04_Super-Fast-Python.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "![Python Logo](images/python-logo-generic.svg)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# The Shortest Python Tutorial Ever \n",
    "## (for small values of ever)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Python"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Python is a general purpose programming language with a wide variety of uses"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "skip"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Numerical packages largely based on Matlab"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Interpreted, not compiled"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- No need to declare variable typee"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "- Semicolon only necessary if you want to supress output"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Basic Math"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "56"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Nice arithmetic\n",
    "50+2*3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4.333333333333333"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Floating Point arithmetic\n",
    "13/3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Integer (floor) division\n",
    "13//3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1024"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Fortran-like ** for exponentiation\n",
    "4**5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Strings"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "* Double or single quotes are okay"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "name = \"Oliver\"\n",
    "greeting = 'Hi, '\n",
    "state = \"wonderful\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hi, Oliver! How are you? It's a wonderful day.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# String formatting\n",
    "print(\"Hi, {}! How are you? It's a {} day.\".format(name,state))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Lists"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['string!', 'also a string!', 123.14, [1, 3, 5]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Mixed-type lists\n",
    "a=[\"string!\",'also a string!',123.14,[1,3,5]]\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'string123'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Index from 0\n",
    "a[0]\n",
    "\"string\"+str(123)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['string!', 'Second element!', 123.14, [1, 3, 5]]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# List assignment\n",
    "a[1]=\"Second element!\"\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# List of lists\n",
    "a[3][2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Slices\n",
    "`list[first element in slice:first element NOT in slice:step]`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['blue', 'red']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "colors = ['yellow','blue','red','green','magenta','white']\n",
    "colors[1:3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['red', 'green', 'magenta', 'white']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "colors[2:]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['yellow', 'blue', 'red']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "colors[:3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Everything is an Object!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['This', 'is', 'a', 'great', 'string!']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Strings are objects\n",
    "s = \"This is a great string!\"\n",
    "s.split()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "['cats', 'dogs', 'ice cream', 'asparagus']\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Append\n",
    "favorite_things=['cats','dogs','ice cream']\n",
    "favorite_things.append('asparagus')\n",
    "print(favorite_things)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['__add__',\n",
       " '__class__',\n",
       " '__contains__',\n",
       " '__delattr__',\n",
       " '__dir__',\n",
       " '__doc__',\n",
       " '__eq__',\n",
       " '__format__',\n",
       " '__ge__',\n",
       " '__getattribute__',\n",
       " '__getitem__',\n",
       " '__getnewargs__',\n",
       " '__gt__',\n",
       " '__hash__',\n",
       " '__init__',\n",
       " '__init_subclass__',\n",
       " '__iter__',\n",
       " '__le__',\n",
       " '__len__',\n",
       " '__lt__',\n",
       " '__mod__',\n",
       " '__mul__',\n",
       " '__ne__',\n",
       " '__new__',\n",
       " '__reduce__',\n",
       " '__reduce_ex__',\n",
       " '__repr__',\n",
       " '__rmod__',\n",
       " '__rmul__',\n",
       " '__setattr__',\n",
       " '__sizeof__',\n",
       " '__str__',\n",
       " '__subclasshook__',\n",
       " 'capitalize',\n",
       " 'casefold',\n",
       " 'center',\n",
       " 'count',\n",
       " 'encode',\n",
       " 'endswith',\n",
       " 'expandtabs',\n",
       " 'find',\n",
       " 'format',\n",
       " 'format_map',\n",
       " 'index',\n",
       " 'isalnum',\n",
       " 'isalpha',\n",
       " 'isdecimal',\n",
       " 'isdigit',\n",
       " 'isidentifier',\n",
       " 'islower',\n",
       " 'isnumeric',\n",
       " 'isprintable',\n",
       " 'isspace',\n",
       " 'istitle',\n",
       " 'isupper',\n",
       " 'join',\n",
       " 'ljust',\n",
       " 'lower',\n",
       " 'lstrip',\n",
       " 'maketrans',\n",
       " 'partition',\n",
       " 'replace',\n",
       " 'rfind',\n",
       " 'rindex',\n",
       " 'rjust',\n",
       " 'rpartition',\n",
       " 'rsplit',\n",
       " 'rstrip',\n",
       " 'split',\n",
       " 'splitlines',\n",
       " 'startswith',\n",
       " 'strip',\n",
       " 'swapcase',\n",
       " 'title',\n",
       " 'translate',\n",
       " 'upper',\n",
       " 'zfill']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# What's inside?\n",
    "dir(s)\n",
    "# Also try s.<TAB>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# The Colon: Indentation"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "* Python loops, conditionals and functions begin with a colon"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "* Indentation is essential"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "* No end statement necessary"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Case II\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = 1\n",
    "\n",
    "if -3 <= a and a < 0:\n",
    "    print(\"Case I\")\n",
    "    a *=6\n",
    "elif 0 <= a and a < 20:\n",
    "    print(\"Case II\")\n",
    "    a += 10\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"Case III\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n",
      "6\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 0\n",
    "while x < 6 or x % 2 == 0:\n",
    "    print(x)\n",
    "    x += 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Iterating through lists"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "scrolled": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = [3,6,'string',[1,2,3]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {
    "scrolled": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Simple loop\n",
      "3\n",
      "6\n",
      "string\n",
      "[1, 2, 3]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(\"Simple loop\")\n",
    "for y in x:\n",
    "    print(y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enumerate:\n",
      "0 3\n",
      "1 6\n",
      "2 string\n",
      "3 [1, 2, 3]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(\"Enumerate:\")\n",
    "enumerate(x)\n",
    "for i,y in enumerate(x):\n",
    "    print(i,y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Tuples - Immutable Lists"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1, 5, 3)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b=(1,5,3)\n",
    "b"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "b[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "b[2]=0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Dicts - Custom-index Lists"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "petal_length = {'daisies': 15.4, 'roses': 19.2, 'begonias': 2.3}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "15.4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "petal_length['daisies']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "dict_keys(['daisies', 'roses', 'begonias'])\n",
      "dict_values([15.4, 19.2, 2.3])\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(petal_length.keys())\n",
    "print(petal_length.values())"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Sets - Unordered Collections of Unique Objects"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "integers = {1,2,3,4,5}\n",
    "rationals = {1.2,4.0,2.9,5.6,3.0}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1, 1.2, 2, 2.9, 3, 4, 5, 5.6}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integers | rationals"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{3.0, 4.0}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integers & rationals"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1, 2, 5}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "integers - rationals"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1.2, 2.9, 5.6}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "rationals - integers"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "{1}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = {1, 1, 1}\n",
    "print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "slide"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "# Functions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "source": [
    "* Functions are defined with the `def` keyword"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true,
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def weather(day,time='noon'):\n",
    "    if(day in ('Friday','Saturday','Sunday')):\n",
    "        print(\"The weather is beautiful this {} at {}. It's the weekend!\".format(day,time))\n",
    "    elif day == 'Monday':\n",
    "        print(\"Back to school! The weather's alright this {} at {}\".format(day,time))\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print(\"It's Michigan, who knows what the weather is like this {} at {}\".format(day,time))\n",
    "        "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "It's Michigan, who knows what the weather is like this 10 at noon\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "weather(10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Back to school! The weather's alright this Monday at noon\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "weather('Monday')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {
    "slideshow": {
     "slide_type": "fragment"
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "It's Michigan, who knows what the weather is like this 23 at 92\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "weather(23,92)"
   ]
  }
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