMemory(ins, 0)
  && ((INS_OperandWidth(ins, 0) == 64) || (INS_OperandWidth(ins, 0) == 32))
  && ((INS_OperandMemoryBaseReg(ins, 0) == REG_RBP)
  || (INS_OperandMemoryBaseReg(ins, 0) == REG_EBP))
  && INS_OperandIsReg(ins, 1))
  {
    INS_InsertCall(ins, IPOINT_BEFORE, (AFUNPTR)mov_reg, IARG_ADDRINT,
    INS_Address(ins), IARG_CONTEXT, IARG_PTR, &(*i), IARG_PTR, new string(INS_Disassemble(ins)),
      IARG_PTR, new string(owner), IARG_ADDRINT, INS_OperandMemoryDisplacement(ins, 0),
      IARG_ADDRINT, INS_OperandMemoryScale(ins, 0), IARG_UINT32, REG(INS_OperandMemoryIndexReg(ins, 0)),
      IARG_UINT32, REG(INS_OperandMemoryBaseReg(ins, 0)),
      IARG_UINT32, REG(INS_OperandReg(ins, 1)), IARG_END);
  }

  // This is the actual pointer dereference
  // mov  eax,DWORD PTR [rax+0x28]
  if ((INS_Opcode(ins) == XED_ICLASS_MOV) && INS_OperandIsMemory(ins, 1)
  && ((INS_OperandWidth(ins, 1) == 32)
      || (INS_OperandWidth(ins, 1) == 64))
  && (((INS_OperandMemoryBaseReg(ins, 1) != REG_RBP)
  && (INS_OperandMemoryBaseReg(ins, 1) != REG_EBP))
  || REG_valid(INS_OperandMemoryIndexReg(ins, 1))))
  {
    INS_InsertCall(ins, IPOINT_BEFORE, (AFUNPTR)mov_mem_reg_2, IARG_ADDRINT,
    INS_Address(ins), IARG_CONTEXT, IARG_PTR, &(*i), IARG_PTR, new string(INS_Disassemble(ins)),
      IARG_PTR, new string(owner), IARG_ADDRINT, INS_OperandMemoryDisplacement(ins, 1),
      IARG_ADDRINT, INS_OperandMemoryScale(ins, 1), IARG_UINT32, REG(INS_OperandMemoryIndexReg(ins, 1)),
      IARG_UINT32, REG(INS_OperandMemoryBaseReg(ins, 1)), IARG_END);
  }

  // If the owner is an array, then the instruction would generally be like
  // TODO:check to see if any array checks are needed here
  // eax,DWORD PTR [rbp+0x0]
  if ((INS_Opcode(ins) == XED_ICLASS_MOV) && INS_OperandIsMemory(ins, 1)
  && ((INS_OperandWidth(ins, 1) == 32)
      || (INS_OperandWidth(ins, 1) == 64))
  && ((INS_OperandMemoryBaseReg(ins, 1) == REG_RBP)
  || (INS_OperandMemoryBaseReg(ins, 1) == REG_EBP)))
  {
    INS_InsertCall(ins, IPOINT_BEFORE, (AFUNPTR)mov_mem_reg_2, IARG_ADDRINT,
    INS_Address(ins), IARG_CONTEXT, IARG_PTR, &(*i), IARG_PTR, new string(INS_Disassemble(ins)),
      IARG_PTR, new string(owner), IARG_ADDRINT, INS_OperandMemoryDisplacement(ins, 1),
      IARG_ADDRINT, INS_OperandMemoryScale(ins, 1), IARG_UINT32, REG(INS_OperandMemoryIndexReg(ins, 1)),
      IARG_UINT32, REG(INS_OperandMemoryBaseReg(ins, 1)), IARG_END);
  }

  // TODO: let's see if this instruction has any variations
  // mov  edi,0x4
  if ((INS_Opcode(ins) == XED_ICLASS_MOV) &&
  REG_FullRegName(INS_OperandReg(ins, 0)) == REG_RDI)
  {
    INS_InsertCall(ins, IPOINT_BEFORE, (AFUNPTR)mov_mal_size, IARG_ADDRINT,
    INS_Address(ins), IARG_CONTEXT, IARG_PTR, &(*i), IARG_PTR, new string(INS_Disassemble(ins)),
      IARG_PTR, new string(owner),
      IARG_ADDRINT, INS_OperandImmediate(ins, 1),
      IARG_UINT32, REG(INS_OperandReg(ins, 1)), IARG_END);
  }

  //

  // DWORD PTR [rax],0x4
  if ((INS_Opcode(ins) == XED_ICLASS_MOV) && INS_OperandIsMemory(ins, 0)
  && ((INS_OperandWidth(ins, 0) == 32)
      || (INS_OperandWidth(ins, 0) == 64))
  && ((INS_OperandMemoryBaseReg(ins, 0) != REG_RBP)
  || (INS_OperandMemoryBaseReg(ins, 0) != REG_EBP))
  && INS_OperandIsImmediate(ins, 1))
  {
    INS_InsertCall(ins, IPOINT_BEFORE, (AFUNPTR)mov_reg_2, IARG_ADDRINT,
    INS_Address(ins), IARG_CONTEXT, IARG_PTR, &(*i), IARG_PTR, new string(INS_Disassemble(ins)),
      IARG_PTR, new string(owner),
      IARG_ADDRINT, INS_OperandImmediate(ins, 1),
      IARG_ADDRINT, INS_OperandMemoryDisplacement(ins, 0),
      IARG_UINT32, REG(INS_OperandMemoryBaseReg(ins, 0)),
      IARG_END);
  }

  std::cout << "disas: " << INS_Disassemble(ins) << '\n';

  // Detect the instructions like
  // mov  DWORD PTR [rbp-0xc],eax |or| mov  esi,eax
  // if ((INS_Opcode(ins) == XED_ICLASS_MOV)
  // && (INS_OperandIsMemory(ins, 0)
  // || (REG_StringShort(REG_FullRegName(INS_OperandReg(ins, 0))) == "rsi")
  // || (REG_StringShort(REG_FullRegName(INS_OperandReg(ins, 0))) == "rdi"))
  // && (INS_OperandIsReg(ins, 1)))
  // {
  //   INS_InsertCall(ins, IPOINT_BEFORE, (AFUNPTR)mov_mem_reg_3, IARG_ADDRINT,
  //   INS_Address(ins), IARG_CONTEXT, IARG_PTR, &(*i), IARG_PTR, new string(INS_Disassemble(ins)),
  //     IARG_PTR, new string(owner), IARG_ADDRINT, INS_MemoryDisplacement(ins), IARG_UINT32, REG(INS_OperandReg(ins, 1)), IARG_END);
  // }
  // if (i->objinfostack[owner]->get_obj() == "pointer")
  // {
  //   std::cout << hex << INS_Disassemble(ins) << dec << '\n';
  //   // if ((INS_Opcode(ins) == XED_ICLASS_MOV) && (INS_OperandIsReg(ins, 1)))
  // }
}

// This function is called when the application exits
VOID Fini(INT32 code, VOID *v)
{
}

INT32 Usage()
{
    cerr << "This tool counts the number of dynamic instructions executed" << endl;
    cerr << endl << KNOB_BASE::StringKnobSummary() << endl;
    return -1;
}

void readInput(char *filename)
{
  std::string line;
  std::ifstream myfile(filename);
  if (myfile.is_open())
  {
    // Get the count of the total number of blocks
    getline (myfile,line);
    int64_t count = atoi(line.c_str());
    // Ignore newline after the count
    getline (myfile,line);
    while (count)
    {
      // Initialize the structure
      struct Block *block = new Block;
      // for the function name
      getline (myfile,line);
      block->name = line;
      // for the stack size
      getline (myfile,line);
      block->size = atoi(line.c_str());
      block->rbp_value = 0;
      while ( getline (myfile,line) )
      {
        if (line.empty())
        {
            break;
        }
        else
        {
          std::vector<std::string> temp;
          boost::split(temp, line, boost::is_any_of("\t "));
          block->inscodestack.insert(std::make_pair(strtol(temp[0].c_str(), NULL, 16), new InsInfo(strtol(temp[0].c_str(), NULL, 16), temp[1])));
          //std::cout << "temp[1]: " << hex <<strtol(temp[0].c_str(), NULL, 16) << '\n';
        }
      }
      while ( getline (myfile,line) )
      {
        if (line.empty())
        {
            break;
        }
        else
        {
          std::vector<std::string> temp;
          boost::split(temp, line, boost::is_any_of("\t "));
          //ObjInfo *objinfo = new ObjInfo {atoi(temp[0].c_str()), temp[1], temp[2], temp[3], atoi(temp[4].c_str())};
          block->objinfostack.insert(std::make_pair(temp[3], new ObjInfo(atoi(temp[0].c_str()), temp[1], temp[2], temp[3], atoi(temp[4].c_str()))));
        }
      }
      // // make every location zero upon initialization
      // for (uint64_t i = 0; i <= block.size; ++i)
      //   block.relPosStack.insert(std::make_pair(i, new RelPos(0)));
      blocks.insert(std::make_pair(block->name, block));
      --count;
    }
    myfile.close();
  }
  else std::cout << "Unable to open file\n";
}

// Lock Routines
void mutex_lock()
{
  key = 0;
  //std::cout<<"out\n";
}
void mutex_unlock()
{
	key = 1;
	//std::cout<<"in\n";
}

VOID Arg1Before(CHAR * name, ADDRINT size)
{
  std::cout << name << "(" << size << ")" << '\n';
}

VOID MallocAfter(ADDRINT ret)
{
  std::cout << "returns: " <<  ret << '\n';
}

void Image(IMG img, VOID *v)
{
  RTN mainrtn = RTN_FindByName(img, "main");
  // RTN mallocRtn = RTN_FindByName(img, "malloc");
  if (RTN_Valid(mainrtn))
    {
        std::cout << "Routine " << RTN_Name(mainrtn)<< '\n';
        RTN_Open(mainrtn);
        // Apply the locks to the main routine
        RTN_InsertCall(mainrtn, IPOINT_BEFORE, (AFUNPTR)mutex_unlock, IARG_END);
        RTN_InsertCall(mainrtn, IPOINT_AFTER, (AFUNPTR)mutex_lock, IARG_END);
        RTN_Close(mainrtn);
    }
  // if (RTN_Valid(mallocRtn))
  //   {
  //       RTN_Open(mallocRtn);
  //
  //       // Instrument malloc() to print the input argument value and the return value.
  //       RTN_InsertCall(mallocRtn, IPOINT_BEFORE, (AFUNPTR)Arg1Before,
  //                      IARG_ADDRINT, "malloc",
  //                      IARG_FUNCARG_ENTRYPOINT_VALUE, 0,
  //                      IARG_END);
  //       RTN_InsertCall(mallocRtn, IPOINT_AFTER, (AFUNPTR)MallocAfter,
  //                      IARG_FUNCRET_EXITPOINT_VALUE, IARG_END);
  //
  //       RTN_Close(mallocRtn);
  //   }
}

int main(int argc, char * argv[])
{
    // Initialize pin
    PIN_InitSymbols();
    if (PIN_Init(argc, argv)) return Usage();
    // Argv[7] is the name of the input file
    readInput(argv[7]);
    // Register Instruction to be called to instrument instructions
    INS_AddInstrumentFunction(Instruction, 0);

    // Image instrumentation
    IMG_AddInstrumentFunction(Image, 0);

    // Register Fini to be called when the application exits
    PIN_AddFiniFunction(Fini, 0);

    // Start the program, never returns
    PIN_StartProgram();

    return 0;
}